Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
approa
hes:
Quasi-exa
tly-solvable
problems
UNAM { ITEP
GENERAL IDEA:
J : Vn 7! Vn ; = 1; 2 : : : dim g
Any operator P (J ) made out of
generators J has Vn as invariant subspa
e,
P (J ) : Vn 7! Vn
Denition
V V V : : : Vn : : : V
0
E : Vn 7! Vn ; n = 0; 1; 2; : : : ;
that implies E preserves the
ag V .
Denition
REMARK.
It is rather
ommon for algebras of dierential operators
that nite-dimensional representation spa
es as fun
tions of
spin(s) form
ag (see below).
Why polynomials ?
Part 1.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
I. ONE-VARIABLE
CASE
J
E
11
=
= ; E =
0
Jn = E = n
with Casimir operator
1
1
n n
C = fJn ; J g
(E + E ) =
( + 1)
2
4
2 2
Realizations for dierent n
an not be related
gl (n ) $ gl (n )
+
11
Pn = h1; ; ; : : : n i
2
Jn ; E ; E ; J : Pn 7! Pn
+
11
P P P : : : Pn : : : P
0
Theorem.(A.T. '91)
00
2
11
11
11
p =
+ 2
+
;
p = (2
+
) +
;
p =
:
with arbitrary
oe
ients.
2
00
00
00
00
| Orthogonality.
We use a tri
k of redu
tion E to S
hroedinger (self-adjoint)
form.
Introdu
e new variable
2
x =
d
;
p ( )
R p1
p2
(x)E (x)
1
+ (A0 )
=
2 x
0
ES
d logx0
e
A(x) ;
A00 + p ;
0
2
0
(main) Example.
Laguerre operator
E = 2E J + 2E
2
2 + (2
1)
Ln
(
If x =
p
1 2)
( ) =
n
X
`=0
a` = ` ;
(
1 2)
and = e ! , then
0
1
(x)E (x)
!
0
H = 12 x + ! x
ES
HARMONIC OSCILLATOR !
++
+0
Q = P ( ) + P ( ) + P ( )
2
where
P ( ) =
4
++
+ 2
+
4
+0
+ 2
+
2
P ( ) = 2
(1 n) +[
(2 3n)+
(
n 2
)
n+
;
P ( ) =
n + n(
n
)
n +
:
It's restri
ted Heun operator whi
h depends on 9
ontinuous
parameters
and dis
rete one n. Generi
Heun operator
depends on 12 parameters.
3
++
++
+0
+0
| Orthogonality.
We use the same tri
k of redu
ing Q to the S
hroedinger
form.
Introdu
e new variable
2
x =
d
;
P ( )
10
R P3
P4
d logx0
e
A(x)
(x)Q (x)
+ (A0 ) A00 + P ( (x)) ;
H = 21 x
Polynomial eigenfun
tions of Q are orthogonal with
weight in x spa
e.
1
ES
2
0
11
2 + (2g! + 2
2
p
(n + 1)J
1)
2g! n ;
2
, then
2
4! 2
and
=
e
!
1
(x)Q (x)
!
3
g
!
H = 12 x
(2n + )gx + g!x + x
+[
2
2
2
Polynomial quasi-exa
tly-solvable potential !
(n + 1) eigenfun
tions are polynomials of degree n:
If x =
QES
i = P olni ( (x)) e
( )
! x2
2
g 4
x
4
; i = 1; 2; : : : (n + 1)
Remark
(what we are doing, or what is QES).
II. TWO-VARIABLE
CASE
gl
sl
...
2
1
0
..
sl
..
gl n C r ; r = 2; : : :
[ nr ]
1
n
h x1 p1 x2 p2 j p1 p2 n i
Pn(2)
0
.
.
..
...
+1
h x1 p1 x2 p2 j p1 rp2 n i
0
13
gl
J = 1 ; J = 2
1
E ; = 1 ; E ; = 2
E ; = 1 ; E ; = 2
1 1
1 2
2 1
2 2
E (n) = n 1
0
2
2
(2)
14
Example 1.
