HEALTH

&
SANITATION
PREPARED BY:
PELAYO, MARY ANNE B.

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
HEALTH RESOURCES
BURIAL GROUNDS
SOLID WASTE & WASTEWATER
FACILITIES

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
HEALTH RESOURCES
Considerations:
• availability of health facilities

• adequacy or accessibility of services

• adequacy of health personnel and budget

• epidemic occurrence

• accessibility of services within 35 km –radius

• causes of mortality and morbidity of the population

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
Current needs and future requirements shall consider:

• area and location per type of hospital

• number of beds per type of hospital

• number of personnel per category

• facilities and kinds of treatment/function/services per

level of health services

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
RHU (Rural Healh Units)
 BHS (Barangay Health Station) – is the initial unit
which dispenses basic health care.
 3-5 KM recommended service zone in consideration of
transport availability for both patient and medical staff
 serves a minimum population of 5,000

 should be centrally located and grouped with other

institutional facilities such as chapel, school and
parks/playground
 MHC ( Main Health Center) – engages in a broad range of
activities covering mostly referrals from the BHS, and the
preventive, promotive and curative aspects of health care.
 one MHC regardless of the number of population

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
CHC (City Health Center) – renders the same
service as that of the MHC but under the
administrative and technical supervision of the City
Health Office.
 should be located preferably near the commercial section of
the municipality/city where public transportation is available
 every muncipality/city should have at least one MHC/CHC for
every 50,000 population
 it should be planned within the context of the poblacion

• the use of MHC/CHC will be optimized if the site is close

to the market center
• should be accessible to major roads and bus routes

• should be located in the areas with no obnoxious smells,

noise or hazardous traffic conditons
• should be free from flood dangers and subsoil condition
must be acceptable

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
HOSPITAL – an institution engaging services on health
care.
CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITALS
 Government or Private

 Government - operated and maintained partially

or wholly by the national, provincial, city or
municipal government, or other political unit; or by
any department, division, board or agency thereof.
 Private - privately owned, established and
operated with funds through donation, principal,
investment, or other means, by any individual,
corporation, association, or organization.

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 General or Special
 General - provides services for all types of
deformity, disease, illness or injury.
 Special - primarily engaged in the provision of
specific clinical care and management. A primary
care hospital, secondary care hospital, tertiary care
hospital, or infirmary, may provide special clinical
service(s).

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 Service Capability
 Primary Care Hospital

o Non-departmentalized hospital that provides

clinical care and management on the prevalent
diseases in the locality
o Clinical services include general medicine,
pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, surgery and
anesthesia
o Provides appropriate administrative and ancillary
services (clinical laboratory, radiology, pharmacy
o Provides nursing care for patients who require
intermediate, moderate
o and partial category of supervised care for 24
hours or longer
Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 Service Capability
 Secondary Care Hospital

o Departmentalized hospital that provides clinical

care and management on the prevalent diseases in
the locality, as well as particular forms of treatment,
surgical procedure and intensive care
o Clinical services provided in the Primary Care
Hospital, as well as specialty clinical care
o Provides appropriate administrative and ancillary
services (clinical laboratory, radiology, pharmacy)
o Nursing care provided in the Primary Care Hospital,
as well as total and intensive skilled care

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 Service Capability
 Tertiary Care Hospital

o Teaching and training hospital that provides clinical

care and management on the prevalent diseases in
the locality, as well as specialized and sub-
specialized forms of treatment, surgical procedure
and intensive care
o Clinical services provided in the Secondary Care
Hospital, as well as sub-specialty clinical care
o Provides appropriate administrative and ancillary
services (clinical laboratory, radiology, pharmacy)
o Nursing care provided in the Secondary Care
Hospital, as well as
o Continuous and highly specialized critical care
Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 Service Capability
 Infirmary - a health facility that provides emergency
treatment and care to the sick and injured, as well as
clinical care and management to mothers and newborn
babies.
 Birthing Home – a health facility that provides
maternity service on pre-natal and post-natal care,
normal spontaneous delivery, and care of newborn
babies.
 Acute-Chronic Psychiatric Care Facility – a health
facility that provides medical service, nursing care,
pharmacological treatment and psychosocial
intervention for mentally ill patients.
 Custodial Psychiatric Care Facility – a health facility
that provides long-term care, including basic human
services such as food and shelter, to chronic mentally ill
patients.

