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Series.
VÊRGIL'S AENEID,
BOOK
II.
COMPLETE WITH INTRODUCTORY NOTICES. NOTES, VOCABULARY AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

FOR THB USB OP
AND FOR CLASSES READING FOR JUNIOR LEAVING MATRICULATION. UNIVERSITY
JOHN HENDERSON,
HKAD MASTER,
ST.
M.A.
CATHARINES COLLEGIATE IKSTITLTB
AND
E.
CLASSICAL. MASTER,
W.
HAGARTY,
B.A.
FELLOW BT COURTESY
HARBORD JOnS HOPKIN-S UNIV., BALTIMORE.
ST. COLL. IKST., TORON-TO, LATE
TORONTO:
THE
COPP,
CLARK COMPANY,
Limited,
9 Frost Street West.
Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eifiht hundred and ninety-eight, by Tiir Copp, Clark Company, Limited, Toronto,
Ontario, in the Office of
tlie
Minister of Agriculture.
PREFACE.
It
is
hoped
that the present edition will

:
fulfill
the dual object
of the editors, namely

intelligence
first,
to
assist
the pupil to study with
and appreciation the

to arouse
it is
text prescribed for examination,
and secondly,
literature.
an
interest in,
and a
taste for, classical
While
the duty of an examiner to ascertain whether

it
the student understands the text prescribed,
ought to be the duty
of the intelligent teacher to see that the student appreciates the
work he
is
reading.
The
editors
have sought to aid the teacher
in
his
work by
furnishing the materials in an attractive form.
John Henderson.
E.
W. Hagarty.
November
12th, i8g8.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
The Fates
Frontispiece
Vergil, Horace and Maecenas at the Court of
Maecenas
Paris
.......
.
.
opp. p.
i,
Introduction
opp. p. xvii, Introduction

.
Aeneas at the Court of Dido
opp. p. opp. p. opp. p.
i,
Text
Text
Minerva Bellica
Laocoon
7, 9,
Text
Helen of Troy
Flight of Aeneas
opp. p. 21, Text

opp. p. 26, Text
foot of p.
Funeral of Hector
30
LIFE OF VERGIL.
PubliuS Vergilius
Maro was bom

^
on the fifteenth of
Birth.
October, B.C. 70, in the first consulate of M. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Pompeius, at Andes (now Pietola), a small village
near Mantua.
Since the full franchise was not given to this
part of Gaul (Gallia

wards^, the poet, like
poraries in literature,
provincial.
Transpadana)
many
some years afterand contemwas not a Roman, but an Italian

till
of his predecessors
The
was a
parents of Vergil,
like
those
of
Horace,
were
of His Parents
obscure birth.
Some
authorities say that the poet's father
potter, others, that he
was a brickmaker, while others
again assert that he was the servant of a travelling merchant,
Magius, whose daughter, Magia PoUa, he afterwards married.
Whatever may have been his occupation, certain it is, that he was at the time of the poet's birth, the steward, factor, or possessor of an estate near Mantua. The childhood of Vergil was passed amid the hills and woods that fringed the verdant banks of the Mincius, and the early association of the poet \vdth the lovely scenery of the neighbourhood of his
native
toral life
town may account for the exquisite touches of paswhich appear in the Eclogues and the Georgics.
* The English equivalent of Vergilius is often spelt Virgil. Indeed the poet is best known by the name thus spelt. However, it is better to adopt the spelling that harmonizes with what is undoubtedly the correct Latin form. The form ^'irg^lius was
not common till the middle ages. Everj- Roman citizen had regularly three names denoting the individual, the gensor clan, and ihe familia. Thus in Publius Vergilius Maro, Publius is the praenomen, marking the individual ; Vergilius is the nomen, denoting the geyis or clan while Maro is the cognomen, or family name. Sometimes
;
an agnomen was added for

to Metellus.
2
militarj' distinction, as
Africanus to
Scipio,
Numidicus
B.C. 49.
LIFE OP VERGIL.
Studies and Early Life.

His studies
beqin B.C. 65.
Vergil began his studies at Cremona, where,
we
are told,
assumed the toga virills on the same day on which Lucretius died. The town itself had already been noted, having been the birthplace of Furius Bibaculus, and of the
he
critic,
Quinctilius Varro.
Vergil goes
to
After a brief stay at Cremona, and subsequently at Medio-
Rome,
B.C. 53.
lanum (Milan), the poet went to Rome.

rhetoricians
In the capital,
Vergil, after the fashion of the day, attended the lectures of
and philosophers. Under Epidius, the rhetorician, Marc Antony and afterwards of Octavius, and under the Epicurean philosopher, Siron, the poet became acquainted with the outlines of rhetoric and philosophy. It is quite probable that his father intended him for the bar, but a weak voice and a diffident manner were insuperable barriers
the teacher of
in the
way of
obtaining distinction in public speaking.

fact,
Vergil
soon gave up rhetoric, and, in
renounced poetry for the more congenial study of philosophy. Under Siron, he seems to have made considerable progress in Epicurean philosophy,
and the love he retained

observable in
of poetry
for this branch of learning is plainly
many
of his extant writings.*
In a minor poem,
generally supposed to be genuine, he welcomes the exchange
and rhetoric
for
more useful studies
with you, empty coloured flagons of the rhetoriand, cians, words swollen, but not with the dews of Greece away with you, Stilo, Tagitius, and Varro, you, nation of pedants, soaking with fat ; you, empty cymbals of the classroom. Farewell, too, Sabinus, friend of all my friends now, farewell, all my beautiful companions, we are setting our sails for a haven of bliss, going to hear the learned words of the great Siron, and we mean to redeem our life from all distrac;
:
"
Away
tion. Farewell, too, sweet Muses ; for, to tell the truth, I have found how sweet you were and yet, I pray you, look on my pages again, but with modesty and at rare intervals."*
:
Goes to Naples.
After a short stay at

where,
Rome Vergil
of
724
probably went to Naples,
we
are told, Parthenius, another Epicurean,
instructor.
Eclogue VI
"
;
The great Epic

IV,
Lucretius,
;
was his added to the
Georg.
219
Aen.
i,
743
vi,
Georg. n, 476-492.
Catalepta
vii.
Be Rerum Natura.
LIFE OF VERGIL.
teachings of his instructors, gave, no doubt, his mind a strong beut towards the doctrines of Epicurus. It is probable that the poet returned to his father's farm before the outbreak of Reftirns
VU
the
war between Pompey and Caesar,

till
B.C. 49.
It
is
also likely
that he remained there

42),
after the battle of Philippi (b.c.
and that he employed
his time in gaining
by observation
materials which he afterwards emploj'ed in his great didactic
poem, the Georgics.
Acquaintance with Augustus and Maecenas.

Unlike Horace,
Caesar.
Vergil sympathized with

of the
The formation
Roman world
to
into the broils
the party of Second Triumvirate threw the of a civil war. In the division
the Gauls (except Gallia Narhonensis) fell Antony. The lands of eighteen cities were given up to reward the legions of the unscrupulous Antony, and among the lands were those of Cremona. The district around this city failing to satisfy the greedy rapacity of the legionaries of the Triumvir, the farms of the j^^^ . ^ neighbouring Mantua were seized, and among the lands con-/ar(/i. fiscated were those of the poet's father. C. Asinius PoUio, the prefect of Gallia Transpadana, unable to restrain the lawlessness of the soldiers of Antony, sent Vergil to Rome êqains his with a recommendation to Augustus to allow the poet to/"""ôf the provinces,
retain his paternal estate. genial tastes
It
is
quite probable that con-
and a recognition
of the genius of Vergil
may
have influenced Pollio to take this course. At the close of the same year (41 B.C.), however, war broke out anew between Octavius and L. Antonius. Pollio was deposed from -^ A second office, and Alfenus Varus appointed in his stead. Another time loses his division of lands followed, and the poet is said to have been"^*'^'"" deprived of his estate the second time.^ His friends, Gallus, Pollio, and Varus, however, interposed and saved his farm.
,
. .
literary
By them he was introduced to Maecenas, men afterwards the prime minister
the patron of
oi^'jji
of Augustus, fortunes of
This year marks the beginning of the rising fortunes of the
With his friend and patron, Pollio, as Consul, Vergil became the honoured member of a literary coterie which
poet.
graced the
table
of
is
ix.
Maecenas.
The intimacy that Vergil

those
enjoyed at court,
1
shewn by
his being one of
who
Eclogues
and
viii
LIFE OF VERGIL.
went to Brundisium along with Maecenas, when the latter was negotiating a treaty between Augustus and Antony.
Bis
retidences.
Through the munificent kindness of his patrons he was and affluence. He had a magnificent house in Rome on the Esquiline, near the residences of Horace and Maecenas, estates in Sicily, and in Campania, near Naples. The mild climate and clear skies of Southern Italy suited his delicate constitution, and till his death, his Campanian residence was his favourite abode. ^ From the date of his early
raised to luxury
Eclogues
till
his death, little
need be said of
his life except
that he devoted himself to study and to the completion of

his immortal works.
Death and Character.

In the year B.C. 19, he went
to Greece, possibly with
a view to restore his health, and to give a finish to his At Athens he met Augusgreat work, the Aeneid.
Death.
tus,
who had
Italy
just returned
from
the
Samos.
Vergil returned
Epitaph.
but died at Brundisium three days after he landed, 22nd September, 19 B.C. He was buried near Naples on the road leading to His epitaph, said to have been dictated Puteoli (Puzzuoli). by himself in his last moments, was as follows
to
in
company
with
emperor,
Mantua me
Parthenope.
J
genuit
Calabri rapuere ; tenet nuiie
Cecini pascua, rura, duces. ^
It is said that
shortly before his death Vergil wished to
Idestroy the Aeneid rather than leave it in its unfinished state. /His friends however dissuaded him, and the poem was afterwards edited and published by Varius and Tucca under the sanction of Augustus and Maecenas.
Vergil
frame,
to have
is
generally described as of tall stature, delicate

features,
homely
the use of food, shy, and fond of retirement.

lines thus
* *
and dark complexion, abstinent in Horace is said
had Vergil in his mind's eye when he wrote ^^ the rendered by Conington
:
Horace Satires
Geo.
IV, 563.
i,
and
10.
Vergilium me tempore dulcis alebat Parthenope, studiis florentem ignobilis oti. >" Some have taken the last line to refer to the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Aeneid.
Illo
ôr. Sat.
1,
3, 29-34.
LIFE OF VERGIL.
" The man
is
IX
passionate, pertiaps misplaced

;
In social circles of fastidious taste
His ill-trimmed beard, his dress of uncouth style,
His shoes
ill-fitting,
may provoke
;
a smile
But he's the soul of virtue but he's kind But that coarse body hides a mighty mind."
He was
the
so pure
of
and chaste that the Neapolitans gave him
maiden. ^^ He is said to have been shy and even awkward in society, and these traits even the polished society of the Capital never succeeded in
name
Parthenias, or the
eradicating.
He was
distrustful of his
own
powers, which
his high ideas of literary excellence led
him
to underrate.
reli;
In the midst of an irreligious age, he had the strongest

gious sentiment
;
in the midst of \'ice he remained virtuous

disfigures the writings of
and while licentiousness
many
of his
brother poets, the pages of Vergil everywhere inculcate the

highest truths of morality and virtue.
Works.
Vergil is said to have attempted in his youth an epic poem" Early works on the wars of Rome, but the difficulty of the task soon led him to abandon his design. His earlier poems, Culex, Moreturn, Cirls, Copa, and those that pass under the name Catalepta, though they give little proof of great ability, still show the careful attention the poet bestowed on metre and diction.
1.
The writings that
first
established the reputation of
Vergil were the Eclogues,'* pastoral poems, ten in number,
written between 43 B,C.-37 B.C. This class of poetry was Eclogues. as yet unknown in Italy, though it had already reached its perfection in the hands of the Sicilian Theocritus, whose in- Theocritm
fluence
may
be traced in
many
Vergil to those of
Tennyson.
writers from the daj's olpoet. The Idyll^^ of Theocritus

life,
exhibits a true picture of the shepherd's
the joys and
sorrows, character, sentiment and habits of the rural swains,

maiden. Eclogue VI, 3. These were called by the generic term BucoUca (fiovKoKiKa, scil. TrotiifiaTa, from jSouKoAcu), to attend cattle). The term Eclogue is from the Greek e/cAoy^, a choice collection, and may mean that the poems under that name were a collection from a large number. Spenser wrote the word JEglogue and followed the derivation of Petrarch, alyiov \6yoi, "tales ofjoats" or " tales of goatherds." ' tiSvWov, a little picture.
1
'2 irapdevo^, a
'
I*
X
Theocritus
WORKS OF VERGIL,
the piny woods, the upland lawns and feeding flocks, the sea
Vergil
and
compared,
and sky
of feicily.
o-
-i
tt
Vergil s iLclogues, on the other hand, can

life.
-n
-r-.
ji
hardly be said to be true pictures of pastoral
His shep-
herds and shepherdesses belong to the island of Sicily rather
than to the
earlier
district of
Mantua.
His characters are too conStill
ventional, his representation of life too artificial.
the
poems
of
Vergil have beauties.
Their
melodious
diction, their soft
and easy flowing
style, ^
art.
were admired by
Horace, no mean judge of the poet's

rpf^g
Georgics.
Beauties of
iêorsrios.
2. The Greorgics,^^ in four books, was written (between B.C. 37-B.C. 30^^) at the request of Maecenas,^* to whom the poem was dedicated. In this didactic Epic, Vergil copies largely from Hesiod, Nicander, and Aratus.-" While the Eclogues have justly been regarded as inferior to the Idylls of his Greek original, Theocritus, the Georgics, on the other hand, have been accounted superior to any other poem on the same subject that has ever appeared. The harmonious and
graceful language, the pleasing descriptions of rural scenes,

all combine to lend an interest any other hands would have been intolerably dull. The time was ripe for such a poem. Agriculture had been the chief employment and the honored occupation of the Romans from the early days of the The long-continued wars had, however, desolated City. Even after war had ceased, the soldier, too long Italy. ^^ accustomed to camps and the excitement of a military life,
the apt and charming episodes,

a subject,
to
which
in
cared
little
about the prosaic
life of
a farmer.
To
recall the
"Sat.
I,
10, 45.
" Georgica
'"The chief
yecopyc/ca,
from yed = yri, the earth and epyov, a work.

:
the death of Julius wars ended bj' the battle of Philippi, 42 B.C. (B. i, 490); the wars waged (34 B.C.) in Parthia under Antony, and those on the Rhine under Agrippa (B. i, 509); the battle of Actium and the submission of the East, B.C. 30 (B. ii, 172 HI, 27-32 iv, 562); the irruptions of the Daci on the Danube, B.C. 30 (B. n, 497).
historical events alluded to in the Georgics are
i,
Caesar, 44 B.C. (B.
456); the civil
I'See the opening lines of Georgics,

^''Hesiod's
2' Civil
and
iv.
Works and Days; Aratus's Phaenomena; Nicander"s Georgics.
wars, almost continuous, had been
waged
in Italy
from 49-31
B.C.
lion ullus aratro
Dignus honos, squalent abductis arva colonis, Et curvae rigidum falces conjlantur in ensem.
WORKS OF VERGIL.
XI
peaceful habits of rural industry, the poem, which Addison pronounces " the most complete, elaborate and finished piece Contents of The /rs< book treats oiGeorgics. of all antiquity," was written.
tilling
the
fields,
the second of orchards, the third of the
and the fourth of bees. The two most successful imitations in English of this poem are Philips's Pastorals, and Thompson's Seasons.
care of horses and cattle,
3. The Aeneid,"' in twelve books, written between 29 B.C.- Aeneid. 19 B.C., recounts the story of the escape of Aeneas from burning Troy, his wanderings over the deep in search of a
home which
the fates had promised, his final settlement in
Italy as the founder of the
ages to rule the world.
from the
perhaps
of his
Eoman Empire destined in after No doubt, Vergil borrowed largely Greek and Roman writers who preceded him. The charfjedtvith
original in
Romans were
no department of literature, except Plc-O^c-^'tsm.. departments of History and Jurisprudence. Vergil can hardly be called a borrower any more than the rest
in the
countrymen
in other spheres of letters.
Vergil was to produce a national epic,
The object of by showing the vari-
ous steps of the growth of the Empire, and in doing this, he had to give prominence to the influence of Greek literature as an important elejnent in moulding Roman thought.
Style of the Aeneid.

Defects.
Vergil
ficiency in the
power
has been severely censured^^ for (1) deof invention, (2) intermixture of Greek
F'erî/
and Latin
presenting
traditions, (3) anachronisms, (4) his
mode
of re-
"^
the character of
Aeneas,
(5)
the
sameness of
the individual characters. These are the main charges brought b}' his detractors, and granting the full indictment brought against the poem, Vergil stiU has the proud claim
of being one of the greatest of epic poets.
power
of invention is less than Homer's,
No doubt his no doubt he did

Rome
(for
intermingle the traditions of Greece and those of

22
we have is in a letter of Vergil to Au^stus, was on an expedition against the Cantabrians. De Aenea quidem meo, si mehercule iatn dignum auribus haberem tttis, libenter mitterem: sed tanta inchoata res est, utpaenevitiis mentis tanturn opus mgressusmihi videar, cujn. praesertim, ut scio, alia quoque studia ad id opus multoque potiora
first
The
notice of the Aeneid that

B.C. 26,
written probably
when the
latter
impretiar.
Macrob. Sat.
i,
24, 12.
** Especially
by the Emperor Cali^la, Markland, and Niebuhr.
XIX
STYLE OF THE AENEID.
we have remarked, could hardly be otherwise in his no doubt he did commit the heinous crime of anachronism, but he sins in this along with Shakespeare and Milton, and there is no doubt that his hero Aeneas is cold-blooded and uninteresting.
this, as
age),
Excellencies.
These
defects,
however, are far more than
many excellencies. "There is in Vergil a great tendemess of feeling, something better and more charming than mere Roman virtue or morality. That he excels in pathos, as Homer in sublimity, is an old
counterbalanced by his
opinion,
at times
and
it is
surely the right one.
This pathos
is
given
by a
single epithet,
;
by a
slight touch,
with graceful
art
by an
indirect allusion
this tenderness is
more striking as
contrasted with the stern
Roman character and with the stately

;
timental
majesty of the verse. The poet never becomes affected or senhe hardly ever offends against good taste he ;
to stop
; ;
knows where
in his speech
he
is
excellent in his silence as well as

says,
is
Vergil, as
Wordsworth
a master of
language, but no one can really be a master of language

unless he be also a master of thought, of
which language
is
To the above-named qualities may be added picturesqueness iu description variety and artistic taste in grouping incidents also dramatic power, particularly in
the expression.
; ;
Books
Vergil efen ed.
and
iv.
:
Crutwell thus defends Vergil in regard to the main charge <<The Aeneid was meant to be, above all things, a national
poem, carrying on the lines of thought, the style of speech, which national progress had chosen ; and it was not meant to Thus eclipse, so much as to do honour to, early literature. those bards who, like Ennius and Naevius, had done good service to Rome by singing, however rudely, her history, find Thus their imagines ranged in the gallery of the Aeneid. they met with the flamens and pontiffs, who drew up the with the antiquarians and pious scholars, ritual formularies who had sought to find a meaning in the immemorial names, whether of place or custom or person with the magistrates, novelists and philosophers, who had striven to ennoble and enlighten Roman virtue, with the Greek singers and sages, for they, too, had helped to rear the towering fabric of Roman All these meet together in the Aeneid, as in greatness.
;
METRE OP THE AENEID.

solemn conclave, to review their joint work, to acknowledge its final completion, and to predict its impending downfall.
This
is
Xlll
beyond question the explanation
of
the wholesale
appropriation of others' thoughts and language, which would
otherwise be sheer plagiarism."
in writing the Aeneid is object of by writers. Spence, Holdsworth and Warton ^*"<^say that the poem was written with a political object to revariously stated
concile the
also held
The object that Vergil had
Romans
to the
new
order of things.
This view
is
by Pope, who says that the poem had as much a that its political object as Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel primary object was to praise AugUStUS, and the secondary one was to flatter the Romans by dwelling on the splendour "Augustus is evidently typitied under the of their origin. character of Aeneas, both are cautious and wise in counsel both are free from the perturbations of passion they were their wisdom and policy cold, unfeeling, and uninteresting were worldly-minded and calculating. Augustus was conscious that he was acting a part, as his last words show and the contrast between the sentiment and conduct of Aeneas, when; ; ; ;
ever the warm impulses of affection might be supposed to have sway, likewise created an impression of insincerity. The characteristic ^^^tue which adorns the hero of the Aeneid
as the epithet plus, so constantly applied to
filial
him shows, was
and there was no virtue which Augustus more ostentatiously put forward than dutiful affection to Julius Caesar who adopted him." BROwyE.
piety,
METRE.
The Aeneid
viz.
:
is
written in the heroic metre of the
Romans
the dactylic hexameter. This was the most ancient The daetylie "*^'"'""''as well as the most dignified form of verse among the Greeks
and Romans. It was cultivated at an early period, far beyond the beginnings of authentic history, as we find it in its most perfect shape in the poems of Homer and Hesiod, and the responses of the Delphic oracle. Ennius is said to have discarded the rude Saturnian metre of his predecessors, and to have introduced the hexameter among the Romans. Vergil is generally considered as the model of this kind of
verse
among the
Latins.
XIV
METRE OF THE AENEID.

The
dactylic hexameter consists, as its
name
implies, of six
feet, the first four of which
may be dactyls or spondees

:
the fifth
is
spondee.
usually dactyl, and the sixth invariably a The following is the scheme
>Kj
yjyj
Rules for Quantity.

In scanning, the pupil should understand that his general knowledge of quantity must be constantly brought into use. For example, from the outset of his studies he has learnt that -is of the dat, and abl. plur. is long, and -is of the gen. sing, is short. So -a of the nom. is short, and -a of the abl. is long. He knows also that a vowel before a final t is short. The following special rules may be helpful in fact to make scanning easy they must be continually referred to.
;
1.
A vowel before a vowel

many
in the
same word
is
short.
Exceptions Aeneas and

2.
other proper names,
illius, etc.
A vowel
is
liquid)
3.
before two consonants (not a long by position.

(e.g., pi.
tr) a,
mute and
vowel
is
Before a mute and liquid
common.
4.
The
prefix re- (back or again)
and the
enclitic -que are
naturally short.
5.
They may
of course be long
by
position.
Both for quantity and for
elision (see sec. 5 below) the
letter h does not count as a consonant. For instance, as in hie Ddld\pu)n manfis\ hie, B. ii, 29, the us is short as if before
one consonant
;
and in meminiss[e)
horret, B.
ii,
12, e is elided
as before a vowel.
Peculiarities of Metre.
No. of
dactyls
of dactyls and sponno definite rule can be given. and Generally speaking, the line is more smooth when the arrangement is varied to avoid monotony. A succession of dactyls may be used for various reasons, e.g.:
1.
For the comparative
number
dees
in the first four places
a sudden feeling B.
,
ii,
120:
obsiipuere animis, gelidusque
per ima cucurrit
ossa tremor.
METRE OF THE AENBID.

a Hudden
act
:
XV
B.
ii,
553
dextraque corusctim
extulit
ac lateri capulo tenus abdldit ensem.

:
agitated feeling
Tiic
B. ii, 735: mihi nescio quod trepido male numen amicum

eripiiit
confusam
nientem.
On
the other hand a succession of spondees
may be employed
to describe
ut
a laboured
effort
B.
ii,
561.
regem aeqnaevum crudeli vulnere vidi

exhalentem ;
is
vitai7i
AVhere the death of king Priam So also, B. II, 416:

adversi ritpto ceu
confligunt,
described.
quondam
turbine venti
When
2.
is
warring winds engage in

fifth foot is
strife.
Rarely the
a spondee, in which case the verse spondaic

:
called
a Spondaic^^ line
e.g.,
B.
ii,
68.
iine.
constitit, atipie
ocuUs Phri/gia agmina circumspexit

his audience
is
well brought out

3.
The measured look of Sinon slowly scanning by the last word.
When
the last syllable of a
word remains
is
completion of a foot, that syllable
over, after the word called a caesural syllable, Caesura.

off,
in consequence of its being separated, or cut
as
it
were,
from the rest of the word in scanning the verse. The term caesura"^ is also applied to a pause or stress of the voice,
which naturally rests on the caesural syllable. The melody of the verse depends in a great measure on the position of
the caesura.
The
chief verse caesuras in the dactylic hexa- Caesura.

t>
meter are
th
'
(a) PentheinimeraP''
Caesura at the end of the
first syllable
meral
Caesura.
of the third foot
B.
Ii, 8.
(6)
Temp^rU] d ldcri\mis" ? et\ iam nox\ umldd\ Caelo. HephthemimeraP^ Caesura, at the end of the first sylla- Bephthe:
ble of the fo2irth foot

=
B.
ll, 2.
Caesura.
:
5ln Vergil
we have 28 spondaic
To/i.i),
lines
17 of these end in
a,
quadrisyllable, 9 in a
trisyllable, 2 in a monosyllable.
=Oalled by the Greeks
cutting.
/u.epos,
"From
caesura.
jrei/Tc,
five;
fini,
half;
This
is
also called the strong or
a part, or foot: hence the masculine caesura.
fifth -half-foot
=From
caesura.
eiTTa,
seven;
ij^xi,
half; êpos a part or foot ; hence the seventh-half-foot
XVI
METRE OF THE AENEID.

IndS t0r\6 p&tSr\ Aene\ds"
sic\
orsHs &b\ dltS.
Trochaic Caesura.
(c)
Trochaic^ Caesura, after the trochee of the third foot
B.
II, 3.
Bucolic.
Infan\dum, re\gln&", iii\bes r^n6\vdrS ddllorem. (d) BucoUc^^ Caesura, at the end of the dactyl of the fourth
foot
Caesura.
when
this foot is a dactyl

et\
and ends the word
B.
ii,
99.
Invul\g{um) dmblgu\ds
It
qudertr^' \ciinscius\drnd.
may
two, or three caesuras

in
be observed, generally, that a verse ; that verse, however,
may have
is
one,
best divided
which the sense pause and the caesural pause coincide as
in each case given above. Last word

in the line.
4.
The
last
word
in a dactylic hexameter line
is
for the
most part a
is
dissyllable,^^ or a trisyllable.
A quadrisyllable
rarely allowed, except in the case of a proper name.
times, but rarely, a monosyllable is

line,
and generally in the case

:
of
Someemployed at the end of a est, and then usually with
an
Metrical
figures.
elision
See B.
ii,
68, 163, 250.
Metrical figures Elision occurs when a word ends in a vowel or diphthong, or with the letter -to preceded by a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel, diphthong, or the letter When such is the case the last syllable of the word so h. ending in a vowel, diphthong, or the letter -m preceded by a vowel is elided, i.e., struck out altogether in scansion, and is
5.
(a)
not regarded as a part of the verse, as B. ii, 1, Contlcu\e,r{e) om\ne.!i ln\ttnti\qu[e) ord ten\ebdnt.
B.
ir,
62
seu\ cert(ae) oc\alnMr<i\7no7-tl.
Sen ver\sdrS do\Ios

B.
IT,
57
e final is elided
Ecci, 7n&n\ils iiiv^n\(em) int^rS\d post\ tergd r^v\lnctum.
In the
first
the
both in conticuere and in
intenlique before
omnes and ora. In the second the diphthong

In the third
final
-ae in certae is elided before
occumhere.
-em in iuvenem
is
elided before interea.
29Also called the weak or feminine caesura. ""So called because often employed by Vergil in his pastoral or Bucolic poetry. This caesura is common in the poems of Theocritus. 3 "Leaving out the three unfinished lines in the first book of the Aeneid we have
420 dissyllabic
323 trisyllabic
8 monosyllabic
2 quadrisyllabic endings.
THE TROJAN WAR.

(6)
XVi:
The
non-elision of a
vowel or diphthong before an

is
initial Hiatxi*.
vowel or
(c)
/(,
or diphthong
called
MatuS
Hic\
B.
ii, 16.
Pusfhahl\td
c6lli\l'<sS
Sd>n\d.
lirius\
drmd.
SynaereHs.
Synaeresis is defined as the union of two vowels in sound which should be properly pronounced separately: as
B.
It,
339
Addunt]
B.
II,
se s6ci\os
Rip\eus
et\
mdxim')ls\ drmit.
391
Armd
This
is
dd'hiint lp\sl.
Sir] fdtuii\ deindS
c6m\dntem.\
also called synizesis.
It Synaphexa. (d) Synapheia is the principle of continuous scansion. sometimes happens that a final vowel, diphthong, or -m preceded by a vowel at the end of a line is elided before an initial vowel, diphthong, or h at the beginning of the next
line
:
B.
ii,
745.
Quern n6n\ incu'sdvi d\mens hdml\numqu$ dS drum\qu{e).

aut quid in eversa vidi crudelius urbe ?
The
-qae is joined to the aut of the next line. There are in Vergil altogether twenty-one such hyper- Hypermet-
metrical lines.
(e)
^^^^ ""*
the beat of the foot which corresponds with i^^f Ictus This naturally falls on the the elevation of the voice (dpfftf).
is
first syllable of
a foot, and we, therefore, find cases occurring

is
in which a syllable naturally short

its
lengthened, simply from

:
occupying the ordinary place of a long syllable

et
B.
ii,
563.
di\reptd d6m\us,
ii,
et\
pdrv'i]
cdxus
I\ull.
See also B.
411.
Ndstr6rum\ obrui\mur, drU\urque mls\errhna\ cdedes. Note that -us in domiis (Nom. ) is long, and -ur in obruimur. This happens when the caesural pause and the pause in the
sense are coincident.
THE TROJAN WAR.

Like Homer's Iliad and Odj'ssey, the Aeneid is based upon events supposed to have happened in that legendary and
romantic episode
known
as the Trojan
War.
as depicted in literature, are almost entirely poetic
These events, and not in
the strict sense historical.
a wealthy and powerful city
The legend is that once there was named Ilium or Troja on the
XVni
STORY OF THE AENEID.

In a contest between the three godVenus, Juno and Minerva for the Apple of Discord, Venus was awarded the prize by the young Trojan prince Paris (or Alexander), son of King Priam. Paris, who at the time was being brought up as a shepherd boy on Mt. Ida and had been chosen judge for the contest, was bribed by Venus with the promise that she would give him the most beautiful woman in the world for wife. This woman proved to be
coast of Asia Minor.
desses,
Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta.

Paris,
on a
visit to
the court of Menelaus during the ab-
sence of the latter, enticed Helen to elope with
him
to Troy.
Menelaus, to recover his wife and punish the Trojans for harboring her, assembled a large army of Greeks, led by various petty Grecian kings and commanded by Menelaus'
brother,
Agamemnon, king
of
Argos and Mycenae.
This
army
years,
laid siege to Troy.
After the siege had lasted ten
by the stratagem of a huge wooden horse filled with was captured and burnt, and all but a remnant of the inhabitants put to the sword. This remnant
soldiery the city
scattered to different
localities
around the
coast of
the
According to the Roman legend, Aeneas, led by the Fates, conducted a party of Trojans to the west coast of Italy and there founded the colony from which afterwards grew the "Eternal City," Rome.
Mediterranean.

Ancestor! o/ Aeneas,
Aeneas was the son
of Anchises
and Venus, and thus
connected with the royal family of Troy. In the earlier stages of the war he did not take any part, and not till his
flocks
were driven from Mount Ida by Achilles did he lead
his followers against the Greeks.
When
the Greeks, after a
siege of ten years, took the city, according to Vergil,

Leaves Troti
Aeneas on his shoulders the aged Anchises, takes j'oung Ascanius by the hand while Creusa follows behind, and
carries off
His wife Creusa, in the confusion of He appears to have left the burning city at the end of the war, when, with a fleet of ojÂenml^ twenty vessels and a number of followers, he set sail from Troy in quest of lands destined by the fates. He first lands in Thrace, and begins to build a city, but is deterred by the Thrace.
escapes to
Ida.
Mount
the siege,
is
lost in the darkness.

ghost of the murdered Polydorus.
XIX
Next he
sails to Delos,
then to Crete, where the Penates appear to Aeneas, and declare his destined home to be iu Italy, the native land of Dardanus. Again he sets sail and is driven by a storm to Strophades, Leucadia, and Chaonia, Tvhere he finds Helenus,
a
seer,
strophades.
son of Priam, and king of that country,

sail
who
tells
Aeneas to
round
Sicily.
The
ships of Aeneas land in
the country of the Cyclops Polyphemus, near Aetna,
when
^'^^
^'
Achaemenides,
whom
Ulysses had left behind in the cave
them to flee from the land of Polyphemus. Guided by Achaemenides, Aeneas passes Scylla and Charybdis and lands at Drepanum, where Anchises dies. He then starts out for Italy, but stress of weather drives him on the coast of Africa, near Karthage. Juno, aware that B.oine At Karthage one day would conquer her beloved Karthage, had an unrelenting hatred against Aeneas, and instigated Aeolus to let loose the winds and wreck the Trojan fleet. Neptune, however, interferes in time and calms the troubled waves. The Trojans And a sheltered harbour for the seven remaining ships and soon they land. They afterwards discover that
of the Cyclops, advises
they are on the coast of Africa. Jupiter had meanwhile despatched Mercury to prepare Dido to give a kind welcome Surrounded by a to the shipwrecked followers of Aeneas. cloud, and invisible to all, Aeneas and Achates go to explore They see the towers and walls of the youthful the country. city, and are surprised to find their missing comrades holding Under the guise of Ascanius, audience with the queen. Cupid is sent by Venus to kindle love in the breast of Dido. Dido is married to Aeneas. Other fortunes the fates had in store for him. Mercury is sent to remonstrate with Aeneas. In spite of the love and entreaties of Dido, the order is given to sail, and once more the Trojans steer for Italy. Dido, Dido kills through grief for her fickle lover, mounts the funeral pile and stabs herself, and then her attendants burn her body. He Arrives at 1 1 r arrives a second time at Drepanum, and then for nine days Sicily a '""* celebrates the funeral games in honour of his dead father, **<'''"'' Anchises. While the games were in progress, some of the Trojan women, despairing of ever having a settled home, fire the ships. Jupiter sends rain and puts out the fire, but not
,
. . ,
till
after four ships are destroyed.
Aeneas leaves in
Sicily
all
the elderly people and all weary of roaming, where they
"
THE CONTENTS OP THE SECOND BOOK.

Founds
Segesta.
The rest sail for Italy and land at Cumae. Then he meets the Sibyl, under whose guidance he descends to the lower world and learns the full details of his future life. Latinus, king of the land on which Aeneas landed, had a daughter Lavinia, whose hand is sought for by Turnus, king of the Rutuli. The Latins summon allies from all sides
found Segesta.
the foreigners, while Aeneas obtains the aid of Evander, and seeks the assistance of the Etrurians. While he is absent, the Trojan camp is attacked without success by
to repel
Wars in
Italy.
Turnus and the Latins.
Aeneas returns and displays
his
prowess in battle. He slays Mezentius, the Etruscan, and Turnus, and afterwards marries Lavinia.
THE CONTENTS OF THE SECOND BOOK.

Introductory.
The
first
book of the Aeneid relates how, when
off
the coast
of Sicily, seven years after the fall of Troy, a great storm fell
upon the fleet of Aeneas, and drove it upon the shores of Libya, where he and his comrades were hospitably received by Dido, queen of Karthage, in her newly-built capital. At the conclusion of a royal banquet given in their honor. Dido entreats Aeneas to tell the tale of Troy's destruction and his own wanderings. The second and third books of the Aeneid
contain the narrative of these events.
Compare with
1-13.
this the narrative of Ulysses to Alcinous in
the Odyssey, bks. 9-12.

Aeneas
begins his
Aeneas, amid breathless silence, thus begins
"Thou
biddest
me
tell
a tale of woe,
queen, and thus renew
unutterable sorrow, but, though
my
mind shudders at the
remembrance,
The wooden
horse.
address myself to the task.
12-24. Baffled in all their attempts to capture Troy, the Greeks build a huge wooden horse, in which they conceal their They pretend it is a votive offering to The Greeks most noted leaders. sail to Minerva to ensure a safe return home. They then withdraw Tenedos. with all their ships to Tenedos, an island near Troy.
Joy of
the
25-39.
The Trojans,
in
joy
at
the
departure of their
Trojans.
Conflicting
enemies, sally forth and delight to inspect the deserted shore.

Conflicting opinions prevail as to
what should be done with

it
;
garding the the horse.

horse.
opinions re-
Some
advise to destroy
others to bring
it
into
the city.

40-56. Laocoon, priest of Neptune,
xxi
distrusts the Greeks, Laocoon's

his
"even when bearing

strategy, he hurls his
horse,
gifts."
To emphasize
fear of'*''""'"ôf the
mighty spear against the belly which gives an ominously hollow sound.
Meanwhile a young Greek named Sinon has been is dragged before King Priam. He has purposely thrown himself in the way, with the object of deceiving
57-76.
Sinoii
captured, and
""
Y^'"'
the Trojans.
Trojans,
He
bid
simulates fear, but
who
him
of
is reassured give an account of himself.
by the
77-144. Protesting his

of the betrayal
his
Ulysses, his
of Ulysses.
own
own veracity, Sinon goes onto teWShion' stale '*""'' companion-in-arms, Palamedes, by ^/on*
^j./^^.^p^
^''^***"
grief
and indignation, and the dire revenge

off his story just as
He
tragically breaks
hefromthe
home, and had been prevented only by adverse weather, particularly when they had erected this horse to propitiate Minerva. An
oracle of Apollo informed
reaches the most exciting part, and calls upon them to slay at once and gratify the Grecian leaders. Burning with curiosity the Trojans bid him proceed, and he does so, feigning emotion. The Greeks had long desired to return
him
the winds, on leaving Greece,

so
life.
them that, as they had appeased by the blood of a slain virgin, now they must seek return by the sacrificing of a Grecian
Calchas, the seer, after ten days' silence, named Sinon doomed one, and all acquiesce. As the day of sacrifice
as the
approaches he snatches himself from death by fleeing to a marsh and hiding till the Greeks have gone. Sinon concludes his tale by a most pathetic reference to the probable fate of his family at home, and breaks down in tears.
145-198. His tears have the desired effect.
his fetters to be
Priam orders
removed, bids him forget the Greeks, become
Mu!'''
After again Itfe^to/''' " protesting too much " his pure intentions, Sinon proceeds to tfê horse. explain that the anger of Minerva was kindled against the Greeks by the stealing of the Palladium the sacred image of Minerva, on the possession of which the safety of Troy depended. Calchas declared that they must return to Greece and seek fresh auspices. Meanwhile they must set
built.
a Trojan, and
tell
them why the horse was
up
this
horse as a propitiatory offering to Minerva, and build it huge and high to prevent the Trojans from bringing it into the city, and thus securing the divine protection it would

carry with
it.
Tricked by
this perjured art the
Trojans yield
put in their way, and "those The Trojam whom neither Tydeus' son nor Larissaean Achilles, ten years nor a thousand ships could conquer," succumb to the wiles of
Sinon.
Fate of Laocoon.
to the temptation so subtly
199-233. And now, as if to abet the treacherous Sinon, Minerva sends from Tenedos two serpents to attack Laocoon,
as he is sacrificing at the altar.
Side by side they

for the
channel, and with deadly aim

priest.
After strangling
make the two
swim the two sons of the boys, they turn upon
Laocoon himself as he comes to the rescue. His horrifying shrieks rend the air. At last the serpents, their deadly work over, seek the shelter of Minerva's statue, and nestle at her
feet.
This intimation
is
is all
the superstitious Trojans require.

as sacrilege,
Laocoon's M-arning
as a
now regarded
and
his fate
punishment from Heaven.
The horse enterg the

city.
234-249. Deceived
the Trojans
singing of
by Sinon and influenced by the omen, make an opening in their walls, and, with the boys and girls, draw the monster into the city.
Four times it is halted, and four times the arms within give But blinded and heedless the an ominous sound. Trojans persist, and station the horse in the very citadel. Cassandra prophesies the dreadful result, but, as usual, is Ignorant of their pending fate the hapless disbelieved. Trojans deck themselves and celebrate the event.
forth The Greeks by night
take possession of the
city.
250-267. ^Meanwhile night shrouds the city and "the wiles of the Greeks " ; the Trojans rest in peaceful slumbers from
fleet steals
the unwonted excitement and merry-making of the day ; the back from Tenedos ; and Sinon, under cover of the
watches are
The nightdarkness, releases the pent-up Grecian heroes. slain, and, admitting their comrades through the
of
open gates, the Greeks set out on their work

destruction.
murder and
his
flee
The shade
of Hector
268-297.
sleep, and, informing
The shade of Hector appears to Aeneas in him of the true situation, bids him
warns
Aeneas.
the city.
fire
in Aeneas'
Hector places the image of Vesta and the sacred hands and tells him to build for the household
gods of Troy a
Aeneas
aroused.
new
city
beyond the
seas.
298-317. Aeneas awakes, rushes to the top of his father's
house, and beholds the city in flames.
He
frantically seizes

his arms, resolving to hasten to the citadel, and,
if
XXUl
necessary,
to die fighting.
318-369.
of Apollo,
to
As he rushes forth, he is met by Panthus, priest Panthu* who has just escaped from the citadel. In response j;^,}",^* enquiries, Panthus tells how the city has been captured, ^^^g^^ ^^
of conflict
Aeneas hastens towards the scene

several Trojans,
and
is
joined by a band of
;jj,^J(, ''"' rescue.
among whom
is
Coroebus, the betrothed of
Cassandra.
a pack of manifold are the scenes of death.

370-434.
Exhorted by Aeneas, this band moves on like hungry wolves. Terrible is the slaughter, and
Androgeos the carnage. taken unawares, and slain, On the suggestion of Coroebus, the victorious Trojans don the armour of the fallen Greeks, and continue their deadly
Not
all
on one side
is
7-;,^ j,-^^
^f
and a larse band
of Greeks are
battle xg
'
turned ; but only ternP'^*'" "
work
in disguise.
!
Dismay
is
But, alas
it is useless
to fight against the fates.

of their friends kill
;
spread among the Greeks. Coroebus
spies Cassandra dragged along in chains,

rescue.
jans,
and rushes to her
Here weapons
many
of the Tro-
who
are mistaken for Greeks
discovering the deception, rally
whelm
the followers of Aeneas.
and the Greeks, suddenly from all quarters and overCoroebus and others fall, the
remainder are scattered.
way
two followers, now makes his Destruction Here the brunt of the battle /j^g"^'* rages, the Greeks assaulting and the Trojans stoutly defendAeneas enters by a secret door in the rear and goes out ing. upon the roof. He pries up a turret and hurls it down upon Many are crushed by the fall, but the Greeks beneath.
434-505. Aeneas, with only
to the abode of Priam.
others press on.
Pyrrhus, in glittering armour, smashes in the door, and through the opening the terrified inmates can be seen. Meanwhile despair and confusion reign within. The Greeks, led by Pyrrhus, come pouring in like the resistless tide of a river. The household is slain and the palace wrecked.
506-558.
The aged
the enemy, girds on his armour, resolved to die in arms.

wife,
king, seeing his palace in the hands of Death of His P'^"*-
Hecuba, as she clings to the altar in the middle of the him and calls upon him to take refuge with her. Polites, one of Priam's sons, rushes in and is slain by Pyrrhua
court sees

The old man breaks forth into an angry denunciation of the murderer, but the latter turns on him, and with the words, "Take this message to my father in Hades, and be sure to tell him his son is degenerate," he plunges his sword to the hilt in the old man's side. The body of the once proud ruler of Asia now lies nameless and exposed on the shore.
before his father's eyes.
when he concealment by the temple of Vesta. Indignant at the thought of her returning home in triumph from the city which she has ruined, he is on the point of slaying her, but he is suddenly checked by his godPrevented from slay- dess mother, Venus, The latter bids him think of rescuing ing her by Not Helen, but the his mother, his family, leaving Helen to her fate. Venus. gods have brought about the downfall of Troy. The gods are then revealed to Aeneas assisting the Greeks in the destruction of the city. Aeneas' eyes are opened to the futility of further resistance, and, protected by Venus, he passes to his
Aeneas eneountert Helen.
559-633. Aeneas suddenly finds himself alone,
espies
Helen crouching
in
home.
Aeneas prepares
city.
to
leave the
Obstinacy of Anchises calls upon Jupiter to ratify overcom.e by a prodigy. given, Anchises consents to
634-729. Aeneas endeavours to persuade his father to flee, but the latter refuses. In vain do all the household implore him to yield. Aeneas in despair calls for his arms, and is about to rush forth to his death, when Creusa beseeches him Suddenly a to remain and defend his home and family. supernatural light plays harmlessly about the head of the young lulus. It is regarded as an omen by Anchises, who
it.
favourable response being
accompany Aeneas.
The
latter
takes his father on his shoulders, and, with lulus at his

side
city.
and Creusa following at a
distance, hastens out of the
Loss of Creusa.
730-770. Hurrying along, in terror at every sight and sound,
suddenly alarmed by approaching foes, and in the from Creusa. Not till he reaches the temple of Ceres outside the walls, does he miss His anguish then is heart-rending. her.
Aeneas
is
excitement becomes separated
Leaving father, son and companions, he returns in quest of From place to place he goes. The Greeks hold everything ; yet he fills the air with cries for the lost Creusa,
Creusa.
LITERARY NOTES.
771-795. Suddenly the shade of Creusa confronts him.
affectionate terms she bids
XXV
In The shade
to
him
bow
to the will of Heaven.
grieve for her no longer, but apvears She then unfolds his future ^^'is-
career,
and vanishes.
796-804. Eecovering from his astonishment,
Aeneas returns Aeneas flees

the to "'" '"
to his companions.
He
finds a pitiable
accompany him into

rises
exile.
And now
throng collected to as the morning star
mcitntains.
above Ida, he again takes his father on his shoulders and
"flees to the mountains."
LITERARY NOTES.
If the
Aeneid
is
to be read at
all, it
Were mere
facility in translating
Latin aimed
ought to be read as a work of art. at, the pupil should be
kept at prose authors until he graduates from the High School. Our curi'iculum, however, is based iipon the theory that while the young
is acquiring technical familiarity with the process of translation, he can to some degree be brought face to face with the fact that the material he is working with is literature, literature with a living, breathing soul, and a more or less attractive body ; that the two great divisions of literature prose and poetry existed in Latin as they do in English and that the distinction between the two was as keenly felt in the days of Horace and Vergil, as it is in the days of Tennyson and Browning.
student
face with this fact, without even that of the teacher, is a matter Still what would be thought of our methods of to be thankful for. teaching English literature, were they founded upon the principle that
That the pupil can be brought face to
conscious effort on his
own
part, or
unconscious absorption of the beauties of poetry
is all
that our school
programme
requires
A knowledge,
however
itself.
limited, of the technicaliIf
ties of art, increases
the taste for art
then our university
matriculants can with profit study the technique of a Tennyson or a
Wordsworth, there appears to be no good reason

students should not,
why
those same
while turning Vergil into English, examine in
some simple and easy manner the devices by which that poet sought
to render his message attractive.
The following
brief notes,
with the hope that they
may
framed along this line, are inserted here prove to some small degree suggestive,
but suggestive merely, to the enthusiastic teacher of Latin,
XXVI
THE DEATH OF LAOCOON.
Studies in Vividness.
Examine the following word-pictures
The Deserted Plain, 27-39. The Death of Laocoon, 199-227.

Kight-fall and return of the Greeks, 250-267.
Hector, 270-229.
The
city in flames as seen
from Anchises' house-top, 298-312.

438-505.
Scenes of carnage amid the darkness, 360-369.
Storming of Priam's Palace
Note the
different points of
view
(a) from a distance: the fight in front of the palace, 438-450.

