This paper was presented during a panel at the 10th International Pragmatics Conference in Gothenburg, Sweden (Jul !

00"#

Working paper. Do not cite. Comments are welcome.

FRAMING THE NEWS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC VIEW OF FINANCIAL NEWSWRITING Tom Van Hout & Felicitas Macgilchrist
ABSTRACT This paper tracks the newsmaking process from the initial entry of a story into the newsroom (in the form of a press release) through the meso-level process of editorial decision-making (in the form of story meetings) and the micro-level process of re-writing to the ''final'' output articulated for the consumers of financial news. Whereas previous studies of ournalism have tended to focus on either news te!ts or news processes (cf. "eli#er $%%&)' this paper analyses (oth the te!tual and process aspects of news-writing. These discursive practices are investigated (y adopting a research methodology which com(ines frame analysis ()amson * +odigliani ,-.-)' participant o(servation (Cottle ,--.) and writing process analysis (/errin $%%0). 1naly#ing the frames in the source te!t' we e!amine to what e!tent ournalists draw on the frames to pitch their story to the copy desk chief' while keystroke logging data and retrospective interviews allow us to reconstruct and interpret the writing process in detail. 2n a final analytical move' the pu(lished news story frames are compared to the original te!t. The case study we present here is drawn from ethnographic research on newsroom practices at a 3lemish 4uality newspaper and suggests how an understanding of ournalistic practices aids the analysis of news production.

1uthor contact details5 Tom 6an 7out )hent 8niversity tom.vanhout9ugent.(e 3elicitas +acgilchrist :uropean-8niversity 6iadrina' 3rankfurt;<der macgilchrist9gm!.net

This paper was presented during a panel at the 10th International Pragmatics Conference in Gothenburg, Sweden (Jul !00"#

1. Introduction This paper focuses on the discursive practices of a (usiness reporter as he discovers' negotiates' writes and reflects on a news story. We thus =follow the story> (?oyer * 7anner# $%%05 ,@) from the story entry in the newsroom through the review process during a story meeting and the writing process itself. 2ntroducing an innovative method com(ining frame analysis' newsroom ethnography and computer-assisted writing process analysis' our data shed light on the discursive transformations that lie at the heart of the news production process. Aews production is seen here as a form of reproductive writing (Bako(s $%%@) involving the transformation of multiple news discourses (press agency copy' press releases' interview notes' other news media) into a single narrative' framed as an authoritative account of a news event. This view highlights the interte!tuality of news sources and news te!ts. 2nterte!tuality is used here first and foremost to refer to the ways in which information is linked to sources. Case in point is the genre of press releases. These te!ts are typically =prefa(ricated in an appropriate news style> (?ell ,--,5 C.) to facilitate reproduction in and (y the media. These DpreformulationE features are discussed at length in Baco(s (,---) and include the use of newspaper-like headlines' narrative structure and a num(er of metapragmatic features' most prominently third person self-reference (=B./. +organ announced today> instead of =we>) and pseudo-4uotations (=3ortis ?ank C:< Bohn Fheffield noted that Dthe merger signifies a ma or step forwardEG>). 2n addition to having a te!tual dimension' interte!tuality can also (e seen as =a strategically deployed HsocialI practice through which producers HGI construct meanings' frame activities and pursue outcomesJ (/eterson $%%,5 $@-). 6iewed as such' news production (ecomes a process of ente!tuali#ation (?auman * ?riggs ,--%K ?riggs * ?auman ,--$K Filverstein * 8r(an ,--0)' i.e. the e!traction (deconte!tuali#ation) of source material and its su(se4uent insertion (reconte!tuali#ation) into news discourse. 2n attempt to illustrate this process of ente!tuali#ation' we present a case study documenting how a senior (usiness reporter discovers a story' introduces it into the newsroom' writes a news story and reflects on it. 2. M t!od We propose a com(ination of frame analysis' newsroom ethnography and computer-assisted writing process analysis. 3rames are understood as those Dprinciples of selection' emphasis' an presentation composed of little tacit theories a(out what e!ists' what happens and what mattersE ()itlin ,-.%5 0).i Comparing the frames in the source te!ts and the final pu(lished news story ena(les us to investigate which sources have the authority to produce versions of knowledge which DframeE pu(lic understandings of events. 8sing participant o(servation (Cottle ,--.) and interview data' we conte!tuali#e how ournalists write news stories (see Fleurs * Baco(s $%%C for a pilot study on writing press releases) within the institutional conte!t of a newsroom. These ethnographic data are complemented (y online writing process data in the tradition of cognitive psychology (+ac1rthur' )raham * 3it#gerald $%%0). To this end' two software applications were used5 2nputlog and Camtasia Ftudio. 2nputlog ii is a +icrosoft Windows (ased logging tool which records key(oard strokes and mouse movements and generates datafiles for statistical' te!t' pause and mode analyses (Lei ten * 6an Waes $%%0). Camtasia Ftudioiii is an online screen registration tool which we used to make screenvideos of the o(served writing processes. These files ena(led easy and immediate play(ack of the recorded writing process data during retrospective interviews. ?oth applications were used to record' reconstruct and analy#e writing processes.