Take
2
= 2(E ; +3E ; )J + E ; 2!(E ; +3E ; ) 2(1+3 )J
3
or, expli
itly,
Cal
Cal
1 1
2 2
2
1 2
1 1
2 2
2
= 2 1 1 6 1 2 + 2 2 2[2! +(1+3 )1 6! 2
3
1
2
1
15
| Orthogonality.
We use the same tri
k of redu
ing to S
hroedinger form.
Introdu
e new variables
= y y y y ; = y y (y + y )
Step 1. Take h at ! = = 0
2
hd = 2 1 1 + 6 1 2
+ 21
3 2 2
2
)
= (
+
3 y
y
y y
it is 2d
at Lapla
e operator !
2
1
2
2
Cal
2
1
2
1
2
2
Y =
then
3
X
j =1
1
Y ; i = 1; 2
3
xj ; yi = xi
(x) = j(x
0
x )(x
2
x )(x
3
x1 +x2 +x3
)j e ! 2
16
1
=
2i
3
X
Cal
+ ! xi + (
xi
2
=
1)
3
X
i<j (xi xj )
It is
elebrated 3-body Calogero Hamiltonian, whi
h is
hermitian at ( 1) > 1=4.
Cal
=1
Cal
2
0
are orthogonal
17
Example 2.
Take
2
2(E ; + 3E ; )J + E ; E ; 2(1 + 3 )J
3
8
1
E ; + E ; E ; + E ; +(4 + )(E ; + E ; ) + E ;
2
3
3
24
or, in dierential form
Suth
1 1
2 2
1 2
1 2
2
1 1
1 1
2
2 2
2 2
1 1
Suth
(2 +
2
2
2 1
2 2
4
2
)1 (6+ ) 1 2 +(
)2
24
3
3
2
1
1
2 (1 + 3 ) + ( + ) 1 2( + ) 2
3
3
It preserves P , hen
e, it is gl exa
tly-solvable operator.
2
2
1
2
2
(2)
Eigenvalues
2
p1 ;p2 =
(p
3
2
1
2
2
2p )(p + p ) 3p + 2(2p
2
where p = 0; 1; : : : ; p = 0; 1; : : : ;
1
p ) ;
2
p
1
18
| Orthogonality.
We use the same tri
k of redu
ing to S
hroedinger form.
Step 1. Introdu
e new variables
1
=
[
os(y ) +
os(y ) +
os((y + y )) 3 ;
2
=
[sin(y ) + sin(y ) sin((y + y ))
and gauge phase
1
(x) = j sin (x
0
x ) sin (x
2
x ) sin (x
3
x )j ;
3
Again taking h
at = 0
4
2
)1 +(6+ ) 1 2 (
hd; = (2 +
2
24
3
3
2
1 +
+2 1 +
3
3 2
2
= (
)
+
3 y
y
y y
Suth
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
)2
2
2
2
1
2
2
19
Y =
3
X
j =1
1
Y ; i = 1; 2
3
xj ; yi = xi
1X
=
2i
3
Suth
(x)
+ ! xi + (
xi
2
=
1)
3
X
i<j (xi xj )
It is
elebrated 3-body Sutherland Hamiltonian, whi
h is
hermitian at ( 1) > 1=4.
Suth
=1
Suth
2
0
are orthogonal
20
Example 3.