(b) a closer outside view: the door battered
in,
and the
household seen through the opening, 469-485.
(cj/rom
Death
laithin: the terror of the
inmates at the approach
of Pyrrhus, 486-495.
of Priam, 506-558.
The gods
at
work
in the destruction of the city, 607-618.

city, 721-734.
Aeneas leaving the
THE DEATH OF LAOCOON.

The Method
(a)
:
the site of
; ;
the tragedy,
the father
the altar on the shore

;
the
serpents leaving Tenedos
they
swim the channel

;
the tragedy
itself,
death of the sons
(6) of
the sequel
the serpents retire

:
to the shrine of Minerva.
Vividness of Detail in the description of the serpents

:
Inmensis orbibus
pariter ad litora tendunt
pectora inter fluctus arrecta iubaeque sanguineae superant undaa

pars cetera
pontum pone
legit.
(other details
may
be found by the pupil).

;
Concrete for abstract

signified
:
particular for general
epithet for thing
pectora, alta, pelago, litora, Jluctus, undas, salo, arva, agmine,

artus, etc.
parva corpora,
Simile
:
" qualis mugitus, "etc.
Show the
?
aptness of the comparison.
Is the simile to be pressed in all its details
THE DEATH OP LAOCOON.

Imitative
XXVU
lapsu deluhra
HARMoyy
(prevalence of liquids).
_/(<
At gemini
ad summa dracones ;
(of sibilants),
sonitus spuiaante salo.

;
Pathos
manibus
parva
corpora natorum
post
ipsum auxilio suheuntem

per alia
tendit divellere nodos.
Horror heightened by contrast;
tranquUla
inmensis
orhibv^ ungues ; perfusus sanie vittas atroque veneno. (show the contrast in each case).
Redemption' of Paix by the beauty of the concluding picture, (wherein does the beauty consist ?)
Studies in Pathos.
Uli
me comitem
ah awj<, S6-S7.
ferentis, 137-1-44.
nee mihi
Death of Laocoon, 215-224. Appearance of Hector, 270-279. Sacra manu victosque decs parvumque nepotem, Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium, 325.
Cassandra, 403-406.
320.
At domus interior Hecuba and Priam, hie Hecuba

si ipse
486-490.
515-525.
sedehant
.,
mens mine adforet Hector ; haec ara tuehitur omnes ;

longaevuw. in sede locavit.
of Priam, 533-558.
subiii deserta
Death
et
Creusa
direpla
domus
et
parri casus
txi
luli, 562.
606-607,
nequa parentis
cui
iussa time neu praeceptis parere recusa.
673-678,
parvus Iidus,
Cui pater
et
coniunx quondam tua dicta relinquor.
Inplicuit sequiturque
patrem non x>assibus aequis, 724.

didcis coniunx," etc., 776-795.
Grief of Aeneas in seeking for Creusa, 763-765.
Creusa's farewell,
"0
The four concluding

petivi.
lines of this book.
" iamque
iugis
(Notice here the veil of tender sadness thrown over the scenes of that
terrible night.
"
A tale
of -woe " indeed it
is
but the light burns low,
and the
lurid glare of the burning city ia softened into the
dawning
XXVlll
light of that desolate
CREUSA
FAREWELL.
morning on which, with hope faintly struggling new and distant home. And the central figure of it all is Aeneas, with the wound of Creusa's loss still aching. What a hush would fall upon the listening throng in Dido's banquet-hall as Aeneas thus sadly draws to a
into their breasts, the exiles are to face the world in quest of a
close this terrible chapter of his life
!)
" This
ha^nngr said, she left
me
all in tears,
;
And minding much to speak but she was And subtly fled into the weightless air.
Thrice rought
I
gone,
Thrice did
my hands'
with mine arms to accoll her neck vain hold the image escape,
I
Like nimble winds, and like the flying dream.

So, night spent out, return
to
my
feres
And
there, wondering,
A new number of A rout exiled, a wretched

From each-where
swarmed mates, mothers, and men;

I
find together
multitude.
flock together, prest to pass
With heart and goods to whatsoever land By sliding seas me listed them to lead.
rose Lucifer above the ridge Of lusty Ide, and brought the dawning light. The Greeks held the entries of the gates beset.
And now
Of help there was no hope.
Then gave
place,
Took up
my sire,
and hasted
to the hill."
Surrbt.
CREUSA'S FAREWELL.
768795.
Analysis for Pathos.

I.
Thk Effective Prelude.

(a)
The
intense grief of Aeneas
" implevi clamore vias maestus-
que Creusam nequiquam ingeminans iterumque iterumque

vocavi."
Observe, by the way, the endearing use of the

all
name Creusa
(b)
through
particularly in v. 784.
of the
The
fright
and
terror of
Aeneas on the appearance
Spectre.
II.
TuK
"
(a)
(6)
Farewell,
argument used to assuage
his grief
:
dulcis coniunx."
The
tenderness of the
Her
loss
decreed by Heaven.
happy future awaits him.

*'
(Note
the
unselfishness in
regia coniunx parta tibi.")
QUESTIONS.
(c)
XXIX
life
She
is
saved by death from the dreaded

;
of a captive
slave
(note the force
iii
the contract between " Gratia

'*
servitum matribus ibo"

(d)
and
divae Veneris nurus.")
The
little
son lulus
lives, as
a seal of their love and a bond
between the living and the dead.

Observe the tenderness in " lacrimas dilectae pelle Creusae" (the third person " Creuaae " ior "mei"); smd in " 2âti serva conununis amorem."
III.
The SEQaEL.
of
grief of Aeneas at the vanishing embrace the empty shadow.
The
Creusa
his
frantic eflforts to
Deseruit
"Observe
the tender reproach contained in this word;
observe, also, that
it is
spoken, not of Creusa (on
whom
the exquisite
throw even the shadow of an imputation), but of the apparition, against which it falls harmless, while at the same time it expresses the bereavement of Aeneas, and his
judgment
of the poet is careful not to
affection
towards his
wife. "
Henry.
QUESTIONS.
1.
Discuss the attitude of Vergil towards

(a)
(b)
(c)
Womanhood,
Old age,
e.g.,
e.g.,
Cassandra, Hecuba, and Creusa.
Laocoon, Priam, Anchises.

e.g.,
A young and lusty warrior,
Aeneas, Pyrrhus.
2.
Make
a synopsis of the episode of Sinon, noting Vergil's aim and
method
3.
in developing the story.

of the supernatural in
Write a note on the introduction

is
Book
ii.
How far
4.
this subjective ?
Make
essential
a list of the similes in Book ii. In each distinguish the from the non-essential or ornamental. N.B. The similes are
italicized in
5.
the text.
:
In discussing Vergil's use of simile, Mr. Sidgwick says "The art in the workmanship rather than in the choice of the comparison ; in its vividness, beauty, and truth of detail This
is
shown
what we may call the primitive use of the however a modern use of the simile which open Shelley we read
is
:
simile.
is
There
If
is
quite different.
we
XXX
EXTRACTS AND COMMENTS.

The golden gates
of sleep unbar and beauty, met together. image like a star
Where
strength,
Kindle their
In a
sea of glassy tveather.
nothing obvious iu the comparison." Examine the aptness of Mr. Sidgwick's criticism witli reference to each of the similes in the book.
is
. . .
Here there
6.
Point out the beauty of

fall of
'
'
workmanship
"
in
the simile that
compares the
Troy
to the fall of a stately ash, G26-631.
Point out instances of Poetic Grammar as used by Vergil. 7. explanatory notes, and a list of gi'ammatical peculiarities.
See

"Vergil is the first of Latin poets, and one of the first poets of the world : and the Aeneid is his greatest work. Propertius announced the forthcoming poem in the well-known line, " Nescio quid viaior nascitur Iliade": and from the day of its publication it was a classic and no Roman refers to it except to praise. No poet has been more deeply loved and revered by the best in all ages and to two of the greatest he was one main source of inspiration. Milton's Paradise Lost is filled with memories of Vergil and Dante calls him. his guide and his master.
: :
It is obvious that the sort of merit that is implied by facts like these cannot be explained to the learner in a few pages of preface to a schoolbook. To appreciate Vergil (horoughli/ requires a fine natural sensibility
and intimate knowledge of Latin and perhaps some and even then it cannot be taught, it must come from within. Much, however, can be done even by beginners, if the poet himself be read with care, and with desire to appreciate. Some help, too, can be gained by reading the best poetic translations {e.g., Conington and Bowen), and the best criticisms on the poet's work {e.g..
to poetry, a real
experience of
life
Prof. Nettleship's "Suggestions Introductory to a study of the Aeneid,"
Prof. Sellar's treatise
and an essay by Mr.
F. W.H. Myers)."
Sidgwick.
great books," viz.,
Further, in characterizing the Second Book as one of "the three ii, iv, and vi, which justify our admiration of the
:
Aeneid, Mr. Sidgwick remarks

" In the
first
XXXI
of these, the
Tragedy
of Troy, yve find perhaps the best

:
specimen of the truly epic quality of Vergil the stately and pathetic narrative given in poetry at once powerful, picturesque and melodious.
The
poet
subject also afiFords full scope for other special characteristics of the
;
his reverence for the gods, his feeling of the
power
of fate,
his deep sense of the sadness of
human
life.
All these are
and shown in
relating the struggle of the doomed city, with the very gods against it: the " dramatic irony " of the Greek fraud beguiling the Trojans to
assist in their
own
destruction
the disregarded prophecies and tragic

fall of
fates of
Laocoon and Cassandra the cruel death of Priam and his house."
;
the royal greatness, and the
it,
" Of the metre it must suffice to say broadly that Vergil truly created Vergil alone unfolded and and that it died with him commanded its full resources. In one word his superiority consists, on the more technical side, in a far greater variety of rhythm, by his use of elision, pause, caesura, and arrangement of feet ; and on the higher side in an infinitely more subtle sense both of sound and of the power
of language."
those referred
:
the more peculiar quality, closely connected with but more profound, which only the greatest poets possess the art whereby the words that seem the simplest, and are naturally spoken of the incidents and actors in the drama, have somehow a wider significance and touch deeper springs in our nature ; words which haunt the memory with a charm and a force which we cannot ever fully explain Dr. Isewman speaks of Vergil's " single
is
" Lastly, there
to,
words and phrases,
his pathetic half lines giving utterance as the voice
of nature herself to that pain
which
is
and weariness yet hope of better things the experience of her children in every time." Sldgwick.
In connection with the above it M-ould be a fruitful exercise for the student to cultivate the habit of discerning and noting these "single words and phrases" that "haunt the memory." For example take " Dis aliter visum," " quorum pars viaijna fui," and " adsensere omnes,
ct,
quae
sihi
quisque timebat, unius in miseri exitium conversa tulere."
XXXn
Imitations of Homek.
Aeneid
8
ii.
3-12 the wanderer's tale told to the royal

'
'
company
Od. ix 2 sqq.
xi 330
viii 506
II.
the night will
fail
ere I finish "

.
36 deliberations about the wooden horse 290-603 Troy falls from its height
307
.
xiii 772
342
361
shepherd hearing the noise afar. lover of Cassandra promised aid to Priam who can count the woes ?
iv 455
xin 364
Od.
Ill
113
379
416 428
471
601
605
610 626
774 792
back from a snake the conflict of the winds dis aliter visum snake fed on poisonous herbs " not you, the gods are to blame " she took the mist from his eyes the earth-shaker upheaving the foundations the felling of an oak hair stood on end, voice was choked thrice strove to embrace thrice it fled away
as a traveller starts
:
II. Ill
33
ix 5
Od.
II.
234
164
127
xxil 93
Ill
xii 27
xiil 389
xxiv 59
Od. xi 206
[From Ribbeck, per Sidgwick. ]
*-
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H b H
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6
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Pi
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< a < ^ U > > ^ > S W r- > ,^ ^ XI W Ph
cr.
P-'
KfS<=-
VERGII,,
THE ROMAN
POET.
P.
VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS

LIBER
II.
SCEfiK Dido's Court, Karthage.
Aeneas Begins His Story of the Fall of Troy.

.^-Conticu^re omnes, intentique ora tenebant.
inde tore Pater Aeneas sic orsus ab alto
.
(X^ÂaXx^ aSt^, iX/LtA^' iiS^

1/1^^^-"^^
^^ J " infandum, regina, iubes renovarevdolorem,

".
|>"
^
a*>-
^<i^~
Troianos ut opes
et
lamentabue regnum
a}^
. .
eruerint Danai, quaegu.ipse miserriqia vidi,

et
5,/i
quorum pars magna
, lui.
. quis talia lando **^^
v^^^'^l)^
,>'-^
;
"^^^^-^^^^^^
^lyrmidonum Dolopumve
js'^^temêret a lacrimis
?
aut duri miles Ulixi
>-
et
iam nox umida caelo

[1]
praecipitat,
suadentque cadentia sidera somnos,
p.
VERGILI MARONIS AKNEIDOS LIB.
11.
sed
si
tantus amoi^(^sTTs cognoscere nostios, /J
et breviter
Troiae supremum audire laborem,' C*

*-
quamquam animus meminisse

'
horret luctuque refugit
incipiam.
_^ ^"^
i^tudncu f^"
HE Wooden Horse,
fracti hello fatisque repulsi
ductores
i
Danaum,
tot iani labentibus annis,
nstac-Picmtis equur|i divina Pallâdis arte
s^y .j^^K
i"j.-i/
\^
aedificant, sectaqiie inte.xunt
amete costas
.tv;
votum pro
reditu simulant
ea fama vagatur.
sit,^
hue delecta virum,sortiti, corpora furtim

includunt c aeco
l
ateri,
penitusque cavernas y^f/^^'

Ji<yiA'J^
Tngentes uterumque armato milite complent.

'^
The Greeks Retire to Tenedos.
Joy of
the Trojans.
Cojjflidifig opinions
of the horse.
as to the disposal
est in
conspectu Tenedos, notissima f;|ma
insula, dives
t
opum, Priami
statio
dum
regna manebant,
fid a carinis
nunc tantum sinus^t
m ale
\t^rî^^
^^jôtxiCi*5it*Oiii.ê;,proYfiti
'
deserto in litore condunt-<m.Ax_
jyjJ]yu/*'^"Os abiisse
i:atLeênto pe tjisse Mycenas

:
"
ergo omnis longo solvit se Teucria luctu
panduntur portae
iuvat ire et Dorica castra
desertosque videre locos liiusque relictum.

hie
Dolopum manus,
hie saevustendebat Achilles
,,
classibus hie locus, hie acie certare solebant.
pars stupet innuptae

et
donum
;
exitiale
Mmervae,
moiem mirantur
equi
prnnlrsque Thymoetes
duel mtra muros hortatur et arce locan,

,
sive dolo, seu
iam Troiae
sic fata ferebant.
^
p.
'UX/I/ n_
vt^
VERGILI MAROXIS AENEIDOS LIB. It

'"'
'
l^J^t
^,
I
Capys, etquorum melior sententia,,menti,
35
z'^^'^*^'"''*'*^
:
y-
,aut.pelago
Danaum
insidias suspectaque
dona
'''
-^ ,,.'^'^raecipitare iubent, subiectisque urere flammis

aut terebrare cavas uteri et temptare latebras.
,
ci^V'*^^^
'
^scinditur incertum
st udi a
in contraria vulgus..^
Laocon's Warning.
" Tirneo
Danaos
primus
et
dona ferentes
ante omnes,
"
//e hurls his spear at the horse.

comitajite-K;aterva,
;
ibi
magna
40 <:*^^
Laocoon ardens summa decurrit ab arce

et
,j
procul: '9 miseri, quae tantamfania; cives
4/A^^'"creditis av^cTos'Tiostes? aut ulla

fl,
putatis^ "Y'^'^^"*'^^
u.<..*l*^
dona caxere
dolis
Danaum?
sicôtus JJlixes
45
aut hoc inclusi
ngno occultantur Achivi,
i^
.^r-
WW
' "
^^^ haec in nostros fabricata est
rnachma mures
;a a'
(mi* ik^-Lj 'h
mspectur^ domps venturaque desuper urbi

aut aliquis jatfit error
:
equo ne
. .
creditfe,
Teucri.
~
quidquid id est^ timeo Danaos etdona ferentes^

<AiJ^..<4^^ sic fat-rfS^'"raridis
.
v,,^.
ingentem viribus hastam
.-
cvW^y^
')
vV^
,
qo
li^
V
^
"v\
rt*^"^
\\i:'-^
in latusînque feri
curvam compagibpjs alyum

tremens, utel'oqu^HrecutsCT
"-îîu^
^"'^^ '-ît^'^^'^^^^^?
\ "I
stetit ilia
AtOuiti)
insonuere cayae gemitumque dedeire cavernae^

et, si
fata
deum,
si
mens non laeva
fuisset,
;
i^J^^-^'
A
I
i^
55
impulerat ferro Argolicas foedare latebras
aJv'^
Troiaque nunc
staret,
Priamique arx
alta,
maneres.
Tjr
Sinon's Perfidy.
Sinon appears on the scene
^tJVt.
His pitiful appeal.

post terga
-J^
*^
.Ûuttii
i->*^cce,
manus mvenem mterea
revmctum ""^
^pastores magno ad regem clamore trahebant

qui se ignotum venientibus ultro,
Î'Y'^
^'^^J^^^^^ârflanidae,
'
4:
P.
LIB.
II.
hoc ipsum ut strueret Troiamque aperiret Achivis,

*fj^'*^^'^btulefîf^<êns animi, atque in utrumque paratus^"^
se u versa re oolos, seu certae
60
occumbere morti.
,
undique
nSAH-
visentii studio
ruit,
Troiana iuventus'^'^'^"C
îU>
'
4^
'I
circumfusa
certantque inludere captt5^

insidias, et crimine
n^ ^^
65
accipe nunc
Danaum
ab uno
disce omnes.
namque
'
ut conspectu in
medio turbatus inermis

:
"constitit,
atque oculis Phrygia a.^\iii circumspexit

tellus,' inquit,
'heu, (ûae nunc

accipere.'' aut
'quae
me aequom
postûnt
'^
quid iam misero mihi denique restat"'"* "''7b

locus, et super ipsi
,
cui
neque apud E)anaos usquam
Dardanidae infensi poenas cum sanguine poscunt .w^*"^^*
quQ gemitu conversi animi, compressus

impetus,
I
et
omnis
hortamur" fari
quo sanguine
sit
cretus,
>
'
quidve
ille
ferat,
memoret, quae
fiducia capto.
:
75
haec, deposita ta\idem formidine, fatur

Sz'non's story
of persecution by Ulysses.
^ '(,
^^
'
cuncta equidem
:
tibi, rex, fuerit
quodcumque, fatebor
(''
vera,' inquit
'neque
nee,
si
me
Argolica de gente negabo^fi**^^
.hoc
primum
misefum fortuna Sinpnem

finget.
finxit,
vanum etiam mendacemque improba

si
80
fando aliquod
Belidae
gloria,
forte tuas pervenit
ad aiês
nomen Palamedis
et incluta
fama
,.< <'Vv
quem
falsa sub proditidne Pelasgi
insontem infando indicio, quia bella vetabat,

demisere neci, nunc cassum kimine lugent
illi
Y
85
me comitem
in
et consanguinitate
propinquum
ab annis.
pauper
arma pater primis hue
misit
dum
stabat regno incolumis,
regumque vigebat
consiliis, et
nos aliquod nomenque decusque
p.
VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

invidia
Ic^quor
II.
-'
gessimus.
postûam
pfellacis Ulixi
90
baud ignota
adflictus
1'
superis concessit ab
et
oris,
vitam
in terie^ns lucftuqtie trahebanf7^<*i^'-'^^,i-l(i(v^
et
casum
insontis
mecilm indignabar^mici. i^^svyV""^^

;
nec tacui demens

si
me,
fors
si
qua
tulissef,
C'^
""
95 -vxî
/
It
patrios
unquam remeassem
victor
ad Argos,
promisrultorem, et,yerbis oaia aspera movi.
Time mini prima

,,i
man
labes
;
nine semper Ulixes

'"
/tvL
-*j'-^'^'-"
OTifiiHibus terr'ereôvis
in
hinc spargere voces .ixtr<,'
vulgunr^mbiguas,
et qua^^reTe conscius
arma.
le
.-'
^îjLAjJuu^^^
nTC^rfuievit enim, donee Calchanteîinistro^"^"
sed quid ego haec autem nequiquam ingrata revolvo
quidve moror,
si
omnes uno ordine hajpCTirAchivos,

.'*
.
idque audire sat est

(^f\/^d^^'
lamdudum sumite poenas

mercentur Atridae.
_
105
hoc Ithacus
velit, et ijiagno
o^wft*^
turn vero "ardomus scitari et quaerere causas,

ignari scelerum tantorum
arti^ê Pelasgae."
pectore fatur
:
'^rosûuur pavitans,
et ficto
After feigning hesitation^ Sifion renews his story

Ulysses, Calchas the seer
Instigated by
dooms him
to death.
<
" saepe fugam Danai Troia cupiere relicta
monn
et
longo
fessi
!
discedere bello
;-
fecissentquejitinam
interclusit
saepe
illos
aspera ponti
10
hiemps, et terruit
Auster eim^tes.y
r-ir*'\)'
-^fv^^pue, cum iam îc trabibus coritextus acernis staret equus, toto sotiu^maethere nimbi.
suspensi
.
V
tî^'^X^
'
Eurypylum scitantem oiacula Phoebi

. .
.
vJ^gi*^^^'^
:
mittimus
nA^^fu isque adytjs haec tnstia dicta reportat
115
\^^%
sanguine placastis ventos et virgine caesar cum primum Iliacas, E^Sin&i, venistis ad oraa; ,^ sanguine quaerendi reditus, animaque litanoum
>-'^"^'
p.

vulgi
LIB.
II.
Argolica.'
quaeôx
ut venit
ad aures,
cucurrit'''/^
''
i-
J^ W4
M^j-'^bbstipuere animis, geliausque per ima
120
hie Ithacus vat'em
magno Calchanta tumultu

;
protrahit in medios
flagitat.
quae smt ea numina divom,
^'"
.
et
mihi iam multi crudele cap.ebant

Ventura videbant.
i
'*
L^^-v "u
artificis scelus,-et taciti
125
bis quijios silet ille dies, tectusque recusal '^^T*'^'*-^
prodere.voce sua
'"
quemquam
aut opponere morti.

actus,
^
vix tandeto,
magnis Ithaci clamoribus
cornposito rumpit vocem, et

ttrJui^
me
destinat arae.
('-
adsensê omnes,
et,
quae
sibi
quisque timebat,
Â.^"^;
''
I3
unius in miseri exitium conversa tuTere.
iamque dies infanda aderat

et salsae Iruges, et
mihi sacr^ p^^fi,

vittae.
circum tempora
Sinon
tells
of his escape from the Greeks
King Priam
and
takes pity
.^
vlj^
Oft
him, welcofues
him as a
citizen
of Troy,
bids
him
ex-
plaifi the object
ofMie horse.
^lX-'^^'
eripui, fateor, leto
me,
et
vincula rupi
"
v.V*^
hmosoque lacu per noctem obscufus

.
m ulva
/
f.O'^
-7
135
i^^f^S
delituLjium vela darent,
si
forte dedissent.
nee mihi lam patriam antiquam spes
ulla videndi,
;
nee dulces natos exoptatumque parentem

%
-^
quos
illi
fors et
poenas ob nostra reposcent
-i*^''
effugia, et culparn
hanc miserorum morte
pialDunt.
140
ûoêper
~
superos et conscia numina
veri,
per,
si
qua
est,
quae
restet
adhuc mortalibus usquam

laborum
ferentis.'i'**^
.liS
mtemerata
' '
fides^ oro, miserere
Tantorum, mflse^re animi non digna

his lacrimis
^'^
vitam damus,
et miserescinius ultro.
145
ipse viro primus manicas atque
amaievarT^^
Minerua
Utl.ii.i
p.
VERCILI MAKONIS AENEIDOS
LIB.
II.
vincla iiibet Priamus, dictisque ita fatur amicis
.^r
:
quisquis es, amissos
hmc
lam obliviscere Graios
noster eris
"^"^quo
^;
mihique haec eaissere vera roganti/T '^

.'*
t
150
molem__hanc inmanis equi statuere? quis auctor

?
quidve petunt
quaeirehgio aut quae
machma
belli
u>^
Stnon resumes
dixera^.
The
liorse
ii.>as
erected to atone to Mine7-i'a for
^le theft of the PalladiuDi.

lUe dolis instructus,et arte Felasga,
sustulit exutas vinclis
ad sidera palmas
" vos aeterni Ignes, et non violabile vestrum

testor
numen,
.
.
ait,
vos arae ensesque, nefandi,

:
1^-5
quos
-(iu k
"
lugi,
.
vittaeque deum, quas hostia gessi

-
x*^^
las'mihi
Graiorum sacrata resolvere iuraÂy^
fas odisse viros, atque

si
omnia
ferre
sub auras,
uliis.
"
.
,
qua tegunt
':''>^sne6r
patriae nee legibus
^t^^
tu modc/promissis
:rves^ maneas, servataque servatafciue serves

si
! id.^^^
Troia fidem,
si
vera feram,
magnare^nd endam.
belh^ \^ iKe,ijeyc^t.''^'<^ ' ex quoT^^'
165
omnis spes
Danaum
et coepti fiducia
s'tetit.'
^^
PalladiS'auxiliis
semper
impias
Tydides sed pnirp scefe'rumque inventor/Ulixes,

fatale ajjgressi sacrato a velle re
Pallarjiimi, caesis
templo
summae
custodibus arcis,
^^r
^
ifcUM^
corriDuere corripue^re
effigiem, manibusgue sacram ems'iem. manibusaue cruentis

,.
virgineas ausi divae contjngere vittal'T^"
ex illo^riuere ac retro sdlDfapsa referri'^*^'''*^**^^

spes
Dananin
fractae vires, aversa deae
men^
170
nee dubiis ea signa dedit Tritonia monstri^T^

vix positum castris
^
aAxit
J-
simulacrum
arsere coruscae
luminibus flammae arrectis, salsusjque per artus^^^'*^
SUuor
lit,
terque ipsa solo
mirabile dictu
O
Ir/^MAJO'v
-eiit
p.
VERGILI MARONIS AP:NEID0S
LIB.
II.
emicuit,
parmamque
fereris
hastamque^.trementem.
;
175
extemplo temptandayuga canit aequora Calchas

nee posse Arsrolicis exscindi PerCTama
W (Af
t.uAlf;,(i^,
'
J'
tJ. jiCi^pxt.
telis,
/i^wJf**^
omina
ni repetant Argils,
numemiue
y reducanl^^^*<f
carinis.
'
quod pelagaet
et
curvis
secum avexere
pe,tiere
,%><i>^*^
''^
nunc, quod patri^s vento
Mycenas,
-f-'^**^"'
180
vf.-Ai^^t^;;;^'^*^'^^
arma deosque parant

inprovisi^derunt.
cOmifes, pelagoque-remenso
ita digSrit
mon'iti,'
omina Calchas.
j^
banc pro Palladip

^^Cj!^"''
pro numine laeso

-.^ nl o-^'"'-^
'
effigiernstatuere, riefas quae^rrste pia ret
f^f*"'
Si'non's 7naster-siroke
The
Trojans tempted to bring the horse

city.
into the
nanc tamen inmensam Calchas
attollere
molem
,
185
./A/>
roboribuSjtextis, caelqque educpere iussit,
ne recipi
portis, aut duci
moenia
possit,
tueri.*^
neu populum antiqua sud religione

H
tlw*
s
-
""
yjt'
nam
si
vestra rnanus violasset
dna Mmervae,
in
0. C.
tum magnum exitium

y^-j-SJ.-^-
Aconvertant .&-/ T sin manibus

!
quod di prius omen ipsum Priami imperio Phrygibusque futiirum

.
.
190
:
/)
I
vestris
vestram ascendisset
m urbem,
.
o.O-
j]
ultra
)V
Venturam,
talibus
Asiam magno (Pelopea ad mpeniaibello ^ et nostros ea fata manere nepotes.

insiciiis,
periurique arte Sinonis
"
.'""
jgc
''"
//,.-/(
.rijjiv.-.
credita res, captique'dolis lacrimisque coactis '^^ ^"- '^^^'
quos neque.Tydides, nee Larissaeus Achilles,

"'^'^
non anni (ramu^re aecem, non mille caxinae>**^Y'^'
The Fate of Laocoon.

hie aliud maius miseris multoque
tremendum
200
obicitur magis, atque inprovida pectora turbat.
Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte sacerdos,
u
it
>UUt^ ri
fyf//^*,/
/.'/
///
yf^fi/ifruî^f^
p.
VKRGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS
LIB.
II.
sollemnes taurum ingentem mactabar ad arqs.

ecce autem
^mima
Tenedo
tranquilla per alia
.
,
horresco referens
inmensis orbibus angues

Ittora
incumbunt pelago, pariterque ad

pectora
tendunt
$*|
quorum
inter fluctus arrecta lubaeque

;
sanguineae superant undas
pars cetera
pomum
;
^'
*'"'
pone
fit
legir,
'
smuan^que immensa volumine terga
'
sonitus spumante-salo.
iamque arva tenebant,
'v>o
ardentesque oculos sufSfeti sanguine et igni

,
\.i--""siDUa --"liibira larni larnbebant
Unguis vibrantibus ora. ^

_
0^
dinugimus visu exsangues

-
illi
agmine cert
parva duorum
,
Laocoonta pefunt
.
et
pnmum
,
M^'
corpora natoijum serpens amplexus iiterque

,.
..,
inplicat, et
miseros morsu depascitur artus
iiu
^^^^
215
'postjipsum, aipcilio subeuntem ac tela ferentem,
compiunt, spirisque ligant ingentibus

bis
et
lam
^'
medium
datij,
aruplPYi, bis collo
squamea ci^cum
altis.
terga
...
superant capite et cervicibus

'
,: ^t/,.-^ *r*^,^<^^h tendit divellere nodes, v; I. ... perfusus sanie yittas atroque venerio
'^ti.'.'c.a..ic.
.ii(<'
ille
simurmanibus
220
Âjk.X'jA
^
'
clamores simul horrendos.ad sideratollit

qtiali^ jntigztus,
^,
fuît cian saucius arani^
u,
.^.i<-
taurus
at
et inceriavi excussif cervice
securtm.
f=f^r^
'^^
gemini lapsu delubra ad
summa
dracones
fl2j;
effugiunt, saevaeque peturit Tntonidis arcem,
sub pedibuaque deae, clfpeique sub orbe teguntur

fumi vero.tremefaCTta
irisinuat
novus per pectora cunctis

expendisse
'^\
VuoAA'-
pavor
et scelus
m eren tern
-s^ v'/^"^'^
Laocoonta feiimt,'acrum qui cuspide rotur
230
^^^^
I3j?seri|l,
tergo sceleratam inforserit hastam.

*''
ducendum ad sedes simulacrum, orandaque divae

numina conclamant,
10
p.
vergili maronis aeneidos
lib.
ii.
The Horse Enters the

C
'
City.
urbis.
dividinuis
murog
et
moenia pandimus
acflingTun^mnes open, pedibusque rotarum

*Ai-
235
'V
suDiciunt lapsQêt ^^^îea*\'mcuTa collo''**^
mtendunt.
leta
.
scandit fafalis
:
machina muros,
^rmis
pueri circum innuptaeque puellae
iTra
^nt,
funSdque manu c^feMgê gXdent.
""
^^w.^ -v
illa(jgubit,
mediaeque minans
inlabitur urbi<^/<^<-^^^*^**^
240
o patria, o
divom domus Iliumêt

!
inclula bello
moenia IJardanidum
substitit,
qnater
ip^
in limine portae
rw-i.K
>
atque utero sonitum quatCT arma dedereT
^ **
instamus tamen inmemores caecique furore.

et
monstrum
infelix sacrata sistimus arce.i rTV/
241;
tunc etiam
fatis aperit
Cassandra
fifturis
V)
ora, del lussu
non unquam credita Teucns. WdJ/T

CA/<î>****'^
nos deiubra"jieum miseri, quibus ultimus esset

ille
dies, pesTa
velamus^ronde per urbem.

returns
Night
falls
The fleet
from Tenedos
Sition
releases the
Grecian heroes from within the horse.

vertitur interea caelum, et ruit
Oceano nox
250
involvens
umbra magna terramque polumque

dolos
;
Myrmidonumque
conticuere
/
;
-
fusi
permoenia
.
Teucri2**5p>J*
*'"
\
sopor fessos complectitur artus.

,
,
et
lam Argiva phalanx
"^>^<^"r
'-^^ .^îi'-"'-Q -*H*" ., ., instructis navibus ibat
'
^'a
^.
,
,
Tenedo, tacitae per arnica suîtia lunae,

nota petens^rnamnias
[,.L
255
litora
cum
regia miiBpis
extulerat, fatiSque
deum
et
defensus iniquis^^.
pinea fuifinr
inclusos utero
Danaos
v
5^
laxaf~ûstra Sinon.
illos
patefactus acr auras
(/^reddit
equus, me|)fque cavo se robore promunt
260
p.
VKRGILI MARONIS AKNKIDOS

et
LIB.
II.
ll
Thessandius Sthcnelusque duces,

i^l^^ AltA<leniissum Inpsi
dims
Ulixes,
per funeni, Acamas|que, Thoasque,
Pelidesjque Neoptolemus, primusque

et
Machaon,
\ '
Menelaus,
ct ipse
doh fabricatorÊpeos.
;
^-'
invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam

fcaeduntur vigiles, portisque patentibus
^\
265
omnes
accipiunt socios, atque
agmina conscia lungunt.

Aeneas.,
The Ghost of Hector Warns

'''
t^^''^
'
/,'
tempus
erat,
quo prima quies mortalibus aegris

serpit.
incipit, et
uono divom gmtissima
in
somnis, ecce, ante oculos maestissimus Hector
"^"^..rM-Uh-^^'' tT-\r^ visus adesse mini, largosfque eflundere fletus,

^..
!-.>
ti^
270
'-
-^
ra_ptatus bigis,
ut.
quondam^ ai^jque cruento
pulvere, perque pedes traiectus lora tUmentes. -yif^-
hex mini, qualiSierat
quantum, inutatus ab
illo
Hectore, qui redit exuvias imlutus Achilli,

vel
iy^-
275
Danaum
Phryîos
i;iculatus
puppibus ignes!
squaientem barbam,
vulnerajque
e^
concretos sanguine cnnes.
ilia iêrens, Tfu:).e
circum nlurima muros
accepit patrios.
iiltro ultro
nens ipse videbar

:
compeliare virum,
rn g
'<<'
et
maestas expromere voces

tWM.-i
28
.
,
o lux Dardaniae, spes p fidissima Teucrum, i'

J
.
quae tantaejtenuere morae.? quibus Hector ab
oris
exsnectate vfeliTS : ut .te post'multa tuorum ,, ,4^K^^^^ .^ , lunera, post varios nominumtaue urbisque labores
^ûiU
<.
defessi aspicimus
quae causa mdigna
sereiYbs
2S5
toedavit voitus
ille
.f^
aut cur haec vulnera
c^no
nihilrnec
me
quaereirtem vana moratur,
sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens,,/'/
neu
luge, nate dea, teque his,
ait,
eripe namniis.
hostis habet
muros;
ruit alto
a culmine Troia.
290
12
p.

Iuainoque
clatimi'; si
11.
sat patriae
3
Pergama dextra
0^"'^
jde^Tcl^cfg^Wt, etjam^hac defensa fuissent. 3^

Jsacr^ suosque tibi
commendat Troia Penates

;
hos cape fatorum comites
his moe"nia quaere,
magna
pererrat9 sralfi^s qdae denibue ponto.'A^'
295
sic ait, et
manibus
vittas
efifert
Vestamque potentem
penetralibus ignem.
aeternumque adytis
The Destruction of the

Aeneas aivakes, rushes
to the top
City.
of his father's house
and
beholds the city in flames.
diverse mterea miscentur moenia luctu

L^t
/
"
;
'
yUfj
magis atque magis,) quamquam secreta parentis
^
3
Ancriisae
domus arboribusque obtecta

armorumqê
recessit,
'Aclarescunt sonitus,
ingruit horror.
_
:
'.
,
excutior somno, et sumnii fastigia tecti
ascensu supero, atque arrectis auribus adsto

.
tfULCi^
in segeiem veluti
>
zncidit,
r.Âivt.'v'-
AA/, u4u<- :\k
cum flaimtia furentibus
.:
^V.v^^â'-'
Austîs~4'<(ii'^
aut rapidus 7nontajiQ flu7nineJorre7is
305
sternit hgrbs'^sl^rnit safa'iavta bowtique lalwres,
praecipiiesque trahit silvas, stufet inscius alto

acciiiens so7iitum saxi de vertice iastor.
turn vero manifesta hdes,
insidiae.
,
Danaumque
pat^scunt
,
lam Deiphobi
dfedit
:
ampla rumam,
310
1
Vulcano-superante, domus,
iam proximus, ardet,
,,
,,
Ucalegon
ltfc\fiv*if
,
Sigea igni freta lata relucent

.
êxoritur clamorique virum clangorque tubarum.-
^^S
^\^^^
armis
'
,-
.,^^[a^-M"-"*^
arma amens capio , -X-T

sed glomerare
,
'.
,
nee
sat' rationis in
manum
bello et concurrere in
arcem
315
cum
sociis ardent anirpj.,
furor iraque
mentem
praecipitantjûTchlTjmque mori^succurritîn armis.
p.
LIB.
II.
13
\.
Piinthus, priest of Apollo, brings tidings.
ecce autem
telis
Panthus elapsus Achivum,

i
Panthus
sacra
nry ades/a r c
Phoebique sacerdos,
320
manu
victosque deos parvumque nepotem
ipse'trahit,
'
cursuquâmens ad limina
?
tendit.
.'"
quo res sumnialoco, Panthu
quam prendimus arcem

:
vix ea lalus eram, gemitu
cum
talia reddit
venit
summa
dies et ineluctabile
fuit
tempus
Dardaniae.
gloria
/
fuimus Troes,
ferus
Ilium et ingens
325
Teucrorqm.
:
omnia luppiter Argos

in urbe.
"ranetulit
mcensa Danai dommantur
X.<W4/<-
^K-rH
fiindit
arduus armatos mediis in moenibus adstansj,

equus, victorque
;
Smon
^.
incendia rniscet
\U^.
^^
330
;
insultans
portis
alii
bipatentibus adsunt,
milia.qupt magnis
umquam
arfgiista
venere Mycenis
M^ '^**î*^bsMere alii telis

.
viarum^-
oppositi ;'stat fefri acies rnucrone corusco

stricta,
îL
parata neci
vigiles, et
vixpnmi
proelia.temptai
resistunt.
portarum
caeco-Marte
335
Maddened
by the news, Aeneas rushes forth,
and
is
joined
by sei'cral TroJa?is.
tdibus Othryadae dictis

in
et
numine divom
quo
tristis
flammas
et in
arma
Teror.
Erinys,
'
"^
\,
/
quo, fremitus vocat et sublatus
ad aethera clamor.
armis
^^^f^
addunt^' socIos^Rhipeus
et
nâmus
."7"
,
MM^
4
Epyrusôblati per lunam, Hypanisbue Dymasique,

et
340
'
lateriadglomerant nostro, iuvenis)que Coroebus

\V^ illis
^''^
ATvcrrlnnidp'^, Mygdonides.
ad Troiam
forte diebus
veneraf, insano Cassandrae incensus amore,

et
gener auxilium Priamo Phrj'gibusque ferebat,

qui
^''^^^^
infelix,
non sponsae praecepta

<tt.u.^,u!_
-
furentis
-'
345
if^
audierit.
Wx^yuJi
WM
14
p.
LIB.
II.
,,
These he exhorts to face death bravely,
and
together they
press on like a pack of hungry wolves.
quos ubi confertos audere in proeha

incipio super his
'
:
vidi,
iuvenes, fortissima frustra
i.r\^
pectpra,
si
vobis audentem extrema cupidqi^

sit
certa sequi, quae
rebus fortuna videtis

Up** steterat
-i''"'
35
> .
excessere omnes, adytis arisque-relictis,

,.
.,
di,
.
quibus
:
impenum hoc
^^JU4<xmoriamur,
_et
t/->4^f
.A^VL.
;
succurritis
urm 'U^.frî
"'^
/(
I-
Ji,i
I
owir '^-
ihcensae
u*. t^fcw^-to
in
T media arma ruamus

salutern,
,.
a"<A>îi'
'"'
'
.vl aw t;^ /vaw
una salus victisTiunam sperare

sic
.
,,,iô4<,
iiuror additus. animis luvenum
znde, liipi Sf
355
i^f,"^
,.
raptores afra^m nebula, quos inproba vejiiris

exeît cdecos rabies, caiiclihue rehcti
fmcibns
exspcctajit snxts, per tela, per hostes

in
vadimus hau^^SSîam
urbis
iter.
mortem, mediariue tenemus"^
^jÎ
nox atra cava circumvolat umbra.

quis cladem ilhus noctis, quis funera fando
.
^^^^^.cy^
36
'**^-
c Cu
O'^^^xphcet, aut possit lacnmis aequare labores

urbs antiqua
ruit,
iut**f
.''
muUos dominata per annos

.
.
\~'
plurima perque vias sternuntur inertia passim

*'-^'.)
corpora, perque
domos
et religlosa
deorum
;
365
j
hmina.
|jJ:_t(J^VjM^!,'
nee soh poenas dant sanûme leucn

yiciJS redit in
//
quondam etiam
hictus,
praecordia virtus,
victoresque cadunt Danai.
crudehs ubique
ubique pavor,
et
plurima mortis imagor
The
tide
f battle turns Atidrogebs and his band of Greeks surprised and slaughtered.
se,
Jirimus
.
Dcinaum magna-comitante
"caterva,
'
370
Androêos
offert nobis, socia
agminacredens
yw^^T^
inscius, atque ultro verbis compellat amici
p.
II.
A^
festmate
segnities
?
vm nam
:
quae
tarn sera
moratur
-^
alii
rapiunt incensa feruntque
PergamK
dixit
;
vos celsis nunc
primum a
navibii5
itis !'
'
375
,
ct
extemplo
neque enim responsa dabantur

^.^'^
pedem cum voce
repressit.
nda
,/jti*i*
satis
sensit medios delapsus in hostes.
obstipuit, retrohue
'''inprovisum aspris veluti qfii sj:ntibus angiicm ov>*^j^ iLâ

.,,
'^,'^1 ^:^^^,
presstt hunii tiitens, trepidiisqiie rcpenterefugtt
'*^f
^80
ignaroique
sternimus.
loci
passim
et
formidme cantos
adspirat primo foûna labori.

Greeks^ Aeneas
"
^^ 1
3S
Donning the arjtwur of the fallen

spread terror
and his followers
among the invaders.

deniitii}nus
Mulios
Danaum
Orco^
atqê hie successu exsultans animis)que t]oroebus,^^'^-tic<j

o
socii,
qua prima,
inquit,
fortuna salutis
monstrat iterquaque ostendit^se dextra, sequambr
mutemus
^ fr>â.<?"'aii^Wi .clipeo^^
Danaumaue
insignia nobis
...
^
:
"
r
'
X,Jm.
^'^^'^ptemus.f^^' dolus
an virtusfjquis
in noste requirat
'ilU^^
^9*
arma dabunt
ipsi.'
sicTatuSjdeinde
insigine
comantem
aleam ciipefcue
decorum
^f^'
hoc Rhipeus, hoc ipse

laeta facit
;.
ivum accornmodat ensem. Dymas, omnisque iuventus

quisque recentibus armaf.
^
(7
spoliis se
3f 5
jfti-*^
^^'^v'i vidimus inmixti Danais haud numine nostro,
multaque per caecam, congressi proelia noctem

.conserimus
;
multos
Banaum
demittimus Orco.^
cursu
1
'^
iff>nJL
dinugmnt
alii
ad naves,
et litora
r.
fioa petunt
pars ingentem formicfine turpi

et
scandunt rumis equum,
nota conduntur in alvo.^^*^
16
p.
II.
But, alas ! the Fates are against them
Coroebus, by the
fidere divis
!
rescue of
Cassandra, draws fresh hordes of Greeks upon them.
heu
nihil ihvitis fas
quemquam
^0
^
'"
2
'C
ecce Jr^âtur p assis Priameia virgo

crinibus a templo Cassandra adytisque MinerVae,
"
ad caelum tendens ardentia lumina

lumina,
frustra,
405
,
^
nam
teneras arcebant vmcula palmas.

furiata
{,
non
tulit
banc speciem
iniecit
mente Coroebus,
^, L
'
et sese
medium
penturus in agmen.
consequimur cunct.tet densis mcurnmus armis.

hie
primum ex
alto delubri
culmine telis^
410
nostrorum 9bruimur, orituipue miserrmia caedes
armorum /facie
tum Danai
undique
et
et
Graiaruni errore lubarum.

''
geniitu atque ereptae virginis ira
collect! invidunt,
a^^mfusAiax,
:
gemini Atridae, Dolopumque exercitus omnis

tii7-biiie
415
adversi rupto ceu qico?idam

^^'^c^nffigilnt,
vcntt
^
D
Eois
Zephyrusque, Notusqiie,
:
et laetics
^
'
cjr
Eaivus equis
^îjh^
strzdunt silvae, saevitbice tridentt,
^ji.i.jpumeus atque imo Nercus act acquora fioido.

illi
etiam, si^quos obscura nocte.per
umbram
420
fudimus msioTis, totaque agitavTmus urbe,

adparent
;
^'
primi clipeos rnentitaque tela^^

O
adgnoscunt, atque era sorio discordia signant.

Coroebus
ilicet
I
and others fall
The rest of
:
t lie
band are
scattered.
0'
obruimur.numero
primusque Coroebus
.
.
'^
Penelelêxtra 'divae armipotentis ad aram
,1^ 'UM^J 4ml.^

;
425
;6%cumbit
uî^^
qui
fuit
in Teucris et servantissimus aequi
cadit et JRhipeus, iustissim,us unus vvv^ -îû.^-.-^.^^.v^^'." ^

;
aisalitePîsum"X pereunt Hypanisque Dymasque,
/ '5
V.
LIB.
II.
17
^^
confixi a socii^
jiec te tua plurima, Panthu,_
XaMX. UiMti jidbentem pietas, nee
ApoUinis infula texitT^'^v.
43
illiaci cineres, et
testor,
namma
exrrema meOf um,

nee ullas
C. 3>'
^^
"^
-
occasu vestro
ne,c tela
Jkvitavisse.vices
Danaum,
et si fata^Juissenl,
ut caaerem>ynieruisse
manu.
Destruction of Priam's Palace.