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This paper was presented during a panel at the 10th International Pragmatics Conference in Gothenburg, Sweden (Jul !00"#

<ur data are drawn from a larger' ethnographic study of ournalistsE reproductive newswriting practices. 3ieldwork was conducted (etween <cto(er $%%0 and +arch $%%M at the (usiness newsdesk of a ma or 3lemish 4uality newspaper (y the first author of this paper. The case study reported on here was selected (ecause it provides a rich conte!t for analy#ing the situated practices of a senior (usiness reporter who we will call 1+T. We were told in an interview with copy desk chief LNA that 1+T was Da reporter pur sangE' an acknowledgement of 1+TEs wide interest in and coverage of (usiness news. During my fieldwork' 1+T was promoted to assistant (usiness editor and he won a professional award for ournalistic e!cellence. The news story we follow (henceforth5 the 62? story) is concerned with increased government funding of (iotechnology and nanotechnology research. Two prestigious 3lemish research institutes' 62? and 2+:C have (een awarded new research contracts (y the 3lemish government. This event was not listed in the newsroomEs Dstory (udgetEK i.e. it was not a planned story. 2nstead' the event was (rought to 1+TEs attention (y a spokesperson for the 3lemish +inister of Fcience who had called 1+T to announce a press conference later that day and to ask if he was planning to attend. 7earing that 1+T was not going to attend' the spokesperson then informed him that a press release would (e sent round and that the presentation slides used during the press conference were also availa(le. Fensing a good story' 1+T in4uired a(out the increased funding and accepted the spokespersonEs offer. 1+T mentioned in an interview that the spokesperson had called him =(ecause he had seen around me a couple of times at press conferences.> ".% R &u't& 2n this section' we present a transcript of the story meeting detailing story introduction and assignment as well as selected writing process and retrospective interview data. We start (y setting the scene. Setting the scene 1+T received the 62? press release in his in(o! along with several others (suppressed) recipients at $5@@pm. $0 minutes later' 1+T received a personal email message from the 3lemish +inister of Fcience and 2nnovation office. The message referred to 1+TEs telephone agreement with the spokesperson and came with two attachments5 the 62? press release and the presentation slides. The analyses are (ased on the original Dutch te!ts (ut' since an official :nglish language translation was availa(le on the 62? we(site iv' the official :nglish translation will (e used for reference and illustration (cf. handout). Story meeting The story meeting provides a forum for introducing' reviewing' selecting' following up on and assigning developing stories for ne!t dayEs paper (see also Clayman * Neisner ,--.). During these daily staff meetings' story length is decided' potential cover stories are discussed and general announcements are made. The meeting is attended (y all the (usiness reporters who are in that day' the desk chief and one or two copy-editors. 2t is chaired (y desk chief LNA who also makes the Dstory (udgetE' a list of possi(le stories (ased on the newsroom agenda' incoming press releases' news agency copy and other media. 1n audio recording of the story meeting is transcri(ed according to conversation analytic conventions. 1nalysis is (ased on the original Dutch transcriptions' which have' however' (een translated into :nglish to accommodate a wider audience. The :nglish transcriptions provide an idiomatic translation of the Dutch original' which can (e found in the appendi! to this paper. The transcript is first presented in full' followed (y a discussion of arrowed lines.