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
STANDARD AREA PER HOSPITAL / CLINIC

Municipal Hospital = 1.5 has.

Provincial Hospital = 1.5 has.
Regional Hospital = 2.5 has.
Medical Center = 3.5 has.

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 CRITERIA FOR ESTABLISHING A NEW HOSPITAL
(Government)
 the proposed hospital is at least 35 km away from any
existing government hospital
 accessible as a referral facility to a minimum of three RHU
or main health center facilities in the catchment area
 the permanent population to be served within the
catchment area is at least 75,000 population
 in case of island municipalities or inaccessible areas due to
mountainous terrain or geographic barriers, the following
shall apply:
 at least catchment population of 25,000

 the area shall be at least 3 hours away by the usual

means of transportation
Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
Standard Hospital Bed to Population
Ratio
1 bed : 1000 population

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 DETERMINING THE UNMET HOSPITAL BED NEED
 Determine Primary and Secondary catchment
population
 Primary Catchment Area

Level 1 Hospital – municipality/urban district

Level 2 Hospital – rural district/ city
Level 3 Hospital – province
Level 4 Hospital – region
 Secondary Catchment Area – are other
geographic areas that have access or contiguous to
the Primary Catchment Area

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 DETERMINING THE UNMET HOSPITAL BED NEED

 Determine Existing Hospital beds of Government

and Private General Hospitals plus the number of beds
being proposed in the area. Hospitals beds being
provided by special hospitals, Hospitals under the
National Defense, penitentiary hospitals and special
research centers shall be excluded from the inventory
of hospital beds.

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
Determine Hospital bed need using the bed to
population ratio:
1 bed : 1000 population
Ex: A population of 6,000,000 has a hospital bed
need of 6,000 beds.

 Determine the UNMET BED NEED by subtracting the

existing beds from the Hospital Bed Need.

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
Determine Hospital bed need using the bed to
population ratio:
1 bed : 1000 population
Ex: A population of 6,000,000 has a hospital bed
need of 6,000 beds.

 Determine the UNMET BED NEED by subtracting the

existing beds from the Hospital Bed Need.

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
Considerations:

 availability and accessibility of burial grounds

 adequacy of existing burial grounds

 present condition

 burial practices

 approved memorial parks and cemeteries

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
DETERMINING CURRENT NEEDS AND FUTURE
REQUIREMENTS

 Compute for the Crude Death Rate (CDR)

CDR = number of deaths x 1,000
population
Ex: 2000 population = 20,000
Number of deaths = 500
CDR = 500 x 1,000
20,000
CDR = 25 deaths per 1,000 population

•Crude Death Rate – is the number of deaths per one

thousand (1,000) mid-year population of a given area.
Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 Using the CDR, project the number of deaths by
multiplying it to the number of projected population.
Divide the product by 1,000.

Projected no. of deaths = CDR x Population

1,000
Ex: Municipality Projected Pop. = 22,000
Projected no. of deaths = 25 x 22,000
1,000

Projected No. of Deaths = 550

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 Also consider the number of burials within the
municipality in projecting the area required for burial
grounds.

Participation Rate (PR) = no. of burial permits x 1,000

no. of deaths
Ex: No. of burial permits = 300
No. of deaths = 500
Projected No. of Deaths = 550
Participation Rate = 300 x 1,000
500
PR = 60 %

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 Determine the Projected Area Requirement for
burial grounds.
*minimum plot size of 1.0m x 2.44 m
Projected Area Req’t = Projected no. of deaths x
Participation Rate x (1.0m x
2.44m)
= 550 x 0.60 x(1.0m x 2.44m)
= 300 x (1.0m x 2.44m)
Projected Area Req’t = 805 sq. m.

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 Get the capacity of the existing cemetery and other
private memorial parks to determine if there is a need
to identify another burial site.

