OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Quick Reference Guide

http://www.w3.org/2007/OWL/refcard 1 Names, Prefixes, and Notation

Names in OWL 2 are IRIs, often written in a shorthand prefix:localname, where prefix: is a prefix name that expands to an IRI, and localname is the remainder of the name. The prefix names in OWL 2 are: Prefix Name rdf: rdfs: owl: xsd: Expansion http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl# http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# Meaning non-negative integer** ontology name object property expression prefix name object property name data property IRI or anonymous individual IRI, anonymous individual, or literal IRI literal

individual value local reflexivity exact cardinality qualified exact cardinality maximum cardinality qualified maximum cardinality minimum cardinality qualified minimum cardinality

ObjectHasValue (P a) ObjectHasSelf (P) ObjectExactCardinality (n P) ObjectExactCardinality (n P C) ObjectMaxCardinality (n P) ObjectMaxCardinality (n P C) ObjectMinCardinality (n P) ObjectMinCardinality (n P C)

We use notation conventions in the following tables*: Letters Meaning Letters (a1 an) RDF list n _:a anonymous individual ON (a blank node label) _:x blank node P a individual p A annotation property PN aN individual name R C class expression s CN class name t D data range U DN datatype name v f facet * All of the above can have subscripts. ** As a shorthand for "n"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger

_:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty P. _:x owl:hasValue a. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty P. _:x owl:hasSelf "true"^^xsd:boolean. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty P. _:x owl:cardinality n. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty P. _:x owl:qualifiedCardinality n. _:x owl:onClass C. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty P. _:x owl:maxCardinality n. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty P. _:x owl:maxQualifiedCardinality n. _:x owl:onClass C. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty P. _:x owl:minCardinality n. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty P. _:x owl:minQualifiedCardinality n. _:x owl:onClass C. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty R. _:x owl:allValuesFrom D. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty R. _:x owl:someValuesFrom D. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty R. _:x owl:hasValue v. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty R. _:x owl:cardinality n. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty R. _:x owl:qualifiedCardinality n. _:x owl:onDataRange D. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty R. _:x owl:maxCardinality n. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty R. _:x owl:maxQualifiedCardinality n. _:x owl:onDataRange D. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty R. _:x owl:minCardinality n. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty R. _:x owl:minQualifiedCardinality n. _:x owl:onDataRange D.

2.2 Properties
Object Property Expressions named object property universal object property empty object property inverse property Data Property Expressions named data property universal data property empty data property R owl:topDataProperty owl:bottomDataProperty R owl:topDataProperty owl:bottomDataProperty PN owl:topObjectProperty owl:bottomObjectProperty ObjectInverseOf(PN) PN owl:topObjectProperty owl:bottomObjectProperty _:x owl:inverseOf PN

2.3 Individuals & Literals

named individual anonymous individual literal (datatype value) aN _:a "abc"^^DN aN _:a "abc"^^DN

2.4 Data Ranges

Data Range Expressions named datatype data range complement data range intersection data range union literal enumeration datatype restriction DN DataComplementOf (D) DataIntersectionOf (D1Dn) DataUnionOf (D1Dn) DataOneOf (v1 vn) DatatypeRestriction (DN f1 v1 fn vn) DN _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype. _:x owl:datatypeComplementOf D. _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype. _:x owl:intersectionOf (D1Dn). _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype. _:x owl:unionOf (D1Dn). _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype. _:x owl:oneOf ( v1 vn ). _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype. _:x owl:onDatatype DN. _:x owl:withRestrictions (_:x1 ... _:xn). _:xj fj vj. j=1n

Data Property Restrictions universal existential literal value exact cardinality DataAllValuesFrom (R D) DataSomeValuesFrom (R D) DataHasValue (R v) DataExactCardinality (n R) DataExactCardinality (n R D) DataMaxCardinality (n R) DataMaxCardinality (n R D) DataMinCardinality (n R) DataMinCardinality (n R D)

2 OWL 2 constructs and axioms

In the following tables, the three columns are: Language Feature Functional Syntax RDF Syntax (Turtle) For an OWL 2 DL ontology, there are additional global restrictions on axioms.

