BTC PROJECT EIA

TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 1

9 THE MARINE TERMINAL
9.1 INTRODUCTION
The proposed BTC Pipeline will culminate in a crude oil storage and export terminal (the
BTC Marine Terminal) which is to be located near Ceyhan on the Gulf of Iskenderun on the
coast of the Mediterranean Sea (see Figure 9.1). The proposed terminal and associated
facilities will comprise an integral part of the BTC Pipeline Project.

Owing to the complexity of the proposed BTC Pipeline Project, this EIA Report addresses the
proposed Pipeline (Volume II) and Marine Terminal (Volume III) separately before
presenting the overall findings of the integrated BTC Pipeline Project (Volume IV). This
section of the Report describes the proposed BTC Marine Terminal and associated facilities.
The proposed BTC Pipeline is described in Section 4. An effort has been made to assist the
reader by presenting all pertinent information regarding the Marine Terminal and associated
facilities within this section of the Report. However, the design, construction and operation of
the Terminal is inextricably linked to that of the Pipeline, which has been comprehensively
described in Section 4. In order to minimise extensive repetition, this section makes reference
to the appropriate subsection of Section 4 when the subject matter is deemed to have been
adequately covered in that section.

In the course of basic and detailed design, a number of strategic and design options have been
considered for the BTC Marine Terminal. This has included alternative site locations, process
configurations, emissions control and sources of raw water. The principal alternative options
are discussed in Section 2. This section of the Report describes only the finally chosen
concept (except where significant design options remain to be made, in which case this is
identified).
9.2 GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT
The proposed BTC Marine Terminal is to be located on the north-eastern shores of the Gulf of
Iskenderun (36:53:00 north and 35:56:06 east). It will be sited adjacent to the Iraq-
Turkey Pipeline (ITP) Marine Export Terminal (hereafter referred to as the Existing BOTAS
Marine Terminal).

The various components of the marine terminal will occupy a total area of approximately
135 ha. The elevation of the terminal complex site ranges from approximately 125m to 7m
above sea level. This difference in height is a key feature of the site, as it will enable oil to be
gravity fed from the oil storage tanks downhill to the export jetty.
9.3 SCHEDULE FOR PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
The main mobilisation will commence in Autumn 2002 with groundbreaking commencing in
late December 2002. Construction of the BTC Marine Terminal is scheduled to last
approximately 20 months. Commissioning is scheduled to commence in October 2004 with
normal operation scheduled to commence in February 2005. The schedule for the sequencing
of the remaining project activities is presented in Figure 9.2.
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 2


F
i
g
u
r
e

9
.
1

T
h
e

L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

f
o
r

t
h
e

B
T
C

M
a
r
i
n
e

T
e
r
m
i
n
a
l

a
t

C
e
y
h
a
n


BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 3


Task
EIA Disclosure to Public June 02 - Aug 02
EIA Determination by MOE Aug 02 - Sep
02
EIA Approval Sep 02
Mobilisation of Construction Effort Oct 02 -
Dec 02
Pipeline Construction Dec 02 - Sep 04
Pump Station and Other AGI Construction
Dec 02 - Oct 04
BTC Marine Terminal Construction Dec 02
- Aug 04
Commissioning Oct 04 - Feb 05
Issue of Work Completion Certificate and
commencement of normal operations Feb
05
2002 2003 2004 2005

Figure 9.2 Anticipated Schedule to Project Completion

It is anticipated that the BTC Marine Terminal and its associated facilities will have a lifetime
of approximately 40 years and that they will be decommissioned thereafter in accordance
with international standards in place at that time (see Section 9.8).
9.4 DESCRIPTION OF THE BTC MARINE TERMINAL
9.4.1 Facilities overview
An overview of the overall BTC Pipeline Project is presented in Section 4 of this report. The
BTC Marine Terminal essentially comprises two sets of facilities:

Ceyhan Export Terminal, comprising seven 150 800m
3
crude oil storage tanks plus
associated receiving facilities, loading lines, administration and control buildings.

Ceyhan Marine Facilities, comprising a fiscal metering station, a jetty capable of
berthing two 300 000 DWT tankers simultaneously and facilities for loading oil on to
the tanker.

An aerial view of the overall layout of the BTC Marine Terminal and proposed facilities in
relation to their immediate surroundings is presented in Figure 9.3. A schematic of the
principal terminal activities is depicted in Figure 9.4.

BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 4


F
i
g
u
r
e

9
.
3

A
e
r
i
a
l

v
i
e
w

o
f

t
h
e

B
T
C

M
a
r
i
n
e

T
e
r
m
i
n
a
l

S
i
t
e

BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 5


























Figure 9.4 Schematic for BTC Marine Terminal
Displaced
VOC
Vapours
from ship
thanks
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
T
a
n
k
s
Slop
Tank
Knock out
Drum
Knock out
Drum
Combustion
Gases to
Atmosphere
Pig Launcher /
Receiver
Strainer
Metering
Station
ESD
Loading
Platform
Entrance
Boundary
Ship
Loading
Arms
ESD
Vapour
Transfer Unit
From Ship
VOC
FAN
Liquid
Liquid
Enclosed
ground
Flare
I
n
c
o
m
i
n
g

B
T
C

P
i
p
e
l
i
n
e
B
T
C

M
a
r
i
n
e

T
e
r
m
i
n
a
l

B
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
P
i
g

R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
R
e
l
i
e
f

T
a
n
k
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

S
t
a
t
i
o
n
T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r

P
u
m
p
s
P
e
Jetty
Entrance
Boundary
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 6

9.4.2 Receiving facilities
The Receiving Facilities serve as the interface between the continuous operation of the BTC
Pipeline and the intermittent operation of the crude oil export shipping operations.

The incoming 34 inch (850mm) nominal diameter BTC Pipeline will enter the BTC Marine
Terminal boundary from the north, close to the location of the proposed Tank Farm. The total
area occupied by the Pipeline Receiving Facilities and Tank Farm is approximately 65ha.

The Receiving Facilities will regulate the pressure of the incoming crude oil stream such that
the oil can be stored in tanks at atmospheric pressure. The Receiving Facilities will comprise the
following components:

Pig Receiving Unit;
Surge Relief System;
Terminal Pressure Reduction Station;
Wax Handling System.
9.4.2.1 Pig receiver unit
Since the receiving facilities constitute the end of the BTC Pipeline, the Pig Receiver will
receive pigs that have been launched down the final stretch of the pipeline from Pressure
Reduction Station IPT1 (see Section 4).

The Pig Receiver will be designed to receive pigs of various types (see Box 4.1, in Section 4).
Calliper and displacement pigs will be run down the Pipeline during start-up of the pipeline.
Since the ACG crude is a waxy crude, frequent runs (possibly once or twice per week) with
scraper pigs are foreseen. The pig receiver unit will therefore be fitted with an appropriate wax
removal system. At certain time intervals (approximately once every 5-10 years) intelligent pig
runs will be performed for assessing the integrity of the BTC Pipeline (see Section 4).
9.4.2.2 Surge pressure relief system
To safeguard the integrity of the final stretch of the BTC Pipeline (from Pressure Reduction
Station IPT1) and the downstream BTC Marine Terminal facilities, the Terminal will be fitted
with surge pressure relief valves, which will release any excessive pressure caused by transient
flow conditions in the pipeline upstream of the Terminal. The Terminal will also be equipped
with a surge Relief Tank, which has the capacity to hold the maximum quantity of oil that may
be released during any foreseeable transient situation (such as failure of the pressure reduction
system at IPT1 or unscheduled valve closures). Once normal operations are resumed, the
contents of the Relief Tank will be pumped to the Terminal Storage Tanks for onward transfer
to the export jetty. The Relief Tank will be of the cylindrical, vertical type according to API
Standard 650. It will have a fixed conical roof design but will be fitted with an internal floating
roof to minimise fugitive emissions of hydrocarbon vapours. Its dimensions will be 33m in
diameter and 16m high, with a net working volume of 11,100 m
3
. The relief tank will be bunded
to accommodate 110 % of the net tank volume. It will occupy an area of approximately 0.60 ha.
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 7

9.4.2.3 Terminal pressure reduction station
The BTC Marine Terminal operates at relatively low pressure (the Storage Tanks operate at
atmospheric pressure). The incoming BTC Pipeline on the other hand operates at significantly
higher pressure reflecting the hydraulic head associated with a 120km final stretch of pipeline
dropping in elevation from 1,350m to 120m above sea level. The Terminal Pressure Reduction
Station serves as the interface between these two systems. It comprises a battery of pressure
control valves that control the downstream pressure by regulating the flow of oil in the
incoming BTC Pipeline.