Conflict at the doors of the Palace.
div'ellimur inde
;
Iphitus et Pelias
mecum
et
quorum
Ipnitus aev
435
-iSi
-/
iam gx?L\i^]V&Yia.s
vulnere tarcms Ulixi

vocati..<^>^'^'
protmus ad sedes Priami clamore

hic vero ingentem
I
pugnam, ceu
tota
c.etera
nusquam
tecta ruente^
Delia foren^
sic
ni,illi
morerentur
urbe,
Martem indomitum, Danaosaue ad
44
cerfumus, obsessumqueactartestudine limen.

n^jerent parietibus scalae, postescjue sub ipsos
i
nituntur gradibus, clipeosbue ad tela sinistris
jprotectijjobiciunt,
pren^nt
,
:
.
fastiîa dextris,
Dardanidae contra turres ac tecta domorum

,.
culmina''convellunt
^4**^
lUcct
<<^
-V,-"-
his se,
'^f: cernunt, quando ultima

,
i*^
iU,
;
-W'
445 ''"
o'
,-
extrema iam
in
morte parant defendere
telis
ain-atasque trabes, veterum decora alta parentum,
devolvunt
am
;
strictis
mucronibus imas
450
i. L\L
A*^
obsedere fores
has servant agmihe dense.

rushes to the roof
Aeneas enters by a
posier?i^
and hurls a tower

f
upon the Greeks below.

instaurati animi, regis succurrere tectis,
'S-"^'
"r
"
auxilioque levare viros, vimque aoaere victis.
//
18
p.
VERGILI MAKONIS AENEIDOS

et perviiis
LIB.
II.
limen erat caecaeque fores
usus
tectorum inter se rriami, posteaque

a fergo, infelix qua
reiicti.
s^dum
regna manebant,
455
saepius Andromachev(jerre mcomitata solebat _-v.y
ad soceros,
et
avo plierum Astyanacta tranebat.

fastigia cuiminis,
evado ad summi
tela
unde
/_
manu
miseri iactabant inrita Teucri.
turrim irtpraecipiti stanternj summisbue jub astra

eductarnTectIs,
>
.
i,om
undeomnis
naves
et
Troial
vidm^'^'**^
castra,
et
Danaum
solitae
Achaica
adgressi_ferro circum,
qua summa labantes

altis
'>i^^'^
i^cturas tabulata daSam, convellimus

sedibus, inputimuslque
1^
.
eci
lapsa rênte ruinam
i,
cum
dyUUl/^
sonitu
traftit, et
Danaum
super agmina late
But
in
vain
Pyrrhus and others press forward

in the door
ast aln subeunt
;
An
opening
is
made.
nee saxa, nee ullum
telorum interea cessat genus.

vestibulum ante ipsum primoque in
.
hmme
:
Pyrrhus
/
exsultat tehs et luce coruscus
aena
j,
^,
47*
/'
qualis ubi in lucem coluber
mala gramina pastus,

tegebat,
/' frigida sub terra

/
twnidutn que7n bruma
nunc positis novus exuviis nitidusque iuventa,

lubrica co7ivolvit sublatdêctore.texgc-y, '/f
et
ô'"
K.
\drduus ad solem,
Unguis 7/iic^ ore

et
trisulcis.
475
una ingens Periphas
equorum
agitator Achillis
armiger Automedon, una omnis Scyria pubes
^^'^
.succedi4nt tecto, et
flammas ad cutmina
iactant.
.
ipse inter pnnios correpta dura Dipenni
^"^^
\ limina imina perrumpit, postesque a cardine velht
,_
480
leratos
iamque excisa-trabe firma cavavit
p.
VERGILI MAROXIS AENEIDOS
LIB.
II.
19
^^'
robora, et ineentem lat deait ore fenestram.
adparet domus intus, et atria longa pates'cunt
adparent Pri9,mi
et
veterum penetralia regum,
armatosque vident stantes
nmine pnmo.
485
Scene 0/ despair luithin the palace
The dread Pyrrhus bursts in

iU'
The household slaughtered

at
''''
tenent Danai, qua deficit ignis^
domus
;
interior
gemitu miseroque tumultu
miscetur
LavaJ-
pfenitusque cavae plangoribus aeaes

;
/wi ^jiAju^
femineis ululant
fent aurea sidera clamor.'
<ÛM
,
t^^^
turn pavidae tectis matres

I
mgentibus errant,
1^
-î/.-V^'oampIexaeque tenent postes, atque oscilta nguntT
490
mstat
vi patria
Pyrrhus
nee claustra, neque

4|&4,'
Hill---
ipsi
'iVi.L., W^t^.TjiL
^^,:~
custodes
sufl[erre valent.
labat arietd crebro
\^
tM/>--iw.ânua, et
emoti prcicumbunt carame postes.
a.^^--*^
"t/i^
.,''
^^
rumpunt aditus/primosque trucidant

495
i
{.l^*-^ t-<M,
(i-'lt-.---
mmissi.Da,nai, et late loca milite cornplen.t.

il.^.Liiuf^
SIC,
non
t*^
aggej'ious rûptis
cum spiimeusJamms
^<
y*''^*
t/f&l ->'( /"-''.
extit,
opposttasque evtcii gurgite moles,

i?t
fertur
arva fi&ens cuinulo, cainposqtce per omnes

armenta
trahit.
cum
vidi
stabulis
vidi ipse
fufentem
Atridas
:
caeae rJeoptolemum, geminosque
ip limine
Hecubam centumque nums, Priamumque

.
per aras
sangume loedantem
^K^ quinquaginta
.
qiios ipse sacraverat ignes.
....
uli
thalami, spes tanta nepotum,
tl^4rttXV-^
barbarico postes auro spolusque superbi,

vWÔ'
t(ri>*'
procubuere
tenent Danai, qua d&hcit ignis.
505
Death of Priatn.
'
^mO*^
'
/'/
forsitan
et,
Priami fuerint quae
fata, requiras.
'^
urbis uti captae
casum conviulsaque
vidit
îirnina
tectorfcirn, et
medium
in penetralibus
hostem,
20
_
p.
II.
arma
diu senior desueta trementibus aevo

et inutile
circumdat nequiquam umens,

cingitur, ac
ferrum
c/
510
densos fertur moriturus
in hoste^.
aediDus in mediis nijdoque sub aetheris
axe*/^
mêns ara
fuit
luxtaque veternma laurus,
/incumbens arae atque umbra complexa penates.

hie
Hecuba
et
natae nequiquam altaria circum,

c'eit tempestate
515
^
praecipitcs aira
colu7nbae,
condensae
et
divom amplexae simulacra sedebant.'

/
ipsum aufem sumptis Priamurrj iuvenalibus arm^s

ut vidit,
quae,
mens
tarn dira, miserrime coniunx,

?
mpulit his cingi tehs

'
aut quo ruis
inquit.
520
non
tali auxilio,
;
nee defensoribus istij/^^^^'

si
tempus eget
non,
ipse
;
meus nunc
adforet Hector.
0, w<.
1 '
hue tandem concede

^'
haec ara tueuitur omnes,

ore effata recepit
4*" 1;
aut moriere simul.
sic
ad
sese, et sacra
longaevuni in sede locavit.
525
ecce aiitem elapsus Pyrrhi de caede Polites,
unus natorum Priami, per
tela,
per hostes
X*^*"
porticibus longis fugit, et vacua atria lustrat

sauciiis.
ilium ardenS infcsto volnere Pyrrhus

lairi
insequitur,
ui, tandem
lamque manu tenet
et pfremit hasta.
c>)
'
^ 53
ante oculos evasit et era parentum.]
conctdit, ac
multo vitam
cum
in
sanguine
ludit.
jnic Priamus,
quamquarn
media iam morte
tehetur,
,
>5,t"
non tamen
U*
,.'
, II
abstinuit,
nee voci iraeoue pepercit.

pro talibus ausisi
talia caret,
^
^
'"
Û'
,
jj
1^^ tibi
pro scelere, exclamat,

est caelo pietas,
f^,--
^-"SSS
.
di, si
qua
quae
^nCL'
persolVant grates, pignas, et praemja reddant

debita, qui hati
coram
rne cernere letum
fecisti, et patrios foedasti

i
funere vultus.
at
non
ille,
satum quo
te mentiris, Achilles
540
Helen of Troy.
SIR FRED'K LEIGHTON.
^2^^ -
^tc^
p.
'^
-^-'^^^

fuit
II.
91
talis in
hoste
,Priamo
sed iura fidemque
"^
'.^'A"-
supplicis erubutt, CQipusque exsangue sepulcro
reddidit Hectoreum,
meque
.
in
mea regna
femisit.'
i
SIC fatus*^senior, telumque inbelle sine ictu f-'-'^l' t^S , too*' . iillfci.*" coniecit, rauco quod protinus aere repulsum,'^'''
et
..
o lAM?
^"^'
a*-^-
S^?
summo
clipei
:.
nequiquam
. .
urribone pependit.
cui ryrrhus
referes ergo naec, et nuntius ibis

.
mea tristia facta degeneremque Neoptolemum narrare memento.

Pelidae genitori
:
i-.t'.
\0-^
cic>~
illi
Sbt.^*-*****^/'**^'
nu^(fmorere.'
traxit et in
hoc qitens,
altaria
ad ipsa trementem
nati,
550
multo lapsantem sanguine
inplicuitque
comam
laeva, dextraque corusci^m
extulit ac Later!
capulo tenus abdidit ernsem. '^

;
haec\finis Priami fatorum
hie e'xitus ilium

et
sorte
tulit,
Troiam incensam
prolapsa videntem
555
Pergama-, tot
'uU.^>
,
quondam
.
populis terrisque
.
superbum
tvwi(i\
regnatorem Asiae.
avulsuiTifque
lacet ingens litore truncus,

et sine
,.
umeris caput,
nomine corpus.
Tumi/ig' sadly
aivay^ Aetieas espies Helen,
and in rage
is
about to slay her,

a,t
me tum pnmum
;
saevus circumstetit horror,
obstipui
ut
subiit cari genitoris
imago,
560
regem aequaevurn
;
crudeli vulnere vidi
vitam exhalantem
et direpta
subiit
desertSXreusa,
casus
luli.
domus^
quae
et parvi
respicio, et
sit
me
gircum copia
lustro.
deseruere omnes defessi, et corpora's alt iij
565
ad
terrain misere aut igiiibus aegra dedere.
iamque adeo super unus eram, cum limina Vestae

servantem
et
tacitam secreta in sede latentem

;
Tyndarida asp re 10
dant clara incendia lucem
22
,,
,
p.

ferenti.
11.
,^
errant!
ilia sibi
passimque oculos per cuncta
570
mfestos eversa(ob Perrama/Teucros,
et
ppenas
Danaum
et deserti coniugis irasêt patriae
praeinetu^s, Troiae
communis Erinys,
abdiderat sese, atque aris,mvisa.sedebat.

exarsere ignes animo
;
suDitîra cadenteAi
575
ulcisci patriam, et sceleratas
sumere poenaS^"^
scuicet haec
'*"-'
Spartam incolumis patriasque Mycenas

ibit
aspiciet,
partpque
regina triumphp
coniugiumque domumque patres natosque
videbit,
Iliadum turba et Phrygiis comitata ministris?

occtderit ferro Priapius?; Troia arserit igni
?
580
Dardanium'toties sud^rit sanguine litus?
non te.
namqye,
etsi
nullum memorabire nomen

lafuae|m,
femmea
poena
est
nee nabet Victoria
exstinxisse nefas tanien et sumpsisge merenteg-
585
lauuabor pbenas, animumque expre^se.iuvabit

ultricis'flammae, et cineres sati,^se
'
meorum-
w/ien he is checked by Voius,
who
reveals to
him
the fated des-
truction of the city atid urges hitn to rescue his family.

talia
iactabam, et furiata mente ferebar,

se,
cum mihi
obtulit, et
non
aiire oculis tarn clara,
videndam^^*^
59
pura perj-noctem
in luce reiulsit
caelicolis et
quanta
xfi^f-
solet
dextiaque prehensum
:.' A.
. .
.1
continuit, roseoc(ue
haec insuper addidit ore
ri*
J^ ^^
/'>^
Y
I
'
nate, quis indomitas tantus dolor excitat iras.?/

?
..-i-v
quid mris
'aut
quonam nostn
tm cfira recessit
Creusfy'
non prius
liqueris
aspicies, ubi
fessum actaie parentem
Anchisen? superet coniunxgie

?
Ascaniusque puer
quos omnes undique Graike
P;
.LIB.
II.
23
ficirciim errant^fîes, et,

5
tjojti^'*!^'^-
mea
cura resistat,
iam flammae
tib.i
tulerint inimicus et hauseri.t ensis. C ^^'^>
6o
t^non
Tyndaridis fades invisa Lacaenae,
culpatusve Paris, divojn inclementia, divom,

,
has evertit opes, stemitque a culnime Troiam. jL,wM^

aspice
'
namque omnem,
nubem eripiam
:
quae nunc obducta tuenti^ÂT"^*^^
*^
,1
mprtales hebetat visus

caligat,
,
tibi et
lunma circum
o5
tu
ne qua parentis
jussa time, neu praeceptis parere recusa

hie, ubi disiectas
Jiio-^
,
mo>es avulsajque saxis

luMuJ-
/,
saxa vides, mixtoque undantem pulvere fumum,
Neptunus muros magnoque emota

fundamenta
eruit.^
T(
tridenti
...
oio
quatit,
totamque a sedibus urbem
hie.
luno Scaeas saevissirna portas a navibus agmen
prima
tenet, sociiumque furens
ferro accincta vocat.
M
respice, Pallas
lam gummas arces Tritonia,

Jj^ 'f^ûi^'^
615
msedit, limbo enulgerrs et Gorgone saev'a.

ipse Pater
Danais animos viresque secundas
sumcit
ipse deos in
Dardana
suîtsft
arma
,-
yi**^*-^
eripe,^nate, fugarn, jgarh,

.ylM-l-'^
inpoi nnemque inpone finemque
labori.
-<-JJ
nusquam
abero, pt tutum patrio te limine sistam.'

spissis noctis se
facies,
620
*^^*ai}rerafêt
conmdit umbris.
adparent dirae
riumina
inimicaque Troiae
magna deum.
.
Despair of Aeneas.
turn vero
Ilium, et ex
I
omne .jjiihi visum
'
considere in ignes
;
imo -(^ruNeptunia Troia
625
î'.
ac veluti
sumus anttQuatr
in nioniibus ornutn
cum ferro accisam
crebri^qiie blpennibus instant j-^Jj
efitere agricqlae certatitnj ilia
usque minatuK
24
p.
VERGILI MAEONIS ABNEIDOS LIB. IL
et trentefacta cofnatn concusso-vertice nutat,
vulneribiis do7ie!: j)aulatim evicta supremujii
630
Passing' to his home, Aeneas in vai?t endeavours to induce

his father to leave.
I
descendo, ac-ducente-deo
expedior
;
flammam
inter et hostes
,>,
1
dant tela locum, flaijimaeque receauntl
atque ubi lam patriae perventum\ad limina sedis
antiquasque domos, genitor, quern tollere in altos

optabatp prinium montes primumque peteba etebam,
635
abnegat excisa vitam producere Troia,

exsiliumque
pati. ^'
voso,
quibiis integer aevi
sanguis.' ait, ^solioSeque suo slant robpfe, vires,
vos agitat^Tfugam.
,
640
/*
me
si
caelicolae voluissent ducere vitam,

satis
^.i
has mihi servassent sedes.
yna superque
vidimus excidia,
sic
et
captae superavimus urbi.
o sic posifum adfati disceidite corpus.
ipse
manu mortem inveniam

divis et
jniserebitur hostis,
645
exu.viasque petet.
facihs lactura sepulcri.
lam pridem myisus

.^demoror,
ejc
mutuis annos
pater atque
quo
me divom
ventis,
e}:
hominum
rex
fulmmis adnavit
nos
contigit igni.-**^'*'^''''-*'^
^"^âlia perstabat niemorans'fixus.bue manebat.

contrivêffusi lacrimis,
650
coniunxque Creusa
v.ertere
Ascaniu3|que omnislque
domus ne
sedibus
secum
isdem.
cuncta pater fatoque urgenti incumbere
vellet.
'^negat, inceptoqae
et
Tiî^ret in
In desperation, Aeneas resolves

p
his^
to
rush
back.
to his death,
but
wife holds
him
rursus in
arma
feror,
mortemlque miserrimus opto.

1
655
nam quod
consilium aut quae iam fortuna dabatur
p.
II.
25
'
mdine efferre p'dem, genitor, te posse relicto

iiefas patrio excfdit ore
?
'^^^rast/rtantumque
si nihil
ex tanta superis placet urbe relinqui,
et
seder hoc animo, penturaêque addere Troiae

luv^ft,
ooo
teque tuosque
'^
patet
isti
mnua
leto,
iamque aderit^multo Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus,
natum ante ora

hoc
erat,
patris,
patrem qui obtruncat ad arasA^
alma parens, quod
me
per
tela,
per ignes
665
^**êripis, ut
mediis hostem in penefranbus, utque
Ascanium patremque meuni iuxt^[ue Creusarh

alterum in altprius miictatos sanguine cernam
?.
,
arma,
'
vn'i, ferte
arma
,vocat lux ultima victos.
reddite
proelia.
me DanaisY smite instaurata revisam .^ja^*^ by numquam omnes hodie monemur multi.
tecta
leX'eDa'in.
hinc feno jrccmgoj^rufsus, clipeoque sinistram
-Ur
msertabam aptans, .meque extra

ecce autem comprlexa pedes in
haerebat,
'
to'.
ca4^
..... hmme conmnx

lulum
;
parvumque
patri tendebat
'-si
..,
,^^>-,t^,ic abis, oK,c et of nos nific rape ,-QriP in in nrtinia omnia teCUt tecum pefiturus
675
I
'
>lurv fi'l-V^-^'^r
'
X'
^
.
proms in armis, aliquam e-kpertus.sumptfs^spem ploms -uru^'^^ \K^'^'\ \uA*i^^ hanc primum tuâre domuin. cui parvus iulus. _
sin
,
cm
pater, et
conmnx quondam
tua dicta relincfiior
?'
Anc/n'ses' obstitiacy
talia vociferans
overcome by an omen.
gcmitu tectum
omne
replebat
cum subitum dictuque namque manus

1
oritur mirabile
monstrum.
68
*
ecce levis surrfrnptle
M 1~^^
et
inter
maestorumque'ora parentum ^fetr r loll ^ vertice vr?us

,
,
/;
fundere lumen apex, tactuque innoxiajnx5lle%
lambere flamma cornas,
circum tempora pasci.

685
"f-
nos pavidi trepidare metu, crinemque flagrantem

excutere, et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignes.
26
p.
LIB.
II.
at pater
Anchises oculos ad sidera laetu^,^
''^xtulit, et caelo
'
palmas cum voce tetendit:^

si
luppiter omnipotei>i7pfeci(bu^
fiectens
ullis,
'
,- j;
aspice nos
hoc tantum
et, si
pietate
meremur,
M-tt
690
/dad^nde
,vix'
auxilium, pater, atque haec
omina
ea fatus eratjenior, subitoque fragore
imonuitjaeyumêt de caelo lapsa per umbras

Stella
illafn,
facem ducens multa cum luce
cucurrit.
summa
super labentera culminan:ecti,

.
695
cernimus Idaea claram se condere suva,
sighantemque vias
tum longo
limite sulcus
dat lucem, et late circum loga sulfure fumant.

hie vero victus genitor se
tollit
ad
auras.'',
a^Taturque deos,
'
et
sanctum sidus
;
adonat.'
700
i^'mTam nulla nKnêst

;
sequor, et quaducitis, adsum, servate nepotern;
di patrii
servate
domum,
.vestrum hoc augiirjum, vestrojque in

(^^^cedo
equidem, nee, nate,
tibi
comes
ire
mimme Troia est. recuô.^^

and
city.
Aeneas, with Anchises on his shoulders, lulus at his side

wife Creusa following at a distance, proceeds to leave the
his
-W^^. ^^ dixerat ille

\
et
lam per ôenia

.
'
^'
clarior ignis
_
.HmJ^
705
n.,
ri^-
auditur, propiusque aestus incendia volvunt. r^ . ;; ^ C5*v ergo aere; care pater, cervici inppnere nostrae
;' .^
ipse subibo umeris, nee
me
laoon iste graVabit

et
quo"rfe'^mque cadent, unum
commune
lulus
periclum,
una
sit
salus
ambobus erT^îihi parvus
710
comes, et longe servet vestigia coniunx.
vos, famuli,
quae dicam, animis advertite vestris.^

tumulus templumque vetustum
est urbe etressis
desertae Cereris, luxtaque antiqua cupresaus,
1>.
II.
27
715
religione
^
'^^
patrum
niultos strvata per

in
annos
banc ex oiverso sed^m veniemus

tu, genitor,
imam.
:
cape sacra^manti patriosque penates

et
me, bello e tanto digressum

attrectare^nefas,
caede recenti,
donee
me
flumine vivo
haec
fatus, latos
umeros subiectaque coUa

;
veste super fulvique insternor pelle leonis
^(fce^que
infilicuit,
oneri.
dextrae se parvus lulus
-1
:
sequiturque patrem non passibus acquis
pone
subit coniunx.
Loss OF Creusa.
Hurrying- along in terror, Aeneas is by a sudden alarm separated from his wife.
J
ferimur per opaca locorum
725
et me, quern dudum non uUa miecta movepant tela, neque adverse glomerati ex agmine Graii,
nunc omnes terrent aurae, sonus
excitat
omnis
suspensum
et pariter
comitique onerique timentem.

portis,
iamque propinquabam
evasisse viam, subito
visus adesse
ornnemque videbar
73*
cum
creber ad aures
pedum
sonitus, genitorque per

'
prospiciens, 'nite,' exclamat,
fuge, nate
.
umbr^ r_ii^ propmquaM

: ,
In.'
<
ardentes clipeos atque aera micantia cerno.

iw^C; iiiic inihi
nescio quod trepido male

eripuit
numen amicum
avia cursu
735
confusam
mentem.
namque
dum
*'^
sequor, et nota excedo region viarum,
"êvll miêro coniunx fato^neerepta Creusa

substitit, erravitne via,
seu lassa res^dit
^^^fecemmffliec post oculis est reddita nostris.
74
nee prius
amissam
respexi,
animumve
reflexi,
28
p.
VEKGILI MAROXIS AENEIDOS
LIB.
II.
quam tumulum
venimus
:
antiquae Cereris sedemque sacratam

collectis
hie
aemum
omnibus una
fefellit.
'
,
defuit, et comites natumque virumque
f**'^
Leaving
his father
and son
outside the city, he hastens back
in search of Creusa.
miemnon
incusa\i
amens hominumflue deorumbue

1
745
aut quid in eversa viai crudelius urbe
Ascanium Anchisenque patrem Teucrosque Penates

comm^floo
ipse,
sociis, et
curva valla recondo
urbem repfM^
et
cingor fulgentibns armis.
./yv*^rB?atcasus renovare omnes,
omnemque
reverti
750
per Troiam,
principio
et
rursus caput obiectare periclis.

, ,
muros obscuraque limina portae,

;
|^
^'^ qua gressunrextuleram, rcpeto
et vestigia retro
^tw^'^'^bservatasequor per noctem et lumine lustro.
/-^
V
d',
kbrror ubique animo, simul ipsa silentia terrent.

'nPnOe
755
11
|
domum,
si
forte
pedem,
si forte, tulisset,
v,u,y
me
refero.
inruerant Danai, et tectum
omne
tenebant.
ilicet Ignis
edax,summa ad
fastigia la
, ;
yentp
volvitur
e.xsuperant
nammae
runt urit aestusâd auras. aesti

r^viso.
profcedo. et rriami sedes

et
arcemque
760
lam poiticibus vacuis lunonis asylo

lecti
custodes
Phoenix etûirus Ulixes
praedam adservabant.
incensis ejepta adytis
nuc
iliidique
Troia gaza
mensaeque deorum
captivaque vestis
765
cratereûe auro
solidi
*^ ^Dngeritur.
stant circum.
pueri et pavidae longo ordine matres
ausus quin etiam voces lactare per

inplevi
umbram
vocavi.
clamore
vias,
niaestusbue Creusam
nequiquam ingeminans iterumque iterumque
770
p.

io
II.
29
The shade of Creiisa appears
Aeneas and,
consoling'
him Jor
her
/oss, predicts his s^lorious future.
v^^ quaerenti et tectis urbis sine fine furenli

infelix;
atque ipsius simulacriim lulacri:
umbra Creusae
fTvisa mini ante oculos, et nota

"^
maior imago.
oDs^'ui. steteruntque comae, et vox faucibus haesit.

turn SIC adfari, ercuras his
Ji^f^'
demere
.
dictis
x/-
775 pf
<"
quid tantum
,
,
.
.
msano mvat mdulgeae

,
,
dolori.
,.
dulcis coniunx.'^ non haec sine numine divom
-tix^:^^
everimnt
nee
te nine
comiteni asportare Creusj
fas aut ille'^Tit suSeri re^rrattsr
Olympi.
^1
(-,
longa
tibi exsilia, et
vastum mang aequor arandum,

venies,
78#
et terrain
Hesperiam
ubiXydius arva
T?i^^bris
;
mter opima virum

illic
leni nuit
agmme
res laetae
;
regnumque
et rjegia,cpniunx
/iUA'"<s-=^
part^tibi
lacrimas dilectae pelleCreusae.
non ego Myrmidonum_sedes Dolopumve/superbas

3f*^^^spiciam, aut Grais sCTvTtumlTlatribus, ibo,
7I5
Dardanis, et divae Veneris irmnjs

sed
if,
cKtmet
oris.
me magna deum Genetnx
his
lamqueK'ale, et nati/serva
communis amoreni,
naec ubi dicta dedit, lacnmante^'Let multa volentem

dicere deseruit, fenuesque recessit in auras.
79
ter
conatus
ibi cofio
aare
brac^cfiTa
circum
''^ferfrustra comprensa maijus'emigitnnago,
par levibus ventis, volucnque similhma somno.
/ the
g-rey
dawn, Aeneas returns to his conipatiions, and, taking up his aged father ''flees to the mountains^
y
sic
demum
socios
consumpta nocte reyi^.
795
atque hie ingentem comitum adfluxisse novorum
iffvemo admirans
numerum, matresjque
virosque,
30
p.

.
.
LIB.
11.
coUectam
exsilio piibeni, nifseraljile vulgus.
v^^^ A^^^
eA^^<^
A
undique convenere, animis opibusquc pamfi,

111
quascumque velim
lugis
peTaa:o deducere terras.
lamque
summae
;
surge ;urgreBat Lucifer loa
ducebatfque diem
Danaiqueo'bsessa lenelSan
Iimina portarum, nee spes opis ulla dabatur :^

4,u>*^ ces^, et sublato montes genitore
petivi.'/0*^
DESCENT OF THE ROMAN JULIAN FAMILY FROM THE TROJANS.
Scamander
Teucer
Juppiter=Electra
Dardanus
Batea
II U9
Erichtiionius
Tros
Hus
Assaraous
Laomedon
Priam
Hector
Capy8
Aiichises=Teims
Aeneas
Ascaiiius or lulus
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID.

BOOK
II.
N.B. In the grammatical references F. signifies First Latin Book P., Primary Latin Book. In the case of thefornier, thenumbersrefer to/rt-^j; of the latter, to the seciions
;
of Part III.
coniicuere
tenebant
"
all
were hushed and were fixing
their gaze in
close attention."
The
perfect {coniicuere) describes a single
comora
pleted act, while the imperfect {tenebant) expresses duration.
may be
the object of tenebant, or accusative of specification after

ii
;
intenti: F. 98, 3: P. 83 (e)
cp.
Aen.
6, 156, defixus liimina.
Or, with Henry, ora tenebant to be interpreted as a "modified

repetition"
silent," as
of
conticuere,
i.e.,
opposed
to solvere ora,
i.e.
' ,
"held their utterance," "kept movere ora, etc. Ora would

'
then =
' '
mouth
" figuratively,
speech. "
Cp. ora tenebit, Ovid,
Met. g, îj, and Gk. exe arofia^ciya, Eurip. Suppl. jij. This habit of modified repetition in Vergil is well known. Conticuere
con, intensive
:
the silence was deep and perfect.

;
orsus
scil. est,
from ordior
:
often the parts of the verb esse are omitted

alto,
in the perfect
see vs. 25, 165, 168, 172, 196.
"high" above
to
the others as a
mark of honor.
bid'st
infandum: note the emphasis gained by position: "too grievous

tell is
is
the
woe thou
me
recall."
iubeo, like keaevu in Greek,
used for both requests and commands.
ut eruerint'. indirect question depending on the verb of /^//iw^ implied in renovare dolorem since this is equivalent to renovare dolorem
narrando "how the Greeks utterly destroyed the power of Troy and her woeful realm " F. 178, i ; P. 99 (d). iamentabile ; adjs.
: :
in -biiis are usually
passive
as
Tennyson, Locksley Hall
is
here.
With
This
is
the sentiment
cp.
truth the poet sings

things.
That a sorrow's crown of sorrow
remembering happier
33
34
5
Vergil's aen.
quaeqtie^fui
dolorcm.
:
b. ii.
"and
the very sad sights I myself beheld and whereof I

;
have formed a great part "
both of these clauses aie explanatory of

is
is
The
" in
narrative of
;
Aeneas
largely personal
and deals with
the capture of
Troy only
quaeque
epexegetic and limitative.
talia fando
telling such a tale," or
" while such a
tale is told,"
in a secondary way.
Myrtnidonu77i
hard-hearted soldiers of the Grecian host.
Aeneas purposely mentions the most The Myrmidones and Dolopes were the soldiers from Phthia in Thessaly under the command of Achilles and his son Neoptolemus, while Ulixes, " the
wiliest of
Dolopum Ulixi:
men,"
cp.
is
taken as a stock example of Greek perfidy.
dtiri,
Homeric KoT.vT'kaq Ulixi, from the form Ulixeus (cp. Hon Od. i, 6, 7), gen. Ulixei and then contracted Note the into Ulixi; so also Achilles, gen. Achilld, Achilli. difference between -ve disjoining members of the same class and aut
"hardy":
the
disjoining different classes.
temperet a lacriniis
"could
refrain
from tears": rhetorical question;

is
F. 139 (a) ; P. 98 (g). tion? caelo praecipitat

it is
What answer
:
now
past midnight.
;
"is speeding down the slope of heaven Night was said by the Romans to rise and
;
implied in a rhetorical ques"
set as
the sun
v. 250.
:
caelo
F. 309, 37
P. 85 (k),
i.
suadentque
lating,
sornnos
"and
:
bring out the alliteration in the original by trans-
the setting stars invite us to slumber."
10
11
si, scil.,
estvobis
suprcmuni
lahorem
F. 120, 3
:
P. 82
(f),
i.
"to hear Troy's

^zVjt
last
the euphemistic expressions

odof vaTaTtj,
i-zz/r^wKj,
agony;" so also we have "the day of death;"
" the
last
journey."
12
quamquam
refugit:
"though
my
soul shudders at the recollection
and has ever shrunk back from it in sorrow, I will begin." Distinguish between the construction of quamquam and qtiamvis F. 196 ; Note the difference in the tense oi horret awA. refugit P. 99 (i). the former describes the present feelings of Aeneas and the latter an instantaneous act in the past whenever the request was made.
:
luctii,
ablative of cause.
:
13
incipiam
usually translated " I will begin," but possibly " I will un1,
I,
dertake, or attempt :" cp. Tibull 4,
and Horace Sat.

;
1,
I,
92.
14
Danaum = Danaortim
Achivorujn
;
Achivum = so also Teucrum = Teticrorum virum=virorum divum = divorum. tot antns

:
NOTES.
35
:
"when
15
so
many
years were
now
slipping past"
abl. absol.
Troy
was taken
in the tenth year of the siege.

:
uistar juontis
"as huge
as a mountain."
In Vergil instar
is
always
accompanied by a genitive, except in Aen. 6, 865, quantutji instar It in ipso, "what a model in himself:" cp. Aen. 3, 637 ; 7, 707.
is
an indeclinable noun used in the nom. and ace.

set
generally derived
from root STA, "to
" an image."
the Trojans.
divina
up," hence,
arte.
" something set up," therefore Pallas favored the Greeks as Juno did
also the patroness of all kinds of art,
:
The former was
hence by her aid the horse was built

'E7re<of ETToirjaev ai'v 'AOrjvri.
Horn. Od. 8,493

II.
'^fTrov
rhv
See also
15, 70fir
16
secta abiete
"with
it
interlacing planks of
they form the sides."

consonantal in
abiete
abiete,
abl.
i.e.
of instrument.
In scanning
this verse i
has to be pronounced abyete and therefore the a

;
long
so also in 442, parietibas =pdryelibiis

:
492, driete = dj-ycte.
is
intexunt
a metaphor taken from weaving
the planks of the sides
are placed horizontally across the ribs of the horse just as the horizontal threads of the
woof are placed
across the vertical threads of

v.
the warp.
Abiete: note the variation in

esse:
112: trabibus acernis.
17
votum
"they pretend that it is a votive offering for their return." Distinguish sitmilare, "to pretend a thing to be what it is not " dissimulare, "to conceal what a thing is."
pcil.
;
:
18
hue inchidiint
implied
in
"they shut up
inchtdiait.
delecta
in
it
;" note hue
is
used as motion
is
metonymy).
sorliti', literally,
virum corpora delectos viros (by "having selected by lot;" simply,
"having selected."
19
lateri caeco
:
we
2i^,
should have expected in latus caecwti. pelago = in pelagus
Vergil
is
fond of using a dative of the recipient for the accusative with ad or

in: cp.
V.
;
v.
47,
urbi=in urbetn
v.
85,
neci= ad neean.
20
penitusque
clause.
cavernas
eotnpknt,
:
a mere variation of the preceding
Point out a possible hendiadys here.
21
in eonspectuscW. Troiae
Tenedos was four miles from the shore of
the Troad.
22
dives oputn
and decline opiim

bant: F. 216, 3
;
"rich of store: " F. 61, 3 ; P. 81 (f) i. F. 57 and 279 P. 12 and 54

:
Compare
(a).
dir'es
dtim mane-
P. 99
(f).
; :
36
23
malefida:
literally,
Vergil's aen.
"ill-faithful,"
b. ii.
i.e.,
"treacherous."
;
With words
of evil meaning male intensifies their force
with words of good
meaning
it
contradicts
^vi'ih.
it.
24
hue
join this
provecti:
"hither they proceed and conceal themdeserto
selves
on the deserted shore."
shows a change in the
fortunes of Tenedos.
25
rati
^c\\..
sumus, from reor
see note v.
2.
venio, abl. of instrument

:
" with a favoring of Agamemnon,

country.
breeze."
Mycenas in Graeciam
Greeks
is
the royal city
the leader of the
put for the whole
26
Note the slow and measured spondees

separation.
well describe the lifting of the
heavy weight of grief from the minds of the Trojans. longo hictu ; "the Trojan land puts her long grief away." ludu, ablative of
with
:
Teucria supply terra.

a sign of peace
;
:
11paiidiintur
poriae
cp.
Hor. Od.
3,
5,
25
tasque non clatisas

scil.
Ars. Poetica,
199,
apertis otia portis.
iuvat
por-
vos.
-DoricaGraeca:
war of Troy
;
:
the Dorians were one of the leading
tribes in the
here put for the whole nation.

tendebat
29
hie
~ solebant
stjipet
scil. vela,
the remarks of the Trojans are here quoted. " used to spread his tent."
:
30
pars
mirafitur
is
stiipeo is
the case of an intransitive verb used

in the
transitively.
Note the change

the poet.
number
the subject in the
one case
in the
regarded as a unit, in the other case the individuals are
mind of
Minervae
:
objective genitive 2SK&X dontwi,

literally,
"gift to Minerva."
Innuptae
"virgin,"
"unwedded:"
at
cp. the epithet napdivog,
"a
maiden," hence her temple
Athens
was
32
called Parthenon.
primtisque
that
it
Thymoetes
duci,
scil,
"and Thymoetes was

equum.
the
first
that advised
set in the
19.
{i.e.
the horse) be
drawn within our walls and
citadel."
arce.=in
arce
see note on v.
Poetry, both ancient and modern, often omits prepositions.
The
Pergama was the

tive for
V.
citadel of Troy.
Note
that Vergil uses an infiniv,
ut with the subjunctive after impello,

hortor, v, 627.
:
55,
520;
hortor,
74
34
siveêrebant
"whether
vvv
in guile or
bringing on this end."
Distinguish mine,
including
'a
whether the doom of Troy was " the present moment,"

period of the past up to the
:
"now," Gk.
iani,
it,
present and including
"all this time
" Gk.
?}($//
or di/.Jerebant
NOTES.
often fero
is
37
ita,
sic,
used with words such as

:
without an object
25, 2, ut opinio et
denoting a tendency of events

spes et conieclura tiostraferi,
cp. Cic. Att.
2,
"according to our opinion, hope and
belief."
35
quorum^menti,
3
;
sell,
i.
erat
"whose mind had
better counsel
:"
F. I20,
P. 82 (f ),
36
atii
Capys advises three courses: (i) to hurl the horse The first (2) to burn it (3) to examine it. ; two involve the destruction of the horse, and hence are connected by^Wi?; the main alternative is marked by aut between courses (l) and (2) on the one hand and (3) on the other. See note on -ve and
headlong into the sea
;
latebras:
aut
V. 7
pelago = in peiagus
:
see note on lateri caeco, v.
9.
39
scinditur vulgtts
the crowd are divided in opinion as to whether

it
they should (a) draw the horse within the walls, or (b) destroy
(marked by
(i)
and
(2)
),
or explore "the hidden caverns" (marked

(a),
by (3) ), some adopting the advice of Thymoetes Capys (b).

40
41
others that of
magna catervd: " followed by

ardens:
a great throng
" abl. abs.
"eagerly."
arce: Pergama,
overlooked the shore.
or the citadel of Troy which Laocoon was the son of Priam and Hecuba
and
42
et
priest of
scil.
Apollo [see proper names].

exclamat
scil.
:
prond^
287,
the verb of saying
is
often omitted
cp.
v.
ille
nihil,
\
respondet, so also v. 547, cui
Fyrrkus.
P. 85
:
\/^carere dolis
"are
free
:
from wiles " (F. 158,

:
(h)
).
Dan-
atim
Danaorutn
see
note
v.
14.
sic
Ulixes
"is such your
knowledge of Ulysses?"
v. 7) is
Ulysses (as
we have
said before, see note
taken throughout the Aeneid as a type of Gieek cunning:
cp. the
Homeric
:
epithets
7roAi'/i;/rf,
-Ko^.vrpo-oq^ -HO^.VfLr/xavnQ.
45
autAchiz'i
"either the Greeks are hid, caged in this wood."
hoc
ligno = in hoc ligno
see note v. 32.
As Gladstone
'
in
h.\s
Ittventtis
Miindi points
out, the three great appellatives of the

Xx"-'^'-
Greeks were
the
\avaoi (Latin, Danai), ÂfjyeloL (Argivi) and
( Achivi),
general terms "YjJ.-qvtq in Greek, and Graeci in Latin, were not yet
applied to the whole race.

Achivi,
Vergil following
Homer
calls the
Greeks
Danai
or Argivi,
never
Graeci,
although
he uses the
adjective Grains, originally applied to a tribe of Epirus

after the
and probably
time of Ennius applied by the Latin to the whole country.
"
38
AQfabricaia
:
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
the perfect participles of deponent verbs are usually active.

:
The
tlltliS.
following are often found passively

defestatus,
abominains, aftiplexus
meditatus,
confessus,
dimensus,
exsecratus,
moderatus,
47
171 street lira:
the horse is looked upon as an engine of war ('wac.^zwa^ which would look down on the houses of the city as a turris in a
siege.
48
erro)-,
"trick."
urbi = in urbem. ne equo:

The
gifts
(F. 308, 17; P.
page
135).
:
49
et
= etiam.
664:
of foes were proverbially fatal
cp. .Soph. Ajax,
hXK
ear' a2.ridf]Q
fj
fipoTuv Trapoifxia
ovr/at/ia.
k^f^puv aûpa 6upa kovk

cp.
Psalms xxvi, loi

is full
"In whose hands
is
mischief and their right
hand
50
validis
of bribes."
:
viribiis
ablative of manner
join with contorsit
" with might
and main."
of a spear,
Of
the five terms used by Vergil to express the casting

intorqueo
viz., iacio, conicio, iorqueo,
&nA
co7itorqueo, the
last is the strongest;
"with
all
the collected strength of a power-
fully strong
man."
51
in
alvum
" against the flank and against the belly of the monster rounded with jointed timbers." Note the emphasis gained by the
;
repetition of the preposition in.
compagibus
:
ablative of manner.
Note also that -que

52
ilia,
sell,
is
added
for explanation.
hasta.
uteroqne
"
the
recusso
"by
the
reverberation
of the
womb:"
53
cavae
'.
literally
womb
re-echoing.
perhaps to be taken predicatively, "sounded hollow," or the
structure
may be
the
same
as that of v. 38.
Itt in
Note the
is
repetition of
the
same sound
:
in cavae cavernae.
insonuere
intensive.
54
laeva
the
word laevus was
originally derived
from the language of

all
the Augurs and meant primarily wtpropitiotis as
omens, accord-
ing to the Greeks appearing on the
were unpropitious, though the opposite of this was the case with the Romans. Both Greeks and Romans regarded the east as the lucky quarter and the west
left
unlucky, but the Greek in taking omens looked north and hence
"the left hand" was with them unlucky and dsîog "on was lucky. The secondary meaning was "awkward" from the awkwardness of the left hand of. Fr. gauche, gaucherie. Translate "if the fates of the gods had not been adverse to us,
apioTEpoq
the right"
NOTES.
if
39
our mind had not been blinded:" note the zeugma in laci'a. deum=deoinm. Conington says tliat with fata orAy fidssent sliould be supplied: "had fate so willed it, had our mind been wise:"
taking 7ion lacva closely together.
55
impulerat=impt{lisset
"he had
surely
moved
us to mangle with the

indicative
is
sword the hiding places of the Greeks."

vivid
The
more
and picturesque than the subjunctive in the apodosis of a conditional sentence since thus more reality and force are given to what would have happened.
56
We
have in
as staret
this line both staret maneret and stares maneres as well maneres (Ribbeck). Which of these the most lively?
is
What
figure of
speech?
The
imperf. subj.
standing
would
ii).
now be
his
remaining."
means "would now be "with mantis revincttim
hands tied behind

3
;
back."
is
mantis: ace. of specification (F. 88,

:
P. 83 (e)
This
;
a frequent construction in Vergil

210)
;
cp.
hitenii ora
(v. i)
octilos stiffecti (v.

(v. 2.\l)
;
perfiistts vittas (v. 221)

;
meditim amplexi
(v.
traiccltts lora (v. 273)
extivias indtdtis
273).
:
59
qui-morti
to compass this very thing, (namely) to open Troy had designedly put himself in their way as they approached him confident of speech (was he) and prepared for either issue, either to work out his craft or to submit to certain
"who,
to the Greeks,
death."
tory of
locative.
qui, join with obttdivat.
qtd
animi
82
introduces a clause explanais
the clause preceding.
genitive of
respect or
aperiret
morti:
:
(F. 120,
F.
(e)
\\).
Trotaiqtte
it
Achivis
explanatory of hoc ipstim.

:
64
certantque
capto
"and
they vie with each other in jeering at the

for the
prisoner."
ceriare iiikes the infinitive ilhidere after

3)
;
more
common
(v.
ut ilhtdant: (F. 181,

(v.
(P. 99,
a,
2)
so also
we have
;
tmpulerat foedare
165)
;
55); ardemus scitari

;
tendit divellere (v. 220)

520).
(v. 64); adgressi avedere glomerare ardent (v. 455) impulit
cingi
(v.
:
Note the change from the singular rtnt

on
line 30.
:
to plural
certant
see note
65
Vergil
Aen.
omnes,
all."
assents to Dido's request

I,
Dic--insidias, inqtdt,
Danatim
753.
66
scil.
Danaos
"from the charge
against one, learn to
know
Vergil died before he finished the Aeneid.
According to the
grammarian, Donatus, the poet on his deathbed desired that the poem should be burned, but ultimately left it in the hands of Varius
40
and Tucca, his adderetit quod a
qui
all
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
literary testators to edit
se editutn
eratit, relinqtierent.
Ea conditione ne quid non esset, et versus etiam imperfectos, si These imperfect verses (hemistichs) are in
:
58.
In this book they are
common:
vs. 234,
346, 468, 614,
720, 767.
67
navique, like Greek
yo-p,
introducing a narrative
ut,
omitted in an English translation.

indicative in this sense.
self-possession.
i7i
may be altogether " as," always with the iurbatus, "confused," showing a want of
"in
the centre of the gazing throng."
conspedu,
68
ciraimspexit
the heavy spondees bring out well the slow and measured
gaze with which Sinon scanned his audience.

last
In spondaic lines the
word
is
usually a quadri-syllable in Vergil, but there are not a

rule.
few exceptions to the

69 70
71
nu7icQtXQzV vm\ "

iaffi
at the present
moment."
deiiique-.
:
" now
at last,"
"
after all." like-
cut
posctint
P.
:
" who have neither any place among the Greeks and
wise the Trojans with hostile feelings {infensi) clamor for the
of my
3
;
forfeit
life (literally,
my life
poenas
with
my blood."
cui, scil. est: (F. 120,
82
(f),
i).
poena
cp. noivd, the

:
cum sanguine =poenas et sanguinem, wer-geld or money paid in atonement for a

:
crime committed 73
from root PU, "to purify

this
" cp. purus, punio.
quo
impetus
"by
lamentation our feelings were altered and

conversi, scil.
every thought of violence was suppressed."

also compressus,
scil. est.
sunt; so
74
hortamtir fori
see note on v.
is
64.
quo saîguine
cretus,
scil. sit
"from what blood he

P- 99 (b)
)
sprung:" dependent question (F. 176; so sXso ferat, sit. The words quo capto in oblique
narration answering to quo sanguine cretus
sis,
quidve/eras, memora,
capio,
quae
P. 82
sit
fiducia
i.
{tibi)
capto in direct narration.
F. 120,
3;
(f),
"whatever may betide," literally, "whatever 11fuerit quodcumque shall have come of it " it is better to ia.\iQ fuerit as the future per:
:
fect indicative, i.e.,
"I
shall confess
whatever shall
(as the result of
my
78
me,
confession) have happened."
scil. esse.
79
hoc pritnum,
%z\\. /atebor. necfinget: "nor, if fortune hath made Sinon unhappy, shall she in malice make him a cheat and a liar."
NOTES.
80
vattum, one
41
who
asserts
mistake
tnettdacem,
what is not the fact, from ignorance, folly, or one who does so from a desire to deceive.
by hearsay, any name of Palamedes, a
all
%\faiido
higent:
"if, perchance,
descendant of Belus, hath at
reached your ears, and his glory of
famous renown,
whom on
false
information the Pelasgi sent
down
to
death, though he
bade the war

for the
was innocent, on wicked evidence because he fornow they bewail him bereft of light." BclJdes here,
Bclides.
more common
Considerable latitude in quantity

incluta, gloria,
is
allowed in the case of proper names.
from same root

;
KLU, "
to hear," gloria
hliid.
chi-oria:
cp. a.ho laies
clauds
of. cliens.
Eng. loud=A.S.
proditione = criniine. Note
gained by the repeated in
ittsontem
11
;
the emphasis
infando indicio.
neci=ad
perf. part.
necem
of careo.
casstim
cp.
Iliad I, 3, il)vxag 'AI61 irpoiaipev.
cassiim
:
lumine, euphemism for

II. 6,
mortuum
cp.
Homeric
Tov 61 CKOToq oaae Kalvxpev.
himiue: F. 309, 17; P, 85
(h).
83falsa
^^
stib
proditione
different interpretations of this are
sub falso crimine proditionis," Servius

(2) "
"Under
false
etc.
:
found:
(l)
false
charge of
treason."
in the
"At
a time
:
when
there
was a
alarm of treason
camp.
Henry
cf.
sub node, sub somito,
84
quia
vetabat.
F.
Note the
148,
force of the Indie

vetaret),
not because they said

forskill
he was forbidding {quia

bidding."
but because he {actually) was
2; P. 99
(g).
Notice here the supreme
with which Sinon excites the sympathy of the Trojans.
86
illiannis
comrade and nearly related in blood, my father, illi hither to the war from my early years." Note the emphatic position of this pronoun in arma (l) = in bellum, (2) "to the profession of arms." primis ab annis (i) itiitio belli, or, (2) " from the first years of my manhood = ^3 ineunte
:
"as
his
a poor man, sent
me
aetate."
88
dum
gessitnus
"while he stood unshaken
in royalty
and potent
:
in
counsels of the chiefs, we, too,

indicative:
won
name and honor
" du>n, with

so consiliis
F. 201;
;
P, 99
(f. ).
regno = in regno;
yepovruv.
in consiliis
cp. the
Homeric
(iovTJj
90
pellacis
first
occurs here in Latin
derived from /^r-Zac/^, "to allure":
said of
one who allures another to crime.

lax ctriiim fraus
epithets
that
est.
According to Festus
Vergil had evidently
applies to
lacit decipiendo "inducit,
in
his
mind the stock
Homer
Ulysses
42
91
Vergil's aen.
\<\\\\
b. ii.
haud ignota loqtior

the meaning
is
:
ig7iota scil. vohis or mihi.