Take
h e; 2 = 4J (n)(E + E ) + 2(2n + 1 + 4 + 6)J (n)
(
1)
11
BC
22
12E E
16E E
gE E
gE E
4(3 + 2 + 6)E
g (1 + )E
gE J
2g E J
g E J + 2g E J
g (1 + 2 + 2)J + 2g J
2g J J ;
or, in dierential form
11
21
21
22
21
11
21
12
22
12
12
11
12
22
h e; 2 = [4 ( 3 ) g 2g 1 1
+2[4 ( 2 ) 2g g 1 2 +[4 g g ( 2 )2 2
+[2(3 + 4 + 6) 4(3 + 2 + 6) g (1 + 2 + 2)1
+[2(3+4 +6) g (1+) +2g 2 2n(2n+1+4 +6) :
(
1)
2
1
2
1
BC
2
1
2
2
2
1
1)
21
+
x x
e =
HBC
( )
2
1
2
2
2
+2 ( 1) [}(x
x ) + }(x + x ) +
2
2
X
i=1
2
X
i=1
}(xi )+
}(2xi ) ;
22
gl n C
2
Generators
L = ;
L =
L = ;
1
(2)
L = n=3
n=6; L = + 2
L = ;
2
g
= h p1 p2 j0 p + 2p
(1 2)
fn;k = h p1 p2 j0 p + 2p
W
1
L =
7
Pn ;
[
n
ni
n ; p ki
2
(1 2)
n
2
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0
Adding
T =
makes Pn ; irredu
ible and form
ag P ; .
2
(1 2)
2
1
(1 2)
(2)
23
Example 1.
Take
h r2 = 6L L 36L L + 8L L
6[1 + 3( + )L 4!L 12!L + 4(1 + 2 )L :
( )
hG2 =
6 1 1
1
2
1
2
1
It preserves
ag P ; , hen
e, it is g
operator.
(2 1)
(2)
exa tly-solvable
1X
r
H 2=2
k
3
( )
=1
( 1)
3
X
k<l (xk
xl )
+ ! xk +
xk
+3( 1)
3
X
2xm )
24
Example 2.
Take
= 6L L 36L L +8L L
(3L L +8L L +3L L )
2
1
6[1 + 3( + )L + 4(1 + 2 )L (6 + 8 + ) L
2
1
+ 6( + ) L + T :
2
8
or, in dierential form
3
) (36 + 8 ) +
hGt2 = (6 +
2
8
(8 6 )
6[1+3( + )+2(1+3 +4 ) +
4(1 + 2 ) [7 + 12( + ) :
hGt2
( )
2
1
2
1
( )
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
It preserves
ag P ; , hen
e, it is g
operator.
(1 2)
(2)
12
exa tly-solvable
Eigenvalues
p1 ;p2 = [(n 2m 1)(n + m + 1) + 3n + 2(2n m) + 1
where n and m are quantum numbers,
n
n = 0; 1; 2; 3; : : : ;
0m
:
2
25
| Orthogonality.
We use the same tri
k of redu
ing to S
hroedinger form.
Step 1. Make sense hGt2 as
ms Hamiltonian and form the
operator
2hGt2 + 3X
( )
( )
=
2
4
sin((x
x ))+sin((x
x ))+sin((x
3
x ))
2
X =x +x +x
1
and
x ))+sin ( (x x )) ;
2
trig) (x) =
trig) (x) =
3
Y
i<j
3
Y
k<l;k;l6=m
j sin 2 (xi xj )j ;
j sin 2 (xi + xj 2xk )j :
26
1X
1
( 1) X
=
+
2
2 k xk
4
k<l sin ( (xk
3
=1
xl ))
3( 1) X
1
+
4
k<l;k;l6 m sin ( (xk + xl 2xm ))
we get the Hamiltonian of
elebrated G -trigonometri
model !
3
27
Part 2.
FOCK SPACE REPRESENTATION
FOCK SPACE:
Take ai ; bj s.t.
[ai ; aj = [bi ; bj = 0; [ai ; bj = ij ; i; j = 1; 2; : : : m. It
is h m Heisenberg algebra.
Consider all ordered monomials bp1 : : : bpmm aq1 : : : aqmm ,
form linear spa
e with multipli
ation Heisenberg-Weyl
algebra.
Introdu
e va
uum, ai j0i = 0; i = 1; 2; : : : m
2
+1
DEFINITION:
Fo
k Spa
e asso
iated with h m is
Heisenberg-Weyl algebra + va
uum
2
+1
28
( 1)
H = 12 y
+! y +
y }
{z
|
A Calogero model
2
= y e
=y
!