From the Pressure Reduction Station the oil is routed to the storage facilities (see Section 9.4.3).
9.4.2.4 Wax handling system
ACG crude, which is anticipated to be a major constituent of the material transferred through
the pipeline, has a wax appearance temperature of 37.7C. Since the temperature of the material
in the pipeline will be below this temperature for much of its length, it is anticipated that waxes
entrained in the crude oil will solidify and form lumps within the fluid. Also some of the wax
may solidify on the internal walls of the pipe, thereby effectively reducing its diameter. For this
reason, regular scraping will be required in order to control wax build-up in the pipeline. As set
out in Section 9.4.2.1 above, a Pig Receiver will be incorporated into the design of the Terminal
Receiving Facilities to catch pigs that are launched down the final stretch of the Pipeline. The
wax handling facilit ies will deal with the wax gathered from the Pig Receiver.

A number of wax handling schemes have been evaluated. The currently favoured scheme
involves re-injecting the wax into the main crude oil stream for onward transfer to the Storage
Facilities before the scraper is removed from the scraper trap. The relatively small quantities of
oily water effluent that will arise will be treated in the on-site oily water effluent treatment plant
to the Project effluent discharge standards, which encompass World Bank standards and Turkish
regulations (see Appendix D).

When the pig trap is opened, some residual wax will remain. The volume of this residual wax
could be as much as 0.1 to 0.2 m
3
per each pig receiving operation. The pig and the residual wax
from the trap will be dumped into a cleaning pit located immediately below the pig trap opening
and will be pre-cleaned with diesel, which will dissolve any wax that adheres to the pig as well
as the residual wax from the pig trap.

The dissolved wax/diesel mixture will be drained entirely to the Slop Oil Handling System (see
Section 9.4.12) for re-injection back into the pipeline. There will be no residual discharges from
this operation.

The final cleaning of the pig will be undertaken in the same cleaning pit, using a steam cleaner.
Oily wastewater arising from this final cleaning operation will be routed to the oily water
separation unit for treatment (by closing the valve to the slop oil handling system and opening
the valve to the oily water treatment system).
9.4.3 Tank farm
The tank farm will be located approximately 127 to 135m above sea level to allow for natural
gravity feed to the jetty and for loading. The land take for the tank farm will be approximately
65 ha.
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 8


The tank farm will comprise seven 150,800m capacity, floating roof storage tanks. Nominal
dimensions of each tank will be 100m in diameter and 19.2m in height. The tanks have been
designed to accommodate sloshing.

The footprint for each storage tank will be approximately 0.78 ha. The bunded areas for the
storage tanks will be designed to accommodate 110% of the net tank volume and will be
approximately 4ha in area. A suitable liner (potentially a bentonite mix) will cover the base of
the whole tank farm to prevent any leakages through to the soil below. The liner material below
the tanks will be designed in accordance with current practices for retaining fluids used in the
EU landfill/hazardous waste industry. The permeability and thus integrity of the liner will be
reported on and proof tested during construction, to ensure that it meets the specified
requirements.

The base of each tank will be lined with 5cm sand and asphalt, which will be underlain with
10cm bitumen and gravel. A perforated steel pipe will pass beneath this layer within a layer of
gravel and sand. Any leakages will be collected by the pipe and detected at the outlet. Beneath
the pipeline the bentonite seal will serve to prevent leakages entering the soil. The sides of the
tank bunds will be lined with sand asphalt, which is more stable in the hot weather conditions
that prevail at the terminal site than most of the available alternatives.

The tanks will be constructed in accordance with American Petroleum Institute (API) 650. Each
tank will be provided with six side entry mixers to prevent excessive wax formation of the crude
oil within the tank.

Fixed foam rim seal fire fighting and external tank shell cooling systems will be provided in
accordance with National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) codes (see Section 9.4.11).

Pipe headers and valve manifolds will be provided for loading and unloading individual tanks,
as well as for transferring product between tanks. Two Transfer Pumps will be used to transfer
product between the seven storage tanks and as boosters for when the transfer lines are being
pigged.

Minimum safety distances between and around tanks will be in accordance with NPFA and
Turkish Standards
(1)
.
9.4.4 Transfer pipelines
9.4.4.1 Transfer lines
Twin 42 inch (1,050mm) nominal diameter loading lines, approximately 2.4km in length, will
transfer product from the tank farm to the Jetty by gravity feed. Each transfer line (also referred
to as loading line) will have provision for a pig launcher and pig receiver to allow bi-directional
pigging of the lines. The two loading lines will be buried, and follow the route shown on Figure
9.5.



(1) The 'Charter on the Measures to be taken at the Works and Businesses which Utilise Flammable, Explosive, Hazardous and
Detrimental Materials' issued by the Ministry of Labour and Social Security.

BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 9




Figure 9.5 Transfer Pipeline Route and Cross-Sections
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 10

The loading lines will be laid on a sand bed in a trench that is approximately 2.3m deep, 5m in
width at the bottom and 7.5m wide at the surface, see inset to Figure 9.5. Cathodic protection
systems and a leak detection systems similar to that for the BTC Pipeline will be provided for
the loading lines. Surge calculations have confirmed that no overpressure protection system is
required for the loading lines onshore.

In the construction and operational phases of the project, the terms stated in the Regulation on
Production, Packing and Sales of Natural, Mineral and Potable Water and Medical Water
issued in the Official Gazette dated October 18,1997 and numbered 23144 while using potable
and utilisation water, and the terms stated in the circular dated April 29,1999 and numbered
5122 while supplying water by means of tankers, will be complied.
9.4.4.2 Inlet strainers
Three strainers, arranged in parallel configuration (one unit as stand-by), will be installed to
protect the downstream process installations from being damaged by large solid particles
entrained with the product stream. They will be tolerant to the wax content of the crude oil
stream.

Maintenance and cleaning operations will be able to take place without interrupting the transfer
of oil to the jetty. The sieve of the strainers will be removable to facilitate periodic cleaning.
9.4.5 Fiscal metering system
The fiscal metering system will measure sales quantities of crude oil and will be installed on the
loading lines prior to the Jetty approach. The footprint of the metering system will be
approximately 0.7 ha. The metering system will be of either the turbine or ultrasonic type or
positive displacement (PD) type.

There will be two independent metering stations (one for each loading line). Each metering
station will be equipped with seven identical meter runs, including one spare. A common shared
meter prover will prove any one meter run at any time via the SCADA system. An inline
analyser equipment will provide a record of quality of product being transported.
9.4.6 The Export Jetty
9.4.6.1 Introduction
Oil will be exported from the BTC Marine Terminal via tankers. A minimum water depth of
28m is required to allow safe tanker berthing and loading operations. The gently sloping seabed
therefore requires a long jetty. The predominant wave direction in the bay is to the north and, to
reduce the berthed vessels exposure to these waves, the jetty will be orientated to the south.

From the shoreline, the twin 42 inch diameter loading lines will continue approximately 2,450m
along the export jetty to the tanker loading berths located at the southeast end of the jetty. Two
loading berths will accommodate vessels of between 80,000 DWT to 300,000 DWT.

A rock core approach causeway will extend approximately 365m from the shore in a south
easterly direction, in order to gain a good depth of water. An approach trestle with pile
foundations will then extend from this causeway, continuing to the southeast for approximately
1,610m. The approach trestle will then turn to face the south and continue for a further 390m to
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 11

the loading platform. An access walkway approximately 220m in length, orientated to the south,
will then connect the last of the marine structures.

As stated above, the entire jetty will be approximately 2.45km in length from the shore to the
loading platform. The two loading lines will run along the jetty, supported on trestles, to the
loading area, transferring the crude oil for loading under gravity.

Tanker traffic will range between approximately 350 and 400 tanker movements per annum
(1)
.
The export jetty is shown on Figure 9.6.


Figure 9.6 The Export Jetty Overview
9.4.6.2 Approach causeway
The approach causeway will essentially comprise a rock filled construction, with a coarsestone
layer and rock armour protection (see Figure 9.7). A geotextile filter membrane laid on a stone
cushion layer will separate the fill construction from the seabed to prevent settlement and the
movement of material. A concrete roadway will be constructed on the causeway.



(1) Calculated in document ERM-REP-SEC-TRG-001 and advised by BOTAS.

BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 12



Figure 9.7 Cross section of the approach causeway
9.4.6.3 Approach trestle
The approach trestle, for access to and from the loading platforms, will be supported on steel
piles and will extend from the seaward end of the approach causeway. The overall width of this
structure will be 9m, 4.6m for the pipe systems and 4.4m for the roadway and pedestrian
walkway.

A firewater replenishing pumps platform will be located approximately 870m from the
shoreline. This will be a covered platform housing the water pumps and associated equipment.
The platform will be supported on steel piles.
9.4.6.4 Jetty control building deck
The jetty control building deck will be located after the bend in the approach trestle. This will be
an independently reinforced concrete platform supported on steel piles. Wastewater from the
jetty control building will be collected in a 12m
3
tank, and transported via pipeline to the new
central treatment facility to be constructed within the Terminal complex (see Section 9.4.13.3).
9.4.6.5 Loading platform
The loading platform will be approximately 60m by 30m. The distance between the loading
platform and moored vessels will be 5m (see Section 9.4.6.6 below). As with the approach
trestle and control building deck, the loading platform will be supported by steel piles. The
overlying concrete structure will be on two levels. The lower level will support the pipework
and associated units and will be set at 4.55m above sea level. The upper level will be set at 7.3m
above sea level and will support the surface deck structures.
9.4.6.6 Breasting dolphins
Breasting dolphins together with a rubber fender system will take the impact of the vessel when
it berths and will hold the vessel against the berth on the berthing line. The berthing line will
be a set distance of 5m from the loading platforms, firstly to ensure that no contact between the
tanker and the platform takes place, and secondly to provide a suitable distance for the effective
operation of the loading arms.

BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 13

Four breasting dolphins in total (two per berth) will be set at a level of 4.0m above sea level.
They will typically be mass concrete structures with steel piles driven into the seabed. A rubber
fender system will be mounted on the vessel side of each structure to take the impact of the
vessel.
9.4.6.7 Mooring dolphins
These structures, designed to hold the tankers on the berthing line via mooring lines, will be
essentially similar in design to the breasting dolphins described above (ie mass concrete
structures supported on steel raking piles driven into the ground). The mooring dolphin sizes
will vary in size from 6m x 6m to 9m x 9m and will be set at 7m above sea level and are 4m
deep. They will be designed to resist the varying degrees of mooring line intensity from the
berthed vessels.
9.4.6.8 Walkway
The walkway will connect the southernmost loading platform and the three remaining mooring
dolphins. The catwalk will comprise a steel access walkway with an open floor grating deck, 1m
wide with handrails on both sides.
9.4.7 General facilities
9.4.7.1 Administrative and operational support facilities
The administration facilities will occupy approximately 2ha in total and are listed in Table 9.1
below.

Table 9.1 Description of administration facilities at the marine terminal

FACILITY DESCRIPTION AREA COVERED
Central Control Building
A four-storey building located within the
Administration area, will be the base for
monitoring and managing the entire pipeline.
15m x 12m
Administration building Includes a restaurant and kitchen.
30m x 12m, 30m x
12m and 48m x
7m
Warehouse
Will be used to store mechanical materials,
electric materials, electronic materials, paint and
office stationery.
50m x 10m
Workshop and vehicle
maintenance building
Will be used to repair trucks, electronic and
mechanical components
40m x 12m,

Flammable storage
For the open storage of flammable materials
the building will be a solid structure on three
sides. The floor will be reinforced concrete and
the building will have an arched roof
15m x 12m
Transformer and heating
station
This will house the heating unit for adjacent
buildings, the high and low voltage units for the
entire general facility and its jetty and the
emergency power unit.
25m x 13m
Guardhouse Located at the start of the jetty
Helipad Located adjacent to the administration buildings 50m x 50m
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 14

9.4.7.2 Housing compound
Accommodation will be provided for BTC Marine Terminal staff in the on-site housing
compound, which will occupy approximately 5.5ha. There will be four accommodation blocks
and each block will be six storeys high. Each block will contain approximately 12 apartments.
The apartments will house an average of four people each and the housing compound will
therefore provide accommodation for 192 people. A villa will be provided for the Terminal
manager and a guesthouse providing accommodation for 10 visitors is planned.
9.4.8 Power supply and electrical facilities
Power supply will be provided from the grid via a 900m distant connection. The receiving
substation will be located in the tank farm area.

Emergency diesel generators will be located at the General Facilities area and the Tank Farm
area. These will be of sufficient capacity to keep the Terminal operational in the event of failure
of supply from the grid, thereby contributing towards reliable and smooth operations at the
Terminal. The generators will be tested once per month (for approximately 30 minutes) for
automatic starting during power supply outages.
9.4.9 Diesel fuel supply
Diesel fuel will be supplied via road tanker for the emergency generators. The diesel system will
comprise a holding tank and diesel distribution pump. As described in Section 9.4.2.4, small
quantities of diesel will also be used to clean the pig receiver assemblies following pig retrieval.
9.4.10 Water supply
The BTC Marine Terminal will have an anticipated water demand of 220m
3
/day to supply the
following requirements:

potable drinking water;
service water;
fire-fighting water.

Table 9.2 presents the anticipated volumes of water required for operation of the BTC Marine
Terminal.

A water supply, treatment and distribution system comprising the following components will be
provided:

two fire water holding tanks and one or more potable water tanks (see Section 9.4.11);
separate modular water treatment packages for service water and potable water
respectively.

The fire water holding tanks or reservoirs will be continuously kept full (on level control) to
ensure continuous supply for the treatment facilities.

Service water will be distributed for irrigation and cleaning.

BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 15

Potable water will be treated to comply with the World Health Organisation (WHO) Guidelines
for Drinking Water Quality and Turkish Standard TS266 Water Intended for Human
Consumption (see Annex D). It will then be distributed for drinking and cooking, sanitary and
washing and for equipment and material cleaning.

Table 9.2 Anticipated Water Requirements for the Marine Terminal

USE VOLUME [m
3
/day]
Potable Water
General Facilities 24
Housing compound 37
Jetty 2
Tank farm/fire fighting building 2
Laboratory -
Shore facilities -
Guard House jetty -
Sub-total Potable water 65

Service water
General facilities 18
Housing compounds 43
Tank farm 7
Utility washing 7
Tank washing 80
Sub-total Service water 155

Fire water
Volume of water in fire water tank 2 x 3400m
3
reservoirs


TOTAL 220m
3
/day + Fire water
Source: [Ref 1]

Hydrogeological investigations are ongoing [Ref 2] to confirm the most suitable source of water
supply for the BTC Marine Terminal. Based on the findings so far, water will most likely be
supplied to the Terminal via pipeline from new wells which will be located within the Burnaz
Springs area to the south of Turunchi village, approximately 15km east of the existing BOTAS
Marine Terminal. This potential source is currently used by the existing BOTAS Marine
Terminal and several other industrial users in the area. It is considered to be a sustainable source
of supply for the additional BTC Marine Terminal demand, but this is being confirmed via
ongoing investigations and consultations. A water supply line, which will run parallel to the
water supply line serving the existing BOTAS Marine Terminal, will need to be provided.

The water will be treated at the BTC Marine Terminal
1
. Once finalised, the selected water
supply option will be subjected to Environmental Appraisal.

1 Water supply will be in accordance with the provisions of the Regulation on Production, Packing and Sales of Natural, Mineral and Potable Water
and Medical Water, Official Gazette Pronouncement No 23144 of 18 October 1997 and the terms stated in Circular No 5122 dated 29 April 1999.

BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 16

9.4.11 Fire fighting system
A fire fighting system will be provided for the BTC Marine Terminal in accordance with ASME
B31.8. A fire ring main will be installed and hydrants will be connected to the main line along
its length. At the tank bund area fixed foam/water monitors will be installed. A fixed foam
system will be fitted for the storage tanks. Fire protection measures will be in accordance with
NFPA, ASME and Turkish codes (see Section 9.4.3).

The fire fighting system will comprise the following main components:
two fire water reservoirs (3,400 m
3
nominal capacity each, sized for two hours
combined storage capacity);
static pressure tank (50m
3
);
three fire water pumps;
foam storage and dosing unit;
ring main, hydrants, monitors and connecting lines;
two fire water trucks with foam concentrate storage and monitors;
hand held fire fighting extinguishers, hose reels etc.