:
In the
first
case
yoit kiiozv the story
superis oi-is "he left the upper regions," " the world above." era properly the coast line ; then a dividing line of any kind. Here it means the line separating the world above from the world below : cf. Lucretius I, 22, in luminis eras,
not from me7-e hearsay.
i.e.,
:
in the second,
speak things
"into the realms of liyht."
92 adflidtis
li-ahebam
"crushed
dragged on
life
in
gloom and
grief."
adjligo, to
dash to the earth.
9.3^^
amici: "and in
the misfortune of
my own heart {menim), I brooded in wrath over my guiltless friend." ftiecum alone by myself.
:
Observe the force of the imperfects trahebam,

P- 97 (b)j
line.
itidigttabar.
F. 2i6, 3
and notice the change
to the perfect (tacui) in the next
94
nee
viovi:
"nor
in
my
madness did
it
hold
my
tongue, and I vowed,
should chance ever bring

aroused fierce enmity."
about, should ever I return to
Argos, as a victor, that I should be his avenger, and by

dements,
my native my words I
;
ametis, "foolish"; cp. a(ppo)v.
tulissetremeassem:
:
"downright mad;"
cp. Trapa(j)puv
subjunctive of
oblique narrative
remeavero. Argos:
we
96
97
verbis
hi7tc
:
also
words would be si quae fors unquam tulerit from the form Argi, Argorum (masc. pi.); have Argos nom. and ace. neut. sing. tdtorem = me futurum
;
his
esse ultorem.
:
"by my
"the
threats": abl. of
this
means
et is epexegetic.
"hence," either from

first slip
time or from
:
this cause.
prima mail
labes:
lish,
towards destruction"
labes
from labor: Eng-
shp.
this
98
hinc
"from by new charges, to

ing
arma:
my
time Ulysses always continued to alarm
me
scatter
dark sayings amid the crowd, and, know-
purpose, sought for means to attack me."
Note the historiqiiaerere conscius
cal infinitives terrere, spargere,
qtiaerere for imperfect indicatives
F. 216,
3,
note 2; P. lOl
(d).
vitlgum: one of the few places
where
vulgits \s masculine: F.
:
275
P-
48
(b).
arma
100
nic
others take this to mean,

:
"to seek
allies as
a conspirator."
ministro
Calchas."
is
"and, indeed, he did not rest till by the aid of Note the artful way in which Sinon breaks off when he
just on the point of arousing the curiosity of his audience and compare the speech of Marc Antony over the body of Caesar in
Shakespeare's
yi/i;r Caesar,
Act
3,
Scene
2.
Calchante ministro
NOTES.
ablative al>soUUe.
is
43
This
yet,
abrupt method of breaking off a discourse

aposioJ>csis.
called
by the grammarians
101
sedrevolvo?
"but
why do
;
I to
no purpose unroll these

;
bitter
recollections? "
Distinguish yr/zj/rfz said of the person

e.g.
said of the result of the act
iiequidquam suscipit frustra laborer?!, " he under:
takes this labor without profit "
nequidquam auxilium implorat

is
"he begs
scroll.
in vain for help."
revolvo: metaphor
taken from a
/^r^tf^ revolving
on the spindle, or from turning over the pages of a

the Achaeans in
this
102
quidve
Greek).
est:
" or why do
class,
I delay, if
it
you account
all
one and the same
and
is
sufficient to
07-dine.
uno orduu in tmo

:
audio
esse
be called
(name of
like
appellor,
fioi
:
the
Greek clko'vu 726 Horace

:
cp.
:
KUKug aKoveLv oh
fieAet
Oavovn
Eurip. Ale.
:
Tu
3, 6.
rede vivis si ciiras
quod
aiidis
Milton's
Paradise Lost,
Or Juar'st thou rather, pure ethereal Whose fountain who shall tell ?
stream,
\0'^îamdudum
iamdudwn sumendas: suniite foenas = sumite poenas "take the vengeance, you should have taken long ago." With sumere poenas, cp. ?â(ielv (Vlkiji' "to exact a penalty ;" poenas dare,
:
cp. didovm dUrp),
"to pay a penalty."

:
104
hoc
velit
clause si hoc facialis P.
98
(c).
" this, the chief of Ithaca would wish " the conditional is understood: F. 139 (b) and 192, 11 (b) ; Ithaciis=dux Ithacus=Ulixes. tnagno: "at a great
price:" F. 150,
P. 85
(i).
105
turn caiesas
cause."
"then, indeed,
;
we
press on to ask and enquire the
turn vero
note the emphasis.

so great
V)^-igi-tari
Pelasâe:
" ignorant of wickedness

:
and of Pelasgic
craft."
For the genitive F. 61, 3; P. 81, b (i). Pelasgae: the Pelasgi were a Thessalian or Epirotic tribe, applied afterwards to The word the Greeks in Eurip. Or. 857 and often in Vergil. seems to come from the same root as 7re//.of, 77o/.<of, -rrf/ôf Lat.
:
palleo, pallidus,
from their complexion.

;
lOHfictopeclore: "with false heart." F. 71, 3

pectore
P. 85
(e).
Possibly
here= "emotion.
note the repetition: "often the Danai desired to take
108
saepescupe:
their flight, leaving
Troy behind, and
to disband through weariness

scLepe
of the long war."
In prose the repetition of
saepe
would be
"
44
expressed thus:
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
"As
:
often as the Danai...
so often a storm prew'\\.\\ fessi.
vented them."
cupiere=cupiertint.
bello goes
2.
110
-fecissentqite
titinam
:
explain fully the force of the

(c)
;
mood and
from uro,
tense
with utinain
Ill
F. 138, 4
eos
:
P. 98 (a)
their
htterchisit,
scil.
"barred
way."
eiDites
:
Aiisler
aiiu,
parch; here the parching wind.
"just going."
This
wind would be adverse

1
for those sailing
from Troy to Greece.
12
praecipue nimbi
trabibus
abl.
" most of all when
this horse already stood

all
framed
In
v.
with beams of maple, storm clouds roared over

16 the planks are spoken of as of pine
:
the sky."
in v.
86,
as of oak.
means.
aethere
;
local ablative
= in
aethere.
113 siaret=esset,
Heyne, F"orbiger
but surely the
full force
of staret
is
here more vivid and poetic.
114
scitantetn.
Another reading
is
scitatiim,
probably an incorrect one,
for
the supine rarely
governs a case: cp.

anxiliutn
Livy
21,
6: legati a
Saguntinis
Homani tnissi
was
at
ad
bell
um
orantes.
The
great
oracle of Apollo
Delphi; others were
at Patara,
Delos and
other places.
115
adytis:
"from
the sanctuary :" cp. a6v-nv {a not and 6vvaL, to enter)
properly the inner shrine containing the image of the god.
116
safiguine
cum
V.
et
virgine caesa: a hendiadys = j'a^;/?'(? virginis caesae,
"with the blood of a maiden slain." The Greek fleet was detained by head winds at Aulis till Agamemnon consented to sacrifice his
daughter Iphigenia to Diana.
117
primum venistis
119.
F. 203,
P. 99
(F.)
so
ut
venit,
118
121
litandum:
impersonal, " expiation must be made."

the subjunctive
va.
tremorparent:
titr/iiiltu
parent
is
the subjunctive of de-
pendent question. The meaning is they shivered as they enquired of each other, "for whom fate prepares their doom."
\22magna
123
" with boisterous vehemence.
quae flagitat
F. 176
;
"demands what
"all the while
that
heavenly intimation means:"
P.
99 {il).Jiagitare implies violence and persistency.
124
iam canebant:
It is best to
many a one
continued to -warn me."

Vergil dignifies the
if
take fnihi as an ethical dative.
warnings of the Greeks with the verb canebant as

oracular, for oracles
they were
were always given
in verse.
NOTES.
45
126
125
artificis:
bis qziinos
"the
:
contriver,"' z.^., Ulysses.

is
the distributive
tectus
:
regularly used with adverbs for the
cardinal numeral.
either,
"shut up
in his tent" or
"con-
cealing his thoughts."
128
129
Ithaci=diicis Ithaci= Ulixis see composito: "by concert." ruinpit

:
v.
104.
vocern,
"breaks
silence :" literally
"makes an
130
utterance break forth
" cp. prp/vvvac

for
(puvijv.
quae
tulere'.
"the
ills
each
feared
himself they bore with
patience,
when turned to unius: here. The whole
the destruction of one
unhappy man."
All
sentence
is
extremely sarcastic.
ills
men
bear lightly the
ills
of others
tii!ere
when such
do not
affect themselves.
:
Others take coiiversa
= convertertait et tulerioit
" they turned

:
and carried to very destruction." With root TLA, "bear;" cp. Scottish /A(?/<f.
132
tulere: cp. IrJaâav
with
sacra parari
P. lOl (d).
the sacra, "preparations for the sacrifice" are defined
in the next line.
parari: historical
infinitive: F. 216,
3,
note 2;
133
salsae fruges
the coarse barley meal mixed with salt (mola salsa) was sprinkled on the head of the victim just before the sacrifice cp.
: :
ovknxvra'i.
vittae not
merely the
priest,
but also the victims were
crowned with garlands.

134
eripuirupi:
my
bonds,"
usually
"1 broke away,

leloi
I confess
it,
from death
and
I burst
ablative of separation.
:
Human
;
victims were
bound
3.
for sacrifice
cp. Genesis xxii, 9
Ovid. Eleg. ex
Pont
135
limosoque
marsh
Sulla
lactt
"and
in
a miry marsh " note the

:
alliteration.
Vergil
may have had

at
in his mind's eye Marius,
who
took refuge in the
obscurus in ulva
:
Minturnae when he was trying to escape the soldiers of

:
"screened amid the sedge."
\Z^-^ deliiui
sails,
from delitesco. -dum dedissent "till they might set their du>n darenl for the mood if haply they should set them."
:
F. 201, 4
P. 99
(f), iii.
With darent
sail
vela, scil. vends.
The mood
depends on the oratio obliqna.
In direct discourse this would be (diim vela dnit)

:
"I
shall lie hid
till
they set
if
they haply shall
have
set sail (si forte dederint) "
the future perfect indicative of the
direct narrative passes into the pluperfect subjunctive of the oblique
F. 207, 7
P. 107 (b).
ulla, scil. est.
ISl'mi/ii
spes
46
138
dulces natos
:
Vergil's arn.
b. it.
some find a difficulty here, for in v. 87 the children of Sinon must have been considerably advanced in years.
139
qtios
reposcent
for
;
"of them
flight."
will they even haply claim
vengeance as
:
due (re-)
F. 92
my
(f).
quos
poetias
for the
two accusatives
P. 83
:
140
el
piabu7it
"and
they will wash away this crime by this wretched

force of hanc.
death of mine."
141
Note the
"therefore,
F.
19, 5
P. 92
(a).
qtwdferentis
by the gods above, by the deities to whom the truth is known, I beseech thee by all the faith yet unsullied that is any where left among mortals ; pity woes so great, pity an undeserving sufferer." quod: often used in introducing adjurations cp. Aen. 6, 363, quod te per caeli iucundum lumen oro. per the object of per is the whole clause, si quaJides Aen. per si qua est vidis venia hostibus oro cp. Aen. 4, 317 > 10, 903 restet: the doubt in Sinon's mind of any pledge 6, 459; 12, 56. being too sacred for one to violate is expressed by the subjunctive. What would restat express? F. 192, i; P. 99 (h). intemeratax in = Gk. avev (contracted av), Eng. un ; and temerare, "to profane." laboritm mise7-ere distinguish in meaning and construction
:
misereor and miseror
F. 146, 7
P. 81
(f)
iii.
145 /i/j
lacriviis
is
indirect
o\y\e.c\.. ultra
(connected with tiltra):
the
word
applied to acts that go beyond what the circumstances
require.
we
146
viro
also pity
:
Here the idea is, him unasked."
"we
grant
him not only
his life but
tafeft-best-as
an ethical dative
others take
it
as the ablative of
sepaj-atioji
by an
inversicju of construction,
the usual construction

'.
hemg
147 148
dictis
:
vi7'titn
manicis
atque artis levari vinclis
F. 158
P. 85 (h).
ablative of manner,
amissos
' '
obliviscere
Graios hy prolepsis=atnitte Graios et obliviscere:

forget them. "
let
the Greeks
go and
:
What
is
the usual construc-
tion with obliviscor
The meaning is the F. 146, 7 ; P. 81 (f) iii. Greeks are not to be regarded as your countrymen since their acts
Possibly amissos obliviscere Graios
lost." esse being understood.
cf.
:
are hostile.
"forget that the

P. loi
(b).
Greeks are
149
7ioster
:
F. 205
"one of us":
:
alienus,
"a
foreigner."
A Roman general
:
receiving a deserter addressed

eris.
mikiroganti
him with
the words
quisquis es noster
" and unfold the truth to
my question."
NOTES.
150
47
quostatuere
horse."
"to what end have they built this huge and monstrous immants from in "not," and root MA, "to measure" hence immeasurable in size. Note the repeated questions well mark " quis auctor ? " who suggested it ? the impatience of Priam.
: :
151
quae reliîo ?
prefix
RED
or
"what religious purpose did it imply?": religio irom RE LIG, "bind": the restraining feeling from a belief
:
in the unseen universe.
connected with
U7^6o/uai, fif/rig,
machina: "engine": from root MA, " to think."

:
firjâvi],
iii/xoQ
152
tile, i.e.,
Sinon.
:
dolis
Pelasga
:
:
" stored
in the crafts of the
Grecian
wiles "
cf. II. 4,
339
KaKolai 667Miai KEKaa/xsve.

(abl.
Note
the heiidisee
v.
adys in doiis
et
arte Pelasga
of means).
For Pelasga
83.
153
sustulit
viticlis ablative of separation. palmas: whh. palma, "blade of an oar" root PAL or PAD, "to spread" pando. Note the treachery of Sinon.
:
:
palmas:
"raised to the skies his hands freed from bonds."

cp. Ttala^rj
:
cf.
palor,
154
igties
"heavenly bodies."
:
155
efisesque nefandi
cial knives.
"and ye
accursed knives," referring to the
sacrifi-
156
hostia: from the obsolete hostio
"to strike:"
Jiostia
dicta est ab eo
quod est
hostire ferire
:
Festus.
Hence, the thing struck.

to break the allegiance I have sworn
Oeixk;,
151fas iura
to
"it
is
right for
me
the Greeks."
:
Distinguish yfef=Gk.
established right by
divine law
?V<j',
human
law.
According to Servms sacratum ius =
scuramentum, the ordinary oath of a
Roman
soldier
and
itisiur-
andum, the
158
rights (iura) that that oath implies.
Note
ayeLV
the beginning of successive lines by the same
aphora).
omnia
avyag
;
word fas
{aft-
sicb
anras
"bring
18, 13
:
all
things
to
light": cp.
vtt'
1 1
or.
Od.
F.
I,
sub divum rapiam.
159
qua = quae,
secret."
after
si:
132,
2;
P.
26:
"whatever they keep
160
tu
rependain
and
"only do you abide by your promise, and do

if
thou,
Troy, preserve faith with thy presenter,

shall
shall
reveal
the
truth
make
:
a large recompense."
the ablative
is
'^\\\\ profnissis tnaftere,
cp. stare
iusiurando
local or of means.
162
Datiau>n = Danaoritm.
coepti
belli:
"confidence
in
undertaking
the war," equivalent io Jiducid qua bellum incepertmt, others take

it
to
be the genitive of reference or a causal genitive.
"
48
163
Palladis
Vergil's aen.
b.
ii.
stetit
"by
Pallas' aid ever stood
firm."
used in the sense of "to remain firm," "to stand secure": cp. Verg. Georg. 4, 208: stat Foriuna domus Hor. Od. 3, 3, 42 stet Capitolium. anxiliis is
phatic position of Palladis.
slo is often
: :
Note
the
em-
ablative of instrument.
164
sed enim
"but, indeed, ever since the wicked son of Tydeus and
Ulysses, the contriver of crimes,
dium from her sanctuary and

height."
II-
impius,
made bold to tear the fated Palladown the sentries on the towered on account of Diomede wounding Venus (Homer
cut
\
5)
330"347):
scelertun inventor
see note on v. 90.
ex quo,
scil.
sed enim aXka yap there is always an ellipsis after these words which may in this case be supplied thus " but (a change came) for, the preservation of Troy was linked by fate (fatalis) etc." -fatale with the preservation of the Palladium or image of Pallas ; cp. M. "Backward and forward rolled the waves of fight round Arnold Troy ; but while this stood Troy could not fall." caesis cnstodibus,
;
:
tempore
we have
a similar omission in Gk. ef ov,
scil. ;t'pdvot;.
abl. abs.
summa arx
aKp6iio7ug or ciKpy
Tz67.tQ.
167
corripuere
mens:
"(ever since) they seized the holy image and

slid
dared with bloody bands to touch the maiden chaplets of the goddess,
from that time the hope of the Greeks ebbed and
away back-
wards, their strength was broken, the mind of the goddess estranged.
virgineas vittas
was worn by both matrons and maids, cf. the "snood " worn by maidens and the "coif" or " curch " worn by the married women among the Scott's Heart of Midlothian, Scottish women of the former days. "Tresses of long, fair hair, which Effie dared chap, xxii no longer confine with the snood or riband, which implied purity of maiden fame." So also Una in Spencer's Fairie Queen, I, 3, 4
:
the
fillet
which in some respects differed
From her
ex
illo,
faire
head her
fillet
she undight.
scil.
:
tempore. ^fiuere ac referri, historical infinitive =;fMJrjV
ac relata est
final
a metaphor from the ebb and flow of the

tide.
tide.
The
monosyllable as well as the riiythm describes the abnipt and
slow motion of the

171
nee
tnonstris
"and by no
uncertain tokens did the Tritonian goddess

scil.
give signs thereof."

TpiTog
Tritonia
dea
derived probably from
"third"; yiyvo/iac "to be born": therefore "born on the third of the month," hence called TpiT6/xt/i>ic, or from the three phases Other derivations are given. See Proper Names. of the moon.
NOTES.
ea sigiia
cp.
;
49
"news
of this"
:
Aen.
12, "
4, 237, hie nitntiiis,
has poeiias
motieo
468,
;
hoc vietu.
inonsirnm = moiiesh-ii>n
Homer
7,
:
595,
from
"to warn
:
lience
" a warning."
are fond of put-
172
vix
arsere
note that Vergil and especially
where we would place one clause subordinate to the other {hypotaxis) ; "scarcely was the image placed in the camp, when there flashed forth sparkling flames from its upraised
ting co-ordinately {parataxis)
eyes."
posittini
:
soil,
est;
see
v.
lO.
castris=in
caslris.
lu:
minibtis
ablative of separation.
arrectis, raised
eyes were signifiof.
cant of fury just as downcast eyes were a sign of sullen anger
Aen.
173
salstts
I,
482
:
diva solojixos oatlos aversa tenebat.

is
sudor
sweat
cp.
naturally salt
the epithet adds to the realism

as
of the description.
The sweating of images was looked upon

:
Livy 22, I. scuta duo sanguine sudasse quattuor signa sanguine multo sudasse.
portentous
:
27, 4,
174
terque
tretnetiieni
tell,
" and
thrice
from the ground the goddess
herself,
wonderful to
spear."
leaped forth bearing her buckler and quivering

:
solo: abl. of separation :^?V/z<

-tt
give the construction of

F.
1
the supines in -uin and
emicuit:
175
respectively
74, 2
tlie
and
P. 105.
"flashed forth," the apparition of
goddess suddenly
appearing and then disappearing like lightning.

extejuplo taken with canit:
" Calchas
at
once prophesies that the sea
must be hazarded
in flight, nor
may
Troy's towers be overthrown by
Argive weapons unless they seek anew auspices at Argos, and bring back that divine presence which they have borne over the deep on temptanda scil. esse: alluding to the dangers their carved ships."
of
tlie
deep.
canit, often said of oracles, as these
were in the hexa:
meter measure and probably chanted: cp.
de/du
Thucydides
pi.
2,
21,2;
7/
Jov jpT^cruorf Travro/otif

:
citadel of Troy "
bury:
to the
cp. Tvvpyog,
^//;'^,
Fergdma (-oruin), neut. "tower": English burgh,

. .
borotigh,
"the
German
properly
^^
a.ioxirc?,s."ni repetajzt, alluding

tlie city
Roman custom
to take
of returning to
of
Rome
from the
camp
anew
the auspices, if anything unlucky happened.
For subjunctive: F. 193, ii (b) ; P. 99 (li). Argis: from tlie nom. pi. Agri -driirn we also find Argos neut. nom. and ace. from root ARG, "bright," hence the word may mean Brighton cp.
:
argenium, apyoq.
peiago: the
nuinen
-which
the favoring presence of the god.

is
way by
:
often put in
:
tlie
ablative: cp.
37,
Cic.
Fam.
X,
via breviore equites praemisi
Livy,
14
Aegaeo
50
VERGIL
AEN.
:
B. 11.
mari traiccit. ciinns carinis abl. Homeric vfj^q yâf/ii'pai, vyEc, miXai.
180
of accompaniment: cp.
the
et
nunc aderuiit "and now in that they have sought tlieir native Mycenae with the wind and are gatliering arms and gods to attend
:
them, after remeasuring the sea,
tliey will
be here unawares."
;
quod
ii,
:
181
meaning "as
reniejiso
:
to the fact that" with the indie: F. l8l, 2

:
P.
209. see
from reinetior
passive use of a deponent verb
V. 46.
digerii:
haitc
literally, " arranges" /.e., " expounds " must be taken to propitiate the gods.
in detail
what course
183
-piaret
"this image at his warning they reared in recompense
for the
Palladium and the injured deity, to expiate the horror of

moniti
scil.
sacrilege."
ab Calchante.
pj-o
nutnhie
laeso,
i.e.,
to
make amends
ui ea: F. 184
for the offences

:
committed against the
deity.
qi<ae=
P. 93, iv.
185
/ia7ic
"yet Calclias bade them raise it to this vast size with oaken cross-beams, and build it up to heaven that it might not find entry within the gates nor be drawn within the city, nor protect your people under the shelter of the old faith." tamen in spite of the
:
Uteri
the
would hasten Note that we have Sinon's own words 1S0-188, and 189-194; the words of Calchas are in oblique narrative. caelo = ad caelum: v. 19. portis = intra porias. Note that ne aut are cumulative, the aut connecting parts of the same general idea, neque
protestations of Sinon that the withdrawal of the deity
doom
of Troy.
necque,
189
pluperfect
direct
:
introducing another idea.

"gift to Minerva."
violavisset
dotium Minervae, objective genitive,

F. 207, 7
;
subjunctive in indirect discourse for future perfect of

;
P. 107 (b).
190
qtiodconvertant
it
"which
evil
may
4
(c)
the gods
;
first
turn on himself:"
i.e.,
for the subjunctive see F. 148,
P.
98 {\).^prius,
before
reaches you.
scil.
ipswn Calchanta.
verb of saying
\^\futwu>ii,
esse: indirect discourse following the
implied in
iussit.
"if on the other hand." 193 ultro: " unchallenged, see

192
si7i
:
"
v. 59.
invading Greeks, but
v/o\i\(\.
Asia would not merely repel the further carry on an offensive war against
them.
Pelopea 7Jioenia = Argos, founded
by Pelops.
1 ?
NOTES.
194
5
:"

et
nepotes
"and such
destiny awaited the descendants of us

\.
with
eafata; cp. magiium exilium,

195
190.
/tosiros
of us Greeks.
periiiri
per
in periuro, peritiriis, perfidus is not

tlie
permapitis, but a remnant of

cp. Trapdopuv,
per intensive as in same word found in Gk. napa

:
" beside
one's self :" hence,

scil.
"away
from."
196
atidita
coacti:
scil.
est:
so capti
sutnus.
i,
coactis,
"forced," hence,
"unnatural:"
197 Note
cp.
Ovid, Am.,
luvenal, 13,
;
83: discant oculi lacrimare 133: vexant oculos humore coacto.

8,
:
neque
prose.
non such variations are nee Larissaeus, from Larissa, the chief town
noti
It is
not allowable in
ofThessaly,
a district from which Achi'les came, meaning "Rock-town"

in Phthia,
according to Leaf.
found in both European and Asiatic Greece.

alas,
199
hie tnagis:
120,
I
;
"here, another sight, greater,
and
far
more
ter-
rible is presented to us hapless mortals."
miseris
scil.
nobis: F.
P. 82 (e)
ii.
The famous group of
statuary representing
the death of Laocoon and his two sons was discovered in
A.D. 1506
near the baths of Titus on the Esquiline

Vatican.
hill
and
is
now
in the
Compare
carefully Vergil's pen-picture with the piece of statuary.
and how would you account for them Note (i) the serpents Ji?st [p7-imuin) kill the two sons and afterwards {post) seize the father as he comes to the rescue but according to the sculptor the serpents are twined about and kill the father and
What
are the discrepancies
the sons simultaneously.

(2)
In the statuary the figures are nude
in the story, the probhis priestly
ability is that the father, at
any
rate,
would have on
vestments.
Henry
Such
is
says,
" Sculpture could not represent

no more than a
sueeessive acts
the
chisel could fix
single instant of fleeting time.
the infinite inferiority of sculpture, and of painting, to
poetry.
The
sculptor, or painter, labors
day and
night,
and
for
years together,
on one
object
and, in the end, his work, repre-
senting but an instant of time, fails to present to the
mind
as
many
ideas as the poet supplies in half a dozen lines, the work,
perhaps, of half an hour."
improvida pectora:
"our benighted minds": improvida,

F.
134, 2
i.e.,
not foreseeing the future.
201
Nepttitio
82,
f,
dative of reference used for the genitive
P.
i:
ductus sorte: literally
"drawn by
lot," i.e.,
chosen by
52
lot
:
Vergil's aen.
a
b. ii.
Roman custom
54
:
is
here ascribed to the Trojans
cp. Tacitus
Ann.
I,
sorte diicti e p}-imoribus civilaiis units et viginti,
202
soUemnes:
"accustomed": derived from Oscan

originally applied to religious feasts
sollus
= totus
:
and
annus
203
held yearly
"hence,
accustomed,
ecce:
lo
!
observe the dramatic order of the Latin by translating "but from Tenedos over the tranquil deep I shudder while I tell the tale two serpents with enormous coils press down the seas and
:
advance side by side to the shore."

cp.
gemini'. often used for duo:

'.
gemini scoptili: 5, 266; geminos lebetas 6, 894, sunt geminae somni portae 6, 789 ; hue geniinas mine jlecle acies.
Aen.
5,
162,
immensis
:
07-bibus
:
ablative of quality
F. 131, 9: P. 85
(c).
206
arrecia, scil. sjait
"rear up."
10,
The
47
:
traditional sea-serpent
had a
<p6-
mane
(3acaiv
cp.
Pindar, Pyth.
:
koX ttoIkiAov
l,
Kapa Apanovruv
i/'/.vds
Plautus Amphi.
:
5,
56
devolant attûes jubati.
in aede Fortunae anguem jubatum a compluribus Livy 43, 13 visum esse. Evidently Pliny, a good authority in Natural History,
disbelieves the truth of this
:
cf.
II, 37,
d7aco7ium cristas
7,
qiii viderit
non
repe)'itnr.
Milton {^Paradise Lost,
495) follows the traditional
account
The serpent, subtlest beast of all the field, Of huge extent, sometimes, with brazen eyes And hairy mane terrific.
207
pars legit
(so also
the other part (of the body) skims the sea behind, and
in rolling folds they writhe their
monstrous backs."
The verb
leô
Gk. Zfyw : German legefi) is often said of a person pickiiig vestigia retro observata legit. one's steps cp. Aen. 9, 392 Here
:
:
said of the monster.

Jit 209
sonitus
spumante
s's
sale
recurring
is
(pnotnatopoeia)
Note the hissing sound imitated by the "as the sea surges into foam, a sound
:
heard."
1\0~ardentesqiu
ora:
ace.
"and with
their blazing eyes suffused with blood
and
fire,
:
ocuLos
212
they licked with quivering tongues their hissing mouths."

of specification
:
F. 98, 3
P. 83 (e)
iii.
Note
also
here the r sound.

vis7i: ablative
of cause.
ag7nine certo
:
ag/ui'/i
properly a
77iovi7tg (a.go)
hence
"with unwavering course." (i) an army on the march;

here.
(2)
a moving, advance.
Both ideas are involved
NOTES.
213
53
According
braeus
:
to
Hyginus the two sons were Antiphantes and Tliym-
according to others, Elhron and Melampus.
215
216
morsH " with their fangs." post=postea. atixt.io: "to

:
their
i
;
help," literally,
:
"for a help,"
ablative of
dative of purpose
F.
i,
34,
P. 82 (c)
some say an
instrument.
The
force of sub- in siibire, sticciirrere stibsidmm con:
veys the idea of support
cp. v. 467.
218
dad
bis
" twice encircling his waist, twice encircling his neck with dati circtundati is an example of circiim their scaly bodies." tmesis (a figure in which the preposition is separated from the verb
:
to
which
:
it
belongs).
collo is
a dative.
terga
is
accusative of specili-
calion
see v. 56.
altis
:
219
superant
necks."
capite
terficibus
" they tower above him with their heads and ablative of measure: F. 58, 6
:
lofty
;
P.
85
(g):
220
221
ille
the position of the pronoun indicates a change of subject.

:
ten-
dit divdlere
"struggles to tear asunder."

:
perfusiis veneno
venom":
"having
his
fillets
steeped in gore and black
for the accusative see note v.

:
56: viflas from root

Firvq,
VI,
"to bend" or " twist together "

felloe": English
w////^.
scil.
cp. vitis, vimett, vieo:
"a
223
qualis
bull."
mtigitics
toUit=tales mugitus
is
tollit
qtiales
sunt tatiri
saticii:
" he
raises
such bellowing as
The
simile is found in
perfect (corresponding to
wounded Homer, II. 20, 403. Note ///^/V the gnomic aorist of the Greeks) often
(the bellowing) of a
expresses an act repeated or customary.
The
simile
may have been
suggested by the fact that Laocoon was engaged in sacrificing a bull

at the
time
(v.
202).
The bellowing and
the struggling of a victim

signs.
at the altar
sit
were looked u]Don as ill-omened

of vavEpov TzpoTEpov.
his
In fugit
excusincerceita
we have an example
i.e.,
224
incertam secutim:
tam,
sagitta,
"shakes from
ill-aimed; cp. cerla hasta,
neck the erring axe." "an unerring spear":
"an arrow
that strikes the spot
aimed
at."
seatrhn: what
words of the third declension have

225
-z'w in ace. sing. ? Y. 40.

:
at:
introduces a change of subject

lapsu
203.
effugiunt:
lapsu
cp. arap.
geviini
'.
see note
v.
"glide in flight":
:
motion escape."
luo = yMV(j,
abl. of
manner.
the high sanctuary,"
i.e.,
to the citadel.
"with gliding delnhra ad suiinna "to delubrum (from de and

literally
:
"wash")
the place of expiation, hence
"a
shrine."
54
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
Distinguish in meaning draco: from root

êpKofiat)
DRAK,
to
"look"
an\:;o,
(cp.
hence "the bright eyed;"
angiiis
(from
a}0Y")
{{ôvc^
serpo = lpTTu "creep"),
"choke"), "that which chokes or squeezes its prey ": serpens "that which creeps."
226
Tritoiiidis scil. deae:
we have
adj.
Tritoitis,
v.
:
gen.
Iritonidis and
:
Tritoniiis
for
derivation see note on
171.
saevae
in with-
holding her protection from the Trojans
see v. 163.
:
227
tegu}itnr=se tegwii
passive voice.
"they conceal tliemselves "
reflexive use of the
228
amctis = cuncioyuin
et
see note
on
v.
201.
229
ferunt
" and they say that Laocoon has paid the penalty of his
sceltis=poenas
sceleris
\
crime
deservedly."
cp.
Aen.
II,
208:
scelerum poenas expendimus onuies.
230
qui^quippe
F. 198,
qui, utpoie qui or P. 93,

iv.
quum
is
"seeing that he outraged"
Compare
tlie
curse on the sailor
who
killed
the albatross in Coleridge's Ancient Mariner.
231
tergo
and 52 where the "side," "belly," and "womb" of But tergus, tergoris and tergum, -i may mean simply "hide" and may apply to all parts of the body. laeserit
:
cp. v. 51
is
the beast
struck.
intorserit, are causal subjunctive or subjunctives
of virtual oblique
narrative.
233
see note
v. 66.
234
dividimiis
itrhis
"we
cle.ive the walls
and we throw open
to
view
the battlements of our city."
Generally moenia (root

city for defensive
defend ")
(
is
an outer wall of a
the
MUN, "to purposes murus

:
= munrtts from
kind.
same root) is a general term for a wall of any Here, however, murus must mean the outer wall, while
fortified
moenia must be the

moenia lata videt
235
dwellings within: cp. Aen.

fiiitj-o.
6,
549-
triplici circutndata
:
accingunt^=se accingiint
see v. 227, literally "gird themselves,"
i.e.,
apply themselves, alluding to the long loose robes of the ancients
which were tucked up for active work : hence succinctus, accinctus, rotariim lapsus rotas labentes "active"; discinctus, "idle." "smoothly gliding wheels": of. Hor. Od. i, 12, 10: pltiminum lapsus ^flufiiiita labentia : cp. Soph. Elec. 216 Tpox^v âatiq.
237
stuppea
i?itendunt
alluding to the
upon its neck the hempen bands :" senators and young nobles of Rome drawing the
:
"draw
taut
"
NOTES.
tensae or sacred cars containing the images of the gods,
55
which were
drawn
238
-feta
to
and from the
capitol.
armis ~feta armatis
viris
"teeming with armed men." "chant hymns." Vergil is games when
239
scura cannnt = sacra carmina canunt:

evidently thinking of
tlie
hymns
clianted at the secular
maidens and youths sang songs to Apollo and Diana.
240
minans
with
"towering high glides into the midst of the city:" meaning of viinor cp. Aen. I, geminiqzie miiiantiir in caelum scopuli: from root MIX, "project": cp. nions minae, "the
tirln
'.
this
gable ends of a house,"
241
Note
old
sill
the feeling expressed by this outburst.
The
line is a quotation
from Ennius.
242
Dardanidum = DardaniJariiiH.
it
ipso
substiiit
"at
tlie
very threshthe
stood
still."
litnen
= lignum:
from
ligo,
of the door: here the ground of the breach.

TTopo^, TTepau
:
porfae:
"bind:" hence
connected
with /^r,
English -^'arein thorougli/rtr^, A. S. faran,
"to go."
243 244 245
ulero
:
ablative of specification.
:
'
immemores
sacrata
'
regardless.
:
arce=in sacrata arce

Tcticris
:
v. 8.
1^-tu7ic
"then, too, Cassandra opened her

to be
lips to
speak the
doom
by heaven's command, never believed by the Trojans. " etiam besides other warnings. For the story see Cassandra in Proper Names. credita verbs that govern a dative
that
lips,
: :
was
in the active are almost always used impersonally in the passive, only in poetry
Horace has imperor,

Teturis: dative
:
have we a few examples of the personal use of such verbs iiivideor: Ovid, credor more than once.
F, 164,
i
;
P.
11,
57.
248
nos urbem
last,
whom that day was to be the deck the shrines of the gods throughout the city with festal boughs." qidbus esset the subjunctive may be either causal or
:
"we, poor wretches,

:
to
concessive: implied in the relative,

esset
i.e.,
quibiis esset qitippe is nobis

;
or qtiamvis nobis esset: F. 196 and I98

:
P. 99.
velanius =
II.
I,
corofiamus
tl
Aen.
3,
405
3,
545
5,
72
cf.
Homer
39
aOTE Toc xopt^"''^ ^'
VT/bv peipa.
:
The
leaves would be those of

;
the trees sacred to each particular god
of laurel, to Apollo
oak, to
Jove
myrtle, to Venus, etc.
56
250
vertitur
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
nox
The
"meanwhile the sphere of heaven wheels round, and

veriiiur
:
night rushes from the sea."

voice.
reflexive use of the passive
ancients believed that the heavens consisted of
two
hemispheres, one of light and the other of darkness, and by the

revolution of those light and darkness were produced
:
cf.
Milton,
Paradise Lost,
9,
52
and now from end
to er.d
Night's hemisphere had veiled the horizon round.
Night
ing day.
is
said to
'
rush up from the ocean
'
in pursuit
of the retreat-
251
Note the
et
effect of the
heavy spondees of this
line.
261fusiper urbem: "stretched

fiisi per herba/ii, said
out to rest throughout the

:
town"
I,
so
of the revelling crew of Aeneas
Aen.
214.
254
from
"and by this time the Argive host was setting out Tencdos Tenedos with its array of ships." insiructis jtavibus note
:
the military term.
255
tacitae
lunae
"amid
the favouring stillness of the quiet
moon."
Two directly
opposite views have been taken of this passage.
say that the passage shows that the

others that there
Some moon was quietly shining, was no moon shining. Some quote in support of
Samson Agonistes
dark
:
the latter view Milton,
And
Hid
silent as the
moon,
When
in
she deserts the night,

her vacant interlunar cave.
From
v.
340 we know
that the
moon was
up.
Vergil brings out
prominently the light and calm of the night so as to further the

designs of the Greeks.
256
flam mas
exhderat
:
"when
is
:
the royal bark
had raised
aloft the fire
signal "
this clause is subordinate to the
clause containing ibat
with which laxat
co-ordinate, laxat being a historical present.

cp.
With regia
3: poop."
Sc.
piippis
art
Shakespeare, Henry IV.,
Pt.
I,
Act
(f)
3,
"Thou
our admiral, thou bearest the lantern in the

P. 99
v.
ejfero is the technical
For qiium with the indie, see F. 203, 2; word "to raise " the standard.
:
257
fali:qiti
iniqiiis
zeugma
" jirolccted by the malign decrees of heaven."

in laxat:
258
Note
the
"(releases) the Greeks pent
up
in the
womb
antl stealthily loosens the pine bars."
"
KOTES.
2G3
57
first
It is difficult to
see if Macliaon
was the
to issue from the horse
why he
should he mentioned seventh.
It
may be an
TToifieva
imitation of
'/.auv.
Homer, II. II, 505: aptarsvovra some translate it " peerless."

2G5
liiaxo-ova,
hence
somno vinoque sepiiltum: "buried in a drunken slumber." It is best to make sonnio vinoque an example of hendiadys = j?///o vinoso. Ennius (A. 8) has the expression vino doiiiiti somnoque sepidli. Hence some look on sepultuiii in this passage of Vergil as a zeugma, "o'ercome with wine and buried in sleep," but the order of the
words precludes
this.
266
267
portis
abl. of
means.
:
agmina
bands.
iungunt
scil. sibi
"unite to themselves
tlieir
confederate
26S 272
aegris Homeric "dragged along raptatus bigis

moriaubus
:
cf.
i^ti'/.oiai
^poroici.
car,
by the
his
as
to
formerly."
his
After
slaying
Hector,
it
Achilles
fastened
body
chnriot and
dragged
thrice
:
around the walls of Troy.

his swollen feet."
273
traiectits
lora
"having had thongs bored through
We
sometimes find Latin verbs u;ed in a middle sense expressing
the action done to one's self

in imitation of the Greek.
by some one
else,
or done to one's
self,
The
:
accusative in this case resembles
the accusative of specification
cp. note
on
nia7ii{s, v. 56.
274
Xote the force of

4
(b)
;
7/^
c^^.tKtlvoq,
"that
illustrious
Hector
":
F. 118,
P.
92
:
(c).
275
qui
Achilli "who returns having donned the spoils of Achilles." exuznas we redd: a graphic present for the perfect
is
reditt.
can say in the

as
active,
exuvias mihi induo, and in the passive, exuvias
ego induor or exiiviis

if
me induo and
exitviis ego iitdicor.
Achilli:
from the TyoravazXw^ Achilleus, gen. Achillei, contracted Achilli:
see note on Ulixi: v. 7.
Hector slew Patroclus, who had dunned
the armour of his friend Achilles.
276
vel
ignis:
scil.
qui redit
"who
returns after hurling the Phrj'gian
flames against the ships of the Greeks."
puppibus = in puppes
see
note V 36.
277
squalentem barbavi
patrios,
scil.
qualis erat
"Ah me
how
sad
he looked, wearing as he did a squalid beard and hair all matted with blood, and all the many wounds which he received aiound his
"
"
58
ancestral walls."
Vergil's aen.
vulna-a
the
b. ii.
wounds he
received
by being
dragged around the walls of Troy.
279
ultra:
without waiting for an answer:
see v. ^q.Jlens ipse:
"in
tears too myself."
281
h/x Dardaniae: lux

vi. 6, (^(>u(;
is
the Homeric âof, "safety":

:
cp.
Horn.
is
II.
ShTcipoioLv tdrjusv
2 Sam. xxi,
ii,
7,
when David
called
" the
light of Israel":
:
Luke
32, <puc eiQ a-TTona^Mipiv edvuv.

' :
'
283
expectate
vocative for nominative
from what regions dost thou,

vf'\'Cs^.
Hector, long expected,
come?"
tit
:
ut: exclamatory join
aspici-
mus.
The meaning of
zit
in such cases
must be inferred from the

!
context, here
= ut libente
:
"how
gladly
284
285
labores: cp. vrdvof

qitae
"sufferings."
cruel cause has
voltus?
?
"what
marred the serene beauty of
thy face
"
scil.
287
ille
mihi,
respondit:
see
note v. 42.
:
nee
moratiir:
:
"nor
:
pays he any heed to
my
idle question "
for this use of vioro7-
cp.
Aen.
Epist.
5,
400, nee dona tnoror,

I,
"nor can
I for gifts"
so Horace
15,
17: vina nihil moror
illiiis
orae:
2,
I,
164:
tiil
moror
offieizim
:
quod me gravat.
(h).
28Q~^natedea
290
ruit
II.
T}-oia
:
"goddess-bom": iorded: F. 156, 4: P. 85 " Troy from its veiy summit is sinking in
:
ruins "
cp.
13, 772, idkero
naaa
Kar' anpijq "IT^loq alneivi].

fulfilled
291 sat
datum
Priam "
"you have
sat
to
= satis
used as an indecl. neut.
your duty to your native land and satisdare is a legal
phrase for giving security for payment of a debt, here for the pay-
ment
itself,
more commonly expressed by

hand) of mine.
satisfacere.
292Aqc
293
" by
this (right
sacra suosque
Penates:
"her
rites
and household gods."
sacra:
seems to be a general term for the religious ceremonies, and penates What the penates were it is difficult to say. They a particular term.
were probably national

or stone, and the
deities represented in little
images of wood
word may be derived from PA, "to protect" or
"feed"
294
his
cp. pater, pasco, petius.
"for these seek a city, a mighty city, which thou shalt wandering over the sea." This of course refers moenia quaere, magna quae: with to the future city of Rome. this punctuation (the one adopted in our text), 7nagna is predicative
erect at length after
ponto:
NOTES.
^"
The other punctuation, howis common.
of)
"which thou
Shalt build
niiiÎily."
ever, moenia quaere
magna, pcrerrato,
29G i'iV/i
a
" (the image Vestavtque=Vesiavi vittatam:

"
:
Vesta wearing
fillet
hendiadys.
:
^Tiaetemumipiem
identified the fenates of the family were closely the temple of Vesta at with Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. In extinguishing of Rome, " the eternal fire " was maintained, the
which foreboded the
doom
of the
city.
^^%-diversoltutu
in all directions," or,
"meanwhile the town is filled with tumultuous woe more freely, "throughout the city meanwhile
"-//^f/ : the wailing confusion reigns with manifold cries of agony. of the Possibly diverso means " in a distant quarter for the lost. latter the with This, diverso. " of position the emphatic
city.
Note
interpretation,
is
particularly significant as
marking the
transition.
im-masis-viaois:
to grow join with clarescwit : "the predicates of recesstt: both : c\^zxQr:'secretaobtecta clearer and withdrawn and "though my father Anchises' house lay deep is not an inhabitant of Anchises Homer In trees." by screened Troy, but an independent prince of Dardania.
noises begin
onward." Z'(S\-armorumqHe-horror: "and the clash of arms rolls garrire, garulus, cp. "shout": or call" "to GAR, root mgriiit: Note the imitative harmony produced by ylpavoc, -jT/pvEiv. grits
:
the recurring of the r sound.

3(}'2exe7aior: middle,
/^^^î^â "I shake myself from sleep."
: :
properly
iecti,
the gad/e of the roof

i.e.,
here put for the roof
itself.
Jâsitgia
tectum fastigalum, a sloping or ridged roof.

construction
is
:
304_The
adsto vc!uti....stupet pastor.
The
contrast
is
shepherd hearbetween Aeneas listening to the din of battle and the the top of a crag. from torrent or a conflagration of a roaring ing the Cp. Thomson's suggested by Homer, II. 4, 455-
The
simile is
imitation in his ^^fly^^,
Autumn, v. i,ô.2,^?,.-furentibus Austris: " when the winds are raging " abl. abs.
:
^Qomoutaiio Jlu??um is torrent of a mountam whirling mountain torrent," or "the roaring

:
a kind of ablative of quality with torrens
"a
stream."
Zmsternit-siernit
cp. y.i^,
fzdmusfuit
and note the rhetorical effect gained by repetition, vidividi: 483, adparetadparent 499,
: :
560, subiitsubiit.boumque labores
is
the
Homeric
Ipya. jiouv.
"
60
307
inscius
:
Vergil's a en.
not
b.
ii.
knowing what
to
make
of
it
because he
truth
is
is still
dazed.
309
manifesta:
\rvs^& fides
perhaps a predicate,
"the
evident."
Others
one of the nominatives to patescuiit, but the two distinct predicates have double the force and energy of a single predicate.
:
Danaum see v. cp. causes faith "

:
fides here \\.

Triarig
:
is
not "faith," but "that which

riv'
Sophocles Electra 877,
iSovaa niariv.
fall."
310
dedit
ruinam
"has
fallen in ruins," literally,

;
"has made a
dare,
from root
DHA
cp.
TidrjfiL
is
often
used in the sense of

first
"make":
attacked
is
voftovg eUtjke.
That the house of Deiphobus was
evident from
Homer, Od.
8,
517
ajJkov d' a7Jîj aeiie tto'Alv Kepaiêfiev a'nzfjv,
avTap 'OdvGarja
l3^fiEvai
Tji'T'
Trporl diofia'a Ar/'ifO/Sov
"Ap7/a avv avrideij Msw/ldcj.
311
Vulcano superanie
gontis quae
abl. abs.
"amid
the overpowering flames":

UcaIeô)i
Vulcanus-=ignis (fueiottymy).
proximiis
is
damns
Ucale-
nymy).
figure.
proxima erat Note the lively
the owner
put for the house {meto-
effect
of the sudden introduction of the
312
igni
relucent
is
"gleam with
the blaze."
-e,
What words
;
in the
(c).
:
3rd
declension
may have
fine
the ablative in
or -i? F. 40
P. 49
313
This
example of imitative harmony {onomatopoeia)

is
the
braying of the trumpets
well represented by the

in
r'j.
anachronism here, as trumpets were not used

give signals in battle.
There is an Homer's time to
314
nee
satis.
armis " nor in (taking) arms armis in annis capieiidis.