This paper was presented during a panel at the 10th International Pragmatics Conference in Gothenburg, Sweden (Jul !00"#

Participants: GRI ONL TRE AMT HOM LRN HO TRA reporter reporter reporter reporter reporter desk chief reporter cop! editor

"there#s a$so er%& '()*+1,*(-*eco*1.#12&/ 244. 245. 246. 24 . 24*. TRE: AMT: !"M: +R,: Pieter- xxx Pieter on his cartoons xxx theres also erm(laughter) #osh$ are %o& alrea'% 'oin# that no() %eah$ thats incre-'i.le that xxx thats #oin# to .ecome a xxx or somethin# -the si#nin# o0 the ne( mana#ement a#reement .et(een the 1lemish #o2ernment an' erm the 3 , 4 an' ,ME5 the%re #ettin# 267 -more mone% -(hat) t(o months) Three three months an' hes alrea'% 9&ttin# him in 0ront o0 the -t2:) -(oohahaha: -sho&l' attention .e 9ai' to this): -66 line-: 66 lines on eco 4$ no) i0 the% #et more mone% %es 26 9rocent -xxx: -xxx: (hats that AMT$ the 1lemish #o2ernment an') 2 i . an' ,mec are #ettin# more mone% 0rom 1ient>e) 0rom 1ient>e thats .iotechnolo#% -an' (8.8) -xxx so .iotechnolo#%: (jokingly) cmon$ %o& still 'ont ?no( this) #o''ammit))) time an' a#ain ,2e xxx

24/. AMT: 256. +R,: 258. TRE: 252. +R,: 25;. "<=: 254. AMT: 255. =R<: 256. 25 . 25*. 25/. 266. 268. 262. 26;. 264. AMT: TRE: TRA: AMT: !"M: AMT: =R<: !"4: =R<:

1s the transcript (egins with some playful (anter a(out parenting (etween TN:' 7<+ and )N2' 1+T tries to address LNA (line $&C) (ut his initial attempt drowns in group laughter. 2n line $&-' 1+T mentions the 62? story (y first referring to the pseudo-event of the signing of the agreements and then (y adding the more newsworthy detail of the (udget increase. 265. AMT: -the si#nin# o0 the ne( mana#ement a#reement .et(een the 1lemish #o2ernment an' erm

This paper was presented during a panel at the 10th International Pragmatics Conference in Gothenburg, Sweden (Jul !00"#

the 3 , 4 an' ,ME5 the%re #ettin# 267 -more mone% This dou(le-edged pitch offers a first glimpse at how 1+T (re)ente!tuali#es the 62? story5 shifting into a more formal' nominal register typical of story summaries' 1+T echoes the opening line of the 62? press release5 =Today 3lemish +inister for Fcience and 2nnovation 3ient e +oerman has HsicI signed the new management agreements ($%%M O $%,,) for 62? and 2+:C.> 1pparently' 1+T employs preformulation socially to promote the 62? story to LNA. The notion of preformulation (Baco(s ,---) was hitherto conceived of as primarily a te!tual property of press releases. This e!cerpt however' illustrates how it can also (e used in social interaction5 to pitch a news story to the desk chief. Ae!t' 1+T drives his story promotion home (y referring to the scale of the financial event involvedK a $%P (udget increase is a significant O and hence newsworthy O event. 1gain' this resonates the language of the press release5 =The (udget of operation of (oth institutes increases with $%P>. 2t should (e noted that 1+T does not attri(ute the source' nor mention the actor involved' namely the 3lemish minister of Fcience' 3ient e +oerman. ?y doing this' 1+T claims authorship of the story. 1 very (rief negotiation (etween 1+T and LNA ensues (lines $00-.)' in which 1+T asks if this story should (e run. The passive voice construction in line $00 functions as a sort of authorship hedge' illustrating the supply and demand mechanism of story meetings. 266. AMT: 26 . =R<: 26*. AMT: -sho&l' attention .e 9ai' to this): -66 line-: 66 lines on eco 4$ no) i0 the% #et more mone% %es 26 9rocent -xxx:

LNA immediately assigns 1+T 0% lines on page four of the (usiness section (ut asks 1+T for confirmation of the (udget increase. This conditional reiterates the implicit newsworthiness assessment of 1+TEs story promotion' which 1+T confirms. 1+T e!presses the scale of the (udget increase in relative terms (=$%P>) and not in a(solute terms (=&%% million euro>)' thus emphasi#ing the ratio of the increase and not the amount of money involved. 1t this point' the copy editor' whoEs sitting at the other end of the conference ta(le overhears the discussion and asks 1+T for clarification as she writes in a note(ook. 1+T reiterates the appeal to newsworthiness (line $M%)5 26/. 2 6. 2 8. 2 2. TRA: AMT: !"M: AMT: (hats that AMT$ the 1lemish #o2ernment an') 2 i . an' ,mec are #ettin# more mone% 0rom 1ient>e) 0rom 1ient>e