In the event of a fire, any oil-contaminated firewater will be drained via the primary withholding
pond upstream of the stormwater pond (rather than directly to site effluent discharge). This will
enable the plant to retain any oil-contaminated firewater for subsequent treatment in the site
effluent treatment plant before discharging from the site.
9.4.12 Slop oil handling systems
Any oil that arises as a result of equipment maintenance or plant malfunction is termed slop
oil. This oil is collected in a closed slop oil handling system, comprising a collection tank,
recycle pump and dedicated piping to enable all slop oil to be recycled back to the process.

Given the dispersed distribution of the various terminal facilities across the Ceyhan site, it is not
feasible to have a single slop oil handling system. There is therefore a discrete slop system
serving the onshore facilities and another serving the jetty. Both systems are functionally
similar; oil arisings from batch operations or maintenance are routed to a dedicated slop tank
and the contents are then pumped back into the system. There are therefore no oily waste
arisings from batch oil loading operations, routine change-out of strainers, change out of pig
traps or draining of process equipment or metering station facilities.
9.4.13 Drainage and effluent treatment and control
9.4.13.1 Effluents requiring treatment
Aqueous discharges arising from the operation of the BTC Marine Terminal are summarised in
Table 9.3. These apply to normal operations, ie they do not include storm events when run-off
volume flows will clearly increase and be highly variable.


BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 17

Table 9.3 Approximate Operational discharges from the BTC Marine Terminal.

primary holding pond treated wastewater Irrigation and/or soakaway 24 m
3
per day
general facilities treated wastewater Irrigation and/or soakaway 24 m
3
per day
housing compound treated wastewater Irrigation and/or soakaway 38 m
3
per day
Jetty treated wastewater Irrigation and/or soakaway 1.5 m
3
per day
guardhouse treated wastewater Irrigation and/or soakaway 1.5 m
3
per day
Discharges
Tankfarm treated wastewater Irrigation and/or soakaway 2 m
3
per day

A central wastewater treatment plant will process the wastewater from the terminal facilities.
The wastewater treatment plant will comprise a primary holding pond, biological wastewater
treatment plant and storm water pond. The collection of stormwater and sewage for Terminal
onshore facilities is illustrated in Figure 9.8.
9.4.13.2 Oily water treatment
Drainage from contaminated or potentially contaminated areas (vehicle washing, machinery etc)
will be treated in an oily water system. Oily water sources at the marine terminal will include
the following:

storage tank bunds (tank roof runoff, tank drain, storm water in the bund area etc);
process area bunds at the receiving station and the relief tank bund;
fiscal metering station bund;
car park area.

The oily water treatment will comprise three stages of treatment in series:

a grit chamber for solids removal by gravity separation;
a gravity oil separator whereby surface oil separates out from the denser aqueous phase;
a coalescer for accumulating dispersed oil droplets from the residual aqueous phase.

The treated aqueous phase will then be routed to the stormwater pond of the wastewater
treatment plant (see Section 9.4.13.4). The oil phase streams from the separator and coalescer
stages will be routed to the slop oil handling system (see Section 9.4.12). Solids collected in the
grit chamber will periodically be collected, washed and spread onsite.
9.4.13.3 Sewage treatment plant
The sewage treatment plant will treat all black water and grey water arisings at the Terminal.
The plant will be a self-contained activated sludge package unit and will discharge via the
stormwater pond. Sewage collected at the Jetty will be tankered to the central sewage treatment
plant.
9.4.13.4 Discharge of treated effluent
All liquid effluent leaving the onshore facilities will be discharged via the stormwater pond and
then through a single discharge location. All effluents will meet the requirements of World
Bank guidelines and Turkish Regulations (see Appendix D).

BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 18

The stormwater pond will be designed to hold approximately 30 days effluent and surface
drainage at normal flow rates. The philosophy will be to maximise ullage within the
withholding pond and stormwater pond such that the plant operator will be able to discharge
effluent from the site under (semi-batchwise) controlled conditions according to the quality of
treated effluent within the stormwater pond.

Both the contents of the stormwater pond and the site effluent outfall will be fitted with spot
sampling facilities. The activated sludge treatment and oily water separator outlets will also be
amenable to sampling. A sampling regime will be established for routine on-site determination
of oil-in-water and coliforms. The operator will therefore have the facility to control release of
treated effluent from the site according to effluent quality.

Irrigation is the preferred option for treated effluent. The feasibility of this is subject to ongoing
evaluation. In any event, the discharge will have the facility to be routed to a tilebed seepage
shaft unit. The location of this shaft will be 1.5km distance from the unconfined aquifer so as to
minimise the likelihood of contamination of groundwater. This is subject to further
investigations and is described fully in Section 12 of this report.

BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 19




Figure 9.8 Collection of Oily water and sewage from onshore facilities

9.4.13.5 Effluent treatment of the marine facilities
There is no requirement for the treatment of ballast water, as only vessels with segregated
ballast will be loaded at the jetty. Ballast water, therefore, will not be contaminated with oil and
can be discharged directly to sea without treatment.

Surface drainage at the loading deck of the jetty will be routed to a dedicated oily water
separator, which will treat the aqueous effluent to 5ppm residual hydrocarbons, within Turkish
Regulations and World Bank guidelines. The treated effluent will be discharged to sea from the
end of the jetty.

BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 20

The oil phase will be routed to a slop tank, which will also collect any oil spillages in the
vicinity of the loading arms. This tank will be periodically emptied by vacuum truck and the oil
transferred to the slop oil handling system onshore. (See Section 9.4.12)
9.4.14 Enclosed Ground Flare (EGF)
During tanker loading the air space in the tankers compartments will be displaced; this
displaced gas will contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Consistent with international
best practice, this displacement gas will not be discharged directly to atmosphere; rather, it will
be routed to an enclosed ground flare (EGF) for combustion of VOCs prior to emission to
atmosphere. The selection of EGF as the preferred method of VOC statement follows a detailed
study (see Section 2.4.2.3).

The EGF will be located adjacent to the jetty entrance. A 24 inch (600mm) nominal diameter
waste gas line, approximately 2,800m long, will be installed to convey up to 20,000 Nmh
-1
of
waste gas from the tanker loading area to the EGF.

The flare stack will measure 25m above ground level with a diameter of 10m and the system
will have a landtake of approximately 0.16ha. Figure 9.9 shows a schematic diagram of a
typical EGF and Figure 9.10 shows an example of an EGF once installed.

An airblower will enable the facility to achieve smokeless flaring and a pilot and purge gas
system will be provided to assure safe flare operation.



Figure 9.9 Schematic Diagram of a Typical EGF

BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 21



Figure 9.10 Example of a Typical EGF
9.4.15 Lighting provisions
Outdoor lighting will be supplied from distribution boards that are located in the low voltage
switchgear rooms in the Ceyhan Terminal area and at the Jetty.

Along the Jetty there will be street lighting fixtures, which are equipped with either high
pressure mercury vapour lamps up to 150 W or fluorescent lamps up to 2 x 58 W. To minimise
the voltage drop on the street lighting circuits of the Jetty distribution boards suitable for
outdoor installation will be used. These boards will be equipped with two feeders for the
lighting circuits and two additional socket outlets (400 V, three-phase, 32 A and 230 V, single-
phase, 16 A) for general purposes.

The watch towers will be equipped with two swivel-mounted flood light fixtures, which will be
equipped with high pressure mercury vapour lamps up to 400 W, mounted on a suitable location
such as the balustrade.

The main supply for circuits for street lighting, flood lights and (if required) also for the circuits
of shelter lighting and selected area lighting will be 400 V AC. To arrive at the lighting supply
voltage of 230 V AC, each lighting pole will be equipped with an inside located fuse box; for
shelters the lighting will be divided into three circuits.

All circuits with twilight switches will be provided with a manual override so that operation
from the respective panel will be possible. Floodlights on the Jetty will also be operable from
the central control system. Each floodlight circuit will be equipped with an additional switch,
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 22

integrated in the front door of the respective distribution board. The street lighting fixtures will
be installed on poles with a height of 10m. The poles and all other steel construction elements
provided for outdoor lighting will be hot dip galvanised. Lighting fixtures, equipped with
fluorescent lamps up to 2 x 58W, for the illumination of selected areas will be installed on
poles.

All lighting and socket outlet circuits will be equipped with moulded-case circuit breakers for
switching operations and fault clearance instead of fuses. For circuits with a rated current up to
63 A, the use of miniature circuit breakers will be acceptable.
9.5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
9.5.1 Designing for geohazards
The geohazards baseline for the site of the proposed BTC Marine Terminal is described in detail
in Section 10.