: :
is
there any reason good."
sat
315
bello
dative oi purpose
" but
my
feelings
burn to gather a troop
for
-"
war.
^\^furor armis:
how noble me that it
est
is
it is
"fury and wrath drove me headlong, and I think succurrit literally, "it occurs to to die in arms." noble" cp. Horace, Od. 3, 2, 13 dulce et decorum
: : :
pro patria mori.

\
318 319
321
telis
ablative of separation
F. 309,
see F.
27; F.
85, k.
75.
i.
Othryades: for patronymics

trahit
:
304(h); P.
in his
zeugma: " carries the sacred vessels and the conquered gods hands and hurries along his little grandson." For the latter meaning cp. v. 457, puerum Astyancuta trahebat. Sacra scil. vasa.
"
NOTES.
Henry, however, remarks on this:
sacra,
^'
61
Dcos
is tlie
explanation of
and the meaning
is,
not
'
the sacred objects and the gods'

first
images' but 'the sacred images of the gods,'
because Panthus
would be too much encumbered by three different objects sacred and secondly, because \ve things, gods' images, and his grandson findj-a^raby itself and without explanation meaning 'sacred images.' Ovid, Met. 10, 696 and Fasti i, 527."
:
322
fares
res
ciirsu
"distractedly":
literally
" with speed."

is
lifnina;
"to
the house of Anchises.
quoPanthii?
our state
literally
?
"in what position

res
our state?" or
i,
"how
is
"
ijtio
Romana
'
loco.
summa
for
loco=qtto statu; Hor.

:
Ep.
12,
25: quasi!
Nettleship shows that sumiiia res
an old phrase
chance.
hottest ? "
the later res publica,
Panthu
Others take the meaning to be,

vocative
:
"our all," "the main "where is the struggle

;
Panthus Tiavdovq = TlavdnoQ

the indicative
is far
voc.
Jlavdoe, TiavBov.
pr^ndinius
is
:
more
vivid than
the customary subjunctive,
"what stronghold are we to occupy?" "If we throw ourselves into the " arx," what kind of an "arx" shall we find it to be? Is the "arx" any
Henry's interpretation
longer defensible?"
Certainly this interpretation, although some-
what
the
strained, relieves the question of that insipidity

it.
which otherwise
characterizes
first,
'^
This second clause then becomes a supplement to quo res summa loco?" quite in accord with V's style.
The
fact that
Panthus has
to
just
come from the "arx" and

(v.
that
Aeneas has resolved

interpretation.
go thither
315) lends force to Henry's
2i2Zeumreddit: F, 203,
324
P.
v.
99
(f.) v.
summa
dies: see note
on
11.
evitable
hour"
in Gray's Elegy.
Dardaniae
shall
inehutabile tempus
:
cp.
"the
in-
dative.
:
2l2bfuimus.fuit; the perfect of .y^rw is ohen used eu/ikemisticallf "we were," but "are no longer" cp. Tib. 3, 5, 3, sive erimus seu 110s
:
fata fiiisse velint

will that
this
" whether we
:
be alive or whether the

xlii,
fates
we
should be dead
" cp. Gen.
day with our father and one is weeping for her children and would not be comforted because they
:
"the youngest is not " Matt, ii, 18, " Rachel

13,
aje not."
327
transtulit:
their
according to the Scholiast on Aes. Theb. 310, the gods

its
departed in a body from Troy on the night of
destruction bearing
images with them
cp. v. 351.
"
62
328
Vergil's aen.
arduus
b.
n.
equus',
fire
:
"the
horse, as
it
stands towering in the centre of

insolently
the town, pours forth armed
men and triumphant Sinon

moenibus
:
spreads
and confusion."
see note v. 334.
330
331
bipatentibus
" wide open
"
with both halves thrown open.
millia quot=tot millia quot.
332
angusfa viaruvi: either for angustas

for augusta loca
333
sâf
strictax
vias, "the narrow streets," or viarum " the narrow places of the streets," "the keen sword stands drawn with gleaming edge " :
afivaa<jj
mucro, akin to
aiJ.VK-y(j,
"the guard
"to scratch,"
at the entrance," or
334
primi
first
vigiles:
:
either
"the guards
attacked."
336
mimitie
"by
the will."
"fell Fury."
:
2>S"iiristis
Erinys:
of battle
:
Waiûer explains Erinys here as the

4, 1S7, civilis
arir.is,
demon
339
cp.
Lucan,
Erinys.
maxitnus armis
others read for

:
annis.
340
oblati per hmam

iilis
"meeting us
(a).
in the moonlight,"
Scan
this verse
see Introduction p. xviii 5

.342
ajuore
:
"
it
so
happened that he had come to Troy
in these
(direful)
days
fired
with frantic love for Cassandra."
Cassandrae
objective genitive.
^^însano
vius.
belli te/npore
"because it hurried him to his ruin."' Conington. (i) quia amabat ; (2) aid pcrpetinim epithetoti amoris est." SerThe second interpretation of Servius seems the best : i.e.,
I,
"passionate," "violent": cp. Plant. Cure.

est patixilluni
3,
20: a; bonum
aniare sane
:
insane non
aviore mori.
bonmn
est,
and Ovid Art.

this sense,
Amat,
I,
371
insano
itiret
Understood in
the epithet raises our respect not only for Coroebus but for Cassandra, in the
it.
same degree
as,
understood in the former sense,
it
lowers
Henry.
have ever
344
gener used proleptically because he does not seem to

married Cassandra.
relationship [affiititas)
XII,
According to
Roman
custom, after betrothal

:
was considered complete
cp. Tacitus
Ann,
praebabat Caesar azires accipietidis adverstis generum.
stispici-
onibtis (said of
Lucius Silanus
daughter, Octavia.)
who was newly betrothed to Caesar's The meaning then is " in hope of becoming
:
a son-in-law he was bringing aid."
345
qiti
aitd{c7-it quippe qui atidierii
" inasmuch
as he did not listen
to the warnings of his raving betrothed.
NOTES.
346
347
63
See note on
qiios
v. 230,
vidi
" and when

confirtos
:
I see those
banded together rushing boldly

:
into battle."
from confercio
others read consertos.
348
incipio super his.
It is best to
take super adverbially and to supply
diciis with his : " thereupon I begin with these words. " -foriissi/ua frustra: bring out the alliteration by translating " bootlessly brave."
349
si
seqtii:
"if you have a fixed desire to follow one of desperate

ceria, scil. est.
daring :" with cupido
Zmsit:
351
F. 176; P. 99(d).
excessere scil.
ex urhe Troia.
It
seems to have been a universal belief

left
among
the ancients that the gods
doomed
:
city.
Josephus
relates that during the siege of
Jerusalem voices more than
human
were heard
on the day of Pentecost "let us 0 hence " cp. Aesch. Theb. 207
crj'ing
: :
fieraiiaivu/iev kvrevdev,
a/./.'
ova deovq
96yog.
Tcivq TTJg d/.oiaTjg 'ir6?ôg eKAeiTrecv
So
also Milton,
Ode
011
Nativity
leaving.
Apollo from his shrine
Can no more divine. With hollow shriek the steep of Delphos
352
quibus
firm
;
ablative of instrument
"by whose
see v. 56.
:
grace this empire stood
" for the force oi steterat

its
353
incensae: emphatic from

trj-ing to succour. "
position
:
"in flames
is
the city you are
siiccurritis
;
a conative present.
it
et is
epexe-
getic
{i.e.
explanatorj)
the clause introduced by
explaining
how
they would meet death: "let us meet death by rushing into the
heart of the foe."
Usually the passage

:
is
explained as an example
of vcTzpov Trporepov the foe
"let us die and
let
us ru?h into the midst of
"= "let
hostes.
us rush into the midst of the foe and die."
arma =
armatos
354
una
salutcm:
the vanquished have
note the emphatic position of una: " the only safety " with sah/s scil. est. is to expect no safety
:
355
auimis:
"courage."
aiiditus
'/.vkoi
scil.
est
hipi
all
ecu: this
may be an
;
echo of the Homeric

156.
ug ending the line in Iliad II, 72
16,
35C
iniproba
generally denoting excess of

:
kinds in Vergil
' '
cp.
im"
:
probus
ira,
" excessive in rage " improbus anser,
greedy goose
"
"
"
64
Vergil's aen.
:
b. ii.
improbus amor, insatiate love " improbits labor,
' '
With improba
"wicked," Henry IV.
357
exegit caecos
:
ventris
rabies
unflinching
toil.
may be compared
cp.
the Shakespearian
"belly-pinched wolf."
i.e.,
Possibly here a strong personal epithet: "villainous saltpetre."
"painful;"
King
"has driven them blindly

blood."
sic \n\\\\
forth,"
i.e.,
to
prowl at
random.
358
siccis
"tliirsting
for
The second
per
tela,
.part
of the
simile
is
without the connective
per
hastes.
359
mediaeque
city."
iter:
' :
"and we pursue
our
way
:
into
the
;
heart of the
P. 81
(e).
mediae
zirbis is
'
a genitive of quality
F. 124
360
nox
ntnbra
dark night hovers round us with encircling gloom.

6, 866,
Henry claims
referring to
that
Aen.
nox here is figurative for "the gloom of death," and Hom., Od., 20, 351.
can unfold the carnage of that night,
361
quis
labores?
his tears."
"who
who
:
(can
unfold) in language the losses, or
who
is
able to measure
its
troubles
by
Note the studied

:
a.\\\lQra.i\on,
funera fando
lacrimis
fando labores.
363
see note v.
6.
dominata
' :
'
that has held sway.

:
364
plurivialimina
corpses."
"unnumbered both throughout

tlie
the streets and the

lifeless
houses and the awful courts of
gods
lie
strewed the
With
inertia corpora
:
cp. ajiivTjva KapTjva of
Homer.
366
367
poenas dant sanguine
" pay
forfeit
with their
life
" cp. v. 72.
quondam
"at times even to the hearts of the vanquished Note the allitervalour returns and the victorious Greeks fall."
ations victis
Dattai:
'
'
virtus viclores.
368 369
crudelis
ruthless.
final syllable
pavor
long,
Note the quantity of the
of pavor
possibly
because the stress of the voice (ictus)

cp. in
because
the letter r is trilled: " many a form of death "=" death 81

:
on it and also plurima imago'. v. 411. many a form:" cp. Thucy.

falls
3,
-Kaaa \6ka KaiicTTj davdrov.
370
371
se
offei-t:
"comes
to
:
meet us."
socia ag?nina [esse) credeus.
socia
a^mina crcdens
372
Notice the emphasis gained by putting

of the line with a pause after
529.
ultra
:
the adjective at the beginning

:
it
so also infelix, v. 345
saucius, v.
" unaccosted by us."
NOTES.
574
rapiuntferuntquex ordinarily the ^\iX2iS&\%ferreetagere{c^.
65
<pepeiv
Kal ayEiv)
ferre referring to the "carrying off" of portable pro-
perty,
is
little
and agereXo the "driving" of captives or cattle. Here there or no distinction between the words: Tr. "plunder and
a
pillage."
377
sensit
hastes
Grcuxisju
for
seiisit
se
delapsiim esse
:
cp.
yaftero
ifi-eaCiv.
So
also Milton, Paradise Lost, g, 792
greedily she gorged without restraint
And knew
i.e.,
not eating death.
that she
was
eating.
:
So
also Catullus, iv, 2

Phaselus
ille
quam
videtis hospites
Ait fuisse navium celerrimus.
379
aspris sentihis iiitens

abl.
:
F., 309,
2)^.
Iliad, 3,
"struggling amid rough brambles:" for the 37; P. 85, k. i. The same simile occurs in Homer ôte here aspris âsperis.
:
380
refugit
perfect of instantaneous action or aorist.

7-e-
Note the recurring
dactyls
and the repetition of the unwary traveller.
well brings out the sudden recoil of
381
attoUentem
blue throat."
tumenieni
"as
it
rises in
anger and pufTs out

caelum,
its
deep
fad'r/a
caelulea from
"sky," hence,
"skyblue."
382
visu
abibat
may go with tremefacttis or with "was beginning to retreat."

:
abibat
perhaps the former.
385
3SS
The metaphor in adspirat

dextra
:
is
that of a favourable breeze.
for the
:
more usual dextram.
389
insig7iia
that
devices on the shields, crests of helmets, or any other mark would serve to distinguish one warrior from another. Perhaps
it
badge seems nearest to
in English.
qziis
390
dolus
requirat
an
i.e.,
construe
virtus
is
:
in hoste requirat utriim dolus

in the case of a foe
?
{sit
adhibendus)
"who
would ask whether

rhetorical question.
fraud or courage
to
be employed
"
requirat
391
ipsi
the
enemy
will themselves supply the
arms we are to use
against them.
392
393
comantem
induitur:
cinîtur.
galeam
cp.
Homeric Kopvq mirodaaeia.

or
"dons":
reflexive
middle
use:
cp.
511,
ferrum
"
"
";
66
396
Vergil's aex.
b. ii.
haud
nostra:
"not under
the protection of our
own godj."
By
donning the Greek armour they were no longer under the protection of the Trojan gods.
397
caectim
itociem:
:
seev. 340.
in
congressi proelia cottserimtts:
"meeting
(the Greeks)
we engage
14.
many
a battle."
398 399
Danauni
seev.
Orco = ad Orann:
5,
seev. 36.
6p6fnj.
cursu: "speedily": cp. Aen.
265: cp.
4Q0Jida
littora
"the
safe refuge of the coast,"

:
where the ships were
moored.
-fonnidine turpi
"in craven
fear.
v.
402
scandttnt:
dtint:
a sense construction: see note
32.
conduntur=se
con-
ing to
"hide themselves": a the middle voice.

:
reflexive use of the passive correspond-
402
keu
jtis
diz'ts
"alas
it
is
not right for any one to trust at

nihil
is
all to
the
gods against their will."

fas supply
est.
the ace. of specification.
With
;
Distinguish fas estxp^, said of the will of heaven

right.
est=6n, said of human

:
403
passis crinibiis
pando.
either the abl. of description
loose," or the abl. of
means
" with her tresses all " by her loosened tresses " passis from
:
:
404
a te7nplo Minervae
Minerva."
off");
"from the temple,

(cp.
aye, from the very shrine of
templum
Gk.
refievo^) is
applied to the whole build-
ing and the land enclosed for sacred purposes (from
refivetv, "to cut adytum {a, "not," Svecv, "enter") is the " unenterable The Oilean Ajax place where the image of the goddess was kept. was said to have dragged Cassandra and the image to which she was
clinging from the temple.
The
altar
been places of refuge

Matt,
precincts of religious buildings have from time immemorable The : cp. " The Sanctuary " at Westminster.
especially inviolable
:
was considered
xxiii, 25.
:
cp.
I.
Kings,
ii,
28
406
arcebant
"confined," so that they could not be raised in prayer.

seev. 153.
:
pilmas:
407
non
Coroebtis
for
" Coroebus with maddened soul brooked not the

abl.
'iv^xS." ^fttriata viente:
of description.
:
408
pcriticrus:
the more usual pn-ituritm
see note v.
377.
Tr.
"resolving to die, he flung himself into the midst of the band."
409
densis armis
de?tsatis
armis
"closing our ranks.
yOTES.
410
411
"Sott primum
67
(v.
him
(v.
413)
eiiam
420).
nostrorum,
tity
scil.
sociorum or amicorttm.
obruimur.
3,
Note the quanlengthened
of
it
-ilr.
final
:
syllable
cp.
naturally short
4,
may be
when
is
caesural
friends.
Aen.
64;
464.
miserrima: because
innicted
by
^\^facie:
errore
"appearance,"
literally
hibarum
" by
"make" {^xom facio). Graecarutn the mistake caused by our Grecian plumes "
:
subjective genitive.
413
ereptae
ira
"in wrath
is
at the rescue of the
maid."
virginis
;
causal
is
genitive.
Latin
sadly deficient in verbal nouns

petf.
;
their place
often supplied
by the
part, passive
cp. v. 643, capta urbs,
"the capture of the city"

the city."
ab nrbe
coiidita,
\\\
"from
the foundation of
:
Milton uses the same idiom

or rage
Paradise Lost, 9, 16
Of Tumus
for Lavinia disespoused.
414
accerrimus
"most
fiercely"
The Oilean Ajax
felt
aggrieved at the
loss of his prize.
415
gemini Atridae
adversi
cp. &L(j(soi' KrpeLdai; see note, v. 203.
416
"as sometimes, when a hurricane bursts forth, the west and south winds strive in opposing conflict, and the east wind
:
eqtds
is
exulting in the coursers of the
eqtds
Dawn."
adversi, predicate.
laetus
the
Homeric
'nrcoxdpfirig.
418
Note the alliterative harmony

lowest depths."
of
this line:
translate,
"(then) creak
seas from their
the forests and fierce in foam Nereus
stirs
up the
to the
spumeus equally applicable
angry god and
angry
421
sea.
:
Ma urbe
vientita
' :
note that the abl. and not per with ace.
is
the usual
construction
when Mtts accompanies

:
a noun.
422 423
'
false "
:
see v. 46,
ora
signant
literally,
"and "our lips
they
mark
the jarring accent of our speech "
disagreeing in speech (with their own)."
In
Homer
424
ilicet
the Trojans and Greeks alike speak Greek.
Vergil means
here that there was a slight difference in dialect or accent.
"thereupon." Originally ilicet=ire licet, was the technical word used by the priests after the sacrifice or by the consul after an assembly. Then came its interjectional meaning.
:
:
425
divcu
Minerva,
68
426
Vergil's aen.
unus
12,
b. ii.
imparts to superlatives or to adjectives of a superlative idea an

:
additional force
cp. elg apiaroq,
"by
far the.
best": Homer,
jrarpT/g.
Iliad,
243:
elf
oluvbg apiGTog, ajivveaduc
wspl
Tr.
"the
justest of the just."

4'28
dis
'
visum:
" heaven willed otherwise."

'
Heaven's ways are not ours
cp.
ertpuq
[iov?i6i'To deal koko. ff^-touvreg.
The meaning of course is Homer, Od. I, 234 vi'v 6' Seneca recommends his friend
:
on the occasion of any

dis aliter
loss to say constantly
without complaining,
visum
est,
or rather di melius
fall."
scil. de^tt.
430
labentetn
roi
"in thy
nee
texit
cp.
Homer,
II.
i,
28:
jxi]
vv
oh
xpo-'-'^l^V
OK/JTrrpov Kal arefifia dsolo.
iZlJliimma
meo7-um:
me
:
"expiring flame of my countrymen."

et
The
burnetc.
:
ing city was the funeral pyre of her defenders.
Jlamma,
explanatory of the previous clause.

4.3.]
Supply
move"
before vitavisse.
:
vices:
I
"encounter": root vicK, "to
cp. Feikelv
vitare {=victare), vicissim

:
" a change," " turn

caderem belongs to
"
English weak.
fall,
tnanu
si
fall)
:
German
:
iveichen,
"if
fate
had so
ttt
willed that I should
earned (my
by
my
deeds.
si fata fuissent
and not
Ulixi
to meruisse.
436
gravior:
"somewhat
enfeebled."
"caused by Ulysses":
subjective genitive.
For the form see
v. 7.
:
438
hie
at the royal
palace of Priam.
;
ceu forent
for the subjunctive
F. 193 (b), note 2
P. 99 (h).
441
acta testudiue
"by
the advancing shielded column."
The
testttdo
consisted of a
body of men who locked

their
their shields together
and
held
them over
:
Women
heads
cp.
Tennyson,
Dream of Fair
heroes
tall,
Dislodging pinnacle and parapet Upon the tortoise creeping to the -wall.
442
parietibus
see note
on
v.
18
it
may
be a dat. or abl.
posfesque-
gradibus
"and hard by
gradibus
:
:
the door posts themselves they struggle
up
the rungs."
the steps of the scaling ladders.

(thus) protected,
443
clipeosque
obiciunt
their
:
"and
with their
left
hands
present
shields against the missiles."
Others take clipeos
governed either by protecti used here in a middle sense or by

obiciunt
"
placing their shields before them with the

{i.e.,
left
hand they
present them
the shields) against the missiles."
"
NOTES.
444
-fastigia
tecta
69
" battlements."
:
445
446
culmiiia " the roof covering." " with such weapons, when they see that his
telis
:
the last hour
is
come,
now
:
iu death's extremity tliey prepare to
defend themselves."
44Siâara
449
451
alta
"
stately splendour."
:
imas obsederefores
instaurali atiimi
auxilio
:
" have blockaded the doors below."

scil.
sunt
"our
spirits are
braced anew."
452
453
" to aid "

:
dative of purpose.
a
limen
tergo
"there was a threshold, and a secret door and

of Priam's
palace
passage connecting the chambers

another,
properly,
and a gate in the rear unobserved," " that which binds," hence the sill or lintel.
one with limen^ligmen:

:
pervius usus
by entering the door, one had access to the different rooms. relicti perhaps means overlooked by the assailants and unnoticed by the
defenders.
455 457
iti/elix
notice the emphatic position of this word.
soceros
"
to her parents "
in the
masculine term are included Priam
and Hecuba, the father and mother of her husband Hector. ad avion see v. 36 ; cp. Plato Apol. 24, D. hjie e'laayEig
: :
avo =
tovtoloi
Koi KaTrfyope'iQ.
458
suvuni fastigia culminis

v.
"
to the ridge of the roof "
ior fastigia
502.
460
in praecipiti
tectis
:
" on the brink," "on the sheer edge." " and rising with its roof close to the stars."
: :
sittnmisqiie
462
Danaum
adgressi
see v.
?
14.
solitae,
scil.
sttnt.
What
verbs are semi-
deponent
463
impiilitnusqu^
weak
it
stories afforded
joinings,
" assailing with iron bars where the topmost we wrench it from its deep founda-
tions
and push
forward. "
summa
tabulata are the stories that rise
above the roof of the main building.

represents a continued act
Note the present cotivellimus and impulimus a single, momentary one.

falls
465
467
ea
trahit
' :
"it toppling over suddenly
with a crash in ruin."
subeuiit
'
come
to their aid.
469
vestibtdtim
the open space before the door of a

ve-sti-bu-luvi,
derive
ve-sto.
it
from
"a
Roman house. place for standing outside "
Some
:
from
70
470
telis
Vergil's aen.
b. it.
aena
:
" gleaming
in
13,
arms of brazen sheen "

341
:
note the hen7ui/nro-
diadys
cp.
Homer
:
II.
avyf] â^KEir]
KopvOuv arrb
fievauv.
471
qualis
trisulcis
chill
"like as when a snake fattened on baleful herbs,
whom
slough
its
winter kept swollen underground,
now
all
new,
its
ca<^t off,
and shining in youth,

It
rolls
along with breast erect,

its
slimy length towering to the sun, and in
mouth
it
makes
its
was a common belief among the ancients that tlie snake drew its venom from the food on which it The simile is taken from the Iliad 22, 93, when Hector is fed.
three-forked tongue quiver."
awaiting the attack of Achilles

<jf (5e
6paKuv
fTrt
BefipunuQ KaKO.
<pap/LiaK'
x^'V opeaTepog aixlpa fievyaiv, eJn 6e ts jj-lv x^'^K nivoc,
a/iEpda'AEOV 6e deSopKev ekcGaoiievoq izepi x^'V-
"As
and
having fed on
terribly
a serpent of the mountains upon his den awaiteth a man, evil poisons, and fell wrath hath entered into him,
he glareth as he coileth himself about his den"
cp.
Shelley's Hellas
ad Jinem
The earth doth
like
a snake renew
Her ivinter lueeds outiuorn.
So also Tennyson, The Two fly:-
Voices,
when he
describes the dragon-
An inner impulse rent
the veil,
0/ that old hiisk ; from head to tail Came out clearplates of sapphire mail.
uoviis iuvcnta
probably Vergil
means.
v^'ioxoc
is
thinking of the other

ore:
name
Unguis:
476 477
of Pyrrhus, Neoptolemus,
abl. of
" young warrior."
local ablative.
agitator eqiiorum
~ Homeric
I'^rrcov.
Scyria puhcs
Pyrrhus brought a number of warriors from Scyros,
one of the Cyclades, where his grandfather Lycomedes dwelt: Horn.

II.
19, 325-
479
480
dura
perrwnpit
action,
litnina
"
:
the stubborn door "
for liinen see note
on
v.
458.
vellit
the present expresses incomplete and continuous
and also an attempt: "is striving to burst through and wrench " : while the perfect cavavitdedit : a momentary complete "and now having cut out a panel, he has hewn a breach in the act stout oak and made a huge opening with a yawning mouth." The
:
NOTRS.
hinges (cardines) in a
71
Roman
house -were not as with us fastened to
the side of the door, but were pivots working in sockets, one in the
lintel
doors were double doors (valvae).
(limen supcrum ) and the other in the sill (limen). The cardo from KRAD, "to move,"
"to swing"
486 487
cp. cor., Kapdia, Kpadrj, KpaSaivu, KopSa^.

in the narrative.
a/
marks a change
miscetur:
the
"is in confusion."
The domus
interior ^rohzhXy r&^QXs to
which in a Greek house were cavae aedes either the "vaulted " or " hollow halls," in the back. ox^cavaediiim, an opening in the roof of the atrium over the
woman's apartments,
yifvaiKovlTLg,
:
impluvium or
488
ululare
:
cistern containing rain water.
often said of a
It
woman's shriek of
it
grief as vagire
is
of an
infant's wail.
may be
observed that though

generally
is
b7.o'Avû is
etymo-
logically connected with ululare,
applied to female
:
invocations of gods or of joy, and seldom said of grief
cp. English
howl.
awea
tectis.
the contrast
is
in the splendour of the sky
and the
wretchedness of the palace.
489
tectis
= in
:
490
The
412
kisses
were a sign of sorrowful parting
cp.
Ovid Metam.
13,
Dardanidas matres patriorum signa deorum
Dum licet amplexas.

491
vi patria
:
"
in all his father's might "
abl.
manner.
Achilles was
the father of Pyrrhus.
492 /aâ^
ram."
<^9Z
crehro:
"totters before the frequent blows of the battering

this line
: :
Scan
v. 16.
emoti
" wrenched "

:
see note on v. 480.

:
494
496
aditus
cognate object
:
" they burst an entrance."

river bursting his
non
sic
irahit
" not so furiously when the
banks
has gone forth foaming and has beaten
down
the opposing dykes
with
its
whirling tide,
all
it
rushes raging over the fields in a mass and

it
throughout
together."
the plains
carries
away the herds and
the stalls
Note the double

:
alliteration in v. 498.
No
doubt
this
would be a familiar image to Vergil seen both on the Mincius and cumulo abl. of manner. the Padus.
499
ipse
:
"with
my own
eyes."
72
501
VERGII.'S AEN.
B. II.
centnmque nurus
sons and
fifty
according to
daughters.
Homer (Iliad 6, 244), Priam had fifty The hundred mentioned here must refer
to both daughters-in-law
and daughters.
503 504
illi
"those famous."
:
barbarico
barians,
to a
Greek,
the
all
nations outside of Greece

nations.
were barbarbaric Milton's
especially
Asiatic
The phrase "

:
gold " suggests the idea of Oriental magnificence
cp.
Paradise Lost,
2, 3
Or when
the gorgeous East with richest hand Show'rs on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.
The Romans
bOQ^forsttan
often adorned the walls of their houses and temples
with the spoils of war.
requiras
lii?iifta
: :
note that in
:
N &xÂ forsitan
takes the subjunctive
forte, forsan, the indicative
fortasse, once the indicative, otherwise
the subjunctive.
507
convulsa
"the bursting of the doors of his house."

:
510^^;-rOT cingitur
511
"girds on his useless sword "

:
middle
use.
-fertur moritiirns
"is rushing resolved to die."

Vergil has
512
nudoque
axe:
"under the open canopy of heaven."
probably had in his m.ind a Greek house here.
was the main hall of a Roman house in wliich were the images ol \X\q peiiates and an altar. The roof of this was partly open and below the open Around it ran a pillared portico space was a cistern (iftiphtviwn). to which rooms opened, with an altar to Jttpiter hospitalis {TjEvq
airiimi
epKecoc).
The
513
taurtis
so in the description of the palace of Latinus
we
find (7, 59)
Laurus
erat tectl
medio
in penetralibus altis.
Horace also alludes

alrium: Od.
22
:
to the
custom of planting trees around the

:
3, 10,
5: nemus hiter pidchra satu?n tecta
cp.
i,
10,
jiempe inter varias nutritiir silva coliunnas.

:
516
praecipites
cp.
Tennyson, In Memoriam xv
,
" The rooks are blown
about the skies."
siimptis iuvenalibus armis " donning his youthful armour." 519 mens dira "so dreadful a thought." 520cingi: " to gird yourself "
518
: : :
reflexive.
521
defensorihus
istis
"such defenders
hope
is
:
as you."
The
idea
is
that in
i, 2:
prayers, not in arms, our
cp. Shakespeare, Coriolanus,
"
NOTES.
For the dearth,
73
The
gods, not the patricians

;.o
make
it
and
Your knees
them, not arms, must help.
522
non
scil.
egeret
from
tlie eget
preceding: "the hour would not need
such aid and such defenders, were even

us."
my own
Hector now beside
523
tattdeni
some
it
say,
is
"retire,
beseech thee,
hither,"
or
"come
is
hither, for
high time."
Conington says: "while yet there
time."
524
moriere sinnil:
elapsus
"you
:
will die along with ns."
526
527
caede
"having escaped the sword of Pyrrhus."

:
porticibus longis
"flies
:
adown
the long cloisters "

lustrat
:
abl.
of the road
by which one goes

529
see note v. 175.
"traverses."
illutn
saucuts: note the emphatic

qidtitr:
position of the adjective.
iyise-
"him
infesto = infensto
cp. defendo, Beh'u.
eagerly Pyrrhus follows in act to deal a deadly blow."

:
root
GHAN, Gk.
6ev
Lat.
fend, "to strike":
530
itim ianiqite
note that the repetition of iam makes the description
vivid
"now now
he holds him
is
in his grasp,
is
him with
his spear."
The meaning
so close to
12,
not that he actually holds
and follows hard upon him
in his grasp, but
he
him
that he seems to have caught
him
533
cp. Vergil
Aen.
754
iatn, iamqtie tenet, sitnilisque teiienti
increpuit nialis, said of a
hound
after a deer.
is
quamquam
tenetur:
"though he
now hemmed
in
by death on
every side.
535
at',
a frequent particle in imprecations:
cries, if there is
any kind power
in
"Nay, may the gods, he heaven which regards such deeds,

and
yield
render you
all
the thanks you desei've,
you your due

defiled a
reward, for such a crime, for such a sacrilege, you
who have made

of the dutiful
me
witness the death of
my
son before
pietas
my
eyes,
and have
father's face
with his death."

Here,
6855.
iv.
commonly used
feeling of
men
to the gods, to their country or to others

it is
who have
claim on them.
men:
so Aen. 5.
F. 188; P. 93,
quae curet: consecutive use of the relative qui fecisfi: direct address: "thou who hast
used for the reciprocal feeling of gods to
made."
is
Distinguish this from qtd^feceris.
The
infinitive cernere
rare
^{\.Qt facere for
ut cernerem.^'oedasii
defilement from seeing
his son's death.
"
"
74
Vergil's aew.
' : '
b.
ii.
540<r/
but that hero, Achilles, whose son you falsely say Priamo you are, was not like you in the case of Priam, his foe." ai see satum from sero. quo ablative of origin. ?' hoste note V. 486. Daphnis me malus urit, ego cp. Vergil Eel. 8, 83 cp. i-\ kxftpij hanc in Daphnide laurum. This does not mean that Pyrrhus was illegitimate, but that his nature and conduct showed him to be no "he respected the right and iura erubtiit true son of Achilles. trusts of a suppliant. "^/fiafew supplicis: the confidence reposed by
:
the suppliant and the protection in return.
erubuit
ydElTo, ycxvvETO.
h\1corpitsqne
after the death of Hector,
Priam went
to the tent of
Achilles to beg the corpse of Hector.
Achilles granted his request
and allowed him

544 545
sine icht
rattco:
:
to depart in safety.
inflicting a
" without
wound."
root
"hollow sounding":
ru-tnor,
RU,
"roar":
:
cp.
b-pv-fiaySoc,
u-pi'-u:
rnîre,
.
rumen ( = rti^me7i )
repulsum,
scil. est.
A.
S.
nin,
rune
(originally
"a murmur")
ti??ibo
546
ztmbone
the
was the projecting boss of the
shield, constructed
in such a
leather;
way as to turn aside a weapon. It was covered with root AMBH, "to project," cp. timbilictis, bfutialoQ.
548 550 553

555
Pdidae genitoyi=ad Pelidam geniforem.

ipsa
:
tristia
"
fell."
"
very.
Iaieri=in latus
tulit
see note
on
v.
19.
= abstitUt.
:
556 populis terrisque

cause.
"proud
in so
many nations and
countries
" abl. of
557
litore=in
Vergil may have in mind the sad fate of Pompey. liiore. According to Servius, Priam's body was exposed on the Sigeum
promontory.
559
560
at
see note v. 486.
saevus horror
' : '
fell
dead.
snbiit, scil.
animum.
562 563 564
deserta:
"desolate."
tell
Scan this line and

copia
:
any
irregularity in the scansion.
" force "

:
for the
more usual
copiae
cp.
Aen.
1,
734
incurrunt densi simul omnis copia Teucrum.
565
deser-uere
dedere
"
all
had
left
me
with utter weariness and either

in despair into the flamet,"
flung themselves to the earth or
had sunk
NOTES.
567
75
This episode of Vergil

says
it
is left out of all good MSS., though Servius was wriiten by Vergil but left out by Varius and Tucca. The main argument against the genuineness is that in Aeneid 6, 570 seqq. Helen is spoken of as betraying Deiphobus to the Greeks. super erani = super(ram, tmesis. adeo: (cp. (5//) emphasizes the word to which it is joined.
SlOerranti
till V.
not on the ground, but on
tlie
roof.
He
\
does not descend
632.
vf'iih.
571
sibi goes
self the
:
praemeiuens, not wilh infest cs
" she
fearing for her-
Trojans
who were
:
hostile to her
on account of the overthrow
oi Troy."
infesios
for the derivation, see v. 529.

(
573 Erinys 574 575 576

577
itiz'isa
:
so Aeschylus
Ag. 749)
:
calls
Helen
it
vvii<\)6K}.avToq 'Y^pivvq.
"a
hateful being
" others take
"unseen."
animo=iii animo.
sceleraias
scilicet
:
poenas = scelctis poeiias

" forsooth
:
"to exact vengeance
for guilt."
" generally state,"
used in bitter irony.

not as a captive like the other
578
regitia:
"in queenly
ladies.
:
i.e.,
Trojan
579
coniugiutn
abstmct for the concrete coniuge?n

3,
cp.
reniieittm for
remiges
Aen.
471.
patres=parentes
according to Euripides
(Od. Ii, 298) introduces
(Orestes 473) Tyndareus and

after the
Leda
are represented as being alive
death of Clytemnestra, but
Homer
Leda
5S0
5S1
in the shades.
:
comitata Occident
passive use of a deponent verb

stida7-it:
see note v. 46.

is
arserit
is
the future perfect
often used to express
indignation that an event spoken of as future should be realized.
The
584 585
sense
"shall she return
now
that
Priam has been murdered,

"
Troy burned, Dardania bathed
in blood ?
"brings with nefas nefastam, "the

habet'.
it."
" to have
586
wicked one." stimpsisse merentes poetias exacted a penalty that deserved (to be exacted). " = jwtit
psisse poenas merentcs
sumatttur.
it
animumqueflammae:
my
genitive,
"and
shall
soul with avenging fire."
No
be my delight to have filled where else does explere govern a
though many other verbs of fulness take one.

mother, revealing the goddess, pre-
589
cum deam: "when my kind
sented herself in visible presence, never before so clear to
my
sight,
"
"
76
and she shone
obtulit: in
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
pure radiance through the night, in form and

is
stature such as she
wont
to appear to the heavenly host."
when does
^7<m take the indicative?
superiority in size
no need of supplying se esse. qnalis et qiiatita physical and beauty were according to the Greek and Roman inseparable from mental superiority in size and beauty cp. re ii'tyaq re. Homeric
there
is
: :
ante=antea.
deam:
cuvi
?}(''f
592
593
repreiisum
7-oseo
contimiit "she seized and held (me)." ore: Aen. 402: rosea
:
I,
cet-i'ice.
594
595
dolor
' '
indignation.
recessit ?
:
'
quona?fi
nostri
'
^^hitller,
pray, hath departed thy care for me.

tibl: dative
objective genitive after fw^-a.

:
of reference.
596nofi aspicies
597
"wilt thou not go and see."

else.
before doing anything

superet conjuxne
:
ubi
liqueris
non=^nonne.
p?-iiis
dependent question.
:
construe iion prius aspicies supereine coniux

also.
de-
pendent question
599
ni
eiisis
'.
"unless
my
guardianship were
still
withstanding them,
of
already the flames would have swept

the
them away and the sword
enemy would have drained their blood." The ordinary form would be resistertt tiilissenf. The present represents a continuous
effort,
and the perfect
tlie
completion of the act
if
the effort were
relaxed.
601
iibi
"as you think " dative of

/>'-'
reference.
603
a culmine: cp.
aKpTjq,
literally,
"from
the top to the bottom
"
:
"completely."
604
quae
vision
"which now veils your sight and dims your mental and lies damp and dark around you " caligat: root SKAL, Note the emphatic "to cover:" cp. squal-or, Ks?iXiiv6g, KrfAlq. position of /, "do you not," no matter what others do.
:
:
caligat
608
avulsaqzie saxis saxa
"and
rocks rent from rocks."
saxis
ablative
of separation.
609
undaniem
Neptiiniis,
"rolling in billows."
the founder of Troy,
is
610
destroying the work of his
own
hands.
612
Scaeas: from aKai6q, "left
"or "west," hence
the gate looking west-
ward to the sea, for the Greek augur when he divined looked north, and hence " west " or "left " were with him synonymous cp. Hom.
:
NOTES.
Od.
it
77
headland": others connect
3,
295; GKaLov
tlie
piov,
''the western
with Siko,
name
of a Trojan hero, or demigod, and see the

in
remnant of the same word

615
Sigeum, Sichaeus, Scamander.

tlie
iam insedit
" already,
lo,
Tritonian Pallas has perched on
top
of the citadel."
616
limbo: "robe," or "border," referring to the

ing
is
iriirTôQ
another read-
nimbo,
"a
\\71\d."
was the head of the

619
eripe fiigam
:
Gorgone on Gorgon Medusa.

:
the shield or aegis of Minerva
a stronger expression than cape fugarn
with an intima-
tion that he
would be rescued from
all
dangers.
Italy,
620
Referring to the
inimica
fact that Aeneas would be safely conducted to which was the original home of the Trojans.
622 624 625 626
numina
:
Jupiter, Juno,
and Minerva.
into the flames."
considere in ignes
"
to sink
:
down
ex imo
ac
cp. e ctilvmie
v.
603. as
niiitam:
steel
its
"and even
:
when on
the top of mountains, hacked
and hard plied axes the woodmen with rivalry strive to threateningly it ever hangs and trembling cut down an aged oak
by the
shakes
foliage with quivering top."
The
II.
;
fall
of a hero
:
is
often
fall
compared
to the fall of a tree

is
cp. Horn.
4,
482
when
the
of Simo'isius
compared
to that of a poplar
5,
so also the
fall
of the
boxer Entellus in Aen.

pine tree
:
448,
is
compared
to that of a
hollow
ut
quondam cava
concidit aut
Erymantho.
aut Ida in magna, radicibus eruta pinus.
So
also Macaulay,
Lay of Horatins
And
As
Luna
the great Lord of
Fell at that deadly stroke,

falls
on Mount Alvernus
oak.
A thunder-smitten
630
vulneribus
ruinam
"till gradually
overpowered by blows
its
it
gave
one
final
congemuii
in
traxit
deep groan and torn from

:
ridge
it
falls in
ruin."
the perfects (corresponding to the gnomic aorist

act,
Gk.) for a present, to express a frequent
iiigis
ablative of
separation.
632
633
dto
deae,
i.e.,
Venus.
:
expeJior=
me expedio
"
extricate myself,"
"
find
my way
out."
78
634
perventum,
P. 96 (b).
scil. est
Vergil's aen.
mihi=pen<en!
:
b. ii.
"I have reached":

is
F. 164, 2;
637
excisa
qiiibiis
is
it
is
more probable
is
that exscissa
the correct reading, as
exscindere urbem
common
but not excidere urbem.

is
63S
sanguis
" whose blood
untouched by age.
"
scil. est.
aevi
:
either the genitive of respect: cp. niatm-us aevi,
anxius aevi; or a
genitive for the ablative of instrument or integer aevi=integri aevi
descriptive genitive after sanguis.
639
solidaeque
vires:
"whose
strength
stands
firm
in
all
its
native
vigour
" ablative of means.
641
Note the emphatic position of we and the emphatic repetition of mihi. ducere vitani as vitam producere Metaphor taken 637).
(v.
from spinning
cp. Milton's Lycidas
6,
Comes
the blind fury with the abhorred shears the thin-spun

life.
And 642
slits
satis
urbi:
"enough and more than enough
(it is)
that I have seen
one destruction and that we have survived the capture of the city." Vergil refers to the destruction of the city by Hercules in revenge
for the perjury of
For capta urbs

Q^4:~posituj?i
:
Laomedon. siiperare is used here for "the capture of a city" ; see note v. 413.
"laid out for huna.\."ad/ati
:
superesse.
cp.
:
Kei/ievog,
"having
saluted "
referring to
the utterance {cojulatnatio) of the words
salve, vale, ave, as the friends
departed from the body at the funeral
pile:
Aen.
:
6,
231, 506; 11, 97.
645
tnamt
either
of the foe," or
"by my own hand," or, as Heyne says, "at the hand "by attacking the foe." The latter part of the line
would seem to imply that the enemy would through compassion either put an end to his life, or accord him the rite of burial by casting three handfuls of earth upon his remains ; see next note.
QA.&fcuilis
sepulcri
is
the usual interpretation of this passage
is,
"a trifling
thing
the loss of a sepulchre," a most unnatural speech to put in

unless
it is
the
mouth of Anchises,
meant
as the language of reckless
and
Od.
i}t
bitter despair, for the loss of a sepulchre
greatest of all losses.

I,
Another
:
interpretation, suggested
was looked upon as the by Horace,
28, 35,
is
as follows
is
"The
casting of a few handfuls of earth
an easy thing (and one which the enemy surely iaclura, from iacio, although it will not hesitate to perform)", usually means "a loss," may mean "the act of throwing." Sepulcri
token of but ial
"
NOTES.
79
would be an easy and natural metonymy ; 2ia.^ facilis, literally "doable," would not be strained into "slight," "trifling" or "easily
sufferable."
Moreover,
it
is
a question wliether the tragic despair
indicated in a willingness to forego burial and thus submit to eternal unrest simply to escape a few years of uncertainty and sorrow in this
life, is
not just a
little
too improbable to be
artistic,
and
at
any
rate
out of accord with Vergil's fine appreciation of the niceties of things
and
his pathetic
tendency to soften painful
effects
v.
wherever possible.
645.
It all
hinges on the meaning of ipsa inami,

this,
:
Taking the
hand," the
most reasonable meaning of sequence of thought would be

pity
viz.
"by my own
"I
will slay myself, the

(in return)
enemy
will
me,
strip
my
body of
spoils
and
perform the easy
task of burial," cp. Horace's
Quamquam
048
festinas,
non
est
mora longa
llcebit
Iniecto ter pulvere curras.
atinos
demoror either "long since have I delayed the years," or "long have I lingered through the years." fx quo scil. tempore:
:
"since."
Gii9^/ltaninis
igttt
" blasted
me
tlie
with the breath of his thunderbolt and
smote
me
with his lightning."
Anchises
is
said to have been so

:
punished for boasting of
love oi Yemxs.^fuhninis venti's
per-
haps Vergil
fiery
refers to the theory of
Epicurus that lightning was a
wind.
650
651
persiabat
memorans
"he
:
continued to speak": cp. Sleteêl "kh/uv.
effusi lacrimis scil.
sumns
" were melted in tears."

in effusi sin/ins. to
652
fie
dependent on the request implied
Qbifatoque
7rl/et
" and would be willing
add his weight
to
the
doom
654
that
:
was pressing us down.
haeret
quod
sticks to the
an example of zeugma: "and he clings to his purpose and same spot." Often the preposition is omitted before
the former and expressed with the latter of two nouns.
656
dabatur:
"what
:
M-,l"consiiium
plan or what chance was any longer offered means of human sziieiy .fortuna divine aid.
:
657
mene ore:
"did you expect, my father, that I could withdraw and abandon thee, and has so unnatural an expression fallen from a
father's lips?"
ie relicto
is
:
ablative absolute.
posse
speravisti:
the verb spero
often used in the sense of "expect," not

infinitive.
"hope,"
and takes the present
excidit
according to Servius,
"
80
Aeneas uses
his father
:
Vergil's aen.
this
b. ii.
and not a stronger word, to soften the rebuke of
cp. Homeric, "koIov ae ettoq (pvysv epKog bddvTcjv.

I
659 660
sujieris scW. dezs

et
"
the gods above "

(if)
c^. deiinferi.
animo
"and
ablative
= ?
animo.
peiituraeque iuvat
this
is
thy firm resolve":

scil.
afzimo
:
local
if it
is
te"
"and
thy pleasure to add thyself and thine to the fate of Troy

to perish."
doomed
words of
note the force oi pcriHirae.

dost covet."
661
isti:
"which thou Aeneas v. 645.

:
iamia: referring
to the
662
"straightway." multo de sangtwie iam blood" or "fresh from the flowing blood."
:
"reeking with the
663
fatris, pdtrein
such variations are

cp.
I,
common when
3,
a mute
is
followed
by a liquid:
ieiubris (Georg.
55'
3>
4')
pharclrain,
pharetraj)i (Aen.
336, 324)
retro, re!ro
I,
duplex, duplicem (Aen. 12, 198;

TO.
iifj
655)
II.
(Aen. 11, 405 ; 5, 428) so also Theocr. 6, 19;

31
;
Ka?.a
Ka/iO.
rredavrai,
Hom.
5,
'Apef, 'Apeg Bporo-
Xoiye.
obtruncat obtrimcaie consucvit.

"was
it
664
hoc
darts,
you rescued me through the might see the enemy in my inmost chambers, and Ascanius and my father and Creusa by their side, one slaughtered in the blood of the other?" quod vn eripis \s ihe
for
this that
certiam?
through the
fire,
that I
subject of the sentence
and hoc = propter hoc.

all
note cemam
may now
after ut
the idea
is
"this was your object
along that I
see," or
it
may
668 Act
669
be a case of vivid sequence as in Greek.
arma arma:
5, Sc.
emphatic repetition: cp. Shakespeare, Richard III.,

:
"a
horse
a horse
my kingdom
:
for a horse
"
!
sinitenvisam
ut
is
siiiite
ut nvisani
"permit
:
me
to seek
again":
often omitted with such verbs

licet abeas,
et
fac vtuias, "see that you

:
come":
callv.
=revisam
instaui
"you may go." itistatirala used proleptiem proelia " allow me to seek again and
:
renew.
670
nunquam
49
:
here equivalent to an emphatic nan

effugies,
cp. Verg. Eel. 3,
iiunquam hodie
:
671
accingor
clipeoque
see note v. 227.

:
672
aptans
" and
was
fitting
my
left
hand
into the clasps of
the shield."
The
imperfect
may
either express the difficulty
he had
in doing this or the reluctance with which he left the palace.
It
is
"
NOTES.
81
noteworthy that the strap or handle of the shield through which the
left
hand passed was called insertorium.