 Estimate cemetery requirement based on minimum

plot size of 1.0m x 2.44m (excluding open spaces,
circulation and facility requirements)

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 LOCATION CRITERIA / GUIDELINES FOR CEMETERIES
As per PD 856 ( Sanitation Code of the Philippines), burial
grounds, cemeteries, memorial parks, or any place duly
authorized by the government for permanent disposal of the
dead should be:
 At least 20m distance from any dwelling unit and no house
shall be constructed within the same distance.
 50m distance from either side of the river or 50m distance
from any source of water supply
 no burial grounds shall be located in an area of high water
table, water recharged aquifers, water bearing rocks or
where soil permeability is good
 Cemeteries are preferably located on grounds free from
hazards
 a new cemetery should also be located in an area not
distracting the opening of future streets and arterial grounds
 cemeteries should be away from watershed of lakes or
streams to maintain safe water supply Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
Considerations:
 Availability, adequacy of existing solid waste
management/treatment/disposal methods and
facilities (e.g. Material Recovery Facility, Sanitary
Landfill, controlled dumpsite, etc.)
 sectors involved and institutional structure
participation
 existing systems and techniques of waste storage,
collection, reduction, reuse, recycling treatment and
disposal
 sources of pollution/contamination affecting the
drainage system
 existing facilities available for wastewater collection,
treatment and disposal, coverage area and treatment
efficiency
Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 Determine area needed for solid waste
management site.
Area = Amount (kg/year) x Residence Time (year)
Density (kg/cu. m. Height (m)
Sample Computation for land area for sanitary landfill
Given:
Population = 100,000
Waste Generation = 0.5 kg person/day
Waste Density = 330 kg/cu. m.
Height = 10 m
Residence Time = 10 years

Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
Waste generation = 100,000 x 0.5 kg/day x 7 days/week x 52
weeks/year
= 18,200,000 kg/year
Area = Amount (kg/year) x Residence Time (year)
Density (kg/cu. m. Height (m)
= 18,200,000 kg/year x 10 years
330 kg/cu. m. 10 m
= 55,151 sq. m. or 5.5 hectares
*Computed land area requirement needs to be increased by
50% to allow daily cover, roads, receiving areas, fencing, etc.
Total land area = 5.5 ha x 1.5
= 8.25 ha
Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
Notes:
 Note that the sanitary landfill is at the bottom solid waste
management hierarchy, that means it is being done after the
waste minimization strategies such as waste reduction at
source, recycling, composting, etc. have been conducted.
The Ecological Waste Management Act targeted 25% waste
reduction for disposal to sanitary landfill after 5 years
implementation of the act.
 330 kg/cu. m. waste density utilized by the DENR
 waste generated should remove fraction to be diverted for
composting, recycling, reuse, etc.
 Target Service time of the facility. The DENR prescribes
that the site should be sufficient for a landfill with a target
service life of up to 5 years.
 landfill depth = 10 meters
Department of Health
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
 Housing
Housing
Types of Housing
Housing Backlog
Housing Needs and Assessments

PREPARED BY:
NUQUI, MARIO V. JR.
 Housing
What is housing?
Buildings or other shelters in which people live.
National Housing Authority: www.nha.gov.ph

What is housing Backlog?

Is the number of dwelling units needed at the beginning of
the planning period due to double-up households, displaced
units and homeless households.
HLURB Guide to Social Sector Study: A Guide to Sectoral Studies in the CLUP Preparation Page 105
 Housing
are the types What
of Housing?
Economic Housing – a type of housing project provided to
moderately low income families with lower interest rates and
longer amortization periods.
Socialized Housing – refers to housing programs and projects
covering houses and lots only undertaken by government or the
private sector for the unprivileged and homeless citizens.
Open Market Housing – Housing constructed and financed by
the private sector as a business venture and sold at prevailing
market prices and interest.
HLURB Guide to Social Sector Study: A Guide to Sectoral Studies in the CLUP Preparation Page 116
 Housing
Housing Needs and
Assessments
Housing Needs = Housing Backlog + New Households
Backlog Double Occupancy = HTT - DUT
Dwelling units which are shared by 2 or more households
HTT is Total nos. of households
DUT is total nos. of dwelling units
Displaced Units
Total Displaced Units is the summation of units defined below
Units to replace those units: in danger areas, on lands earmarked for government
infrastructure
Homeless households living in parks, along sidewalk and all those without any form of
shelter
HUDCC acceptable norm in computing the number of homelessness is as follows:
0.1% of Urban Households 0.001% of Rural Households
 Housing
Housing Needs and
Assessments