An extensive geohazards study has been undertaken with the collaboration of a group of world
class experts to characterise the seismic faults in the vicinity of the BTC Marine Terminal site
for detailed design purposes [Ref 3]. This has enabled the Project to take full account of
geohazards in the design of the storage tanks, the relief tank, the jetty and all the other facilities
proposed for the Terminal site.

The study has provided the following:

confirmation that the proposed site is acceptable for locating the Terminal and all
associated facilities;
confirmation that the Terminal facility can be economically designed and built using
conventional and proven design and construction techniques;
confirmation that the Yumurtalik fault is an active fault but that it does not pass through
the proposed location of the BTC Jetty;
the basis for establishing design parameters such as peak ground acceleration, seismic
design for all major plant and equipment and design sloshing period for storage tanks.
9.6 CONSTRUCTION AND COMMISSIONING
9.6.1 Introduction
Construction of the onshore and marine facilities will be the subject of separate construction
contracts. While the Construction Contractors will each be required to comply with all the
requirements of this EIA Report, including the various Management Plans appended hereto,
they will ultimately determine the precise approach they will follow to build and commission
the plant and facilities for which they are responsible. Nevertheless, this section indicates the
broad approach anticipated during construction and commissioning of the BTC Marine
Terminal.
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 23

9.6.2 Construction camps and prefabrication areas
The construction camps for both Contractors (Onshore and Offshore) will be located north-west
of the new tank farm area. They will be entered through a temporary gate beside the west main
gate of the existing BOTAS Marine Terminal.

Water and power will be tapped from the supply of the pump station of the Yumurtalik -
Kirrikale Pipeline and metered and will be compensated to BOTAS.

Disturbance to the operations of the existing BOTAS Terminal including transportation of
construction materials through the Terminal will not be permitted, the following measures will
be put in place.

The entire area of the proposed BTC Marine Terminal will be fenced to avoid any
disturbance to the operations of the existing BOTAS Terminal.

The prefabrication yard for the offshore contractor will be located adjacent to the
eastern main gate of the existing BOTAS Terminal. The size of the yard will be
approximately 91,000 m
2
. The yard will be fenced and have a separate entrance gate.
9.6.3 General good site management
The Construction Contractor will be required to adhere to the environmental, health and safety
regulations and criteria, which are set out in the Environmental Specifications to Tenderers
document, and in the relevant Management Plans produced as part of this EIA Report.

A number of pre-construction environmental surveys of the BTC Marine Terminal site and the
vicinity will be undertaken in those areas where there is currently insufficient data to fully
assess the significance of impacts, or where such data would enhance the ability of the Project
to manage environmental issues during construction and operation of the Terminal. In a number
of cases the results of these surveys could influence design options such as the location of water
abstraction for example. Identified pre-construction studies to which the Project is committed
are as follows:

detailed botanical and faunal surveys will be carried out at specific locations, such as
along the terrestrial route of the loading lines and the water supply line;

due diligence soil sampling will be carried out in the vicinity of the proposed location
for siting of the BTC Tank Farm;

water supply sustainability studies (pump tests) will be carried out for potential
groundwater sources for the Terminal.
9.6.4 Onshore construction programme
The construction programme will be of approximately 20 months duration, commencing in late
December 2002. In this regard the Terminals onshore facilities comprise a relatively simple set
of plant and equipment. Having been the subject of in-depth field investigation and (ongoing)
detailed design (with particular attention paid to designing for geohazards and mitigating
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 24

potential environmental and social impacts), construction of the onshore facilities will entail
largely conventional and proven construction techniques.

Construction of the two loading lines will entail the same construction methodology and
reinstatement standards as those adopted for the main BTC Pipeline, which is described in detail
in Section 4.

Similarly, hydrotesting of the plant and pipelines will be undertaken to the same standards as
those for the main BTC Pipeline with the anticipated added advantage of being able to use
seawater as the test medium at the Terminal (see Section 9.6.6).

Reinstatement will be undertaken to the full provisions of the Reinstatement Plan.
9.6.5 Marine construction works (causeway and jetty
superstructure)
It is anticipated that the marine construction works will take 20 months. The piling work is the
main aspect of the jetty construction and will take approximately 13-14 months to complete.
The causeway structure will be constructed first (taking three to four months) from the land. The
rock core fill will be pushed from the shoreline until it is higher than the water level. Tracked
machinery will then drive on the causeway and deliver the rock core fill, steadily progressing
out to sea.

The material for causeway construction will be sourced from two licensed stone quarries within
the District of Ceyhan. They are both located at a distance of approximately 16-20km from the
BTC Marine Terminal.

As the approach causeway extends to the jetty, it is anticipated that barges will be used to lay
the filter stone layer (although the actual method employed will be determined by the
contractor). The armour rock layer is likely to be placed by crane, since this allows more
accuracy than a barge. If barges are used, they will drop the rock from the base of the vessel. A
mixture of both approaches may be adopted by finishing the armour layer by crane, as a last
phase, once the majority has been placed by barge.

The suspension of fines from the core material into water will be reduced to the extent possible.
The Environmental Specifications require that fines are removed and a certain grade of material
is used. However, it is likely that there will be some release of suspended sediment.

The jetty will be piled by barge using a large crane (pile diameters are approximately 1.5 and
1.2m in diameter). One piling barge with two other support barges will most likely be required.
The construction of the jetty will progress from the shore to sea. The piles will be driven
through the sand and clay and seated onto the underlying rock base. Hence the piles will be
driven until there is no more movement.

However, there is a possibility that some piles would be driven into the rock (no more than 5%).
This would mean drilling into the rock and securing the piles with anchor bolts. The drilling
would be through the concrete pile and the majority of the displaced sediment would be
contained within the pile itself. There should be no displacement of sediment as the piles would
be driven by hammering and not vibration piling.

BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 25

For the superstructure and platforms both pre-cast concrete elements and in situ pouring are
anticipated.

The control buildings will be built using conventional methods of construction.
9.6.6 Commissioning
Pre-commissioning and commissioning works for the BTC Marine Terminal will commence
following the completion of mechanical works. Such activities are summarised in Box 9.1.

The pre-commissioning activity with the greatest potential for environmental impact is the
hydrotesting of plant and pipelines.

The various plant and equipment comprising the BTC Marine Terminal, including the two
loading lines, will require pressure testing prior to commissioning. Seawater, possibly inhibited
with either corrosion inhibitor and/or oxygen scavenger chemicals, will be the primary medium
used for executing the hydrotest.

The use of particular inhibitor chemicals will require the prior approval of the Project and the
authorities. In any event, the concentrations of these chemicals will be very low (of the order of
a few ppm).

It is expected that hydrotest water will, wherever practicable, be re-used from one pressure test
to the next. Nevertheless, spent hydrotest solution will be discharged to sea at the end of the
jetty. This will be done in such a way as to maximise dispersion.
9.6.7 Construction workforce
The following numbers of construction workers will be required for the construction of the BTC
Marine Terminal:

Table 9.4 Estimates of Employment Opportunities during Construction
Task Numbers of
Workers
Skills Mix
% (unskilled: semi-skilled
and skilled)
Duration (peak
employment for semi-
skilled and skilled
employees only)
BTC Marine Terminal offshore
Construction 120 workers 20:80 24 months
BTC Marine Terminal onshore
Construction 250 workers 40:60 30 months
9.6.8 Management during construction
Environmental issues will be managed during construction through implementation of the
EMMP and support plans that are described in full in Appendix C. The requirements of these
plans have been incorporated in the Invitation to Tender documents for the Construction
Contractors and the successful bidder will have to adhere to them in full.
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 26

Box 9.1 Commissioning and Start-up Activities

Vessels
dry out, if required, open vessel and install materials, if any;
close after proper execution of closure permits.
Pumps and Drivers
charge the lube oil, seal oil and oil cooling systems;
operate equipment and make vibration, trip, governer and safe device checks and any operating tests and
adjustments;
obtain the assistance of a service engineer for technical advice during installation or start up, if desired;
replace driver and equipment;
maintain records, as required.
Tanks
witness test and inspections as necessary (including hydrotesting);
close after proper execution of closure permits.
Piping
Hydrotest all piping;
check pipehangers, supports guides and pipe specialities for hot settings and make minor adjustments, as
necessary;
install permanent filter elements, as required;
verify that specified valve packing has been provided in valves installed;
correct support, vibration and thermal expansion problems detected during commissioning;
retorque all hot and cold service bolting during commissioning and start up, as required.
Electrical Power and Lighting Systems
energize all substations after completion of all tests;
check phase sequence, polarity and motor rotation;
check installation of emergency power and lighting systems, including light intensity;
provide a report for work completion.
Instrument Systems
isolate or remove components for flushing operations and reinstall them on the completion of these
operations;
install any sealing fluids, as required;
fully pressurize and energize the transmitting and control signal systems;
provide a schedule of recorder charts.
Water Treatment
make the necessary operating tests and adjustments to water treatment systems;
obtain the services of a water consultant for operation, if required;
purify potable water systems.
Waste Disposal
operate all equipment and supply all chemicals and agents related to waste treatment;
obtain the services of a waste treatment consultant for operation, if required.
Buildings
operate heating, ventilating and air conditioning units and make all performance tests;
obtain certificate and use, if required.
Miscellaneous Equipment
check clearances on materials handling equipment;
make all final adjustments during run-in and conduct any required performance tests;
obtain a service engineer for technical assistance during installation or start up, if required;
as required, obtain certification that all lifting and materials handling installations and other items of
equipment comply with government regulations.


BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 27

9.7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
9.7.1 Operational philosophy
The following operational principles form the basis of the BTC Project:

centralised remote operation and control of the entire Pipeline system, including the
Pumping Stations and the Receiving Facilities of the BTC Marine Terminal (up to the
Pressure Reduction Stations);

simple operation with maximum possible support of automatic sequences;

automatic control of unscheduled events by self-contained safety equipment;

remote operation with LDS integrated into the SCADA System;

the system operation shall ensure the delivery of the Design Flow Rates, with pump low
flow / high flow protection and pipeline leak detection;

slackline operation, while permissible, will be minimized to provide best conditions for
leak detection; available equipment such as control valves will be operated to increase
the inlet pressure in downstream stations to reduce slackline;

controller parameters, setpoints, ramp function, software, etc will at all times be
adjustable within a reasonable range in order to allow system tunings or modifications.

This operational philosophy will provide the basis for safe, reliable, steady state operations that
are well within the design limits of the Pipeline system.
9.7.2 Maintenance philosophy
The basic principles of the overall maintenance philosophy for the BTC Project include the
following:

maximum use of easily maintained equipment;
standardisation of the design of process facilities, instrumentation, procedures and
documentation;
maintenance of a spares inventory at suitable locations;
training of personnel to effect a timely repair of failed equipment;
use of vendor support;
regular, preventative maintenance programs;
written maintenance plans covering detailed maintenance procedures.
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 28

9.7.3 Marine operations
9.7.3.1 Introduction
An operational permit will be obtained from the Undersecretariat of Maritime Affairs after the
general evaluation of the BTC Marine Terminal.

Operational restrictions will exist around both the existing BOTAS Marine Terminal and
proposed BTC Marine Terminal. There is a Security Exclusion Zone around the existing jetty
and there will be one placed around the proposed jetty as well which will comprise an area of
400m along either side of it (see Figure 9.11). In this Zone marine activities will be controlled
and in some cases excluded (eg fishing, discharging of ballast, refuelling of vessels, waste
disposal etc). There is a one nautical mile Operating Zone in the bay in which anchoring of
ships, fishing and recreational activities are all prohibited. Access to the Security Exclusion and
Operating Zones, and operations within them, will be controlled by the Ceyhan Harbour
Authority.
9.7.3.2 Movement of tankers into the loading area
A total of around 350 additional tanker movements per year are expected once the proposed
BTC Marine Terminal has become operational.

Tankers will approach the Terminal via the Gulf of Iskenderun. There are no designated
shipping lanes within the Gulf [Ref 4]. Tankers servicing the BTC Terminal will then be
directed to the loading jetty under the supervision of BOTAS tugboats and pilots (see further
below).

The maximum speed at which tankers will be allowed to approach the jetty will be established
and strictly enforced.

Marine traffic within the jetty area will be controlled by the Harbour Authority in accordance
with the Ceyhan Harbour Operating Regulation. Ships entering the Bay of Iskenderun will be
required to obtain prior permission from the Ceyhan Harbour Authority (which has a branch at
the existing BOTAS facility).
9.7.3.3 Tanker loading
The design ship loading rate at each berth will be 9540m
3
/h. Berthing, unloading and un-
berthing of tankers from the loading jetty will therefore take up to 40 hours (assuming the
largest design standard vessel of 300,000 DWT. The BOTAS pilot will remain responsible for
the ship during this entire period.

One person will operate the loading arms from the stowed into the connecting position. The
loading arms will be controlled by either radio or local panel control, for manoeuvring from and
into stowed position, as well as for coupling procedures.

Loading arms will be fitted with range sensors to identify the position of the tanker. The sensors
will generate flashing and sound alarms at pre-determined tanker locations to initiate valve
closure and emergency release before the loading arm reaches its structural limit. A three stage
alarm system will operate and if the tanker stops drifting before reaching the point of stage
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 29

three, no emergency release will occur. In case of an emergency release, the filled loading arm
will be balanced so as to rise vertically.



Figure 9.11 Exclusion Zone and Operating Zone

BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 30

The Emergency Release System will comprise of a non-sparking emergency release coupling
with a fire safe valve on each side. In addition to the electric and hydraulic safety devices, a
mechanical interlock will be provided which will prevent separation before the isolation valves
are closed, thereby safeguarding against unintentional release.
9.7.3.4 Tanker servicing facilities
From an anchoring zone defined in the Ceyhan Harbour Operating Regulation, ships will
approach the loading jetty under the guidance of tugboats and BOTAS pilots. On approaching
the facility, the tankers will be required to contact the BOTAS facility to give notice of their
intent to enter the operating zone. A BOTAS pilot will then meet the tanker and takes
responsibility for the ship during the entire berthing, unloading and unberthing process.

The following vessels will be obliged to employ a pilot:

Turkish merchant vessels with a capacity of 1000 te GRT and more;
foreign flag vessels with a capacity of 150 te GRT and more.

The pilots will board vessels in the southern area of the outer harbour limit and advise the
master on local conditions, regulations and berthing on arrival at the harbour.

Each tanker will be accompanied by 2-4 tugboats depending on the size of vessel. Six tugs are
currently in operation for the existing BOTAS facility, and it is anticipated that three additional
tugs will be added and possibly more, to support the BTC Marine Terminal operations.
Similarly, there are currently seven pilots working for the existing facility, which will increase
to 12 (and possibly more) in the future. These tugboats and pilots will operate both jetties (ie the
existing BOTAS Terminal and the BTC Marine Terminal).
9.7.3.5 Refuelling operations
Within the Security Exclusion Zone, refuelling of vessels will be prohibited.
9.7.4 Operational workforce
The BTC Marine Terminal is expected to employ 200 workers, comprising approximately 10%
unskilled and 90% semi-skilled and skilled.
9.7.5 Emergency shutdown systems
There will be a dedicated, independently operating Emergency Shutdown System (ESD) for
protecting the Pipeline and Terminal in the event of operating conditions deviating excessively
from design conditions. The ESD will trigger the Station Control System (SCS) in order to
shutdown other subordinated systems.

The ESD System will drive all safety related inhibits and interlocks. The SCS may initiate the
closure of the ESD valves under certain operational situations either by automatic or manual
command.



BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 31

Other than the ESD there will be:

pipeline shut down (initiated by the SCADA system);
unit shut down (initiated by the unit control system, UCS);
cascade shut down within the operation philosophy of the SCS.

The pipeline will be operated in accordance with the Operational Philosophy, which is
summarised in Section 9.7.2 above. This will also include operational shutdown procedures
(OSD), which will be initiated and executed by the SCADA System, SCS or UCS.

The objective of the ESD System will be to avoid any harm resulting from hazardous situations
and reduce the consequences of an event on the pipeline or the environment.

To fulfill this requirement, the ESD System will offer more than a simple shutdown logic with a
few failsafe functions. The extended functionality of the entire ESD System will incorporate the
following basic functions:

monitoring the correct function of SCADA System, UCS and SCS in conjunction with
safety relevant key parameters;
control and monitoring function for safety relevant station equipment units without
integrated failsafe controllers;
emergency shutdown function.

In order to monitor the correct operation of the SCADA System, SCS, UCS and equipment
without integrated control units, the ESD System will collect safety relevant parameters
independently of these systems and will initiate shutdown action in case of:

detection of an illogical status of station equipment;
process parameters which have reached defined limit values;
a manual trip by push button has occurred.