:
674
With the passafje 674-678

mache
in this
:
cp. the Iliad 6, 339, seq.
Where Andropericula
way speaks
of Astyanax.
in
675
peritiirus
all
"determined
to perish."
omnia
sell,
"to
dangers."
:
676
sin
" but
if,
arms."
678.
expert us
:
on experience, you rest your hope on resorting to literally, " having tried arms, " scil. arma.
:
:
quondam
dictti
a bitter taunt
:
a wife no longer, since you desert me.

-tt
:
680
mirabile
at once
:
give the construction of the supine in
(F. 174
P. 105).
681
inter mamts ora

was
late
' *
for
in the hands of his mother and being held up he above the face of Creusa and that of Aeneas. Transwhile held in the hand s and between t he fac es of his
:
sorrowful parents."
682
ecce
fasci: "lo! a light crest seemed to shed a lustre from the head
and with harmless touch (it seemed) to lick his wavy locks and to play around his temples." Distinguish in meaning levis and
of lulus,
levis,
visits scil.
est.
afex
is
properly the point of the cap of a

:
flamen, something like the spike of a
modern helmet here the was originally wound round with wool root AP, 'to tie,* 'to wind': cp. apto, aptus. tactu: abl. of reference. pasci metaphor of cattle or sheep moving quietly while feeding
'tongue of
fire.'
It
on pasture land.
685 688
trepidare
caelo
:
historical infinitive
:
so also exciUere, restinguere.
ad caelum
scil.
:
see note
:
v, 36.
is
690
691
hoc tantum precor "this my only prayer. "do thou then grant us thine aid." Jeinde marks a sequence of the condition si pietate meremtcr. atixilium This the MSS.
dcin.-e
:
is
reading, but Probus, Peerlkamp, Keil,
augurium
to
harmonize with Aen.
Ill,
Ribbeck and others read 89, where almost the identi-
cal expression
" da pater attg!iriit?>i" is used. We have followed the MSS., but it may be a case where all the earliest extant MSS. have been tainted from the same source. Scan this line and tell what metrical figure in ii.Jirma ratify by a second omen.
: :
693
ivtonuit lacvum
Thunder on the
see note v. 54.
"it thundered on the left":

left
cognate accusative.
:
was a good sign according to Roman augury
82
694
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
Stella
trail accompanied with much light." was a phenomenon regarded with superstition among the ancients. Cp. Aen. 5, 523 so also Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act 2, Sc. 2
luce:
"a
star
drawing a
star
A meteor or shooting
When
beggars die there are no comets seen

themselves blaze forth the death of princes.
The heavens
So
also
Richard
II.,
Act
2, Sc.
The meteors fright the fixed stars of heaven The pale-faced moon looks bloody on the earth.
:
And
lean-faced prophets whisper fearful things,

or fall of kings.
These signs forerun the death
696
Idaea silva
indicating that Mt. Ida
was the point

trail,
for
which they
stay
should set out.
Servius says that the light signified the future glory

:
of the house of Aeneas
the fiery
that
some would
:
behind
the length of the path, their long voyage

it
the furrow
{sulcus), that
would be by sea
and the sulphur-smoke, the death
of Aeneas, or the war in Italy.
697
signantemque vias
turn
liicsm;
: :
"and marking
out
its
way"
(in the heaven).
"then
in a long train its
furrow sheds a gleam."
ttim
after its disappearance.

for the
699
/lie
vero
more usual
this stretched
turn vero.
auras:
se
:
Anchises was
probably before
on
his
bed
see v. 644.
est,
700
mora
delay on
my
part.
Note the presents
sequor,
mark
strongly the promptness of Anchises.
702
703
domum
"family."
:
augurium
avis, root
probably meant GAR, " to cry "
at first as
omens from the cry of
birds
cp. yr/pveiv, garrire, graculus.
Troia
all that is left
of Troy, meaning lulus, Anchises and Aeneas, or some
say future Troy.
704
706
cedo
"
I yield,"
"
I resist
no more."
propriusquevolvunt: Conington takes incendia subject and aestus "and now the fire rolls its burning tides nearer" others object
:
take aestus subject and incendia object

fiery flood."
"the
conflagration rolls a
707
imponere
stibibo
passive used in a middle sense = /if impone,

:
708
humeris
"support you on
my shoulders."
labor
iste
"the
burden you cause."

83
leading up to the loss of Creusa.
is
NOTES.
711
longe
Servius thinks that Vergil
is
712
quae dicam mea verba.

niis advertite
:
Note
that dicarn
future indicative.
ani-
literally turn to (regard)
my
words with your minds.

:
It is rare to find
such a construction with adverto

aliciii rei advertere
the usual con-
struction
advertere.
is
aniimim
or ajiimii??i
ad aliquam rem
713
egressis
s.qSS.. vobis "there is to you having left the city": or "as you quit the city there is " cp. kori am e\aT:'}.kov-i tov ko/.ttov aarv " as you sail into the harbor there is a city."
\
: ;
714
desertae
"lonely"
temples to Ceres were usually
in
a solitary
quarter outside the walls.
715
religione patrum
religioite
:
:
"by
the veneration of
my
forefathers."
Derive
v, 151.
:
716 718
sedem "trysting place." ex diverse " from different quarters." "As for me, Note the emphatic position of a sin to handle
t>ie
:
it is
them, having come away from so bloody a war and from recent
carnage."
719
donee abluero
tion
:
running water was held indispensable for purifica-
cp. the teaching of the

(,CiVTL.
Twelve Apostles where baptism
is
ordered to be ev uJar*
721
latos
leonis:
"I
:
spread over
my
broad shoulders and

u/xovg
my
neck
T/ie
stooped (to receive the burden), the tawny lion's hide as a covering."
latos
umeros
is
the
Homeric evpeac
insternor
cp.
Tennyson,
Passing' of
Arthur:
"Make
broad thy shoulders to receive

:
my
weight."
vestepelle
super: adverb.
:
a middle use of a passive.
hendiadys.
implicuit "clung tight." " through the shady places" 725 opaca locorum
724
: :
see note v. 332.
726
duduvi
"but now."
ITl neque
Grata;
:
"nor
the Greeks massed in opposing ranks."
ex\s
used in a pregnant sense; the Greeks were not merely massed in
opposing ranks, but were also hurling their darts from these ranks.
729
731
suspensum
all
"hesitating."
:
omnemqueviam
my journey."
ment.
"and
creber
sonitus
thought that
:
had passed
safely
through
"
the thick trampling of feet." agitation of the
732
Note the succession of dactyls well
marks the
move-
84
736
hie
vbrgil's aen.
b. ii.
was that some unfriendly power confused and my panic." nescio quod: literally, "I know not what": a weak aliquod. male aniicum: see note on male fida : v. 23,
:
mentem
me
"here
it
bereft
of
my
senses in
736
natnque
places,
loca.
viartan
"for while I speedily keep along the unfrequented and diverge from the familiar line of the road." avia scil.
:
cuj-sti:
see note v. 175, pelago.

rego,
regione;
cp.
'direction,' the
:
original
meaning from
instittiit.
:
!
'I direct':
Livy, 21, 31
recta
regione iter
738
heuincertnm "alas to my sorrow my wife Creusa torn from me by fate either halted or strayed or sat down being weary, I cannot
say."
misero
'.
ethical dative.
The
resedit for t'ae subjunctives snbstiterit
indicatives substitit erravit erraverit resederit of depend
ent question
may be
explained by supposing that Vergil intended

:
the question to be originally a direct one
"did she
stop, or did she
wander away or did she introduced by sen.

741
nee
sit
down?"
The minor
alternative
is
refcxi:
:
"nor did
till
thouglits to her
ancient Ceres."
I look back for my lost wife or turn my had come to the mound and holy abode of tumulum ad tumulum. atnissam scil. coniugetn. I
antiquae
742
cp. desertae v. yiSis
denium
used only with (i) pronouns as
idem or
(2)
adverbs
turn,
ibi, sie,
mine,
jam
"here
at last,"
"here and not before."
743
una
"she was the only one missing."

:
1^^fefellit
"was
missed by."
Note ihaXfallo
is
is
transitive.
745
Note
the hypermetric line, the final que
elided before the aut of
the next line.
li9--eingor
see note v. 227.
750
s/af
"my
:
purpose
cp.
is
fixed "
12,
see note v. 660.

:
sententia
Aen.
678
stat conferre
Here stat = stat mihi manutn Aeneae.
1h\eaput: "life."
752 753
obscura limina
:
"the dark
I
portals of the gate."
qua
lustro
my
"by which
had taken
my
departure and tracing back
our footsteps I follow them through the darkness and scan them
with
eyes."
15& si forte:
cp.
"if haply
if
haply
she
tition expresses the last ray of hope.
had returned home." The repeWith si, "to see whether" :
Greek
el.
"
"
NOTES.
15%ilicet
' : '
85
forthwith.
:
761 porlicibusasylo
shrine of
local ablative.
Perhaps Vergil
is
thinking of the
Juno
in the capitol of
:
Rome.
":
765
atiro
solidi=auro solido
:
" of solid gold
abl.
of description.
770
iiigeminaits 771 furenti

tcctis
"repeating": the name Creusa.

:
"rushing madly among the houses "
tectis
see note
V. 528.
773
nota major: like the gods, the dead no longer " cribbed, cabined or
confined " were larger than mortals
after
:
so
Romulus when he appeared

503
:
death according to Ovid Fasti,
2,
pitlcher et
kumano
maior.
774
Note the
shortening (systole) in steterntit

:
cp. tulerunt (Eclogues 4,
61): steteruTit (Aen. 3, 48
ic, 338):
cotistiterunt (Aen. 3, 681).
775
adfari demere historical 778 asportare: "to take."

:
infinitive,
llQfas
781
as well as regnator
is
subject oi sinit.
:
terram ad ierram Hesperiam

iarrepia,
:
:
Italy
was c^&<i Hesperia: (Greek,
" the western land " cp. sG-epoc, Vesper, " evening": root VAS, "to dwell," the dwelling place of the sun): Spain, ultima Hesperia-Lydiiis the Etruscans were said to come from Lydia (Herod. I, 94), and the Tiber flowing by Etruria is called Tuscus
Tibens (Cieorg.
i,
499).
vi'x'Cn
782
opimavirum
"rich in men": others take virwn
arria:
"the
rich lands tilled
by the husbandmen
":
cp.
Homeric, hpya avSpuv.

:
783
Note
parta
the alliteration r.?5
regmtm
reiîa
"
riches,
realm and a
royal bride.
784
tibi,
scil.
possessed.
est: "is already won for thee": though not yet Creusae Prophecy describes the future as present.
objective genitive
" for thy loved Creusa."

:
1%0Jion ego
for
note the emphatic position

II.
so also Hector had this fear

tiq
Andromache:
ayrjTai.
6,
454,
ore
kfv
'Aâ/w;'
;ta/'Ao;i-;rwra;v
AaKpvoiaaav
786
servitum ibo
"shall go to be a slave."
Explain
this construction
of the supine in -urn.
7S7
Dardanis
"I, a descendant of Dardanus."
Give the endings of
female patronymics.
"
"
86
788
Vergil's aen.
b. ti.
deum genetrix
specially
" mother of the gods
":
Cybele, a Phr)'gian goddess,
worshipped on Mt. Ida, and also a patroness of Troy.

scil.
790
lacrimanietii
ter
me.
lines are translated
:
792
somno:
These
from Od.
ii,
204,
where
Ulysses says of the shade of his mother

TpXq fiEv ecpupju^dr/Vj iTieeiv te
Tptg 6e
fiOL
/ie
avcj-ysij
dvfwg
7]
EK xi-p<^v (jKcy elkeTmv
Kal 'oveipu
ETTTaTO.
" Thrice sprang

Thrice she
towards her, and was minded to embrace her
flitted
from
my
hands as a shadow or even as a dream."

:
So
also
Wordsworth's Laodat/iia
Forth sprang the impassioned Queen her Lord to clasp
Again that consummation she essayed But unsubstantial Form eludes her grasp As often as that eager grasp was made.
794
somno
exsilio
a vision seen in sleep, rather than sleep
itself.
798
"for exile"
scil.
dative of purpose.
' : '
799 800
animis
parati
:
ire or sequi
ready with heart and wealth to go.

sea."
pelago deducere
"to lead them over the

expedition.
dedtuere
is
the regular
word used of a colonizing

801
Lucifer =
star of
apis
: :
(puo<po poq
"tlie light bringer."

to Italy.
aid,
The
story goes that the
Venus guided Aeneas

either
' '
^QZspes
804
hope of giving
"or " hope of receiving
it.
cessi
used in two senses: metaphorical, literal, " I left" the scene.
"I
yielded" to
fate,
and
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.

ABBREVIATIONS.
^dj.^ adjective
;
JV.
=noim; n.= neuter; p^= plural;
wnfir.
=sing:ular.
Acama-S,
-ntis
;
N. m.
:
Acamas, a Greek hero
v. 262.
Aene-as, -ae
N. m.
Aeneas, son of Anchises and Venus, and hero of the Aeneid,
See Introduction.
AchaiC-US,
adj. : of or belonging to Achaia, a district of Southern Greece -a, -um or the Peloponnesus (now the Morea) ; hence Greek or Grecian; see note v. 45.
; ; :
Achill-es, -is N. m. Achilles, the chief Grecian hero in the Trojan War, son of Peleus and of the sea-goddess Thetis. He was slain by Paris shortly before the fall see v. 547. of Troy
;
A.ch.lV-i,
-orum
N. m.
;
pi.
the Greeks
:
see note v. 45.
Agamemn-on,
;
Agamemnon, commander-in-chief of the Greek N. m. -onis army in the Trojan War, King of Mycenae, and brother of Menelaus.
:
Ai-ax, -acis N. m. Ajax, a Grecian hero, son of Oilens, king of the Locri in Greece. Sometimes called the lesser Ajax to distinguish him from the greater Ajax, son of Telamon, who, being defeated by Ulysses in the contest for the Arms of Achilles, went mad and slew himself. Tlie Oilean Ajax mentioned in Aen. ii as figuring in the siege of Troy, violated Cassandra in the temple of Minerva, and as a consequence was shipwrecked on his voyage home.
Anchis-es, -ae
N. m. : Anchises, father of Aeneas. He was, both by his father, Capys, and by his mother, Themis, descended from the royal house of Troy, whose ancestor was Dardanus. His beauty equalled that of the immortals. He was
;
beloved by Venus, and by her became the father of Aeneas. For divulging and boasting of the origin of Aeneas he was stnick by a flash of lightning, which, according to some tradition, killed, according to others, blinded or lamed him.
Vergil
makes Anchises survive the capture
his shoulders
the
first
of Troy, and Aeneas carry his father on from the burning city. Anchises. according to Vergil, died soon after arrival of Aeneas in Sicily, and was buried on Mt. Er3-x.
Andxog'-eos,
Argiv-i,
note
-el
N. m.
;
Androgeos : a Grecian hero

:
see v. 371.
;
Androtnach-e, es
N.
f.
Andromache, wife
:
of
Hector
v. 457.
-orum
-a,
N. m.
pi.
the Argives, or people of Argos, hence Greeks; see
V. 45.
Argolic-US,
-um
adj.
o/or belonging
to Argolis, or
Argos, a district of the
Peloponnesus (now the Morea).
88
VERGIL
;
AEN.
;
B. II.
Argos
N.
n. sing,
only in nom. and ace.
also
Argi, -orum,
pi.
masc.
Argos, a
of
city in Argolis, the district in
which was situated Mycenae, the royal city
Agamemnon.
Asia, -ae
N.
-i
;
f.
Asia, or Asia Minor.

:
Ascan-ius,
N. m.
;
Ascanius or lulus, son

:
of Aeneas.
Astyan-ax, -actis
;
N. m.
:
Astyanax, son
of
Hector and Andromache.
Atrid-es, -ae N. m. a patronymic, son of A treus. and Menelaus, leaders of the Greeks against Troy.
The Atridae were Agamemnon
Auster,
-tri
N. m.
the
South wind
:
see
Notus.
of Achilles.
Automedon,
-ntis
N. m.
Automedon, charioteer
B.
Belid-es, -ae (properly Belides)
N. m. C.
patronymic, son of Belus
see Palamedes.
Calcha-S, -ntis
N. m.
:
Calchas, a Greek soothsayer.

;
Cap-ys, -yos
N. m.
;
Capys, a Trojan
f.
:
see
v. 35.
Cassandra,
daughter of Priam, inspired by Apollo with the On the capture of gift of prophecy, but doomed by him always to be disbelieved. the city, she fell to the lot of Agamemnon and accompanied him to Mycenae. See
-ae
N.
Cassfuirfra,
also Ajax.
Cer-es, -eris
N.
;
f.
Ceres,
:
Goddess
of Agriculture.
Coroeb-US,
-i
N.
m
f.
:
CoroeMis, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon, and a suitor of Cassandra

;
in the Trojan
army
see v. 341.
Creus-a, -ae
;
N.
Creusa, wife of Aeneas.
Cybel-e, -es N. f. a Phrygian goddess, identified with Rhea, or Ops, as the great mother of the gods, wife of Saturn, and daughter of Heaven (Uranus) and
:
Earth (Ge).
D.
Dfi.nS.-i
-orum,
V. 45.
;
or
-um
f.
:
N. m.
the descendants of Danaus
hence Greeks
see
note
Dardani-a, -ae
N.
Troy.
Dardanid-ae, -arum
Deiphob-us,
-i
;
N.
:
pi.
the descendants of Dardanus

;
hence, Trojans.
N. m. N. m. N. m.
Deiphobus, son of Priam
v.
310.
Diomed-es,
Dolop-es,
-is
a famous Greek hero, son of Tydeus.

the Dolopians, a Thessalian people
-um
who came
to
Troy wath
Grecian.
the Grecian army.
Their leader was Phoenix.

adj.
:
a -um Dyma-S, ntis N.

Doricus
;
belonging
to the
Dorians, an ancient Greek race
m.
Dymas,
father of Hecuba.
E.
E6-US,
-a,
-i
-um
;
adj.
:
eastern
("Hcis).
;
Epe-OS,
N. m.
Epeos, the inventor of the wooden horse
see v. 264,

EpJ1;-U8,
-1
;
89
N. m.
;
Epytus, a Trojan.
:
Erinys, -yos
Eur-us,
-i
;
N.
f.
Fury.
The Erjnyes or Eumenides were Avenging
Deities, a
personification of curses.
N. m.
-i
:
East wind.
;
Eurypyl-US,
Eiirypylus, a Greek
v. 114.
F.
Fortun-a, -ae
X.
f.
Fortune, the Goddess of Fortune.
G.
GrOrg'-O, or -on, -onis
Miner%'a
;
N.
f.
of turning beholders into
a Gorgon, a creature with serpent locks and the power stone. The head of one of them, Medusa, was fixed by
: ;
upon her
;
shield (yopyos, grim)

;
v. 616.
;
Grai-us,
-i
pi.
Graii or Grai
N.
<n.
Greeks
see note
on
v. 45.
Hect-or, -oris
N. m.
Hector, son of Priam and bravest of the Trojans, slain
bj-
round Troy. His body was dragged to the Grecian fleet at the wheels of Achilles' chariot, and was afterwards ransomed by the aged Priam, who, securing a twelve days' truce, performed the funeral obsequies. The storj' is to be found in Horn. Iliad, xxii and xxiv. See vv. 270 and 540-543.
Achilles after the latter
thrice
had pursued him
Hecub-a, -ae
N.
f.
Hecuba, wife
of Priam.
Helen-a, -ae; K.
Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta. Eloped with Paris to Troy in fulfilment of Venus' promise to gîve Paris the most beautiful woman in the
f.:
world for wife, in return for his awarding to her (Venus) the apple of Discord. Upon this fateful event hinged the Trojan war. Menelaus, gathering an army of Grecian heroes and their followers, sailed to Troy and besieged it in order to recover his faithless spouse. Helen was frequently taunted by the Trojans as the cause of the war. At the close she returned home with her husband, and in the Odyssey, Bk. iv, we find her discharging the duties of hostess-wife as peacefully as if nothing had happened. See, however, note on v. 567. In v. 569 she is called Tyndaris, i.e., daughter of Tyndants.
Hesperi-US,
or Asia
-a,
-um;
adj.: Western,
and so Italian when contrasted with Greece
(eo-Trepia).
Hypan-is,
-is
N. m.: Hypanis, one of the Trojans

Troy.
I.
who accompanied Aeneas on
the
night of the
fall of
id-a, -ae N. f.: Mt. Ida, a range of mountains close to Troy, noted for the luxuriance and verdure of their forests. Noted in Mythology as the scene of many fables,
;
particularly of the rape of
Ganymede and the judgment

Mt. Ida. Ilium, Trojan.
for Troja,
i.e.,
of Paris.
Idae-'JS,
-a,
-um
adj.: belonging to adj.: belonging to
iliac-us, -a, -Tim
Di-nm,
-i
N. n.: Ilium, another
name
Troy, though Troja and Ilium
seem to have been names applied
to different districts of the
same
city.
In recent
90
veegil's aen.
years wondet-ful discoveries have been
b. ii.
made through the excavations of Dr. Schliemann in the Troad. Remains of a prehistoric city of great wealth and grandeur have been unearthed beneath the ruins of the historical city, Ilium, on the site of tlie present town of Hissarlilf. The destruction of the Homeric Ilium The historic Ilium was founded about 700 B.C. is usually assigned to 1184 B.C.
Iphlg'eni-a,
ae daughter of Agamemnon. To avert the wrath of Artemis (Diana), whom Agamemnon had enraged by killing a sacred hind, and who detained the
:
Greek
fleet at Aulis,
Iphigenia was to be sacrificed
but a hart was miraculously

v. 116.
substituted for her, and she was conveyed in a cloud to Tauris, where she became
priestess to Artgmis.
There
is
an allusion to the story in

See
v. 435.
iphit-TiS,
-i
N. m.: Iphitus, a Trojan.
ithac-US,
lul-US,
-i
;
-a,
-una;
adj.: belonging to Ithaca,
an island in the Ionian
sea,
west of
Greece, the
home
of Ulj'sses.
N. m.: lulua, son of Aeneas, also called Ascanius.
The
Julii (family of the
Caesars, originally lielonging to Alba Longa), were fond of tracing their descent to
lulus (louAo?, "down").
Ilin-O, -onis
Troy.
N.
f.:
Juno, wife
of Jupiter
and queen
of heaven, the bitter
enemy
of
(Sans. D3'aus "bright," cp. iifos, divine.)

;
luppiter, lovis
N. m.: Jupiter, the greatest of the gods
= Diu-pater,
cp. Aids,
gen. of Zeus), god of the clear sky, heaven, the sky.
L.
Lacaen-a, -ae
N.
f.
Spartan woman.
Sparta was called Lacedaemon
in v. 601
Belen (AaKatva).
Laocoo-n,
note
sacrificing to
V. 199.
-ntis; N. m.: Laoeoon, priest of Apollo, although at v. 201 we find him Neptune. For story of his death see vv. 41 and 199 seq see also
;
Larissae-US,
Lucifer,
-i
-a,
-um
adj.: belonging to Larissa, a
town
of Thessaly
an epithet
of Achilles, because Achilles

;
came from
Thessalj'.
fero).
N. m. : Lucifer, the morning star (lux,
Lydi-US,
of its
-a,
-um
adj.: belonging to
the original
home
of the Etrurians.
Lydia, a district of Asia Minor, on west coast, In v. 782 the Tiber is called Lydian, because
Italy,
proximity to the Etrurians of
who were
originally Lydians.
M.
Macha-on,
Mar-S,
fighting.
-onis
N. m.
Machaon, a Greek surgeon, son
of Aesculapius.
-tis; N. m.: Mars,
God
of
War.
In
v.
335 by
metonymy
for ^var, battle,
Menela-us,
Menelaus, son -i ; m. Helen and king of Sparta.

: ;
of Atreus, brother of
Agamemnon, husband
of
Minerv-a, -ae N. f.: Minerva, Goddess of Wisdom and the Arts, identified with Pallas, who aided the Greeks against Troy. (Probably akin in derivation to mens.) Mycen-ae, -arum N. f.: Mycenae, royal city of Agamemnon in Argolis.
;
Mygdonid-es, -ae; N. m.: patronymic, son of Mygdon, epithet of Coroebus. Myrmidon-es, -um N. m. a people of Thessaly and the subjects of Achjlles
;
Jience,
Myrmidons=/ollowers of Achilles.

N.
91
Neoptolem-US,
name
also called Pyrrhus, son of Achilles. His from the fact that he came late to the war. See the beautiful picture passage in Odyssey xi, 105, and compare the account there given with the presented by Vergil, Aen. ii, vv. 491-500 and 526-555.
-i
;
N. m.
Xeoptolemus
(reos TrroAe/aos)
Neptuni-us,
-a,
-i
;
-um;
adj.: connected
with Neptune.
;
Neptun-US,
N. m.: Neptune, God of the Sea the constant enemy of Troy owing to a breach of faith on the part of King Laomedon, who had bargained to reward him and Apollo for building the walls of Troy. After the fall of Troy he befriended nix, Aeneas. (Probably from root nig, "to wash"; ep. vt'îo, viTTTOfiai, vt(|)os
;
nivia.)
Ner-eus
N6t-US,
(dissyll.) -ei
and -eos
N. m.: Nereus, a sea-deity, son of Oceanus and

;
Tethys, and father of the sea-nymphs

-i;
"the old man
of the sea."
of Auster, q. v.
N. m.: Notus, the South
wind; Ndros the Gk. equivalent

O.
Ocean-US,
-i
N. m.: the Ocean.

;
Olymp-us,
gods.
-i
N. m.: Olympus, a mountain in Thessaly, the fabled abode
of the
(Sansk. lup,
-i
;
"to break,"
Lat. rup.)
ipyu>,
Orc-us,
N. m.: Orcus, the lower world, the grave (akin to epnyuj or
"to
confine").
Otliryad-es, -ae
N. m.
patronymic, son of Othrys,
i.e.,
Pan thus
see v. 319.
P.
Palamed-es,
Pallad-ium,
-is; N. m.:
Palamedes, king
See
v. 82.
of
Euboea, a Grecian
who
lost his life
tlirough the wiles of Ulysses.

; :
N. n. the Palladium, an image of Pallas (Minerva), supposed to -ii have fallen from heaven. On its preservation depended the safety of Troy. In the Trojan war it was carried oflE by Ulysses and Diomed.
Pall-as, -adis; N. f., Pallas or Minerva: the former was the Greek name for the goddess of war, wisdom and the arts.
Panth-US,
-i(Voc.
Panthu);
:
N. m.: Panthus, priest Apollo in the Trojan citadel.
Par-is, -idis ; N. m. Paris, also called Alexander, son of Priam and Hecuba. When born he was e.\posed on ilount Ida, because his mother dreamed that she was delivered of a blazing torch, which was interpreted b}' the seer Aesaeus to mean that the child would be the destruction of Troy. Paris was brought up by shepherds, and so signalized himself in protecting the people that he obtained the name of "man defender" ('A Aeâi'Spos). He married the njinph Oenone. Afterwards he was chosen a judge in the dispute about the golden apple. Having awarded the prize to Venus, against Juno and Minerva, he incurred the hatred of the two latter goddesses. He went to Sparta, carried off Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta, and hence the Trojan war.
Pelasg-i,
Greece.
-omm
;
N. m.: Grecians, the Pelasgi were thj earliest inhabitants of

v. 45.
See note
Peli-as, -ae
N. m.: Pelias, a Trojan, comrade of Aeneas.
92
Pelld-es, -ae
;
Vergil's aen.
N. m.
:
b. li.
patronymic,
i.e.,
descendant of Peleus,
(1) the son of Peleus, I.e., Achillet, Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, v, 263.
v. 648, (2) the
Pel6p-eus, -ea, -eum;
whom
all
adj.: belonging to Pelops, an ancient king of Elis, after Southern Greece was called Peloponnesus or " island of Pelops." Hence
Grecian.
Penat-es, -atiura;N. m.
"food," root PA, "feed
"
;
pi.:
the imnates or household gods (penus,
"store" or
cp. pater, pasco).
Penele-US,
-i
N. m.: Peneleus, a leader of the Boeotians in the Trojan War.

;
Pergam-a, -orum
Periph-as, -antis
ing of Troy.
;
N.
n. pi.: 1.
Pergama, the
citadel of
Troy
2.
Troy.
N. m.: Periphas, one of the companions of Pyrrhus at the sack-
Ptloeb-US,
-i
N. m.
;
Phoebus, a poetical name of Apollo
(</)oi/3o5,
" radiant one").
Phoen-ix,
of Troy.
-icis
N. m. : Phoenix, son of
Amyntor and
friend of Achilles at the siege
Phryg-es,
-um
;
N. m.
;
pi.:
inhabitants of Phrygia, that part of Asia Minor in which
Troy was situated
hence Phrygians or Trojans.
PhtM-a, -ae
N.
f.:
Phthia, a town in Thessaly and birth-place of Achilles.

slain
Polit-es, -ae N. m.: Polites, a son of Priam, eyes during the sacking of Troy v. 526.
; :
by Pyrrhus before
his father's
Priam-US,
N. m. : Priam, King of Troy when that city was besieged and taken -i by the Greeks. Under him Troy is said to have reached the height of her wealth and splendour.
;
Priamei-US,
Pyrrh-US,
-i
;
-a,
-um;
tn.
;
adj.:
o/or belonging
to
Priam,
i.e.,
Trojan.
q. v. (Ilvppot,
N.
Pyrrhus, son
of Achilles, also called
Neoptolemus,
"red-haired.")
R.
Rhip-eus,
-ei
N. m.: Rhipeus, a comrade of Aeneas.
S.
Scae-us,
Scaean; used in the phrase Scaeae portae, the famous Scaean or Western Gates of Troy. (S/caio!, "on the left hand," i.e., western, because the Greek soothsayers turned their faces to the north.)
-a,
-um;
adj.:
Scyri-US, -a, -um adj. belom/ing to Scyros, one of the Sporades opposite Euboea, and the birth-place of Pyrrhus, son of Achilles ; hence Scyria pubes = the Scyrian youth, i.e., a body of soldiers from Scyros led by Pyrrhus.
; :
Sige-us,
-a,
-um;
;
adj.
:
of or belonging
to
Sigeum, a -promontory near Iroy; Sigean.
Sin-on, -onis N. m. Sinon, the young Greek who induced the Trojans to admit the wooden horse into their city. He was a relative of Ulysses, whom he accompanied
to Troy.
Spart-a, -ae N. f. the chief city of Laconia in the Peloponnesus, and liome Menelaus and Helen Sparta, sometimes called Lacedaemon.
;
:
of
Sthenel-us,
-i
N. m.
Sthenelus, a Greek, charioteer of Diomede.
INDEX OK PKOPKR NAMES.

T.
93
Tened-OS,
-i
N.
f.
Tenedos, an island four miles from the coast of the Troad.

:
Teucer, -cri N. m. -orum, Trojans.

;
Teucer, a
kin;,'
of
Troy and ancestor
of
Priam
hence Teucri,
Teucria, -ae
f.
land of Troy.
;
Thessandr-us,
Tll6-as, -antis
;
-i
N. m.
Thessandrus, one of the Grecian heroes
in the
wooden
horse, sometimes spelt
Tisandrus.
Thoas, one of the Greeks in the wooden horse.
;
N. m.
Thybr-is
(Tybris), -is or -idis

is
N. m.
old
name
for the Tiber, a river in Italy
on
which Rome
the
situated.
;
See
:
Lydius.
who was
the
first
Thymoet-es, -ae
;
N. m.
Thymoetes, the Trojan

city.
;
to counsel that
wooden horse be brought within the
Tritoni-a, -ae Tritonis, -idis or -idos N. to have been born at Lake Triton in Africa.
Troi-a, -ae
;
f.
Pallas or Minerva, w ho was said
N.
f.
Troxj, see
;
Ilium.
Troian-us,
-a,
;
-um
;
adj.
:
Trojan.
Tydld-es, -ae
Grecian heroes
patronjinic, S07i of Tydeus, i.e., Diomede, one of the bravest he was king of Argos, and after the Trojan war founded Argos Hippium, afterwards Arjji, in Apulia, southern Italy.
N. m.
Tyndar-is,
-idis N. f. daughter of Tyndarus (or Tyndareus), Menelaus, and sister of Castor and Pollux. See Helena.
; :
i.e.,
Helen, wife of
U.
Ucalego-n,
Ulix-es,
-ntis
-i
;
N. m.
:
Ccalegon, a Trojan.
See
v. 312.
among the Greeks for his His wanderings on hia return home after the fall of Troy constitute the subject of Homer's Odyssey, upon which much of the Aeneid is modelled. He is always referred to by Vergil as a tj'pe of Greek cunning.
-is or
N. m.
Ulysses, king of Ithaca, noted
cleverness in strategy.
V.
Vest-a, -ae
;
N.
f.
Vesta, goddess of the hearth
and home.
('Earia,
"she that
dwells or tarries," Sansk. root vas, " to dwell or tarry.")
Vulcan -us (Vulcanus),

(Julgeo,
-i
N. m.
Vulean, god of fire
hence by metonymy, fire,
"to be bright").
Z.
Zephyr-US,
-i
N. m.
the West wind.
ABBREVIATIONS.
a,
al)]
,
active.
interj.
interjcctiGji^
ablative.
mascaline.
neuter.
ace
adj
accusative.
adjective.
nom.
nominative.
adv
conip
POtjj.
.
adverb.
num.
part.
pass.
perf.
numeral.
participle.
comparative.
conjunction.
passive. porfect.
plural.
cp
(jat
compare.
dative.
pi..
dep
f
deponent.
feminine.
prep.
preposition.
pron.
sing.
pronoun.
singular.
ft
from.
frequentative.
indeclinable.
indefinite.
freq indecl
sup.
supine.
superlative.
8>iverl.
indei
N.B.-It should be borne

originally written " i."
in
mind that
in Lalin
words the consonantal " j" was
The words
akin to
it.
of in brackets eittae^ inulcitt th derivation
a word or are closely
94
VOCABULARY
adeo,
ab, prep, with abl. from. To denote the direction from which an object is viewed a tergo, in the rear. To dea,
:
adv.
to
such an ext ent
giving
emphasis, indeed.
adfligo, (ail) gre, flixi. flietum. strike dowii^ crush ; adflictus, crushed, dejected,
note the agent
by.
(Jltto.)
dashed down.
(aflf) are,
abdo,
hide
;
6re, didi,
r.
ditu m, put
away
adflo,
avi,
atum, breathe
of
into (ab
and
weapon, with dat., do, " to give ").

ivi
to plun<je
upon
blast.
adfluo,
ere,
to.
fluxi,
abeo,
retire.
ire,
or
ii,
itum, go
away ;
fluxum, flow to;
throng, flock
(adfor),
ari,
abies,
trisyll.
,
6tis
f.
(abl.
abiete
fir.
atus sum, speak to (ad,
abyete as
fari).
V. 16),
pine,
IQi,
adglomero, (agg-)
wash
off,
are, avi,
atum,
abluo,
ere,
Itltum,
roll to, join to (ad, glomero).
pxiri/y (nh, luo, "wash").
adgnosco, (agn-)
recogiiize.
;
6re, nOvi,
abnego, are, a\'i, atum, refuse. abstmeo, ere, tii, tentum, hold away refrain (abs = ab teneo, "hold").
;
nltum,
Qdgredj^, jagg -)
a dva nce
to,
i,
gressus sum,
attack, underta, ke.

(ad, hue, old
absum,
ac,
doi cii
esse, fQi,
am away,
_njsum,
absent.
see atque.
ere,
cidi,
_ fell
of hoc, "
SSEISc, adv. as yet up to this ").
form
accido, h ew
;
cut
aditus,
proach (ad
;
lis,
m. entrance
i,
(ad, caedo). 6re,
root
in eo,
avenue, ap" go to").

;
;
accingo,
nxi,
nctum, gird on.
admiror,
be astonitihed.
.Itus
sum, admire
wonder,
Pass, in reflexive force, with abl., gird

one's self with;
with dat., gird one's self
for
get ready for.

ere, cepi,
adoro,
pear
are, avi,
atum, pray to, entreat.

ere,
tii,
accipio,
ceptutn. receive
adpareo, (app-)
;
Itum, ap-
hear (ad, capio).
sho2V one's self; become visible.

ire, nsi,
accommodo,
dat., /it tu,
are,
to.
avi,
atum, with
adsentio, (ass)
sent,
nsum,
as-
faiten
approve
(ad, sentio,
"think").
acer,
AC,
cris, ere, adj.
sharp, fierce (root
adservo,
closely
;
(ass-) are, avi, atum,

to.
guard
"sharp," cp. acuo, acies, wkJ?).

a,
closely cling
are,
acemus,
(acer,
um,
adj. of
maple wood
battle
adspiro,
breathe upon,
avi,
atum, with dat.
"maple-tree").
iei,
f.
am favourable to.
stiti,
acies,
ed7c
").
line of battle
adsto, (as t-) are,

by
;
no sup. stand
(root AC, " sharp
stand up,
Hand erect.
ad, prep, with the

at
;
ace.
to,
towards
adsum,
es se, fui,
am present am at
;
'
near, beside.
ere, didi,
hand, approach.
ditum, add, join
to
addo,
adversilS,
a,
um,
adj. opposite (ad,

").
(do, "give").
" towards," versus " turned
95
96
adverto,
attend
to (ad,
VOCABULARY.
ere,
ti, sum, observe, heed, "towards" verto, "turn").
aliqui, qua, quod
(pi. ali-qui,
-quae,
-qua), indef. pron. adj. some, any.
adytura,
aedes,
house.
i,
n.
the innermost shrme of
a temple (aûToi', "the place unentered").

is, f.
one,
aliquis, quid, some one.
indef. pron. subst.
any
in sing, temple
in plur.
aliter, adv. otherwise.
aedifico, are, avi, atum, build "house"; root fac, "make").
(aedes,
.alii,
alius, a, ud, adj. another, other some, .others.
alii
almus,
weary;
(alo,
a,
um,
adj.
nurturing
kindly
aeger,
gra,
grum,
adj.
sick,
"nourish").
n.
pi.
sad, sorrowful.
altaria, lum,
adj. of brass
(
altar
(altus,
aenus,
aes, aeiis
a,
um,
= aer-nus,
"high").
"bronze").
a,
;
aequaevus,
(aequus, "equal"
um, adj. of like age aevum "age").

atum, make equal.
altCri), adj.
alter, tera, terum (gen. alterlus dat. one of two, anopier, a second;
;
. .
alter
alter, the one

a,
the other.
;
aequo,
are, avi,
6ris,
altus,
um,
adj. lofty, deep
as subst.
aequor,
n.
level
surface
sea
altum,
the sea, the deep (alo).

i,
(aequus, "even," " level").
alvus,
fem. belly.
aequus,
aeratus,
(aes).
a, a,
um,
um,
adj. level, equal, fair.

adj. of brass, brazen
aes,
aeris, n. brass, bronze.
ambiguus, a, um, adj. doxibtful. ambo, ae, o, adj. both (a/xû). amens, tis, adj. out of one's mind, mad (a, " from," mens).
aniicus,.a, um, adj. friendly.
aestus,
us,
m, heat
billows (alSo)).
life,
aetas, atis, f. time of aevtas, aevum, "age").
age (for
amitto,
ere, misi,
is,
missum,
;
let
go, lose.
amnis,
everlasting aqua).
m. stream
large,
rapid
cp.
aeternus,
(aetas).
a,
um,
adj.
river (=ap-nia: Sans, ap,
"water";
with
inf.,
aether,
ether
6ris,
m. the bright upper

time
air,
amor,
oris,
to.
m.
love;
an
(âlOrip).
i,
eager desire
n. age,
(alJiv).
aevum,
ager,
acre).
am.plector,
Eng.
i,
ple.xussum, embrace.
adj. sjMcious, large
3.gri,
m.
field (aypds, cp.
amplus,
an,
a,
um,
(am, " around," pleo, "fill"),

Cris, n. ba7ik,
agger,
mound (a.d, gero).
conj. whether, or.

uis,
agitator,
oris,
m. driver (agito).
anguis,
m. and
ex'^)-
f.
snake (ango,
agito, are, avi, atum, keep moving, pursxie ponder (freq. fr. ago).
;
"squeeze"; Gk.
agmen,
iif
inis, n. course,
stream
;
on the march (ago, " that which is set in motion ").

soldiers
band hence
angustus, anima, ae,

"to breathe").
a,
f.
um,
adj. narroiv (ango).

life
breath,
(Sans, an,
animus,
courage
;
i,
m. mind
;
in pi. spirit,
ago, fire, egi, actum, drive, move lead age, come now ! (ayio).
;
(ajêjios
i,
see anima).
annus,
ante,
m. year.
agricola,
coIo).
ae,
m. husbandman
say
(ager,
adv.
and prep, with

a,
ace. before.
antiquus,
V. defect,
;
v.m, adj. old, ancient
aio,
3rd pers. sing.
ait.
(=anticus,
fr.
ante).
VOCABULARY.
aperio,
(ab, pario,
ire, fli, ertum, open reveal " get from," " uncover ")..
;
97
iis,
ascensus,
asper,
era,
m.
ascent.
adj. rough, fierce,
pi.).
erum,
apex, Icis, m. point, spike ; tip of a flame, pointed flame (ap, "join to," cp.
aptus).
cruel (v. 379, aspris abl.
aspicio,
hold.
splcere, spe.vi,
speetuni, be-
apto,
are,
av-i,
atum, flt, fit
on.
apud,
ara,
ast, or at, conj.
hut.
prep, with ace. xcith,

f.
among.
ae,
altar.
f.
arbor,
astrum, asylum,
ary
;
i,
n. star (aa-rpov).
i,
n.
place of refuge, sanctu-
oris,
tree.
(atrvAov).
tra,
arceo,
strain
ere,
tii,
no sup. confine
adj.
re-
ater,
tnun, adj. black, gloomy.
(apxe'ui, aAicij).
ardens,
ardeo,
am, eager.
ntis,
on
fire,
eaier
atque
;
(ac), conj.
and ( = ad "in
ad-
blazing (ardeo).
ere,
arsi,
dition"; que, "and").
arsum,
adj.
am
on
atrilim,
fire,
i,
n. entrance-hall ; court.
attollo,
a,
6re,
no
perf. or sup. lift
up
arduus,
high (akin to
um,
lofty,
").
towering,
(ad, toUo).
opflos,
"erect
;
attrecto,
tracto).
are, avi,
atum, handle
(ad,
aries,
etis,
m. ram
n. plur.
battering-ram.
(Abl. trisyll., ariete = ary6te, v. 492.)
auctor,
(augeo).
oris,
m. author, originator
arma,
attack
orum,
arm^s
mêans of
" to
(apui, "fit,"
"adapt").
n.
atideo,
ere,
ausus stun, dare.

or
il,
annentum,
plough
").
i,
herd (aro,
audio,
ire, Ivi,
itum, hear (cp.
Lacon. a5s = ovs, Eng. ear, Lat. auris).
armiger, i (arma; gero, "carrj"), m. armour-bearer.

arroipotens,
arms.
ntis,
ance of birds
call ").
auguriuiD, li, n. omen by the utterroot gar, " to ; omen (avis

;
adj.
powerful in
aura,
are, avi,
ae, air, breeze (avpa).

a,
anno,
atUS,
aro,
atum, arm
arm-
as subst.
are, avi,
an armed man.
atum, plough.
raise
auratus,
um,
adj. gilded (aurum).
aureus,
auris,
a,
um,
adj. golden.
arrigo, ere, rexi, rectum, lift, up (ad rego "keep straight ").
;
is, f.
i,
ear (see audio).
aiorum,
n. gold. n.
ars,
artis,
f.
art, skill
cunning.
ausum,
aut,
facio,
i,
daring deed (audeo).
artifex, ids, m. and
f.
cunning, 7vork-
conj. or.
man,
contriver
(ars,
"art";
autem,
crease
").
conj. hut.
ii,
"make").
auxilium,
us, TO. joint, limb(apai, "fit"),
a,
n. help (augeo,
"in-
artus, artus,
um,
n.
adj. close-fitting, tight.

(aro,
aveho, ere, vexi, vectum, carry away

pass., to be carried
arvum,
arx,
(arceo,
1,
ploughed land, field
away,
i.e.,
to
sail
"to plough").
arcis,
f.
away.
place of defence, citadel
;
avello,
tear away.
ere,
velli
or vulsi, vulsum,
"to enclose"
fire,
apxiio, a\Krj).
ascendo,
scando).
di,
sum, climb
(ad,
aversus,
averto,
a,
um,
ti,
adj.
turned away.
ere,
sum, turn away.
98
avius,
\\a.),
VOCABULARY.
a,
uni, adj. (a,

;
"away from,"
as subst., by-
capio,
prisoner,
ere, cepi,
captum, catch; take

perf. part, as subst.
pathless
n.
avium,
captus,
path.
prisoner, captive.
i,
avus,
axis,
m. grandfather, ancestor.
is,
m.
axle,
axis; the axis of
CaptlVUS, a, um, adj. plundered, taken as spoil; captive (capio).
heaven, heaven.
capulus,
caput,
i,
m. the handle,
hilt (ca,Tpio
hence, "the thing grasped"),

itis,
n.
head; top
(^Ke<f>a\ri).
barba, ae, f. beard. barbaricus, a, um, adj. barbaric (SoipjSapos, "one who speaks an unkno\yn
tongue ").
cardo,
careo,
Inis,
m. hinge,
jnvot,
socket
(akin to KpaSaivui,
ere,
"to swing").
Itum, with
abl.
tli,
am
keel
bellum,
test
i,
n.
?t'(ir (
= duellum, "aeonpair-horse chariot
without {root KAR, "shear"; cp. Keipm).
between two ").

f.
bigae, arum,
(
carina, ae (cp. xapuor, cornu), by meton. a ship.
f.
Tpl.
= bi-iugae;
bis,
iuguni, "ayoke").
carus,
a,
um,
adj. dear, loved. adj.
bipatens,
bipennis,
"wing").
ntis, adj.
doubly open (pa-
cassus,
a,
um,
with
abl.
deprived
teo, " to open").

is, f.
o/( = car-sus,
fr.
careo).
n. pi.
double axe
(bis,
penna,
castra, omm,
camp.
hazard;
casus,
(
us,
m.
fall, accident,
bis, num. adv. twice
= dms).
mischance, calamity (cado).
bos, bovis, m. ox
(j3oCs).
caterva,
catulus,
cub.
ae,
i,
f.
crowd, band.
;
bracchium,
i,
n.
arm (ppaxi-iav),
bri'c/!)/
m. a young dog
whelp,
breviter, adv.
shortly,
(brevis).
;
bruma, ae,
( = brevima).
f,
the shortest
day
winter
causa,
reason.
also
(caussa),
ae,
f.
cause,
cavema,
C.
ae,
f.
cavern, hollow.
cavo,
to
are,
avi,
atum, make hollow;
Cado,
stars
:
re,
cecidi,
;
to sink or set
a,
casum, fall happen.
of
pierce.
CaVUS,
se-
a,
um,
adj. holloiv.
caecus,
cret,
um,
adj. blind;
dark;
cedo,
yield.
ere,
cessi,
cessum,
go
away,
hidden.
is, f.
caedes,
slaughter (caedo).
celsus,
"head"),
a,
um
(root
kar,
in
xoprj,
caedo,
6re, cEcIdi,
;
(root ciD- for scid
caesum, cut ; slay cp. scindo Gk. erxi^'o).

;
adj. lofty. adj.
centum, num.
(cKaTOJ').
indecl.
hundred
caelicola, ae, m. and f. one who dwells in heaven; heavenly being (ca,e\\im, colo).
cemo,
6re, crevi,
;
cretum, distinguish
caelum,
i,
n.
a,
heaven.
{tvith the eye)<)
see(cp. Kpivio, "divide").
caerulus,
um,
adj.
dark
blue.
certatim,
certo,
are,
a,
adv.
with
emulation;
caligo, mis,
f.
thick darkness.
earnestly (certo).
fivi,
campus,
cano,
i,
m. plain, field.
:
atum, contend,
strive.
cantum, sing prophesy (because oracles were made in

ere, cCcini,
certUS, cervix,
um,
adj. sure, fixed,
un-
erring (cemo).
vlcis,
f.
verse).
neck (oer= /cdpa ; veho).
VOCABULARY.
cesso,
fr.
99
fire,
are, ivi,
atum, cease
= ced-so,
COgO,
cOSgi,
cfiactum, drive
to-
cedo).
a,
gether, compel (cum, ago).
Ceterus,
um,
adj. the other.