This triggers 7<+ to in4uire a(out the agent involved (line $M,). 1+T confirms that it is 3ient e +oerman' currently 3lemish minister of science and formerly a newsroom colleague of the (usiness staff. 1+T later told me that he never worked with 3ient e (ut that 7<+ did. ?y focusing on agency in the immediate conte!t of a story meeting' this short e!cerpt illustrates how 1+T introduces the 62? story into the newsroom (y resonating the pseudo-event and title of the press release. This is what +ark /eterson calls the interpretive practice approach to media production5 =the detailed description of the acts through which media te!ts are negotiated HGI Fuch an approach allows us to e!amine creativity and interpretation as they are played out in (oth the social and te!tual dimensions HGI This approach assumes that interpretive creativity is not random (ut constituted (y and constitutive of social heuristics and cultural epistemologies> ($%%@5 ,.&). The heuristics and epistemologies 1+T employs in his story promotion are an authoritative voice (nominali#ation)' the assumption of authorship (a(sence of source attri(ution)' deictic reference to newsworthiness ((udget increase' in relative terms and

This paper was presented during a panel at the 10th International Pragmatics Conference in Gothenburg, Sweden (Jul !00"#

not a(solute terms) and the suggestion of ournalistic presence' =(ased on having D(een thereE so that H1+TI can Dreport itE> (/eterson $%%@5 MM). Crucially' the employment of these heuristics and epistemologies should (e seen in the conte!t of a social field in which reputations' power and professional statuses are at stake. Writing process 2n 1+TEs newspaper article' all interte!tual links to news sources are rendered implicit. This is a common practice in news ournalismK (y concealing news sources O referencing at (est to the source te!t in the form of a trope like =according to a statement issued (y the company> O as well as their own actions for o(taining the information reported on' reporters assume authorship and thus esta(lish ournalistic authority. <ur process data allow us to foreground these interte!tual links (y looking at the writing process in detail and seeing where and how 1+T draws on source material. 3or these purposes' we draw on writing process data as well as screen video' interview and product data. <ne way of visuali#ing these interte!tual links is to plot the writing process in an activity graph. /errin ($%%@) distinguishes two meso level actions in the =writing progression> of ournalists5 te!t insertion and deletion. These actions constitute revisions. We use a similar approach5 figure $ graphically represents 1+TEs writing process (y plotting temporal data (in a(solute time) against process data' i.e. key(oard strokes (the num(er of revisions) and mouse

Figure 2. Activity graph of VI !riting process commands (movement and clicks). This graph is (ased on a five second period' linear log file generated (y 2nputlog. The graph shows & distinct phases in 1+TEs writing process5 a preparatory phase (%E%%>-ME%%>)' two te!t construction phases (ME%%>-,0E%,> and ,ME%$>- $&E%@>) and a revision phase. The preparatory phase consists of mouse movements (scrolling through emails and opening attachments)' while the te!t construction phases show a high num(er of key(oard movements (te!t insertion and deletion) as well as mouse movements (cursor movement' switching and resi#ing computer windows' looking for online information). During the revision phase 1+T revises and edits his te!t' switching (ack and forth (etween the preview pane and the editing window. 1 screenshot is given (y way of illustration (3igure @).

This paper was presented during a panel at the 10th International Pragmatics Conference in Gothenburg, Sweden (Jul !00"#