To prevent serious damage to the pipeline or Terminal facilities, the ESD System will block
dangerous actions and shut down station equipment or the relevant section(s) of the station
safely. If the malfunction affects other local stations of the wider pipeline system, an ESD
System with an overall view to the entire pipeline and the Terminal will be activated to handle
this situation.

To provide this functionality, the BTC Pipeline and Marine Terminal will utilise a control logic
system with a hierarchical structure of at least two levels:

Overall ESD System;
Terminal ESD System.

The installation of appropriate transmission facilities with redundant and independent
communication lines will ensure a safe transmission of information between the individual ESD
Systems at the Terminal (and Pipeline AGIs along the route) and the Overall ESD Systems at
the two Control centers (ie Sangachal and Ceyhan).
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 32

9.8 DECOMMISSIONING
The project has a design life of approximately 40 years. It is currently envisaged that the various
components of the Project (including the marine terminal) will be decommissioned thereafter.
9.8.1 Onshore project components
Where feasible, above-ground facilities will be left in place for further use. Where that is not
appropriate, facilities will be decontaminated before abandonment in place or entirely
dismantled and removed. Wherever possible, equipment and materials will be collected for
reuse. A land contamination survey will be undertaken and site remediation will be undertaken
if necessary.

It is likely that most or all of the equipment dismantling will take place within the confines of
the Terminal. Largely, this means that any spillages resulting from the dismantling process will
be contained within the site drains.

Pending governmental approval, buildings will be provided to local organisations for reuse.
Otherwise, they will be demolished and properly disposed of according to the BTC Projects
Waste Management Plan.
9.8.2 Onsite pipelines
The two loading lines will be cleaned, filled with inert gas, air or water and capped. They will
be abandoned in the ground in a condition that is acceptable to the responsible authorities. This
is seen to be the preferable option in environmental terms for the pipelines the alternative,
namely removing the pipes would involve excavation and disturbance to the environment. A
more detailed account is presented in Section 4 dealing with decommissioning of the main BTC
Pipeline.
9.8.2.1 Jetty
The jetty will be dismantled from the seaward end by crane barge. The rock and steel structures
will be removed from the site by barge and taken to a quayside.

The modules and structural sections will then be placed on a lay-down area that allows access
by workers during the deconstruction process. The objective of this process will be to prepare
the various constituent parts of the structure to a condit ion whereby they can be reused, recycled
or disposed of as waste. Some components may be re-usable and potentially be salvaged for
resale. However, the potential for this is considered to be small because the components may be
outdated, worn or the specification may make them unsuitable for re-use. The principle value of
the components is anticipated to be in recycling. Material such as steel may be recycled through
a steel foundry, thereby providing an overall resource saving through negating the need for
refining the corresponding quantity ore.

The dismantling of the actual structures will be performed by teams using gas axes, electrical
saws or mechanical shears. Structural steel will be reduced in size to pieces approximately 1m
2

which can be fed into a furnace.

BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 33

Where reuse is possible, the materials will be cleaned using high pressure water/solid CO
2
. If
reuse is not desirable, the steel and rock materials will be disposed of by a licensed waste
contractor in accordance with the Waste Management Plan (Appendix C3).
9.8.3 Inventory of emissions and discharges
9.8.3.1 Emissions, discharges and wastes during construction
Emissions to air

There will be several key emission sources associated with the construction of the marine
terminal, namely:

intermittent, fugitive emissions of dust during the construction period;
emissions from the exhausts of vehicles used for the transport of the workers, the
transport of construction materials and of basic equipment;
vessel engine exhausts;
diesel fired power units and generators.

In addition, a number of wastes generated during construction (eg excess bitumen, oil wastes,
paint sludge, polystyrene etc) will be incinerated in a mobile incineration system and this
process will be monitored (ie measurement of ambient air quality and stack emissions).

The construction fleet will number approximately six vessels. There will be a significant
amount of activity from construction and support vessels during the installation and
commissioning stage. It is anticipated that the following vessels will be deployed:

crane barge;
barge with piling equipment;
two support barges;
two tug boats.

Vessels will generate atmospheric emissions during the installation and commissioning phases
as a result of the combustion of marine diesel and fuel oil.

It is assumed that the construction fleet will use roughly 50te of fuel per day in total. Using
generalised emission factors [Ref 1] and assuming vessels are using 1% sulphur fuel oil, this
equates to the following approximate annual emissions:

3.0t NO
x
;
4.0t CO;
163t CO
2
;
1.0t SO
2
;
0.2t hydrocarbons.

BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 34

Discharges to water

Wastewater sources associated with the marine terminal construction will include:

hydrotest water;
sewage;
rainwater accumulating at the tank farm facility;
jetty loading arms and deck.

The largest single aqueous discharge will be from the hydrotest, which could be 4,300m
3
if both
pipelines are discharged simultaneously.

Noise

Construction of the BTC Marine Terminal will encompass a variety of activities, which will
potentially generate noise as follows:

General civil works involved in constructing the tanks, general facilities and
accommodation blocks will include the requirement for earth moving machinery, diesel
generators, air compressors etc. In addition, blasting and piling may be required.

Trenching and laying the loading line will involve specialist heavy equipment,
including side boom cranes, as well as generators for welding equipment.

All construction activities will have associated noise from traffic relating to the delivery of
materials and workforce. The management of traffic movement and the minimisation of
disruption to communities within the vicinity of transportation routes will be addressed through
provisions of the TMP (see Appendix C5).

Waste

Waste generated during the construction phase of the marine terminal will be dealt with in
accordance with procedures set out in the Waste Management Plan (Appendix C3).

Table 9.5 provides a broad listing of the anticipated waste streams that will be generated by the
construction of the Marine Terminal. The Waste Management Plan (Appendix C3) sets out a
project strategy for quantifying, handling and disposing of the anticipated waste streams.




BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 35

Table 9.5 Provisional Waste Inventory for BTC Marine Terminal Construction Phase

WASTE STREAMS SOURCES CLASSIFICATION
(H or NH)*
MANAGEMENT OPTION QUANTITY
(TONNES)

Activated carbon Spent fines from filtration systems H/NH Landfill 2
Aerosol cans Empty containers, principally from personal use of deodorants and some chemical usage
during construction
H Pierce and recycle 0.5
Aluminium cans Largely empty beverage cans NH Crush and recycle 20
Batteries Wet Depleted cells used in vehicles and machinery H Recycle 1
Batteries Dry Depleted cells used for personal stereos and other portable equipment, such as torches H Recycle <0.5
Bitumen Residues from road making. Mostly reused at the sites in road making H Incinerate 25
Black water 12,000
Bricks and building materials NH Landfill 6
Cables / copper Off-cuts from construction of the facilities and temporary camps, plus removal during
decommissioning
H Recycle <0.2
Cement dust NH Landfill 0.25
Chemicals Spent chemicals and residues from all project phases, such as pipe coating, bleaches H Physical/chemical treatment; evaporate in drums;
residue to landfill
TBD
Acids Physical/chemical treatment; residue to landfill TBD
Adhesives Incinerate <0.2
General Chemicals Special treatment - disposal to a suitably licensed
facility
3.5
Firefighting foam Evaporate in drums; residue to landfill 0.2
Glycols Evaporate in drums; residue to landfill 2
Solvents Evaporate in drums; residue to landfill 0.2
Concrete / foundations Deconstruction of facilities during reinstatement and site restoration NH Crush and use as building aggregate 10
Containers (large size) Empty steel drums NH Recycle TBD
Containers (other) Empty steel and plastic containers or varying sizes NH Landfill TBD
Contaminated water Rainwater accumulating tank farm facility (approximately 7 storage tanks); from the jetty
loading arms
H Special treatment then discharge to sea via outfall TBD
Contaminated wastes (waste oils
etc)
Oil spillages and clean-up materials such as oil absorbers, grab packs and granules H Special treatment - disposal to a suitably licensed
facility
TBD
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 36