;
colligo,
gether ;
ere, legi, lectum,

;
gather
to-
ceu,
adv. as, just an
as
if.
(cum
i,
lego).
n. r/;ck.
Cieo, ere, civi, citum, set in motion, rouse (akin to kCm, " go " ; cp. KLvitu).
collixm,
coluber,
bri,
m. serpent.
f.
cingo,
gird
be
;
6re, nxi,
nctum, put roxmd
pass, with abl. or ace. of spec'n. to
COlumba, coma, ae,

(koî)).
ae,
f.
dove.
;
hair
of trees, foliage
girded with, gird one's self with. Cinis,

eris,
m. ashes.
Circum,
around.
adv.,
and prep,
dedi,
with ace.
comans, tis, adj. hairy crested. comrade (cum, comes, itis, m. and
;
f.
eo).
circumdo,
round.
are,
datum, place
atum, wander
fQsum, pour to crowd
comitor,
to
ari,
atus sum, accoinpany.

are, avi,
commiendo,
are, avi,
atum, entrust
Circumerro,
round.
(cum, mando).
communis,
re, fudi,
e,
cum
(rootiiu, "bind";
;
Circumfundo,
round
;
cp.
raunus, moenia), adj. shared
comjoint
pass, in middle force,
mon.
around.
compages,
spicere, spexi, spec-
is,
f.
fastening
Circumspicio,
tum, look round
;
(cum,
pani,'o).
look
round
on.
circumsto,
round
;
are, st6ti,
no sup. stand
atum,
compello, are, avi, atum, address. complector, xus sum, embrace (plico).
surround.
are,
avi,
circumvolo,
rou7id.
fiy
COmpleo,
pono).
tre, evi,
etum,
fill
up.
Civis,
is,
m. and
is, f.
composite
f.
adv. by agreement (com-
citizen.
clades,
disaster (kAow, "break").
comprendo,
grasp
(v)ith the
6re,
di,
sum, grasp;
pressum,
clamor,
m. shout.
oris,
(clamo
Sans,
kar-
mind), comprehend.
6re,
"celebrate"; cp. KoKkut,
(cArjTos,
clarus),
comprimo,
concedo,
draiv.
pressi,
check, restraint (premo).

oris,
clangor,
trumpets)
m.
cry; braying
(of
6re,
cessi,
cessum, with-
(xAa-y-yr;).
Claresco, grow clear.
ere, ui,
no sup. inceptive,
concido,
(cado).
ere, di,
no sup. fall down

shout
clarus, a, um, sound or sight.

classis,
adj.
clear,
bright, of
conclamo, are, avi, atum,

concretus,
gether,
a,
cry.
to-
um,
adj.
groxvn
is, f. fleet.
i,
matted (cum
ere,
creseo).
curri,
claustrum,
Clipeus
COepi,
(also
n.
bar (elaudo).
i,
concurro,
together.
cursum, ru7i
clypeus),
begin.
m. round
shield (xaAiirrTio "hide," cp. celo).

isse,
COncutlO,
ere,
ussi,
ussum,
shake
ptum,
vigorously (cum, quatio).
COeptUS,
perf. part. pass, of coepi.
condensus,
condo,
a,
um,
adj. very thick.
COgnosco, ere, novi, nitum, inceptive,

begin to recognize, learn.
ere, didi,
ditum, put together,
hide {do, "give").
100
COnfertus,
(cum,
farcio).
a,
VOCABULARY.
um,
adj. closely
packed
conticesco,
silent (taceo).
6re,
fii,
no sup. become
COnfigo,
acknowledge
6re, xi,
eri,
xum,
fessus
pierce.
contineo,
confess,
ere,
fli,
tentum, check, hold
confiteor,
COnfligO,
(fligo,
sum,
back (teneo).
(fateor).
6re,
xi,
ctum, join
battle,
reach ; touch
contingo, 6re, tigi, tactum, and pollute (tango).
touch,
"dash").
ere, fudi,
contorqueo,
fusum, pour
to-
ere, torsi,
tortum, hurl
COnfundo,
gether, confuse.
vigorousl'^.
contra, adv. on
8re,
fli,
the other side.
congemo,
COng"ero,
together.
no sup. groan
gestum, heap
contrarius,
convello,
violently,
a,
um,
adj. opposite.
deeply (con, intensive).

ere,
6re, vulsi,
vulsum, pluck
gessi,
rend atvay.
6re,
ti,
converto,
sum, turn, turn

vdlutum,
COngredior,
together, fight.
i,
gressns
sum, come
roxind.
convolve,
iectum, hiirl strongtogether.
6re,
vi,
roll
ConiciO,
ly (iacio).
6re, icci,
copia,
ae,
f.
coniugium,
(iungo, root luo).
ii,
n. xvedlock
husband
forces (the
latter
abundance; of troops, meaning usually ex-
pressed by
pi.).
coniunx,
husband,
tempt.
ttgis,
m. and
f.
one joined
coram,
face.
adv. before
any one ; face
to
ivife, spouse{c\in\, iungo). ari,
Conor,
atus sum, endeavour, at-
corpus,
lently
;
6ris, n.
body.
consanguinitas,
tionship, kinship
corripio,
atis,
;
Sre, 01,
eptum,
seize vio-
f.
blood rela-
(cum
lay hold o/ (cor = con = cum, with

;
sanguis).
intensive force
rapio "seize").
a,
conscius,
(some one
a,
um,
adj. knoioing with

;
Coruscus,
flashing.
um,
adj.
vibrating;
else),
confederate
conscious of
(with gen.) (cum, scio, "know").
consequor,
consero, 6re,
sero).
i,
secutus sum, folloxv.
COSta,
crater,
ae,
f.
rib.
serili,
sertum, jom (cum,
eris,
m. mixing-bowl
(KpaTrjp,
Kepavvvfjii.).
consido,
(sedeo).
6re, sedi,
sessum,
settle
down
creber,
CRB
;
bra,
brum,
adj.
frequent (root
cp. cresco).
fire,
consilium,
root SAL or SAR,
ii,
n. counsel,
;
plan {con
stand
credo,
;
dldi,
ditum, with dat.

v. 371).
"go"
cp. consul, salio).

still
trust, believe (see
note on
crevi,
consisto,
ere, stiti, stitum,
cresco,
(sto, root sta).
cretus
cretum, grow; as adj. born, sprung.

6re,
inis, n.
ing
conspectus, us, m. a gazing, regard; in conspectu, in sight; conspectu in medio, a7nid the gazing
throng (conspicio).
crimen,
crinis,
charge, accusation.
cp. Kapa,
is,
m. hair (root kar,

e, adj. cruel.
"the head").
crudelis,
consumo,
sume, spend.
ere,
nipsi,
mptum,
xveave.
con-
cruentus,
a,
um,
n.
adj. bloody.
culmen,
2re, ai,
Inis,
height,
summit ;
contexo,
xtum,
roof.
VOCABULARY.
culpa,
ae,
f.
101
(usually deinde), adv. there-
fault.
avi.
delude
Stum, blame, hold
after, then.
culpo,
are,
'juilty (culpa).
delabor,
when.
;
i,
lapsus sum, slip doivn.
cum (quum), conj.

cum,
yiut after tlie
se, nobis, vobis, e.g.
deligo,
always
lego).
ere, legi, lectum, choose (de,
prep, with abl. tvith
personal pronouns me, te,
delitesco,
ere,
litui,
no sup. hide
mecum.
adj. rt7Z( = coiunctus).
one's siAf, lie hid (de, lateo).
cumulus,
cupido,
CupiO,
i,
m. heap.
cunctus, a, um.
inis,
f.
desire.
li,
delubrum, i,n. sAri ?i (luo " cleanse"). demens, tis, adj. out of one's mind, mad (de, mens).
demitto,
down.
Sre,
ere, ivi or
i, f.
Itum, desire.
misi,
missum,
send
cupressus,
cura,
euro,
ae,
cypress (KviTdpL(T<ro<;).
quare).
cur, adv. why ? (=quo,

f.
demo,
(de-emo).
ere, mpsi,
niptum, take aivay
care, anxiety.
are,
a\-i,
atum, care for, regard.

run.
demoror,
ing, delay.
ari, atus,
sum, keep wait-
CUITO,
6re, cacurri, cursuin,

lis,
cursus,
m. running,
course.
deoaum,
denique,
adv. at
last.
adv. at last.
curvus,
cuspis,
a, iim, adj. hent.
densus,
idis,
f.
a,
um.
i,
adj. thick (Sao-us).

07i.
spear.
CUStOS,
scutum,
odis (root scu, "cover," cp,
depascor,
pastus sum, feed

p6stli,
xeiiSw),
m. guardian, guard.
depono,
down.
ere,
p6situm,
lay
D.
de, prep, with ahl.from, down from.
descendo,
desero,
"join").
ere,
ere,
di,
sum, go down,
descend (scando, "climb").

tii,
dea,
ae,
f.
goddess ; see deus.

itum, owe (de, habeo).
rtum, forsake (sere,
debeo,
ere, ti,
decern, num.
adj. indecl. ten (SiKo.).

adj. graceful.
destine,
sto,
are, avi,
atum
(root sta in
out.
decorus,
decurro,
a,
um,
"stand"),
set apart,
fire,
mark
ere, curri, or cttcurri, cur-
desuesco,
tomed.
sum, run down.
unaccustomed;
suetum, render desuetus, unaccussucvn,
deCUS, deduce,
conduct.
6ns, n. ornament, honour.

ere,
xi,
ctum, lead doum,
desum,
away
esse,
fui,
am
wanting,
am
(de, sum).
defendo,
defensor,
5re, dl,
;
sum,
strike aicay
desuper,
;
adv.
from
above.
defend{de, "from"
oris,
fendo, "strike").
detineo,
back
;
ere, in,
tentum, hold or keep
m. defender.
become
detain (de, teneo).
defetiscor, i, fessus sum, weary ; defessus, weary.

deficio,
ing
;
ere, feci,
fectum,
am
want-
fail, disappear.
eris,
degener,
race
").
adj.
race, degenerate
(de,
unworthy of the "from"; genus,
gen. pi. deiAii or i, m. god; deorum; di and dis are often used for dei and deis. dea, ae, goddess (root in Sans. DI, DYTJ, "gleam" cp. Zeiis = dyaua, "heaven" ; but not fleo?).
deus,
devolve,
dexter,
ere, vi,
vOlutum,
roll
tra,
down.
trum.
tera,
terum, and
;;
102
on the right hand; favourable (See note on v. 54.)
VOCABULARY.
(6e|tos).
dolor,
oris,
i,
m.
grief.
dolus,
(6dAos).
m.
guile, craft,
fraud, deceit
dextera,
hand.
or dextra, ae,
f.
the right
diCO,
call
;
fire,
dixi,
dictum, say, speak
dommor, ari, atus sum, hold sway (dominus, root DAM, "subdue").
domo,
(Saixduj,
name
(Seixi'v/u.i).
i,
are,
Gi,
itum,
tame, subdue
dictuiQ,
dies,
n. ivord.
root dam).
vis,
f.
ei, ni.
(in sin;?,
sometimes fem.)
(root Sans, di,
dorQTOS,
Sdfios).
house (>, "build";
day; figuratively, time "gleam" see deus).

;
donee,
draco,
(dis,
conj. until.
i,
diffugio,
ere, fugi,
fugitum, flee in
donmn,
dubius,
n. gift (do),
different directions (dis, fugio).
onis,
a,
m. serpent
(SpdKiav).
digero,
arramje
gero).
;
ere, gessi,
gestum, distribute,
um,
(=duhibius,
duo,
relate in order,
expound
" two," habeo) adj. doubtful.
duco,
a,
ere, xi,
ctum, draw, lead, draw
dignus,
um,
i,
adj. worthy.
out.
digredior,
(dis, gradior).
gressus
sum, depart
dear
dudum,
dulcis,
adv. a while ago, lately.

adj. sweet.
;
e,
dilectus,
(diligo).
a,
um,
adj.
chose7i,
dum,
dux,
conj. while
a,
until.
diirus,
diripio, ere, plunder (rapio).
fli,
um,
adj. hard, cruel.
reptum, tear asunder

duels,
m. leader.
dirus,
dread.
a,
um,
adj. fearful,
terrible,
E.
ecce,
ere, cessi,
interj. lo
acis, adj.
behold
discedo,
disco,
cessum, depart.
edax,
(edo).
consuming, devouring
rtum, relate
at
6re, didici,
no sup. learn.
(dis,
discors, dis, adj. differing "apart"; cors, "heart").

disicio,
destroy
Cre, ieci,
edissero,
length
6re,
iji,
(e, dis, sere,
"join").
iectum, dash apart,
educo,
aloft.
ere, xi,
ctum, drato out ; raise
(iaxiio,
"throw").
dlu, adv. for a long time.
effero,
rre, extQli,
elatum, bear forth,
diva,
ac,
f.
goddess (root
di,
"gleam "
raise.
;
see deus).
effigies,
6re,
velli,
ei, f.
image
(ex, fingo).
divello,
apart.
vulsum,
pluck
eflfor, ari, atus
sum, speak
fugi,
out, xitter.
n. flee
diversus,
dives,
itis,
a,
um,
adj. different, vari(dis, verto).
efFugiO, 6re, from, escape.
fUgltum,
ous; in a different quarter

adj. rich.
eflfugium,
ii,
n.
escape (ex, fugio).
eflflUgeo, ere,
Isi,
no sup. shine forth.
divido,
6re, visi,
a,
visum, divide.
adj. divine (divus).
pi.
eflfundo,
6re, fudi, iusnva,

I'li,
pour forth.
with
divinus,
divus,
(root DI
;
um,
egeo,
abl.
ere,
no sup.
of.
am needy ;
i,
m. deity (gen.
ddi,
often divom)
am in need
see deus).
egredior,
(SiSuixi).
grfidi,
gressus sum, go out;
do, dare,
datum, give
go out from
(ex, gradior).
VOCABULARY.
Slabor,
escape
j'roui.
i,
103
6re, cidi,
lapsus
suin,
sUp
out,
excido,
excito,
sum, cut
ottt
or
off,
destroy (ex, caedo).

ili,
emico,
are,
a.t\im,
flash forth.
out.
are,
avi,
atum
(intens.
and
emoveo,
enim,
ensis,
eo.
is,
ere,
movi,
motum, move
freq.
fr.
ex-cio), arouse.
.are, ari,
conj. for.
exclamo,
excutio,
ffo
atum, cry
out.
(qiiatio,
m. sword.
or
li,
ere, cussi,
cussum
Ire, ivi
itum,
(root
"shake"), shalce out, shake free; rouse,

i
;
cp.
eifii, l-evai).
wake up from
sleep.
equidem
quidem
;
(comp'd of
interj.
and
exeo,
eslgo,
ire, li
or
us,
ivi,
itum, go out.
cp. edepol), adv. verily, truly.

i,
;
exercitus,
m. army.
equus,
ijTTTos
m. horse (Sans, acvas

root, ak,
Gk.
ere, egi,
actum
(ago,
"put
in
(Ikkos)
"sharp").
(
motion"), drive out.

root,
ergo,
adv. therefore
= e-rego;
exiialo, are,
avi,
atum, breathe out.
RAG, "to extend upwards": cp. bpdyui,
exitialis, e (exitium), adj. ruinous.
Germ, ragen).
eripio,
(e, rapio).
exitium,
fli,
ii
(ex, eo, [itum]
"go"),
n.
6re,
reptum, snatch aicay
ruin, destruction.
exitus, us
atum, wander.
end.
(ex, eo,
"go"), m. issue,
desire.
erro,
are, avi,
oris,
error,
deception.
m. wandering; mistalce;
exopto,
exorior,
are, avi,
Iri,
atum, greatly
ortus sum, rise out or up.
erubesco,
(ex,
6re,
tli,
no
sup., V. ince]it.
expedio,
set
ire, Ivi
or
li,
Itum, extricate,
rubesco,
about.
6re,
"become
tii,
red
at"),
feel
free (ex, pes).

ere,
di,
shame
expendo,
Otuin, tear or dig out
sum
(ex,
pendo,
eruo,
"weigh"), ây.
overthrow.
experior,
Iri,
partus sum, try ;
test.
et, conj.
and; even; et.

conj. also.
if,
.et, both.
..
expleo,
expliCO,
fituiii,
ere, plevi,
pletum, flU up.
and.
are,
tli
and
mpsi,
avi,
itum and
etiam,
unfold.
6re,
etsi, conj. even
although
(et, si).
expromo,
mptum, bring
evado,
evenio,
v.n.
6re,
si,
sum, go up, ascend;
forth (ex, pro, emo).
go out, pass beyond.

ire, voni,
exsanguis,
ventum
(ex, venio),
e,
adj. bloodless.
scldi,
exscindo,
scindo,
ere,
scissum (ex,
turn out, come

ere,
ti,
to pass.
"cut out"),
li
(
extirpate.
fr.
everto,
sum, overthrow.
vici,
exsilium,
= exsulium,
;
exsul,
evinco,
utterly.
6re,
victum,
conquer
"an
exile," either fr. solum,
"ground,"
or root SAL,
"go"
cp. saUre, consul), n.
banishment.
ex (e),
prep, vrith abl. out of, from.

fire,
exspecto,
are,
avi,
atum, look for
exardesco, up (ardeo).
arsi,
arsum, blaze
eagerly (specie).
exstingUO,
cessum, go forth.
stinguo,
6re,
nxi,
cp.
nctum
(ex,
excedo,
ere, cessi,
root
stig
o-ti'^'w),
extin-
excidium, li (sometimes written exSCidlam, as if from exscindo usuaJIj;
guish
; kill.
exsulto,
sal), leap
are,
Svi,
atum
(ex,
root
referred to excido), n. destruction.
up ;
rejoice.
104
exsupero,
"above"),
conquer.
VOCABULARY.
are, avi, atum (ex, super, mount above; toiver high;
fattu*, 3rd sing. pres. ind. of fan, fatus
sum,
to
Speak
(0i)î).
f.
fauces, ium,
adv.
plur. throat ; jaws.
extemplo,
tenipus).
immediately
(ex,
fax,
facis (root
a,
fa see
;
facies),
f r.
f.
torch.
extra
beyond.
= extera,
femineus,
abl.
um
(femina,
root fr
sing.
fern,
of
or fev,
<l>v,
"to produce,"
cp. fio, futurus),
adv. exterus), prep, with aco. outside;
adj. pertaining to
a woman.
<j>aiv<o), i.
extremus,
most
;
a,
um,
superl. adj.
out-
fenestra, ae
tt'indoiv,
(root 4>av, cp.
utmost, farthest.
opening.
Ire (perh.
exuo, ere, tii, utum, strip off. exuviae, arum (ex-uo, root
to,
ferio.
av,
Sansk. dhur, "injure,"

furere),
"go
cp. ferus, ferox,

sup., strike.
flrjp,
no
perf. or
"put
on"),
f.
things
stripped off;
spoils.
fero,
F.
ferre, tah,
;
latum, bear, carry;

;
carry
in
(fab-
off;
endure relate sometimes used

:
fabricator,
rico).
oris,
m. constructor
an intrans. sense pass, tend feror,

;
sic ferre, so
bring
to
am
carried, rush,
bear, bairn
move
fabrico, are, avl, atum man"), make, construct.
facies,
bright "
f.
;
(Sans, bhar, cp.

).
(j)epu),
(faber,
"work-
[child]
ferrum,
<i>riij.l,
i,
n. iron
sword.
ei (root
fa or fac, "to make

<j>aLvoi),
cp. facio, fari, fax,
ferus,
fierce.
a,
um
um,
(see ferio), adj. wild,
face
appearance.
e,
facilis,
able").
adj. easy (facio,
hence "do-
fessus,
festino,
a,
adj. rveary (fatisco).
are, avi,
atum, hasten.
facio, 5re, feci, factum (see facies), do; make; cause. Passive fio, fieri, factus sum, am inade ; become.
festus,
fetus,
(root fe,
a,
um,
adj. festal.
a, um, adj. pregnant, filled with "produce" see femineus).

;
factum,
fallo,
i,
n. deed.
fCfelli,
Actus,
falsuni,
a,
um,
adj.
feigned,
false
6re,
deceive
(fingo).
escape notice of ((r<j>dX\M).

falstis,
a,
fides,
fa,
ei,
f.
faith
promise
pledge
um (fallo),
f.
adj. false.
(ttiA-, TTICTTIS).
fama,
in fari
;
ae,
report,
rumour (root
fidens,
fido,
ntis, adj. confident.
see facies).
ere,
fisus
sum, with dat. of
famulus,
"found," cp.
(Sans,
Tt-8r)-Mi),
dha, "to lay," m. attendant.

laiv
;
person, have confidence in, trust.
fiducia,
f idus,
a,
ae,
f.
confidence.
fas, n. indecl. divine

lauful.
ivhat
is
um,
adj. faithful.
fastigium,
fatalis,
e,
li
(fastigo,
"make
point-
fig"0,
fire, xi,
fire,
xum,
fix
fasten.
ed"), n. gable roof, roof, battlement.

adj. fated (fatum).
flngo,
finis,
finxi, fictum,
shape,
mould
SiY-, Sfyyavu),
" tOUCh ").
fateor,
eri,
fassus
sum
<j>aui,
(root fa,
(ftrjiii,
"to
is
(root fid, cp. findo, "cleave"),
make
to
shine," cp.
<f>aiyuj,
m. and
f.
end.
fari), confess.
fio, see facio (root <^v, "produce").

n.
fatum,
oracle ;fate
i,
that which
is
spoken;
flrmo,
confirm.
are, avi,
atum, make strong,
(fari).
VOCABULARY.
flrmus,
flxus,
a.,
105
inis (
a,
um
(akin to fero, fretus),
fulmen,
thunderbolt.
= fulg-mfcn,
fr.
fulgeo),
adj. xtroiKjfjirin.
um,
adj. fixed, resolved (figo).

avi,
fulvus,
fiimo,
reek.
a,
um
(fulgeo), yellow, tawny.

perf. or sup.,
flagito, are,
atum, keep asking for,

(iÂeyiu).
are,
no
smoke,
demand.
flagrro, are, aW, atum, blaze
fumus,
(fundus).
i,
m. smoke (Suu, see

i,
foedo).
flamma,
to falx).
ae,
f.
fiame
{4,\iyia).
fundamentum,
(akin
n.
foundation
flecto, 6re,
xi,
xum, bend, turn

to
fundo,
evi,
fere,
fudi,
fusum
out.
(root fid, Gk.
fleo, 5re,
V. n.
etum (akin
<j>\vui, fluo),
X^Fto)
pour ; spread
i,
weep.
lis,
fundus,
m. iveeping,
tears.
m. bottom
rope.
(True^'ji')-
fletus,
funis,
is,
m.
fluctiis,
lis,
m. wave
river
(fluo).
;
fluruen,
fluo,
inis, n.
stream.
funus, eris, n. funeral, death (akin to fumus, "smoke").

furio, are,
enrage.
fiiro, ere,
ferio).
tii,
ere, fluxi,
fluxum,/oic; ebb away.
a\i,
atum, 7nake furious,
foedo, "smoke,"
defile,
are,
a--i,
atum
(Sana, dhiimas,
cp.
fumus,
foul),
make
foul,
no sup. rave, rage;
(see
fons, tis, m. fountain (root in "pour," cp. fundo).

foris,
is, f.
xeFa>,
furor,
"thief").
oris,
m. rage, madness.
by stealth
(fur,
({>iop,
furtim, adv.
door (Ovpa).
inis,
formido,
fors,
f.
i.fear, dread.
G.
chance, only used in noui. and
galea,
(yrjOiui).
ae,
f.
helmet.
abl. forte,
by chance
e, adj.
(fero).
gaudeo,
gaza,
break
word).
ae,
ere,
gavlsus
sum,
rejoice
fortis,
brave.
f.
fortuna,
ae,
6re,
fortune.
frCgi,
f.
treasure (yaâ, a Persian
frango,
(pTjyi-vnO-
fi-actum,
gelidus,
oris (root
a,
um (gelu),
adj. cold, icy.
fragor,
FRAQ
in
f rango),
m.
breakinn, crash.
geminus, a, um, adj. timi-born. gemitus, iis, m. groan, roar.

gener,
eri,
fremitus,
us,
m. roaring.
by melon.
m.
son-in-lato (root gen,
fretum,
for the sea.
i,
n. strait, frith,
cp. gigno, yevdia, genus).
genitor,
a,
f.
oris,
m. father.
f.
frigidtis,
um,
adj. cold (piyos).
genetrix,
GES).
Icis,
mother (gigno, root
frons,
dis,
foliage.
frustra, adv. in vain.

(fnix,
gis)
gens,
GES).
tis,
f.
family, race.
kin (yeros, root
mostly in plur. fruges, fruit
genus,
Sris, n. race,
of the earth, corn.
fuga,
{4>evyco).
ae,
f.
flight.
;
fuglO,
6re, fiigi, fflgitum, flee
escajte
gero, 5re, gessi, gestuni (root gas, "come," "go" gero in causative sense: "cause to go"), bear, carry.
;
fulgeo,
((Ât-yco),
ere
or
ere,
fulsi,
no sup.
glomero,
form
into
are,
a.vi,
atum
(glomus),
gleam, shine.
ball ; gather together.
106
gloria,
ae,
f.
VOCABULARY.
glory (root
cm, "hear"
horror,
hortor,
hort.
Sris,
ari,
m. shuddering, dread.
atus sum, encourage, ex-
cp. kKvoi, /cAeos, inclutus).
grSdus,
low"; Gk.
us,
m.
step.
grramen,
inis(Sans. root GAR, "swalgrass.
/3op), n.
see note
ace. pi.
f.
hostia, ae, on v.
hostis,
is,
f.
(hostio, " strike") OTc(in;
156.
grates, only
thanks (gratus).
in
nom. and
m. stranger, enemy.
hue,
adj. pleasing (akin to
adv. hither.
i,
f.
gratus,
Xai'pco).
a,
um,
hlimus,
locative
ground; humi
is
the
case
used adverbially, on the
gravis,
e, adj.
heavy.
ground
(xa/xat).
graviter,
adv. heavily.
a\'i,
gravo,
burden.
are,
atum, make heavy,
iaceo,
iis,
5re, ui,
Itum,
lie,
am prostrate.
gressus,
m. step
(gradior).
iacto,
are, avi,
atum, keep throwing

fr. iacio).
gurges,
Itia
m. whirlpool.
utter wildly (freq.
iaetura,
ae,
f.
flinging away,
loss,
H.
see note
v.
646
(iacio).
habeo,
regard.
ere,
fli,
itum,
have; hold,
iaciilor,
(iacio).
ari,
atus sum, fling,
hurl
haereo, ere, main steadjast.

basta,
ae,
f.
haesi,
haesum,
cling, re-
iam,
adv. already.
adv.
iamdudum,
spear.
some time
since.
iampridem.,
time.
adv.
now for a
long
baud,
adv. not at all; not.

Jre,
hauriO,
hausi,
haustum, drink up.

atum, make dull
iauua,
ae,
f.
gate, door.
bebeto,
are,
avi,
ibi, adv. there.
(hebea, hebetis, "blunt").
ietus,
!
lis,
m. stroke
a,
(ico).
hei, interj. with dat. alas
heu,
interj. alas
hie, adv. here; hereupon.

hie, haec, hoe, dem. pron.
this.
not knowing, ignorant (in "not," and gnarus; Sans, gna, "know"; cp. yiyvitxTKia, gnosco,
ignarus,
um,
adj.
narrare).
hiemps, (hiems)
storm
(xei/i"'')-
hiemis,
f.
ivinter,
ignis,
is,
m.
fire.
ignotus,
(g)nosco).
a,
um,
adj.
unknoum
(in,
hine, adv. hence, from this place; from this cause ; from, this time, henceforth.
ilicet
(ire-licet,
for dismissing
hodie,
adv. to-day
inis (root in
= hoc
die).
"i-
plying haste),
a formula originally an assembly hence, imadv. straightway, immedi;
homo,
man.
humus, x^^^Ô.
adj. dreadful.
ately, forthwith.
ille, a, illud,
dem. pron. that
that
horrendus,
horreo,
der.
ere,
a,
um,
famous;
IM,
that tnan.
inis, f .
no
perf.,
no no
sup., shttd-
imago,
akin to
phantom ; form
unwarlike
(root,
ij.iixioiJ.ai.).
horreseo,
to shudder.
6re, horrtli,
sup., begin
imbellis,
ium).
e, adj.
(in, hel-
VOCABULARY.
Imperium,
i,
107
re,
ei,
n.
military
command
indulgSo,
yield
to.
turn,
with
dat.
empire (impero).
impetus, us, m. onset (in, peto). impius, a, uni, adj. xinhobj. imus, a, um, adj. used as superl.
inferus, lowest
;
induo,
gled out
6re, Oi,
utum
{kv&vta),
put on.
ineluctabilis,
of
of,
e, adj.
not to be strug-
inevitable
(in,
"not," ex,
(in,
imum, as
ace.
subst. lowest
luctor, "struggle"; root lug, "writhe").
part.
inermis,
prep, with
;
e,
adj.
unarmed
;
arma).
in,
towards,
into,
iners,
(in, ars).
rtis,
adj. inactive
motionless
against
with
abl. in, on.

ii,
incendium,
incendo,
infandus,
n.
di,
a,
um,
adj.
unutterable;
burning,
fire.
awful
fire
(in, fari).
icis, adj.
ere,
sum, kindle,
candeo).
infelix,
unhappy.
adj. (in, intensive,
(root, CAN, akin to
Kai'co,
inceptum,
(incipio).
infensus,
i,
a,
um,
n.
beginning
design
fendo, "strike"), hostile.
incertus,
ful.
a,
um,
infestUS,
adj. 7iot sure, doubt-
ous;
/ios<i7e (
um, adj. unsafe, danger= in-fenstus, fr. fendo).

a,
incido,
incipio,
(capio).
Cre, cldi, ciauva, fall
on (cado).
begin
(âAo?),
infula, ae (Sans, bhala, "brow," cp. f. fillet a white and red band of
;
ere,
cepi,
ceptum,
woollen stuff worn upon the forehead as

a sign of consecration.
inclementia,
cruelty (clemens).
ae,
f.
lack
of pity,
ingemino,
ingens,
hence
are, avi,
atum, redouble.
tis (in,
includo,
claudo).
6re,
si,
sum, shut in
(in,
"that
" not," and gens which goes beyond its
kind"), adj. huge.

a,
inclutus,
(cAeos,
um,
e,
adj.
famous
(clueo,
ingratus,
a,
um,
adj. unpleasant.
see gloria).
ingruo,
6re, rui,
no sup. rush on, fall

on
incolumis,
(in,
adj. safe,
unharmed
unaccom-
on one
(in, ruo).
and root
of koXovui).
inicio,
Sre,
ieci,
iectuni,
fiing
inconaitatus,
a,
um,
adj.
(iacio).
panied (comes, "companion ").
inimicus,
(amicus).
a,
um,
adj.
adj.
unfriendly
inCTOmbo, 6re, cfibfii, oilbltum, with dat. leaii upon {cumho, "lie").
incurro, ere, sum, run into or
currl (or ctleurri), cur-
iniquus,
aequus).
a,
um,
unfavorable
(in,
against.
inlabor,
labi,
lapsus sum, glide into.
atum, bring charge against, accuse, blame (in, causa).

are, avi,
incuso,
inludo,
mock, jeer
ere, lusi,
lusum, with dat.,

of.
at,
make
e,
sport
inde, adv. from that place or time,

thence, thereafter.
inmanis,
(in
adj.
huge, vast, awful
and root
of metior).
<5ris,
indicium,
cp. oeiKwî,
ii
(indlco,
n.
root Dic=5eiK,
inmemor,
adj. tnnnindful.
"show"),
ari,
information.
inmensus, a, um, adj.

inmisceo,
intermingle.
ere, ui,
immeasurable,
indignor,
ful
;
atus sum,
am
wrath-
boundless (metior, mensus).
brood wrathfully over

a,
(in,
dignus).
mistum or mixtum,
missum,
send
indignus,
um,
adj.
unworthy.
indomitus,
a,
um,
adj. unrestrained,
inmitto,
against,
6re,
misi,
unchecked (domo).
let loose.
108
innoxius,
noxa).
a,
VOCABULARY.
um,
adj. harmless (in,
instauro,
stand
;
are,
avi,
atum, make
to-TTjît,
to
renew
(o-ravpos,
root sta).
innuptUS,
(nu'oo).
a,
um,
adj.
unmarried
insterno, fire, upon cover over.

;
stravi,
stratum,
lay
inpello,
urge.
ere, puli,
pulsum, drive on,
insto,
are, stiti,
fire, xi,
f.
statum, press on.
instruo,
ere, evi, etnm.fill up.
tii,
otum, build up, equip.

(in,
inpleo,
insula,
ituiii,
ae,
island
and root sal
inplico, are, avi or entwine (n-Aexw).
atum, or
in salio, consul, exul).
insulto,
posltum, place on.
adj. excessive,
are, avi,
atum, leap xipon
inpono,
(in,
fire, pfisfli,
use taunts
(in, sa'io).
inprobus,
probus)
;
a,
um,
a,
bad
insuper,
integer,
adv. in addition.
gra,
;
see note v. 356.
inprovidus,
(in,
um,
adj. unforeseeing
undamaged
grum, adj. untouched; sound (in, tango).

a,
pro, video).
a,
intemeratus,
um,
adj. unforeseen.
um,
adj. unviolated.
inproviSUS,
intendo,
or direct
inQuam,
inritus,
v. defect., say.
a,
sum or tum, stretch towards intentus may lie an

fire, di,
;
um,
(in,
ratus,
fr.
reor),
ad j eager.
.
adj. vain, useless.
inter, prep, with ace. among.
inruo,
fire, fli,
no sup.,
rxish
on or
into.
intercludo,
(inter, claudo).
fire,
clusi,
clusum, hinder
insania,
insanLTS,
ae,
a,
f.
Tnadness.
adj. not healthy,
um, um,
mad
interea, adv.
interior,
us,
(intus).
ineanivhile.
(sanus, "sound").
compar.
adj.
inner
insciUS,
pursue.
a,
adj. ignorant (scio).
insequor, i,
secutus sum, follow after,
intexo,
interlace.
fire,
ui,
textum,
inweave,
inserto, "into" ; sero, "join").

are, avi,
atum,
ptit into (in,
intono,
personally,
are,
ili,
no sup.
(in, intens.,
tono, "tliunder"), thunder; intonat im-
insideo,
ere, sedi,
sessum,
am seated
artifice,
it
thunders,
ere, rsi,
in, take possession of,
occupy (sedeo).
intorqueo,
see note v. 50.
rtum
(in,
inten-
insidiae, arum,
plot (insideo).
f.
amhush,
sive, or "against"),
whirl or hurl against;
insigne,
is,
n.
mark
of distinction
intra, prep, with
ace. within.
badge (signum).
intus, adv. from within, within.

atum, twine, u'ind
insinuo,
into.
are, avi,
inultus,
ulciscor).
a,
um,
adj.
unavenged
(in,
insono,
echo.
are,
fli,
itum, sound xvithin,
inutilis,
e,
adj. useless.
si,
insons,
Bs,
invado,
tis,
fire,
sum, go against,
adj. guiltless (in, sons,
attack.
"gTiilty," really
a participle; root as or
Gk.
ei/ui
Lat. (e)8um).
fire,
invenio,
upon, find.
ire,
vOni,
ventum,
come
inspicio,
i7ito.
spexi,
spectum, look
inventor,
n.
oris,
f.
m. discoverer.
(in video).
instar,
likeness.
indecl. (root sta),. imaje,
invidia,
ae,
a,
envy
invisus,
um,
adj. hateful (invideo).
VOCABULARY,
involve, ere,
ipse,
self.
vi,
109
ae,
f.
utum, enroll, enwrap.

aelf; him-, her-,
it-
lacrima,
tear (akin to &dKpv
a,
um, pron.
anger.
root DAK, bite").
lacrimo,
f.
are, avi,
atum,
u<eep.
ira, ae,
laciis, us, m. lake.
iste, a, ud, pron. dem. that, that of

yuurs.
laedo,
ere,
a,
si,
sum, hurt,
adj. glad
;
injure.
laetus,
um,
joyous.
ita, adv. in this way, thus.

iter, Itmferis, n. road, journey (root
i,
"go").
laevus, a, um (Aatd?), left, on the left hand; (\) adverse, unpropitious, of omens (2) foolish; see note v. 54.
;
iterum,
iuba,
ae,
adv. a second time.

f.
laeva,
ae,
f.
(scil.
i,
manus),
lick.
left
tiand.
crent. iussi,
lambo,
iussum, hid, com-
ere,
no sup.
e,
iubeo, mand.
iug"U.ra,
ere,
lamentabilis,
lapso,
are,
us,
a,
adj. to be
lamented.
no
perf. or sup. slip (labor).
moicntain
ridge
(iungo
lapsus,
m.
gliding.
adj. plentiful,
ûyor, "that
which
ae,
f.
joins'").
largus,
um,
abun-
iimctura,
joint.
dant.
iunÔ,
ius,
Ore, nxi,
nctum, _;o(?i(i'ei;7n>/ui,
lassus, a, um (prob. = laxus), ad j./atn<,

iveary.
root ICG or ivy).

Oris, n. right
i,
;
law
ordinance.
late, adv. far and wide.
iussum,
iussus,
iUStUS,
youthful,
n.
command (iubeo).
adj. just (ius).
latebra,
lateo,
adj.
ae,
f.
(rare in sing.) lurking-
us,
a,
m. command.
place, retreat (lateo).

ere, ai,
um,
no sup.
lie
hid {\avddvui,
iuvenilis, e
(also
iuvenalis),
root Xa9).
latus, ens,
n.
de
(n-AaTus).
iiivenis, is, ni. and f. originally adj. young, then used as subst. youth, young
latus,
tus
;
a,
um,
adj. broad (old Lat. stla-
root star, as in sterno).

are,
;
man.
laudo,
ae,
f.
avi,
iuventa,
youth,
i.e.,
the age of
CLr,
'
'
to hear "
atum, praise (Sans. Gk. k\vui\

laurel.
youth, in abstract sense.
laurus,
yoxith
;
iJs, f.
f.
iuventus,
young men,
ally abstract.
utis,
f.
body of
in collective sense; origin-
laus,
dis,
praise, renown.
laxo,
;
are, a\i,
atum,
loosen.
iuvo,
are, liivi, iutum, assint

it
juvat,
leg'O, ere, legi, lectum, pick, choose;
impersonallj-,
delights.
gather up, pass over surface

(Ae'yu)).
of,
sicim
iuxta, adv. and prep, with

close to (iuiigo
;
ace. next,
root sta).
lenis,
e,
adj. gentle.
leo, onis, m. lion {Xewv).
L.
letum,
(liibor).
LI,
i,
n.
death (akin to deleo, root
labes,
labo,
labor),
is,
f.
slipping, dovmfall
a.y\,
"dissolve").
e, adj. light {
are,
atum,
totter (akin
to
levis,
= \eg\\s, of.
tAaxu's).
levo,
oris,
i,
are, avi,
atum, make
light ; ease ;
labor,
m. labour ;
distress.
; slip
remove.
labor,
lapsus sum, îid<;
down.
lex,
legis,
f.
law {root
lig,
"bind").
110
ligTium,
ligo, are,
i,
VOCABULARY.
n.
wood.
naaestlis, a, um (maereo, akin to fxitrot
a,v\,
atum, bind.
and
miser), adj. sad.
limbu.s,i,m. border, belt, band, girdle.
magis, comp.
adv. more.
n threshold " the thing which fastens ").
limen,
limes,
Tnis,
= lig--men
magnus,
major
;
a,
um,
adj. great;
comp.
sup. ma.\imus.
itis,
m. boundary;
j'ath.
male,
form
adv. badly.
a,
limosus,
lingua,
dingua
;
a, urn, adj.
f.
inuddy (limus).
malus,
um,
adj.
bad ; comp. pejor;
ae,
tongzie (original
sup. pessimus.
akin to tongue).
ere, llqui,
maneo,
a
sacrifice
ere, mansi,
mansum, remain.
fetter
linquo,
no sup. leave.
manica,
(manus).
ae,
f.
handcuff;
lito, are, avi, atum, TnaJce
(with favourable results). litus,

Oris,
manifestus,
(akin to
lino,
a,
um,
adj.
palpable,
n.
shore
c?par (manus, andfendo, "strike").
" overspread").
manus,
atum, place.
us,
f.
hand ; handful, band.

i).rJTr]p
;
loco,
position.
are, avi,
i,
locus,
plur. loci
and
loca,
m. place,
inother (akin to root MA, " to make").

tris,
f.
mater,
longaevus,
longe,
a,
um,
adj.
of great age,
medius,
middle
a,
um,
adj.
middle; in the
aged (longus, aevum).

adv. after.
a,
i,
(nit'o-os).
melior,
us,
adj.
used
as
comp. of
bonus, better.
longus,
loquor,
um,
adj. long.
sjiealc ;
l&cutus, sum,
speak
mem.ini,
(mens).
isse, v. defect, a.
remember
o/(Sans. lap, Gk. Aok, " talk," cp. Aao-Kw).
lorum,
luctus,
geo).
i,
n. thong.
a,
memorabilis,
related,
e,
adj. deserving to be
memorable.
lubricus,
um,
adj. slippery.
lis,
m.
grief, lameyitaiion (lu-
memoro, are, avi, atum, relate. mendax, acis, adj. lying (mentior).
mens, tis, mind (cp. mensa, ae, table.
f. f.
lugeo,
(Xvypos).
ere,
lu.\i,
luctum,
bewail
moneo).
lumen,
luna,
Inis, n.
Zii;/if (
= lucmen
same
mentior,
state (akin to
iri,
Itus
;
sum,
lie ;
falsely
root as in lux, luceo).

ae,
i, f.
mens
original meaning,
5/100)1 (
= lucna).
" invent").
lupus,
lustro,
traverse
;
m. wolf
are,
(Au'ico?).
mercor,
ari,
atus sum, buy (merx).

fii,
atum, go round ; survey (original meaning, " to

avi,
mereo,
ere,
itum
(also
as dep.
mereor, nieritus sum), deserve, merit.
purify," root Lu).
lux,
liicis,
f.
light.
metus, lis, m. fear. meus, a, um, poss. adj. my.

mico,
and
fro
;
M.
macllina,
((a7)xai'j).
are,
f;i,
no
sup.,
move
qtiickly to
fiash, aleam.
itis,
ae,
f.
machine,
engine
miles,
are,
.avi,
m.
soldier,
body of soldiers.
macto,
atum,
sacrifice (Sans,
mille, num.
adj. indecl.
a thottsand
root MAH, "adore").
as subst. n. with pi. milia, thousands.
VOCABULARY.
minister,
"les3,"),
tri
Ill
(double comp.
;
f r.
minus,
m. attendant
ari,
aider, abettor.
minor,
threaten.
atus
sum,
overhang;
mucro, onis, m. point, edge. mugitus, us, m. bellowing (mugio). multus, a, um, adj. much, many a ;
in plur.
many.
i,
;
mirabilis,
e,
adj. iconderful.
miror,
at.
ari,
atus sum, tconrfer; wonder
murus, m. waZZ(=munrus munio). muto, are, avi, atum, change; exchange.
misceo,
mingle
ere, Qi,
mistum and mixtuni,
N.
(/xtycujiic).
nam, namque,
narro,
are,
;
conj. for.
miser,
6ra,
Srum, adj. superl. miser-
avi,
atum,
tell,
relate
rimus, tvretched.
(akin to gnarus
Sans, gs.^,
"know").
miserabilis, e, adj. pitiable, icretched.
nascor,
scor,
i,
misereor,
pity.
eri,
Itus
sum,
w-ith gen.
yiyvoixaL,
natussum, am 6om(=gnaroot na = gna, another

daugh-
form of gen).
Cre,
miseresco,
pity.
no
perf. or sup. feel
natus,
ter
;
i, m. son ; nata, ae, nati, c/ii7drn ( = gnatus).
f.
mitto,
ere, misi,
missum, send.
navis, a
fortconj.
is, f.
ship (laOs).
not,
modo,
adv. only.
ne, adv. with imperative,

-with
do not
moenia,
ress (munio).
lum,
n. plur. walls,
subj.
. ,
lest,
neve
.
(neu)..
neve
mass
Itus
;
(neu).
neither. nor.
f.
moles,
toil,
is, f.
bank
; pile.
nebilla,
ae,
mist (nubes, viio^).
moUor,
mollis,
Tri,
sum, perform, with
nec,
see neque.
;
undertake (moles).
e, adj. soft.
nefandus, a,iun(ne
nefas,
forbids
;
fan, "speak"),
adj. unutterable; impious.

n. indecl.
moneo,
(mens).
ere,
tii,
Itum, warn, advise
that which divine law
guilt (fas).
are, avi,
Otis,
mons,
m.ountain.
tis (root MiN,
" to project"), m.
nego,
atum, say no, deny.
nepos,
are, avi,
i,
m. grandson, descendant.
conj. neither
;
monstro,
atum,
shotv.
neque,
.
or
nec,
neque
monstrum,
monster (moneo).
n.
omen;
prodigy,
.neque, neither, .nor.
nequiquam,
um.
adj. belonging to
to
adv. in vain.
or
scii,
montanus,
a mountain.
a,
nescio,
know,
ire,
sclvi
scltum, 7wt
nescio quod, used as adj., = /
mora,
op. j3poTds
ae,
i,
f.
delay.
(root
know
mar
;
not ivhat,
some mysterious.
morior,
mortuus sum
die.
neu (contr.
nex,
for
neve).
See ne.
;
= /u.[o]poTos),
ari,
ngcis (Sans,
f.
moror,
(mora).
atus sum, delay
linger
cp. viKv;. j/eKpds),
nac " disappear" murder, death.
ni=nisi,
f.
conj. unless.
nlhili,
n.
mors, tis, death (see morior). morsus, us, m. bite (mordeo). mortalis, e, adj. mortal, human
(mors).
nihil or nil, hilum, 7iot a bit).
nothing (ne,
nimbus,
nitidus,
i,
m. rain-cloud.
imi (niteo, akin to nix),
a,
moveo,
ere,
movi, motum, move.
adj. shining, bright.
112
nitor,
f r. J,
VOCABULARY.
nisus or nixus
sum ( = gnitor,
effort).
obstiipesco,
Sre, stfipui,
no sup.
be-
root QNic), strive ; climb (with

i,
come amazed, confounded.
nodus,
non,
m. knot.
obtego,
hide.
ne-,
6re,
xi,
ctum, cover over,

avi,
nomen,
noenum,
Inis, n.
(
name (nosco).
;
adv. nof
= ne-unum
obtrunco,
pieces.
are,
atum,
citt
to
cf. vt)-,
E. not, Ger. nein).

tra,
OCCasus,
noster,
one of our
us, in. fall, destruction (ob,
trum, adj. our, as subst.
cido).
side.
a,
OCCido,
adj. well-known.
f.
6re, cidi,
casum, fall down,
notus,
um,
perish (ob, cado).
nox,
noctis,
night (vv^).
OCCultO,
celo).
are, avi,
atum, conceal (ob,
nubes, is, f. cloud {vi<i>o^). nudus, a, um ( = nugdus, "make bare"), adj. naked.
nullus,
no.
a,
root nag,
OCCUmbO,
down; with
6re, cflbni, ctibitum, fall

to.
dat. yield
i,
um (ne-ullus),
adj. not
any,
oceanus,
oculus,
i
m. ocean
(Sans,
{wKâvoc:).
akshi,
root,
itsh,
numen,
"noTi"
;
Inis (for
nu-imen, root nu,
videre),
m.
eye.
cp. vivm, re-nuo), n.
nod; divine
will; deity.
odi, isse (Sang, root b.\dh, " strike," "thrust" Gk. tifleo)), v. defective, hate.
;
numerus,
nunc,
adv.
i,
m. number.
odium,
offero,
ii,
n. hate.
now (yiv).
adv. never (ne, unquam).
ferre, obtOli,
oblatum, put
be-
nunquam,
fore, present.
nusquam.adv.
no%vhere(ne, usquam).
(root NU), nod,
omen,
inis (perh.
originally os-men,
nuto, are, avi, abum sway to and fro.