2.5 Axioms
Class Expression Axioms subclass equivalent classes disjoint classes pairwise disjoint classes disjoint union Object Property Axioms subproperty property chain inclusion property domain property range equivalent properties disjoint properties pairwise disjoint properties SubObjectPropertyOf (P1 P2) SubObjectPropertyOf (ObjectPropertyChain (P1 Pn) P) ObjectPropertyDomain (P C) ObjectPropertyRange (P C) EquivalentObjectProperties (P1 Pn) DisjointObjectProperties (P1 P2) DisjointObjectProperties (P1 Pn) P1 rdfs:subPropertyOf P2. P owl:propertyChainAxiom (P1 Pn). P rdfs:domain C. P rdfs:range C. Pj owl:equivalentProperty Pj+1. j=1n-1 P1 owl:propertyDisjointWith P2. _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointProperties. _:x owl:members ( P1 Pn ). SubClassOf(C1 C2) EquivalentClasses (C1 Cn) DisjointClasses(C1 C2) DisjointClasses (C1 Cn) DisjointUnionOf (CN C1 Cn) C1 rdfs:subClassOf C2. Cj owl:equivalentClass Cj+1. j=1n-1 C1 owl:disjointWith C2. _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointClasses. _:x owl:members ( C1 Cn ). CN owl:disjointUnionOf ( C1 Cn ).

2.1 Class Expressions

Predefined and Named Classes named class universal class empty class intersection union complement enumeration CN owl:Thing owl:Nothing ObjectIntersectionOf (C1Cn) ObjectUnionOf (C1 Cn) ObjectComplementOf (C) ObjectOneOf (a1 an) CN owl:Thing owl:Nothing _:x rdf:type owl:Class. _:x owl:intersectionOf ( C1Cn ). _:x rdf:type owl:Class. _:x owl:unionOf ( C1 Cn ). _:x rdf:type owl:Class. _:x owl:complementOf C. _:x rdf:type owl:Class. _:x owl:oneOf ( a1 an ).

qualified exact cardinality maximum cardinality qualified maximum cardinality minimum cardinality qualified minimum cardinality

Boolean Connectives and Enumeration of Individuals

Object Property Restrictions universal existential ObjectAllValuesFrom (P C) ObjectSomeValuesFrom (P C) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty P. _:x owl:allValuesFrom C _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperty P. _:x owl:someValuesFrom C

Restrictions Using n-ary Data Range In the following table 'Dn' is an n-ary data range. n-ary universal DataAllValuesFrom (R1 Rn Dn) n-ary existential DataSomeValuesFrom (R1 Rn Dn) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperties ( R1 Rn ). _:x owl:allValuesFrom Dn. _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction. _:x owl:onProperties ( R1 Rn). _:x owl:someValuesFrom Dn.

inverse properties functional property inverse functional property reflexive property irreflexive property symmetric property asymmetric property transitive property

InverseObjectProperties (P1 P2) FunctionalObjectProperty (P) InverseFunctionalObjectProperty (P) ReflexiveObjectProperty (P) IrreflexiveObjectProperty (P) SymmetricObjectProperty (P) AsymmetricObjectProperty (P) TransitiveObjectProperty (P) SubDataPropertyOf(R1 R2) DataPropertyDomain(R C) DataPropertyRange(R D) EquivalentDataProperties (R1 Rn) DisjointDataProperties (R1 R2) DisjointDataProperties (R1 Rn) FunctionalDataProperty(R)

P1 owl:inverseOf P2. P rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty. P rdf:type owl:InverseFunctionalProperty. P rdf:type owl:ReflexiveProperty. P rdf:type owl:IrreflexiveProperty. P rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty. P rdf:type owl:AsymmetricProperty. P rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty. R1 rdfs:subPropertyOf R2. R rdfs:domain C. R rdfs:range D. Rj owl:equivalentProperty Rj+1. j=1n-1 R1 owl:propertyDisjointWith R2. _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointProperties. _:x owl:members ( R1 Rn ). R rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty.

data property annotation property named individual

Declaration( DataProperty( R ) ) Declaration ( AnnotationProperty( A ) ) Declaration ( NamedIndividual( aN ) )

R rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty. A rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty. aN rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual.

3 Built-in Datatypes and Facets

3.1 Built-in Datatypes
Universal Datatype Numbers rdfs:Literal owl:rational owl:real xsd:double xsd:float xsd:decimal xsd:integer xsd:long xsd:int xsd:short xsd:byte xsd:nonNegativeInteger xsd:nonPositiveInteger xsd:positiveInteger xsd:negativeInteger xsd:unsignedLong xsd:unsignedInt xsd:unsignedShort xsd:unsignedByte rdf:PlainLiteral (RDF plain literals) xsd:string xsd:NCName xsd:Name xsd:NMTOKEN xsd:token xsd:language xsd:normalizedString xsd:boolean (value space: true and false) xsd:base64Binary xsd:hexBinary xsd:anyURI xsd:dateTime (optional time zone offset) xsd:dateTimeStamp (required time zone offset) rdf:XMLLiteral

2.7 Annotations
Annotations annotation assertion annotation of an axiom (where the axiom in RDF is one or more triples of the form si U ti, i.e., with the same predicate U.) annotation of an axiom where the axiom in RDF is _:x U t1 annotation of another annotation (the other annotation in RDF starts with s1) AnnotationAssertion (A s t) AXIOM(Annotation (A t) ) s A t. _:xi A t. si U ti. _:xi rdf:type owl:Axiom. _:xi owl:annotatedSource si. _:xi owl:annotatedProperty U. _:xi owl:annotatedTarget ti. _:x A t. _:x U t1. _:x A t. s1 A1 t1. _:x rdf:type owl:Annotation. _:x owl:annotatedSource s1. _:x owl:annotatedProperty A1. _:x owl:annotatedTarget t1.