WASTE STREAMS SOURCES CLASSIFICATION
(H or NH)*
MANAGEMENT OPTION QUANTITY
(TONNES)
Dredged material (largely sand with
some mud and silt)
Generated during construction of marine facilities, eg export jetty, breakwater,
construction dock
NH Due to the lack of any current marine industrial
activity at the proposed jetty location, it is
anticipated that such material will be
uncontaminated. It is assumed that all dredged
material will be discharged to sea in a designated
dumping area subject to appropriate licence
conditions by the relevant Turkish authority.
TBD
Drum cleaning waste From cleaning steel drums of residual materials so that they may be re-used for other
applications
H Special treatment - disposal to a licensed facility 240
Electrical/electronic comps NH Landfill <0.2
Electrical (eg switchgear) H/NH Landfill <0.2
Exhaust catalysts Landfill <0.2
Filters air/oil Spent filters from machinery and vehicles H Incinerate 0.25
Filters (water) NH Incinerate 0.75
Food Scraps and other organic waste NH Incinerate 90
Diesel, Fuel and Oil Wastes Oil absorbers, grab packs and granules H Incinerate TBD
Diesel H Incinerate 3
Diesel generator lube oil H Incinerate 8
Misc oils (incl hydraulic) H Incinerate 0.75
Vehicle & equip lube oil H Incinerate 4
Glass Empty bottles, largely from domestic use NH Recycle 100
Greases Residues of lubricating products, plus some domestic greases NH/H Incinerate TBD
Greywater 30,000
Hydrotest water Discharges from hydrostatic testing of tanks pipelines (may contain chemicals, such as
biocides and oxygen scavengers)
NH Tested prior to discharge at a controlled rate to a
site agreed with the MoE
160,000
Incinerator ash H/NH Landfill 120
Insulation Offcuts from installation of insulation materials to piping and plant H Landfill 0.25
Light bulbs Spent incandescent and fluorescent bulbs H Recycle - (fluorescent bulbs if in v. large quantities
may require special treatment)
<0.1
Medical Hazardous clinical waste, including sharps, needles, swabs, etc H Incinerate <0.5
Packaging materials Plastics, paper, cardboard, etc NH Recycle TBD
Paint sludge H Incinerate <0.5
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 37

WASTE STREAMS SOURCES CLASSIFICATION
(H or NH)*
MANAGEMENT OPTION QUANTITY
(TONNES)
Paint and cans/brushes Residues and discarded wastes from construction and maintenance activities, both oil
and water based
H Incinerate <0.1
Paper and card Wastes from office and domestic use NH Recycle/incinerate 90


Plastic bottles Mostly discarded water containers and other domestic supplies; some industrial supplies NH Recycle 90
PPE and clothing Discarded personnel protective clothing, overalls, boots, rags, etc H/NH Incinerate 3
Rags and oil absorbents H Incinerate 10
Refuse type was tes NH Incinerate TBD
Sewage Sewage from construction camps and temporary facilities NH Primary treatment of waste on site, then disposal
of treated waste by appointed waste management
contractor in agreement with local water authority
TBD
Sewage sludge Hazardous residues from the sewage treatment facilities H/NH Special treatment - disposal to a suitably licensed
facility
35
Steel Offcuts from construction of pipelines and plants; removal of equipment during
decommissioning
NH Re-use - store useful components for future work
and recycle remainder
150
Tyres Worn discarded tyres from vehicles NH Recycle <4
Washdown water Runoff from cleaning vehicles, plant and other washing activities H Special treatment - disposal to a suitably licensed
facility
80,000
Wood Crates, pallets, sleepers, etc from supply of materials NH TBD
Timber NH Re-use TBD
Trees, shrubs, branches NH Use as fuel (domestic etc) TBD

* H = Hazardous; NH = Non-Hazardous
**Construction: Many waste streams that arise during construction of the marine terminal will be similar to those during pipeline construction. Those additional waste streams that are specific only to the marine
terminal have been included. Pipe-specific waste (eg pipe bands, coatings etc) generated for the short length of pipeline from Terminal to Jetty has not been included, but will be less than 1% of that generated for
the pipeline as a whole (see Table 5.1).

TBD To be determined during ongoing engineering and Contractor selection.
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 38

9.8.3.2 Operational emissions, discharges and wastes
Marine-based emissions

Marine-based emissions of concern (ie those that have the potential to influence local air
quality onshore) are those associated with the tanker emissions within the harbour,
particularly while berthed. Atmospheric emissions from tankers engine exhausts will be
relatively minor and will be an intermittent source during operation. A modern tanker uses
relatively little fuel while berthed. Given that the tankers are loading, rather than offloading
oil, their fuel requirement will be even lower. Using typical emissions factors [Ref 5], and
assuming both berths are in regular use, the anticipated annual emissions from tanker burning
1% sulphur fuel oil at the proposed facilities are as follows:

approximately 22t NO
x
;
approximately 3t CO;
approximately 1,200t CO
2
;
7t SO
2
;
1t hydrocarbons.
Land-based emissions

Anticipated operational emissions and discharges are as presented in Table 9.5.

Table 9.6 Operational Emissions/Discharges for BTC Marine Terminal

OPERATION SOURCE POLLUTANT MANAGEMENT
OPTION
QUANTITY
tanker loading CO
2
(Note 1)
EGF 152,450 te per
year
tanker loading VOC EGF 215 te per
year
tanker loading NOx EGF 36 te per year
tanker loading SO
2
EGF 387 te per
year
tanker traffic NOx untreated to
atmosphere
22 te per year
tanker traffic CO untreated to
atmosphere
3 te per year
tanker traffic CO
2
(Note 1)
untreated to
atmosphere
1,200 te per
year
tanker traffic SO
2
untreated to
atmosphere
7 te per year
Emissions
tanker traffic hydrocarbons untreated to
atmosphere
1 te per year
Discharges primary holding
pond
treated
wastewater
Irrigation and/or
soakaway
24 m
3
per day
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 39

general facilities treated
wastewater
Irrigation and/or
soakaway
24 m
3
per day
housing compound treated
wastewater
Irrigation and/or
soakaway
38 m
3
per day
Jetty treated
wastewater
Irrigation and/or
soakaway
1.5 m
3
per day
Guardhouse treated
wastewater
Irrigation and/or
soakaway
1.5 m
3
per day

Tankfarm treated
wastewater
Irrigation and/or
soakaway
2 m
3
per day
Note 1: These CO
2
emissions have been used as the basis to determine total global warming
potential expressed as CO
2
equivalent (CO
2
-e) emissions in Chapter 16 (Cumulative Impacts).

Noise

The main noise source from the operational BTC Marine Terminal will be the enclosed
ground flare (EGF). Other sources are the transfer pumps located in the tank farm.

Waste

The waste arisings during the operational phase of the facility are the subject of ongoing
detailed design and vendor selection for individual equipment items. Table 9.6 lists indicative
types and quantities estimated from a number of sources. The Project is aware of the
requirement to develop a waste inventory and to manage these wastes in accordance with the
provisions of the Waste Management Plan (Appendix C3).

Table 9.7 Indicative Marine Terminal Operational Wastes
(1)


TYPE AMOUNT / YEAR
Domestic:
paper wastes
putrescible
glass
plastic
metallic
textiles
miscellaneous combustible
miscellaneous non-combustible
sewage sludge
glack water
grey water
50 tonnes
40 tonnes
<25 tonnes
<25 tonnes
<25 tonnes
<5 tonnes
<25 tonnes
<5 tonnes
<30 tonnes
9000m
3

21000m
3

Operational Terminal:
general waste suitable for landfill
contaminated wastes (gloves, rags, absorbants
etc)
paper (office wastes)
interceptor oil waste
scrap metal wastes
tank bottoms and cleaning
3000 tonnes
<200 tonnes
<400 tonnes
<100 tonnes
<250 tonnes
TBD
BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 40

Shipping wastes
(2)

oily sludge
oily bilgewater (average 15% oil content)

domestic waste
other (cargo associated) wastes
TBD (2% of heavy fuel oil
consumption)
TBD (0.31m
3
/1000tdw/month of
operation)
TBD (3.0kg/person/day)
TBD (<0.01kg/day)
(1) Figures derived from multiple sources.
(2) Ship generated wastes are enormously variable and linked to age of vessel, size of
vessel, number of crew, days at sea since previous port call involving transhipment of
waste to shore. Figures derived from A Waste Management Plan for Ship Generated
Waste prepared for Espoo Marine Committee, January 2000.


BTC PROJECT EIA
TURKEY
FINAL EIA



THE MARINE TERMINAL
OCTOBER 2002
9 - 41

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ref 1 ILF-CAL-ESP-GEN-001, Revision B, 8/11/01

Ref 2 Water Supply Study of Ceyhan Terminal, ILF-REP-EMT-TRG-012 Rev C

Ref 3 Geohazard Assessment at Ceyhan Marine Terminal Report, ILF-TNO-EMT-TRG-002
Rev C

Ref 4 pers. Comm.with Operations Dept, BTC

Ref 5 Lloyds Register (1990) Marine Exhaust Emissions Programme: Steady State
Operation. Lloyds Register, London.