RA 7279 is specifically concerned with the provision of

shelter for the unprivileged and the homeless. to ensure
allocation of land and services even to the lowest income
groups, it is crucial to estimate the total shelter needs of all
income groups in the municipality concerned.
HLURB Guide to Social Sector Study: A Guide to Sectoral Studies in the CLUP Preparation Page 105

Republic Act No. 7279 An Act to provide for a Comprehensive and Continuing
Urban Development and Housing Program: “Urban Development and Housing
Act of 1992”
 Housing
Housing Needs and
Assessments

Shelter needs are categorized into:

 New housing units needed to answer the requirements of

the future population

 New units to cover for housing backlog as well as upgrading

need
Current Housing Demand CHD

Example

Solution
 Housing
Housing Needs and
Assessments

Present Housing Needs: New Unit Due to Backlog

The total new units needed due to backlog is derived by

adding up the requirements for doubled-up households,
displaced units and homeless
 Housing
Housing Needs and
Assessments

Doubled-up Households : DHHT= HTT - DUT

 Doubled-up households Exists when one dwelling is shared

by two or more households
HLURB Guide to Social Sector Study: A Guide to Sectoral Studies in the CLUP Preparation Page 106

 The number of households per dwelling unit

HLURB Guide to Social Sector Study: A Guide to Sectoral Studies in the CLUP Preparation Page 106

 The ratio of the households to occupied housing units

National Statistics Office: www.nso.gov.ph
 Housing
Housing Needs and
Assessments

Doubled-up Households: DHHT= HTT - DUT

DHHT – Doubled Up Household in Time

HUT – Total Housing Units in Time
HTT – Total Number of Households in Time
 Housing
Housing Needs and
Assessments

Displaced Units (Relocation Need)

To determine the number of displaced units, simply total the
number of housing units in danger zones or other uninhabitable
areas, those affected by planned government infrastructure
projects and those which are subject of a court for eviction or
demolition.
An estimate of displacement due to natural disasters can be
added to the total.
HLURB Guide to Social Sector Study: A Guide to Sectoral Studies in the CLUP Preparation Page 107
Displaced Units (Relocation Need)
Example

Solution
 Housing
Housing Needs and
Assessments

Homeless
 Homeless are individuals or households living in parks,
along sidewalks, and all those without any form of shelter.
Decentralized Shelter for Urban Development DSUD

 The number if homeless persons is the same as the number

of homeless households and this need may be better met
through improved institutional care.
HLURB Guide to Social Sector Study: A Guide to Sectoral Studies in the CLUP Preparation Page 108
Computing for Homeless Households and Total Need of Homeless

Example

Solution
 Housing
Housing Needs and
Assessments

Future Housing Need: Due to Population Growth

 The number of new housing units that will be required for the
future depends largely on the projected size and population
increase and the subsequent formation of new households.

Time Frame
The planning period should allow for short (5 years)and long-
term (15 years) strategies. However, of issues in terms of data
quality, a shorter planning period is preferable.
 Housing
Housing Needs and
Assessments

Population Projection

 the population in a city increases due to births that occur

and the influx of migrants from other municipalities in search
for employment and for better quality of life. Provisions are
made for migrants, an economically prosperous city could be
confronted by problems of squatting.
 Housing
Housing Needs and
Assessments

Number of New Households

 a household is a social unit consisting of a person or a group

of persons who sleep in the same housing unit and have a
common arrangement for the preparation and consumption of
food.
Housing unit is a structurally separate and independent place
of abode constructed, converted or arranged for habitation by
one household.
Number of New Households
The estimated
number of
households in a
given municipality is
derived by dividing
the total population
by the estimated
household size

Estimate Future Housing Needs

Estimate Future Housing Needs
Estimate Future Housing Needs