Strings Boolean Values Binary Data IRIs Time Instants XML Literals

Data Property Axioms subproperty property domain property range equivalent properties disjoint properties pairwise disjoint properties functional property Datatype Definitions datatype definition Assertions individual equality SameIndividual(a1 an) aj owl:sameAs aj+1. j=1n-1 individual DifferentIndividuals(a1 a2) a1 owl:differentFrom a2. inequality pairwise individual DifferentIndividuals _:x rdf:type owl:AllDifferent. inequality (a1 an) _:x owl:members (a1 an). class assertion ClassAssertion(C a) a rdf:type C. positive object ObjectPropertyAssertion a1 PN a2. property assertion (PN a1 a2 ) positive data DataPropertyAssertion a R v. property assertion (R a v ) negative object NegativeObjectPropertyAssertion _:x rdf:type property (P a1 a2 ) owl:NegativePropertyAssertion. assertion _:x owl:sourceIndividual a1. _:x owl:assertionProperty P. _:x owl:targetIndividual a2. negative data NegativeDataPropertyAssertion _:x rdf:type property (R a v ) owl:NegativePropertyAssertion. assertion _:x owl:sourceIndividual a. _:x owl:assertionProperty R. _:x owl:targetValue v. Keys Key HasKey(C (P1 Pm) (R1 Rn) ) C owl:hasKey (P1 Pm R1 Rn). m+n>0 DatatypeDefinition(DN D) DN owl:equivalentClass D.

AXIOM(Annotation (A t) ) Annotation(Annotation (A t) A1 t1)

3.2 Facets
Facet xsd:minInclusive xsd:maxInclusive xsd:minExclusive xsd:maxExclusive xsd:minLength xsd:maxLength xsd:length xsd:pattern Value literal in the corresponding datatype Non-negative integer xsd:string literal as a regular expression xsd:string literal as a regular expression Applicable Datatypes Numbers, Time Instants Strings, Binary Data, IRIs Strings, IRIs rdf:PlainLiteral Explanation Restricts the valuespace to greater than (equal to) or lesser than (equal to) a value Restricts the valuespace based on the lengths of the literals Restricts the value space to literals that> match the regular expression Restricts the value space to literals with language tags that match the regular expression

Annotation Properties named annotation property human-readable name human-readable comment additional information defining agent version information deprecation backwards compatibility incompatibility prior version Annotation Axioms annotation subproperties annotation property domain annotation property range SubAnnotationPropertyOf(A1 A2) AnnotationPropertyDomain(A U) AnnotationPropertyRange(A U) A1 rdfs:subPropertyOf A2. A rdfs:domain U. A rdfs:range U. A rdfs:label rdfs:comment rdfs:seeAlso rdfs:isDefinedBy owl:versionInfo owl:deprecated owl:backwardCompatibleWith owl:incompatibleWith owl:priorVersion A rdfs:label rdfs:comment rdfs:seeAlso rdfs:isDefinedBy owl:versionInfo owl:deprecated owl:backwardCompatibleWith owl:incompatibleWith owl:priorVersion

rdf:langRange

A HTML version of the guide is at http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-quick-reference/ Copyright 2008-2009 W3C (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C Document License: http://w3.org/brief/MTQ4 W3C liability, trademark and document use rules apply. Editors: Jie Bao, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Elisa F. Kendall, Sandpiper Software, Inc. Deborah L. McGuinness, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Bell Labs Research, Alcatel-Lucent Contributors: Li Ding, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Ankesh Khandelwal, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Reference card formatting by Jie Bao Version 0.13, Oct 18 2009 Based on the 22 September 2009 Proposed Recommendation

2.8 Ontologies
OWL ontology (importing)1 2 Ontology([ON [U]] Import(ON1)... Annotation(A t) ... ) Prefix(p=U) ON rdf:type owl:Ontology. [ON owl:versionIRI U.] ON owl:imports ON1. ... ON A t. ... @prefix p U.

prefix declaration3

2.6 Declarations
class datatype object property Declaration( Class( CN ) ) Declaration( Datatype( DN ) ) Declaration( ObjectProperty( PN ) ) CN rdf:type owl:Class. DN rdf:type rdfs:Datatype. PN rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty.

1. [ ] represents optional constructs 2. In the RDF syntax _:x is used in place of ON if there is no ontology name ON. 3. RDF syntax is in Turtle, other RDF serializations may vary.