1s regards 1+TEs sourcing practices' the process data show that 1+T draws on two sources5 the press release issued (y the +inister of Fcience and the powerpoint slides used during the press conference. The former 1+T prints out and places on his desk' the latter he opens in a te!t editing window. 1 screenshot taken from the video data illustrates this setup (3igure &). 1+TEs use of sources largely overlaps with the two main te!t construction phases5 information from the press release was used to write the headline' lead and (ackground information a(out the research institutes during the first te!t construction phase' while the powerpoint slides were used to write the concluding paragraphs on government demands and agreement types during the second te!t construction phase (a translation of the news article can (e found in the 1ppendi!). Crucially' this illustrates how and where preformulation DworksE5 apparently' preformulated te!ts allow ournalists to write 4uickly' and thus save time. The fact that 1+T largely retells preformulated information partially accounts for 1+TEs highly routini#ed and linear writing process (cf. infra). 2n addition' we would also like to underline 1+TEs use of the presentation slides. 2ndeed' much like the press release' 1+T draws on these slides to write a(out the re4uirement of a new corporate governance policy and performance indicators. ?y doing so' 1+T assumes authorship of the information drawn from (oth sources and thus falsely taking credit for having (een at the press conference. During the retrospective interview' 1+T commented that overt source attri(utions such as Daccording to an official statementE are =rather useless> and that he makes a point of not mentioning them. 7owever' in his news article' 1+T refers to the =new management agreements which were signed yesterday (y the +inister of Fcience and 2nnovation 3ient e +oermanG>. Commenting on why he refers e!plicitly to this pseudo-event' 1+T said =well' there was a press conference' so it would (e weird not to write that>. This statement not only provides evidence for a conscious decision on 1+TEs part (ut it also provides support for /etersonEs claim that ournalistic authority is (ased on Dhaving (een thereE. 1+TEs ournalistic authority is (uilt on his concealment of the two preformulated news sources - which happened to fall on his lap O without his having to attend the press conference. 2f we then look at some descriptive statistics of the writing process (Ta(le ,)' there is a strikingly small difference (etween process and product data5 differentials of $M& characters and &@ words are low when compared to similar writing from (multiple) sources tasks (<'7ara et al. $%%$). With a total production time of -E$$> and a pause time of $&E%$ (including reading time)' these num(ers indicate a very linear and thus routine writing process. 2n those - minutes of te!t production' 1+T is very productive5 not only does he write the article manually O he does not copy;paste te!t from the slides O he also dou(le checks information online. 62? story Total num(er of characters Total num(er of words /roduction time (in minutes) /ause time (in minutes) Total duration of writing process (in minutes) Ta"le #. $escriptive statistics of VI !riting process process ,M,. $., -.$$ $&.%$ @@.$& product ,&&& $@. ; ; ; differential $M& &@ ; ; ;

This paper was presented during a panel at the 10th International Pragmatics Conference in Gothenburg, Sweden (Jul !00"#

Figure %. Screenshot of previe! pane

Figure &. Screenshot sho!ing "ac'groun(e( presentation sli(e an( te)t e(iting !in(o!

This paper was presented during a panel at the 10th International Pragmatics Conference in Gothenburg, Sweden (Jul !00"#

2nterestingly' if we look for pause length in the writing process' we find that the mean pause time is &.@&& seconds (with a standard deviation of M.M@& seconds). While a full-fledged analysis of the pausing (ehavior is (eyond the reach of this paper' we would like to conclude this part with a (rief e!ample of 1+TEs pausing (ehavior in relation to his sourcing practices. 2n order to visuali#e the writing process' 2nputlog generates linear logs of recorded writing sessions. 2f we look at how 1+T writes the opening sentence' the linear log looks like this5

Figure *. +inear log passage This fragment shows a very fluent writing process' typical of the sort of highly routini#ed (ehavior that writing from sources is for (usiness ournalists. The fragment also shows the effects of preformulation5 1+T rewrites the opening line of the press release from5 =Today 3lemish +inister for Fcience and 2nnovation 3ient e +oerman has HsicI signed the new management agreements ($%%M O $%,,) for 62? and 2+:C.> to =The su(sidy raise is included in the new management agreements which were signed yesterday in )hent.> 1+T thus foregrounds the (udget increase. 2n the linear log' we see a C second pause (CCC. milliseconds) (efore 1+T writes =su(sidieverhoging> (:ng. su"si(y raise). This hesitation is a direct result of 1+TEs reliance on the press release' which does not mention the term Dsu(sidy raiseE. This hesitation is significant' (ecause 1+T does not pause when he writes the rest of the opening sentence. The typographical error at the %.E$,> mark he corrects directly. 7e then switches to the preview pane (30). During the revision phase toward the end of his writing process' the spelling error in the Dutch relative pronoun =die> (:ng. that) is corrected at the $05C@ mark. Framing The hesitation' therefore' indicates a frame shift. The previous e!tracts indicate that when 1+T shifts the focus (i.e. to return to )itlinEs phrase (,-.%5 0)' Dwhat mattersE) away from the press release' a pause is logged. Aevertheless' overall he takes the predominant press release frames on (oard' thus ena(ling his short production time. Without going into an ela(orate frame analysis at this stage' the 62? press release and presentation prioriti#e three frames for the events5 (i) cooperation (Dmanagement agreementsE)' (ii) employment (D2+:C plans more than ,%% new recruitmentsE) and (iii) efficiency (Dperformance indicatorsE' rather than research for the sake of increased knowledge).