O.
root AUD, "hear"), n. omen, sign.
O,
interj.
.'
ob
(old fonn obs), prep, with ace. on

;
account of (akin to Sans, api
Gk.
k-al).
obduco,
obiecto,
pose (freq.
ere, xi,
ctum, draw
over.
to,
omnipotens, tis, adj. almighty. omnis, e, adj. all. onus, eris, n. burden. opacus, a, um, adj. shady. opimus, a, \\Vl\, adj. rich (opes). oppono, Cre, pOsui, pSsItum, place
opposite.
are, avi,
obicio).
atum, fling
ex-
fr.
ObiciO,
iacio).
Sre, ieoi,
iectum, fling
to (ob,
opes,
(ops) opis, f. aid, power; opum, tvealth, resources.
in plur.
opto,
desire.
are, avi,
atum (root
op, "look"),
obliviscor, i, litussum(liveo = pliveo, "to be a dark blue" ; cp. TreAt'os rreAAds),

v.
opus,
6ra,
6ris (Sans, apas), n.

f.
work.
dep.
a.
forget.
Cre,
tii,
ae,
shore, coast.
i,
obruo,
cp. aKivr),
titum, overwhelm. sku, "cover";
oraculum,
orbis,
is,
n. oracle (oro).
coil.
obsciirus,
a,
um (Sans,
m. round, circuit ;
orsus
scutum,
cutis, Enjf. sky), dark.
ordior,
Iri,
sum
(akin to
opvyfj-i;
observe,
serve.
are, avi,
atum, watch,
ob-
cp. orior), begiî.
ordo,
Cre, sedi,
Inis (root
or; Sans,
ar-,
"go";
obsideo,
sessum,
sit
down
"strive
upward";
cp. orior),
m. order,
against, besiege (ob, sedeo).
row.
VOCABULARY.
6rior,
Iri,
i,
113
?re,
feci,
ortus sum, arise

f.
(opw/j.!.).
pfi.tefS,clo,
factum,
make
omus,
6ro,
OS,
mountain
ash.
(os,
open, open.
5re,
5vi,
atum
"mouth"),
(Sans, asya,
pateo,
in pando),
ere,
tii,
no sup. (root pat, also

pa, " feed,"
pray, entreat.
oris,
n.
am
tris,
open.
mouth ; face
bone
i,
pater,
m. father {toot
"face").
cp. naTTip),
(ocrTcor).
OS,
ossis, n.
patesco,
kiss.
ere,
fli,
no sup. begin sum,
to be
OSCulum,
OStendo,
(obs, tendo).
n. little
mouth,
open or obvious.
Sre, di,
sum and
turn, shviv
patior,
(Trao-xiu).
pati,
passus
suffer
P.
patria,
(of the
ae,
a,
f.
fatherland.
adj. belonging to one's
palma,
(TToAa^))).
patrius,
ae,
f.
um,
palm
hand),
father.
p&lus,
pool),
f.
udis (akin to
TrrjAds,
"mud"
paulatim (paucus), adv. little by little.

;
tnarsh.
ere, di,
pauper,
pavidus,
pavito,
fear.
fins (akin to
paucus, parvus,
pando,
(root VAT,
TraOpo?), adj. poor.
pansum and passum

neTcii'vviJLi),
in pateo,
spread
a,
um,
adj. terrified.
open, tin/old; passis crinibus, with dishevelled hair.
are, avi,
atum,
am
in great
par,
p3,ris, adj.
equal.
pavor,
oris,
m. fear, panic.
breast;
parco, 6re, pfiperci, parcitum or parsum (=:sparco, akin to (rnapvoi, spare,

paucus, parvus), with dat. spare
;
pectus, Cris, n.
mind, feelings.
pelagus,
pellax,
lacio,
i,
n. sea (n-cAa-yos).
(pellicio,
cease.
ilcis
"entice,"
fr.
parens,
and
f.
ti3(pario,
"bring
forth"'),
m.
akin to
e\Ku>), adj. deceitful, cajol-
parent.
6re,
tii,
ing.
pareo,
paries,
itum, with dat. obey.

(of house).
pelliS,
palam),
f.
is
(Gk.
Tre'Aas
akin to ttAotus,
6tis,
m. wall
skin, hide.
ere, peptlli,pulsum, drive ere,
pario,
Sre, pep6ri, partura,
produce;
pello,
away.
procure, gain.
pendeo,
(par).
pCpendi, no sup. (prob<r(/)ei'Sdi'rj,
pariter, adv. equally
ably root,
(TiâS
in
"sling"; cp.
parma,
(ndpixij).
ae,
f.
small round shield
funda), hang.
penetrale,
are, avi,
tis, f .
is
(penetro
conn, with
paro,
pars,
atum, make ready.
penates, root pa, in pasco), n. inmost

place, shrine.
part ; often = some.
parvus,
pasco,
a,
um (see parco), adj.

pavi,
small;
penitus
utterly.
(root pa), adv. from, within
comp. minor, super, minimus.

fire,
pastum (root
;
per, prep, with

pa, cp.
ace. through.
pater), feed (animals)
in passive, feed,
itself).
'
pereo,
ire, Ivi,
or
ii,
itum, perish.
over.
feed on (used of the animal
pererro,
are, avi,
ere,
atum, wander
fudi,
passim (passus, pando,

adv. everywhere.
'
spread out "),
perfundo,
steep (fundo).
ffisum, soak,
passus,
pastor,
us,
m. pace (pando).
periculum,
or
periclum,
(root
oris,
m. shepherd
(pasco).
par, "conduct," cp. rrdpos), n. danger.
114
periurus,
ius).
VOCABULARY.
a,
um,
adj.
forsworn
(per,
posco,
ere, pSposci,
no
sup., dem,and.
possum,
Ore, rupi, ruptuin,
posse, pOttii,
no sup.,
am
perrumpo,
through.
break
able (potis sum).
post, prep, with

ere, vi,
aoc. after
adv. after-
persolvo,
perstO,
continue.
sSlutum, pay
to the
wards.
full (solvo, " loosen

are,
").
postis,
statum, persist,
is,
m.
post.
steti,
potens,
ntis, adj.
itis,
powerful.
;
praeceps,
ire,
adj. headforemost
as
pervenio,
reach.
veni,
ventum, conie
to,
subst. precipice (prae, caput).
praeceptum,
a,
i,
n. precept, instruc-
pervius,
through.
um,
adj. affordiiiff
a way
tion (praecipio).
praecipito,
m. foot (root fad, "go";
Itum, seek.
f.
are,
avi,
atum, fall or
pes,
pedis,
throiv headlong (praeceps).
Cp. TTOUS).
peto,
mass
ere, ivi or
ii,
praecipue, adv. especially. praecordia, iorum, n. heart,

(prae,
breast
phalanx,
ngis,
phalanx: dense
cor
properly
" the
midriff,"
of troops ((j>oi\ay^).
f.
"diaphragm").
pietas, atis, gard (pius).
dutiful affection, re-
praeda,
ae,
f.
booty.
Sre,
praemetuo,
adj. of
no
perf.
or sup.,
pineUS,
piO,
a,
um,
pine (pinus).
fear beforehand.
are, avi,
atum, expiate.
praemium,
preces,
rare, prece
li,
n. reivard.
placeo, ere, tti, itum, with daX., please; placet, impers., it is pleasing to.
placo,
are, avi, iltum, appease.
oris,
defective
noun
f.
(nom. and
gen. sing, not found, prficem
and
pi.
and prSoi common), prayer.

ere, di,
plangor,
mourning
m. heating of the breast,
prehendo (or prendo),

(prae,
sum
lay
hendo, akin to
xai'â'"^), seize,
(ttAtjo-o-u)).
hold
a,
of.
plurimus,
much, great ;
um,
super!, adj. very
in pi. very
f.
many.
;
premo,
prenso,
f req.
Sre, pressi,
pressum, press;
strike doini.
noi.vri,
poena,
polus,
i,
ae,
(root pu
cp.
are, avi,
puru3, punio), punishment.
of praehenflo),
atum ( = praehenso grasp strongly.
m. the pole, heaven

;
(n-oAos).
primum,
primus,
first.
adv. first, firstly.
pone ( = posne
pono,
put, place
6re,
cp. post), adv. behind.
a,
um
(obsol. prep, pri
cp.
pOsfli,
p6situm
vrpos,
= posno,
sino),
prior, primus, akin to pro), superl. adj.
old prep. port = 7rpoTi,

;
and
put
i,
aside.
(n-drTos).
principium,
prius, adv. pro, adv.
ii,
n.
beginning; prin-
pontus,
m. sea
i,
cipio, used as adv. firstly (primus, capio).

sooner.
populus,
porta,
nade.
ae,
m. (root plk
gate.
(porta),
f.
in pleo, ple-
nus), people, nation.

f.
for, in the place o/(jrpd).

ere, cessi,
procedo,
arcade, colon(cedo, "go").
cessum, advance
porticus, us
procul,
are, avi,
adv. at a distance.
fere, cfibtli,
portO,
atum
(root eor, akin
procurabo,
forivards, doivn.
cflbitum, sink
to FKR), carry.
VOCABULARY,
proditio,
onis,
f.
115
are,
avi,
a bringing forward
puto,
atum
(root
pu,
hetrayal (prodo).
"cleanse"), think.
prodo,
Cre, dldi,
ditum, put forward,
Q-
betray (pro, do, "give").
produce,
prolong.
fire, xi,
ctum, lead forward,
qua,
adv. by
what
icay
where.
quaero,
seek, search,
li,
fire,
quaesivi,
quaesTtum,
enquire about.
of ivhat sort.
conj. although.
proelium,
prolabor,
n. battle.
qualis,
i,
e, adj.
lapsua sum, glide for-
wards, sink down.
quamquam,
quando,
since.
promissuDa,
promitto,
out, promise.
i,
n.
promise.
adv.
when
conj.
because,
6re,
mlsi,
missum, hold
(pro, emo),
quantus,
great as.
a,
um,
adj. hoiv great
as
promo,
ere,
mpsi,
mptum
bring forth or out.
quater, num,
quatio,
fire
adv. four times.
(root cyc,
"move"), no
propinquo,
are, avi,
atum, with
d.it.
perf.
quassum, shake.
conj. because.
approach (prope).
propinquus, a, um,
us,
adj.
near; akin.
;
quia,
quicunque,
pr6-
quaecunque, quodcun-
comp. adj. nearer propior, plus, comp. adv. nearer (prope).
que, pron. whoever.
quid,
interr. adv.
why ?
to
jaceo,
prosequor,
pany,
escort
;
i,
sGcutus sum, accom-
go
forwards,
contimie
quidem,
quies,
"lie"),
f.
adv. indeed.
(akin
/cec/aat,
(speaking).
etis
rest, repose.
prospicio,
forward
ere, spexi, spectum, look
(specio).
quin,
quini,
each.
conj. but, that
to corroborate,
protego, ere, texi, tectum, put in front as a cover; protect.

protinus, oAy.forthivith (teiius, root TEK, " hold," in teneo).
protralio,
fire, xi, fire,
nay, more.
ae,
a,
distrib.
num.
adj. five
quiaquaginta, num.
quis, quae, quid
interrog. pron.
adj. fifty.
ctum, drag forth.

carry
(Sans, kis, Gk. tis),
who ? what ?
after
si,
provetio,
forward.
vexi, vectum,
quis, quid,
pron.
nisi,
ne
indef.
any
one.
proxitDUS,
(prope).
a,
um,
superl. adj. nearest
quisquam, quaequam,
pron. indef.
quicquam,
any
one.
pubes,
puella,
is, f.
youth, body of youths.
quisque, quaeque, quodque

ae,
f.
(or
as
girl,
maiden.
subst. quidque), indef. pron. each.
puer,
firi,
m. boy, youth.
t.
quisquis, quicquid,
ever, ivhatever.
indef. pron. rvho-
pugna,
pulvis,
ae,
fight (nv^).
pulcher,
chra, chrum, adj. /air.
quo,
that
;
adv. whither.
eris,
is, f.
m.
dust.
quod,
used as conj., as
to
the fact
puppis,
stern, poop.
adj. pure, bright (root
in excl. wherefore.
purus,
pu,
a,
um,
"cleanse,"
also
in
poena,
puto,
quonam, adv. tihither pray ? quondam, adv. once, formerly

times.
at
punio).
116
quoque,
conj. also.
adj. indecl. hoio
VOCABULARY.
regnator,
many.
oris,
m. ruler (rego).
quot, num.
regnum,
as oblig-atio),
i,
n.
kingdom {refô).
"bind," hence same
;
R.
rabies, no gen. or
rage (rabio).
dat. rabieni, rabie,
religio, onis
f.
(liq,
religion, piety
object of
religious awe.
religiosus,
a,
a,
um,
adj. holy,
vener-
rapidus,
(rapio).
um,
adj. hurrying,
rapid
able.
relinquo,
&re,
Cti,
ere, ITqui, lictum, leave.
I^pio,
opTTT),
raptum
(root apir
cp.
"bird of prey," apnaûi, "seize"),

snatch violently,
reluceo, gleam back.
ere,
luxi,
no
sup.,
flash,
seize, snatch.
remeo,
are,
.ivi,
atum, return
(re,
rapto,
draj
are, avi, atura,
meo, "go").
(rapio).
oris,
f.
remetior,
m. plunderer.
reason, caitse (reor,ratus).
Sans.
dus),
Iri,
mensus sum (metlor,

;
raptor,
MA, " measure "; cp. êrpov, mo-
ratio, Onis,
measure back
retrace.
raucus,
recede,
retire.
a,
um
(ru,
"make
loud
remitto,
6re, misi,
missum, send back.
noise"), hoarse.
Sre, cessi,
renovo,
cessum, icithdraw;
are, avi,
inf.
atum, renew (noviis).
reor, no
repello,
rStus sum, think.
6re, reppuli,
repulsum, drive
recens,
recipio,
tis,
adj. fresh.
back.
ere, c5pi,
ceptum, take hack,
rependo,
back.
fere, di,
sum, weigh or pay
recover (capio).
recondo,
back).
ere, dldi,
ditum, hide (far
repente,
repeto,
seek anew.
adv. suddenly.
Ivi
ere,
or
Ii,
itum, re-seek,
reCUSO,
causo).
are,
avi,
atum,
refuse (re,
repleo,
Sre, cussi,
ere, plevi,
pletum, fill.
recutio,
cussum, strike
backtvards or back (quatio).
reporto,
are, avi, Sre,
atum, carry back.

perf. or sup., claim,
reddo,
redeo,
(re-d-eo).
ere,
reddldi,
redditum, give
reposco,
in return.
no
back, restore.
ire,
ivi,
or
ii,
itum, return
reprimo,
back (premo).
6re, pressi,
pressum, keep
reditus,
iis,
m. return
requiesco,
(redeo).
ere, 6vi,
ere,
etum,
rest.
redlico, 6re, duxi, ductum, lead back.
requiro,
res,
qulslvi,
quisltum,
(quaero) seek to know, ask.

r5i (perh. root ra, in reor,
"),
f.
refero,
ferre, retttili, relatum,

;
carry
" the
or take back
relate.
thing thought of
thing
affair.
reflecto,
6re, flexi,
ere, fiigi,
flexum, bend back.
resideo,
stay behind.
ere, gedi,
no
sup., sit
down,
refugio,
shrink.
fOgitum,
flee back,
resisto,
fulsi,
6re,
restiti,
no sup.,
resist
refulgeo, ere,
no su-p., shine
out.
(root sta).
regina,
regio,
ae,
f,
f.
queen (rex).
distnict (rego).
resolvo,
respicio.
re, vi,
Ere,
s61utum, unloose.
onis,
a,
spexi,
spectum,
look
regius,
um,
adj. royal (rex).
back for or at (specie).
VOCABULARY.
responsum,
restinguo,
resto,
left.
i,
117
a,
n.
reply (spondeo, Gk.

" or
sanctus,
fi\ "
"
; ;
vun (sancio,
"ordain,"
root SAK,
"accompany," "hon-
fre, nxi,
nctum, put
remain,
out.
cp. sequor), adj. holy, reverend.

a,
are, stiti,
no
sup.,
am
sanguineus,
blood-red.
um,
blood.
adj.
bloody,
retro
(re
and pronominal
suffix -ter,
sanguis,
sanies,
sanguis).
mis,
f.
m.
as in citro, ultro, etc.), adv. backu-ards.
iei,
gore (weakened form of
reverter,
revincio,
reviso,
i,
versus sum, return.
ire, nxi,
si,
nctum, hind back.

revisit (video).
roll back.
sat = satis
sata, orum,
(sero, root sa).
(a5)]r).
ere,
sum,
n. plur.
sown
thiiigs,
crops
revolvo,
rex,
tain "
;
ere, vi,
vOlutum,
regis (rego, Sans, arg,

cp. ope'-yu.
"to
sati-O,
ob-
-are, -avi,
-atum,
a<!'/j/ (satis).
Germ, reich and

oak-wood, oak
recht),
satis, indecl. adj. and adv. enough.
m. king.
saucius,
Oris, n.
;
a,
um,
adj.
wounded.
robur,
(puj>>'v/ii,
strength
saxum,
stone.
(root sak, "cut"), n. rock,
cp.
pwMl, "strength").
avi,
rogo,
rego,
are,
atum
(prob.
akin to
scalae, arum,
f.
ladder (scando).
opc'yu)),
axk.
scando,
adj. rosy (rosa).
ere, di,
a,
sum, climb, niount.
roseus,
rota,
ae,
a,
f.
um,
sceleratus,
scelus,
um,
adj. guilty.
fall "
;
wheel.
f.
eris (root
skhal, "
akin
ruina,
cause
to
ae,
downfall, ruin (ruo).

riipi,
to KiiAL, "deceive"), n. guilt.
rumpo,
ere,
ruptum,
break
scilicet, adv. one

;
may
know, doubt-
break forth (root rlp).

fall
;
less (scire, licet).
ruo, 6re, tii, utum, rursus, adv. back

versus).
rush.
SCindo,
(crx'û),
ere, scidi, scissum, cleave, tear
aijain, afresh (re-
Ger. scheiden).
(scio),
.';eek
S.
knoiv
SCitor, ari, atu9 sum enquire of.

;
to
crum, adj. holy sacrum, sacred rite; sacred object (root SA Gk. <ra6i, trwos, "safe"; Lat. sanus Gk. oiytos).
sacer,
;
era,
seco,
are,
fii,
i,
n. as subst.
securis, sexus,
sectum (sak, " cut " cp. saxum, sica, a-xiif), cut.
;
secretus,
mote,
"divide").
a,
um,
(se,
adj. separate, re-
hidden
"apart";
cerno,
sacerdos,
sacro,
halloic.
otis,
m.
priest.
are, avi,
atum,
inake
holy,
secundus,
(sequor).
a,
um,
adj.
favourable
seciiris,
is, f.
axe
(seco).
saepe,
saevio,
ful
a<lv. often.
Ire,
ii,
itum,
am
secus,
fierce, j/Taf/t-
adv.
otherwise
(root sec, in
sequor).
(saeviis).
sed,
a, a,
conj. but.
ere, sedi,
is, f.
saevns,
salsus,
saltus,
um,
adj. fierce, cruel. adj. salt (sal, SA?).

(salio).
um,
Sedeo, sedes,
seges,
fill
sessum,
sit (iôixai).
seat.
us,
i,
m. leap
;
&tis
(probably root
f.
sag, " to
salum,
n. brine
sea
(sal).
" or
" feed
"),
cornfield
crop.
utis (root sar, Salus, "guard," whence servo, servus, oAos), safety.
segnities, em,
ing),
f.
e (other cases want-
sloicness (segnis, sequor).
118
semper,
senex,
sentio,
sentis,
adv. always.
adj. old,
f.
VOCABULARY.
simdlo,
comp.
senior,
(similis).
are,
avi,
atum,
imitate
sfinis,
sententia,
ae,
opinion, judgment.
sin, conj. but
if.
ire, seusi,
is,
sensum, perceive.
sine, prep, with
abl. without.
m. thorn.
or
ii,
sinistra,
sepultum,
hitry.
ae,
f.
left
hand.
;
sepelio,
ire, ivi
sino,
alloiv.
6re, slvi, situm, let be
permit,
septem, num,
adj. seven (eTrrd).
Sepulcrum
chrum),
i,
(less
correctly
sepul-
Biniio, are, avi, atum,

ciirve (sinus).
make
to
bend or
n.
i,
tomb
(sepelio).
sinus,
us,
f.
bay, gulf.
sequor,
sero,
Gk.
sGcutus sum, folloio.

a,
serenus,
um,
adj. clear, bright.

sa,
sisto, ere,
root sta).
stiti,
statum, place
(i<rTr)/u,i.,
ere, sevi,
(Taui, crjdui,
satum ( = seso, root "to sift"), SOIV.
socer.
6ri,
m. father-in-law
(exvpo^).
serpens,
serpo,
serus,
adj. late.
tis,
m. and f. serpent (serpo).
socius, i (root SEC in sequor), companion as adj. socius, a, um, con:
6re, psi,
a,
ptum, creep
(epn-io).
federate, tmited.
"),
um
(Sans, sarat,
"thread
sol,
solis,
;
m.
the
sun (Sans,
svar,
"shine"
ire,
cp. rjAio;, creAas).

ere, solitus
;
servio,
Ivi
or
ii,
Itum, with dat.
am a servant,
servo,
"guard"),
soleo,
sum,
am accustomed
" will,"
serve.
avi,
(akin to suesco
Sans, svadha,
").
are,
atum
(root
sar,
"might," " custom
Iceep, preserve; keep close to;
servans,
vant
of.
ntis,
as adj. with gen. obser-
solidus,
a,
um
e,
(soUus, root
sar
0A05,
"whole"), adj.
solid, w'nole.
seu,
si,
see si.
sollemnis,
adj. yearly
religious,
conj. if;
.
sive (seu)
sive (seu)
solemn
(sollus, i.e., totus, annus).

i
whether
.or.
a,
solum,
um,
adj. hissing.
so.
;
(root sar,
"to guard";
cp.
Sibllus,
solidus), n.
ground.
sOlutum, unloose {=se-
sic, adv. in this way,
solvo,
luo, Aucu).
ere, vi,
siccus,
Gk.
a,
um(Sans. gush, "dry up")

dry.
avui), adj.
solus,
a,
sidus,
guish.
eris, n. star, constellation.
root bar, "guard,"

salvus, adj. alone.
um(akin to sollus, "whole" "keep entire"), cp.

m.
sigllO, are, avi, atum, mark, distin-
somnus,
sonitus,
i,
sZcej;(
= sopnus,
virvot:).
signum,
sileo, ere,
i,
n. sign.
li,
us,
m. sound.
Sllentium,
n. silence (sileo).
fii,
no sup.,
am silent.
;
sono, are, tii, Itum (Sans, svan, "to sound"; Eng. swan), sotmd.
Silva,
ae,
f.
icood
(iiAvj).
sonus,
sopor,
sors,
lis,
m.
sou7id.
slee}) (viTrvo?).
similis, e (Sans,
srma, " together "
oris,
m.
;
Gk.a/xa, oMoios), adj. like ;sup. simillimus.
tis, f. lot
Iri,
fate.
simul(Sans. sama, " together "), adv. at the same time.
sortior,
choose (by
itus
sum,
draw
lots;
lots).
simulacrurQ,
(similis).
i,
n.
image, phantom
spargo,
abroad
ere,
si,
sum,
scatter,
spread
(o-n-eipu)).
VOCABULARY.
species,
ei,
f.
119
:
appearance
atuni
(specie).
svad, "totaste,"Gk. aS, aiSavio, "please"

cp. suavis,
spero,
hope for,
are,
avi,
(spes),
hope,
"sweet"), advise.
to,
sub,
ei
prep, with ace.
beneath
to-
spes,
<rn-a<o),
f.
(prob. root spa,

;
"draw out "
ivards
;
with abl. under (yno).

ire, Ivi
hope
ae,
f.
expectation.
coil {antipa).
subeo,
come up,
or
Ii,
itum, go under,
Spira,
apijroacJi, enter.
spissus,
a,
um,
adj. thick.
")
subito, adv. suddenly
(subeo).
spoliura,
ii,
spoil (o-kvWui "strip

f.
subitus,
subicio,
(iacio).
a,
um,
adj.
sudden.
Sponsa,
dee).
ae,
betrothed
bride (spon-
ere, ieci,
iectum, place U7ider
spumeus, a, um, adj. foaming. spumo, are, avi, atum (spunia,

"foam";
spuo, "spit"), foam.
ere, ui,
sublabor,
glide away.
i,
lapsus sum, slip down,
SUbsistO,
ere, stiti, stitum, sta ere, cessi,
nd still.
squaleo,
"black"; cp.
no sup.
(Sans, k.alas,
SUCCedo,
cessum, with dat.
KcAati'ds),
a,
amroiigh.
(squama),
adj.
go below or towards (sub cedo).
squameus,
scaly.
um
n.
successus,
SUCCUrro,
to,
us,
m.
success.
ere, curri,
cursum, run up
stabulum,
root sta).
i,
stall,
stable
(sto,
aid
occur {to the mind).

are, avi,
;
sudo,
f.
atum
(Sans, root sviD

viSuip),
static, onis, age (root sta).
haltinf] -place; anchor-
cp. ISpds
prob. akin to
oris,
sweat.
sudor,
fii,
m. sweat (sudo).
sublatum,
n.
Statuo,
sta).
ere,
utum,
set
(root
SUfFero,
bear
ferre, sustQli,
up
bear ^lp against, ivithstand.

feci,
Stella,
acrrip).
ae,
f.
star
= ster-ula;
cp.
SUfiFTcio, Sre,
fectum, supply;
suffuse (sub, facie).

ere,
sterno,
sto, are,
stand).
stravi,
stratum, stretch
out, lay low (âropivvviJ-L).

steti,
;
sulcus,
sulfur,
i,
m. furrow (pKk6%, eAxw).

brimstone, sulphur.
superl. adj. highest,
statum, stand, stand

i(rTrj|ai
tiris, n.
firm (root sta
cp.
= <7i(TTa/a.i,
Vlng.
summus,
see superus.
a,
um,
stride, 6re
(also
strideo,
Sre), di,
no
sumo,
super,
ere,
sumpsi, sumptum, take.
sup. creak, grate
(Tpit,"u)).
prep, with abl. over ; on the top

a.s a.dv. iti
stringO,
"squeeze,"
straight), of
ere, nxi,
strictum (root strig, tight"; cp. stretch,
of; concerning;
addition.
"draw
superbus,
Bupero,
survive
;
a,
um,
avi,
adj.
haughty.
a sword, unsheath.
are,
Struo,
ere, xi,
ii,
ctum, build
devise.
am superior;
a,
atum, rt.se above pass over, climb.
Studium,
stupeo,
at.
n. zeal (o-ttouSij).
iii,
supersum,
superus,
is
esse, fdi,
remain
over.
no sup. (akin to stipes, "block," "stump,") am amazed; am

ere,
um (super,
vn-ep) adj. that
above
superl.
supremus,
amazed
summus,
a,
highest part of;

;
last, and superi, orum,
stuppeus,
part of flax
"),
um
(stuppa,
" coarse
those above
the gods.
Tcis,
adj. of tow.
supplex,
suasum
(Sans.
adj.
bending the knee,
suadeo,
ere,
suasi,
suppliant (sub,
plico).
120
Surgo,
rego), rise.
Sre,
VOCABULARY.
Burrexi,
surrectum (sub,
tempus,
tendo,
firis,
n.
time
in plur. th^
temples of the head

are, avi,
(rifivui,
"cut").
;
SUSCitO,
cito).
atum,
stir tip (sub,
ere, tetendi,
;
tensum, stretch
(reiVo)).
direct one's course

a,
pitch a tent
f.
suspectus,
(sub, specie).
um, um,
adj.
s^tspected
tenebrae, arum,
teneo,
ere,
ui,
plur. darkness.
suspensus,
SUUS,
their own.
a,
a,
adj.
huny np;
cp.
TAN, "stretch," in
tentum (root ten or riivio and tendo), hold,
doubtful (suspendo).
holdfast, restrain.
um
(Sans,
sva
"own";
,
CT-eFo, (r<;)e) possess,
adj. his
her
its
tener,
(reiVco).
era,
e,
Crum, adj. tender.

adj. thin (stretched
out),
tenuis,
T.
tenus,
(tabula,
n. fioor
prep, with abl. put after its
tabulatum,
' '
"board,"
or storey.
case, as far as (tendo).
plank " root ta or tab),

;
ter, num, adv. thrice.
taceo,
Ere,
a,
tli,
itum,
am silent.
root tag,
in,
terebro,
are, a\n,
atum (terebra
tero,
tacitus,
um,
(
adj. silent.
"rub"), bore.
tactus, us
= tagr-tus,
tergnm,
terra,
TeptTO/xat).
i,
n. hack.
f.
tango), m. touching, touch.
ae,
earth, dry land (torreo,
talis, e (containing demonst. element Tin iste, Eng. it, that), adj. of such kind,
such.
terreo,
testor,
(testis).
ere,
.ari,
tii,
itum, terrify.
to u'itness
atus sum, call
tain, adv.
so.
tamen, adv. notwithstanding. tandem, adv. at length.

tantus,
a,
testudo,
;
Inis,
f.
tortoise; " testudo"
(see note v. 441).
um (see talis), adj. so great

um,
adj. slow.
tantum,
as adv. only.
a,
i,
texo, ere, tli, xtum(rootTEK, "beget," "make"; cp. tCktui), weave.
tardus,
thalamus,
(OdKatiO';).
i,
m. marriage chamber
taUTUS,
tecttona,
m. bull (raOpo?).
n. roof;
i,
house
(tego).
timeo,
toUo,
Gk.
ere, Oi,
no sup. fear. sublatum (root

T\rival.
;
teg'O, ere, xi, ctum, cover, hide (Sans, sthag, "to hide"; o-reyto).
6re, sustOli,
titl;
tuli),
TO-K in
Td\avTOv,
cp.
tellus,
uris,
i
f.
the earth
country.
raise, carry,
carry aivay.
ntis,
telum,
TiKTio,
\a.vixi,
(for
tex-lum
root tek of
torrens,
"boil").
m.
torrent
(torreo,
"to beget"; tvx or tv^- in my"hit," " chance upon " cp. toIov,
;
torus,
couch.
(fr.
stonis
root stor, stkr,
texo), n.
weapon.
are,
avi,
STRA in sterno, aropivwixi, " spread"), m.
tempero,
check
;
atum (tempus),
storm.
off,
refrain.
tatis (tempus),
n.
f.
tot, num. adj. indecl. so many.
tempestas,
totiens, adv.
so
many
times.
templum,
tempto,
i,
temple (jnece cut
totus, a, uni (perh. akin to tutus, "safe," "guarded"; cp. eollus, "whole,"
fr.
are, avi,
atum,
try, attempt,
root SAR, "guard"), adj. whole.
probe, explore.
trabs,
trabis,
f.
beam.
VOCABULARY.
trfirho, 5re, traxi, tractum (Sans, trakh,
121
ari,
tutor,
atus sum,
make
safe, pro-
"move";
cp. Tptx<o), drar/,
draw
along.
iacio),
tect (tutus),
traicio, Pre, iCci, ieetum (trans, throw tkrough, pierce.
tutus,
a,
um,
adj. safe (tueor).
tuus,
carry
a,
um,
possess, adj. thy.
tranquillus,
a,
um,
adj. calm.
transfero,
across.
rre,
tttli,
latum,
U.
ubi, adv. where, when.
tremefacio,
to tremble.
6re, feci,
factum,
make
ubique,
avenge.
adv. everywhere.
i,
ulciscor,
UllUS,
ultus
sum,
V.
dep.,
tremendus, a, um, adj. terrible. tremo, ere, fti, no sup. tremble, quiver
(TpU>).
a,
um
(for unulus, dimin. of
unus), adj. any.

oris,
tremor,
hasten.
m. trembling.
avi,
trepido, are,
atum, tremble much
superl.
ulterior, ius, comp. adj. further; xiltimus, a, um, furthest, last
(ultra).
a,
trepidus,
tridens,
"tooth"),
tristis,
e,
um,
adj.
alarmed.
(tres,
ultor,
dens,
oris,
m. avenger
(ulciscor).
tis,
m. trident
sad
stem.
ultro, adv. voluntarily (beyond what is needed or asked).
adj.
a,
ululo,
are, avi,
f.
atum, howl
(oAoAuîo).
trisulCUS,
um
i,
(tres, sulcus), adj.
ulva,
ae,
sedge.
vnth three furrows, three-forked.
umbo,
A6?).
Onis,
m. boss
of a shield (hixâ-
triumphus, m. triumph(8pLaiJ.ô';, a hymn in honor of Bacchus).

trucido,
are,
avi,
umbra,
ae,
f.
shade
spirit, ghost.
atum
(truncus,
a,
caedo), butcher.
umidus
Oess correctly, humidvis), um, adj. wet, damp (umeo).
truncus,
limbs.
i,
m. trunk, body without

i,
umerus
una,
Gess correctly,
humerus),
m. shoulder (^SiiJLO';).
adv. at one time, together.
ae,
f.
tuba,
defend.
ae,
f.
trumpet.
Itus
tueor,
eri,
sum,
see,
watch
unda,
;
wave.
turn, adv. at that time
theyi.
tumeo,
ere,
a,
fii,
no
sup., swell.
unde, adv. undique,

where.
whence.
adv. on all sides, every-
tumidus, tumultus,
(tumeo).
um,
us,
adj. swelling.
undo,
waves;
are, avi,
atum
at
(unda), rise in
m. uprising, tumult
swell.
tumulus,
turba,
ae,
i,
m. mound,
crowd.
unquam,
(o?;i
ad\
any
time, ever.
& (tumeo).
unus,
urbs,
strong"),
a, is
f.
um,
(
adj. one.
f.
Sans,
vardh,
" to
make
turbo, turbo,
turpis,
adj. foul.
are, avi,
atum, throiu into con-
city.
fusion, disturb.
inis,
urgeo,
m. whirhcind.
be ashamed
"),
ere, ursi,
no sup. (Gk. fepy,

(for uso,
"shut
in"), press hard.

ere,
uio,
e (root TARP, "
uro,
Ls; Gk.
ussi,
ustum
root
"singe"; auw, "kindle"),
tvUTiS,
is,
i.
tower
(jvp<n.<;).
burn.
122
VOCABULARY.
(us, for
USquam
usque,
USUS,
ubs
fr.
ubi, indef.),
vero, adv. in verso,

2)onder (verto).
truth.
adv. anywhere. adv. ri{jht on, ever.
are, avi,
atum, keep turning,
lis,
m. use, employment
(utor).
vertex,
verto,
yet.
icis,
m.
top,
head
(verto).
ut, adv. and conj. as, tvhen, how; so that, in order that.
Sre,
tl,
sum, turn, overturn.
verum,
verus,
a,
adv. truly; but indeed, but
uterque,
uterus,
udder).
i,
utraque,
utrumque, pro.
noni. adj. each of two.

ni.
um,
adj. true.
belly,
womb
(ovBap,
vester,
tra,
trum, possess, adj. your.

1
uti = ut, when.
vestibulum,
n.
(Sans. vas, "dwell"),
porch, entrance.
utinam,
adv.
that
would that
vestigium,
vestis,
is, f.
ii
(vestigo), n. footstep.
V.
raiment, dress (root vas,

evvvfn,
eo-0))s).
vacuus, a, um (vaco), adj. empty. vado, Sre, no perf or sup. go, advance. Vagor, ari, atus sum (vagus, root
.
"put on"; Gk.

veto,
are,
fli,
itum, forbid.
(Sans,
vatsas,
vetus,
Sris
"year";-
VAGii
cp.
veho,
"wagon"),
v.
dep.
6Tos), adj. old ; superl.
veterrimus.
wander.
valeo,
fareivell.
ere, ui.
Hum, am strong ; vale,

adj. strong.
vetustus,
cp. veho,
a,
um,
adj. ancient.
via, ae(Sans. vahiimi, "bring," "lead,"

a,
Validus,
vallis,
um,
"wagon"),
f.
road.
is, f.
valley.
vibro
vip,
(or vi), are, avi,
atum
(Sans,
vanus,
false.
a,
um (vaco), adj.
um,
"tremble"), quiver.
(gen.),
empty, vain,
vicis
a,
vicem, vice (Gk.

f.
Iiko)
Varius,
adi.differeiit,
changiwj.
root Flk, "yield"),
change; turn.
vastus,
huge, waste.
a,
um
(akin to vanus), adj.
victor,
oris (vinco),
m. conquer, or as
adj. conquering.
Vates,
is,
m. prophet, hard.
or.
victoria,
ae,
f.
victory.
vel, conj.
video,
vulsum
(eAxw), plvck,
el&ov), sec.
ere, vidi,
visum (Gk. root FiS in
VellO,
ere, velli,
tear away.
vigeo,
avi,
velO,
veil.
are,
atum
(valuni),
covfr,
ugras,
'
'
ere, no perf. or sup. (Sans, mighty "), jioii rish.

ilis
vigil,
i
(vigeo), adj.
watchful; as
velum,
(root
VAR "cover"),
as.
ii.
sail.
subst.
watchman.
or
veluti, adv. just
vinculum
"bind"),
(akin to Sans.
n.
vinclum,
(vincio,
venenum,
VeniO,
come.
chain.
i,
n. poison.
Ire, veni,
ventum
;
vinco,
ere, vici,
i,
victum, conquer.
(olio?).
rootoA; Gk. pa-in âwio
Eng. "come"),
vinum,
2ir(ifaned.
n.
wine
violabilis, e
trls,
i
(vis), adj.
that
may
be
venter,
m. belly
(evTepof).
ventus,
Gk. aTui,
(Sans, root va,
"blow";
Violo,
violate.
are, avi,
atum, do violence
to,
afrjp),
i,
m. wind.
verbum,
n.
word
(epw).
vir,
viri,
m. man,
hero.
VOCABULARY.
Virgineus,
maiden.
a,
123
are,
.vi,
um, adv. belonging
in
voco,
" say"
;
atum
call,
(Sans,
vak,
Gk. Fen, eVos),

are, avi,
;
summon.
"turn
virgO,
maiden.
Inis (root varo, "strength"),
f.
volo,
volo,
atum
(Sans, val,
yfi/.
one's self"
utis,
f.
cp. velox),
virtus,
manliness, virtue
f-
(vir).
velle, v61ui (Sans,

;
var
Gk. Po\
in /3ouXo/uat
Eng.
cris,
will), ivish.
vis, vis(Gk. ls=FtO,

pi.
violence, force;
vires, ium, strength.

ere,
si,
VOlucer,
"fly").
ere,
adj.
swift (volo,
viso,
(video).
no
sup., go to see, visit
volumen,
volvo,
(voveo).
inis, n.
fold (volvo).
visus,
us,
m. sight
ere, vi, vSltitum, roll.

i,
(video).
votum,
vita, ae (vivo, Vito,
are, a\i,
jSi'os), f. life.
n. V02V
votive offering.
atum, shun, avoid.

to-
VOX,
vocis,
f.
voice (see voco).
Vitta, ae (vieo, "bend," "twist gether"), f. fillet, garland.
VTZlgUS, i (Sans, varga, "group ) n. (but m. in v. 99), common people, multi

tude.
ViVUS,
a,
um,
adj. living.
vix, adv. scarcely.
VUlnus,
6ris (root vttl
akin to vello),
vociferor,
cry aloud.
ari,
atus
sum
(vox, fero),
n.
wound.
vultus,
us,
m. countenance.
PECULIARITIES OF VERGIL.
(1)
(a)
Grammatical.
Accidence and Syntax.
ablative, local, 112, 172, 421, 557. ablative, for accusative
Graecisms
185.
(1) (2)
with intra,
abstract for concrete, 36,72, 381, 579, 654.
Case forms ace, 213, 569. adytum, Words, 257 asylum, 761.
Constructions, 377, 40S.
accusative of specification,
221, 273.
1, SO, 210,
217,
(3)
Uesperia, derived, 781.

95.
ame7is,
demens distinguished,
pi.
historical infinitive, 132, 167.
an()%iis derived, 225.
hostia derived, 156.
archaisms: gen.
-tim=orum
14
;
in
Danadiv-
hypotaxis, 172.
um = Danaorum,
apex derived,
at,
-om = -orum,
ojn = divorum, 241.

682.
530.
iam, nu7ic distinguished, 33. indirect question after a verb of telling

implied,
4.
used in imprecations, atrium, 512.

distinguished,
7.
infinitive historical, 132, 167.

infinitive after
arit, -ve,
a verb of shoiving for ut with subjunctive, 64, 74, 165, 220, 455,
520.
audio, used in a passive sense, 162.
Auster derived,
112.
ingruit, derivation
of, 301.
caligat derived, 604.
inmanis, derived,
i7istar,
156.
of, 15.
canit said of oracles, 175.
derivation and construction
cardo explained and derived,

copia=copiae, 564.
480.
lego, in
sense of pick one's steps, 207.

458.
limen derived,
indie, 117.
cum primum with

553, 721.
male limiting
moenia,
adjectives, 23.
dative of recipient, 19, 30, 47, 85, 396,
murus
derived
and
distin-
guished, 232.
225.
delubrum derived,
nequidquam, frustra distinguished,

nunc, iam distinguished, 33. namque often omitted in Eng. omission of parts of verb esse
3, 25,
101.
demens, aniens distinguished, 95. deponent verbs used passive!}-, 46. distributive for cardinal numerals, draco derived, 225.
trans., 67.
126.
m perfect,
105, 168, 172, 196.
iim= indeed, 164. et = etiam, 149.

ethical dative, 146.
objective genitive, see genitive.
pahna
derived, 153.
parataxis, 172.
fas, ius, distinguished, 157, 412.
passive verbs In a middle sense, 302.

passive verbs in a reflexive sense, 227, 250,
252, 402, 633, 671.
frustra, nequidquam, distinguished, 101.
gemini = duo,
"
203, 415.
genitive, subjective, 572.

locative, 59.
Pelasgi derived, 106.

pellax derived, 90.
per- force of in periurus, periuro, perfi-
"
" "
respect, 22.
objective, 30.
causal, 413.
dus, 195.
per governing a whole clause,
141.
gloria derived, 182.
Pergama
derived, 175.
126
PECULIARITIES OP VERGIt.
super, adv., 348.
testudo, 441.
personal use of verba that govern a dat.

in act, 246.
pietas defined, 535.

perfect used of instantaneous action, 12,
380.
Tritonia derived, 171.

Ulixei (gen. explained),
ultra,
7.
meaning
of, 145.
pluperfect indie, for pluperf. subj. in a

6i-clause for vividness, 55.
poena, derivation
of, 71.
unus, force of with superlatives, umbo, derivation of, 546. ut = when with indie, 117.
ut, exclamatorj-, 283.
ve aut, distinguished, 7.
426.
quia with
indie,
and
subj., 84.
rauco, derivation
of, 545.
reposco with two accusatives, 139.

religio, derivation of, 156.
verbs of saying often omitted, 42, 287,

547.
Scaeiis derived, 612.
vestibuhnn derived, 469.

vitare derived, 433.
vittae virgineae explained, 167.
sed eiiim, elliptical, 164.
serpens derived, 225.

singular subject
and plural verb

;
(sense
vitta, derived, 221.
construction), 30
see also 64.
(b)
Prosody.
spondees, uses
systole, 774.
of, 26, 261.
abtiti abySt^, 16; so

tlbils; arlete
parWUbus=pdrye492.
= drygtf,
hypermetric, verse 745.

irregularity
in
quantity,
Belidae
for
vowels naturally short, lengthened in arsis: ohrHimur, 411; pdvor, 469;
Belidae, 81.
ddmUs,
563.
spondaic, verse 68.
(2)
Stylk and General.

hysteron-proteron, 223, 353.
Aeneid
498.
left unfinished, 66.
alliteration, 9, 50, 135, 418, 783; (double)
metonymj', 311.
night said to rise and
set, 8.
anachronism, 157, 313, anaphora, 158.

aposiopesis, 100.
573.
onomatopoeia, 209, 301, 418. omens on the left, 54.

prolepsis, 148.
emphasis gained
(2) (3)
by
noun, 668.
adverb, 108, 530, 354.
sea-serpent with mane, 206.

similes, 223, 304, 416, 471, 626.
(1) repetition of preposition, 51.
"
"
statuary, painting
of, 200.
and poetry, difference
(4) position of
pronoun,
86.
sweating of statues omens, 173.

synecdoche, 25, 27. shooting stars, how regarded, 694.
euphemism,
11, 325.
gates, open, a sign of peace, 27.

gifts of foes proverbially fatal, 49.
temples places of refuge, 404.

three great appellatives of
Gods leave a captured
city, 357.
the Greeks
hemistichs, 66, 234, 341, 468, 614, 720, 767.
according to
Homer and
Vergil, 45.
hendiadys, 115, 265, 296, 470, 722.
human
sacrifices
bound,
134.
thunder on the left, 693. zeugma, 64, 321, 258.
C^
Vi

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COMPLETE WITH INTRODUCTORY NOTICES. NOTES, VOCABULARY AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

AND FOR CLASSES READING FOR JUNIOR LEAVING MATRICULATION. UNIVERSITY

CATHARINES COLLEGIATE IKSTITLTB

HARBORD JOnS HOPKIN-S UNIV., BALTIMORE.

ST. COLL. IKST., TORON-TO, LATE

9 Frost Street West.

that the present edition will

the dual object

of the editors, namely

the pupil to study with

and appreciation the

text prescribed for examination,

taste for, classical

the duty of an examiner to ascertain whether

the student understands the text prescribed,

ought to be the duty

of the intelligent teacher to see that the student appreciates the

have sought to aid the teacher

furnishing the materials in an attractive form.

Vergil, Horace and Maecenas at the Court of

opp. p. xvii, Introduction

Aeneas at the Court of Dido

opp. p. opp. p. opp. p.

opp. p. 21, Text

Maro was bom

Since the full franchise was not given to this

part of Gaul (Gallia

some years afterand contemwas not a Roman, but an Italian

authorities say that the poet's father

potter, others, that he

was a brickmaker, while others

again assert that he was the servant of a travelling merchant,

Magius, whose daughter, Magia PoUa, he afterwards married.

an agnomen was added for

Studies and Early Life.

Vergil began his studies at Cremona, where,

After a brief stay at Cremona, and subsequently at Medio-

lanum (Milan), the poet went to Rome.

Vergil, after the fashion of the day, attended the lectures of

obtaining distinction in public speaking.

soon gave up rhetoric, and, in

and the love he retained

for this branch of learning is plainly

of his extant writings.*

generally supposed to be genuine, he welcomes the exchange

more useful studies

After a short stay at

probably went to Naples,

are told, Parthenius, another Epicurean,

The great Epic

was his added to the

war between Pompey and Caesar,

that he remained there

after the battle of Philippi (b.c.

and that he employed

his time in gaining

materials which he afterwards emploj'ed in his great didactic