This paper was presented during a panel at the 10th International Pragmatics Conference in Gothenburg, Sweden (Jul !00"#

2n 1+TEs transformation of the two sources into one news story' he retains (i) the cooperation frame in the use of the same term Dmanagement agreementsE and (ii) the employment frame (D62? employs more than ,'%%% researchers' divided over 0C research units. 1round ,'C%% people work at 2mecE). 7e does not' however' descri(e the increases in efficiency as entirely (eneficial to all sides. Where the presentation slides announce an Dintegrated approachE with clear (enefits' 1+T introduces the approach with DThe e!tra funds come with new demandsE' which the institutions are Dre4uiredE to fulfill. With these two simple le!ical items O demands and re4uired O 1+T introduces' al(eit su(tly' an alternative media frame which 4uestions the legitimacy of attaching research funding to efficiency goals. %. Conc'u&ion Drawing on fieldwork data' this paper highlighted selected practices of a senior (usiness reporter as he discovers' negotiates' writes and files a news story. ?y focusing on the role of source media (i.e. press releases) and the ournalistEs interpretive practices in newswriting' we outlined how the discursive transformations shed light on ournalistsE writing practices. We (elieve that the analysis of the social and te!tual practices surrounding the use of source media in newswriting offers many e!citing avenues for further research on news production. <r as )aye Tuchman writes5 J1t the uncture (etween sources and reporters' 'source media' (press releases' government reports' telephone interviews' etc.) provide important and still under-researched raw material for what ends up as news te!tsJ ($%%@5 .-). <ur com(ined methodology of frame analysis' newsroom ethnography and computer-assisted writing process analysis offered a (ehind-the-scenes look at the situated practices of news production. +oreover' it was shown that' in addition to having a te!tual function' preformulation is used socially to promote a news story during story meetings and that the reliance on press releases allows for a linear' routine writing process.

1.

<ver the years' a fully-fledged industry of frame analysts' each competing to present the definitive definition of DframeE and Dframe analysisE' has developed. 3or an overview' see (3isher ,--MK de 6reese $%%C) ii 2nputlog is freely availa(le to the research community at the following we(site5 http5;;we(h%,.ua.ac.(e;mlei ten;inputlog; iii 3or more information and download options' see http5;;www.techsmith.com iv The :nglish language press release is availa(le here5 http5;;www.vi(.(e;AN;rdonlyres;,M$0.1&&-$,-.-&C-?1C%3-11&?0:.0-,C,;$$&&;$%%M%@%.Q:A)Q62?Qmanagementagreement.pdf

A(( ndi) 62? news article (:nglish translation) Mor *on + ,or t c!no r & $rc! /olicy news 3lemish research institutes 62? and 2+:C to receive more money from the 3lemish government. ?N8FF:LF. The (udget increase is included in the new management agreements which were signed yesterday (y the +inister of Fcience and 2nnovation' 3ient e +oerman (<pen 6LD). They are valid for five years. During that time the 3lemish government will shell out more than &%% million euro for (oth institutions. 3or the 3lemish 2nteruniversity Center for ?iotechnology (62?) in )hent' the funds for the period (etween $%%M and $%,, will go upwards of ,-% million euro' &@ euro million more than during the previous period. <ver the ne!t five years' the 2nteruniversity +icroelectronics Center (2mec) in Leuven will (e receiving more than $,% million euro' a (oost of more than &% million euro. 62? employs more than ,'%%% researchers' divided over 0C research units. 1round ,'C%% people work at 2mec. ?oth institutes are important for the development of the 3lemish nanotechnology and (iotechnologysector. The e!tra funds come with new demands. The institutions are re4uired to develop new individual codes of proper management (corporate governance). There is also a new list of performance indicators such as total revenue from research' the num(er of oint ventures and the num(er of spin-offs. The new policy agreements have (een drawn up using a sort of modelcontract' valid for all 3lemish top-level research institutes. This contract will also (e valid for the 3lemish 2nstitute for Technological Nesearch (6ito) and the 2nterdisciplinary 2nstitute for ?road(andtechnology (2??T). (amt) R , r nc &
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