2
y2
h= !
Finally,
1
h = 2 + 2(
)
2
hen
e the Harmoni
Os
illator in Fo
k spa
e is given by
1
)a
h = 2ba + 2(b
2
h : Pn 7! Pn ; E = 2n; n 2 N ;
where Pn = h bp j 0 p n i.
2
n = Ln
1
2)
Eigenfun
tions:
(b) ,
21
where Ln (b) is asso
iated Laguerre polynomial.
(
29
Part 3.
DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS
30
THEOREM
Dierent realizations of h m Heisenberg algebra
with the same va
uum lead to isospe
tral spe
tral
problems ()
2
+1
(I )
a = D ; b = x (1 D )
(II )
9
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
=
(III )
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
;
a = Dq ;
b = xq (q 1)x
d
dx
d
1+x
x dx
1+
j0i = 1
fx ,
where D f (x) = f (x ) f (x) and Dq f (x) = f qx
xq
dis
rete or Ja
kson derivative.
(
1)
31
L(x;
For (II)
L(x
(1
);D+
d
)(x) = (x);
dx
) (x
(1
) j0i = (x
(I )
(1
) j0i;
(II )
(b) =
(I) if b = x , then
k bk
bk j0i = xk
xk
( )
32
Finally,
d)
L(x; dx
(x) =
isospe tral
k xk
L(x (1 D ); D )
e(x) =
k x k
( )
Borel algebra b
J = x D ; J = D ; then [J ; J = J
0
()
33
Remark:
sl -algebra realized by nite-dieren
e operators on
four-point uniform latti
e
2
J = x D + x[x (n + 1)D nx
J = xD n2
J = D
with Pn = h 1; x; x ; : : : xn i as invariant subspa
e
(2)
34
Ln
(
1
2)
(b) =
n
X
`=0
a`
(
2
+
1
2)
b` ;
1
4(1 + )yD
(y )
(y)
(y + )
35
= E(y)
2
L^ n
(
1
2)
(y; ) =
n
X
`=0
a`
(
1
2)
y`
( )
36
d
! Dq
dx
or what happens for the
ase (III).
L(xq ; Dq ) (xq ) j0i = (xq ) j0i;
what is for this
ase?
(III )
(b) =
then
xq k j0i =
k bk
k! k
fkg! x
xq D q = x
d
dx
37
Remark:
sl -algebra realized in dierential-dieren
e operators
d
J = xq x dx
nxq
d n
J = x dx
2
J = Dq
2
38
Finally,
isospe
tral
L(x; dxd )
(x) =
k xk
L(xq ; Dq )
e(x) =
k fkkg xk
!
And also
L(x (1 D ); D )
+
(x) =
k x k
( )
isospe tral
L(xq ; Dq )
P
^(x) = k fkkg xk
!
39
(2
1)Dq
L^ n
(
1
2)
(y; q) =
n
X
`=0
a`
(
1
2)
`! `
f`g! y ;
40
1
[A (A 2A + A )x + 2A x f (x) +
1
[(A A + A )x A x f (x ) = f (x) :
Hierar hy:
| If
A = 1; A = N 2 ; A = 1; A = ( +1)(N 1) ;
1
; )
| If N 2 N ; = 1 and x = 0; 1; 2 : : : ; (N 1),
; )
41
hk; (x; N ) =
(
; )
Pk
i=0 i x
( )
; )
1
H = A b a b a (a + ) + A b a + A b a + A a
is given by
H = A J J (J + ) + A J J + A J + A J + A
1
d ; b = x we arrive at a
Repla
ing a ; b ! a; b with a = dx
isospe
tral, 3rd-order (!) linear dierential operator
d
d
A
A
d
+[(A + A )+ xx +[A +( + A )x
H =A x
dx
dx
dx
3
42
and
h~ N; (x; N ) =
N xN :
H is non-hermitian !
(
dx
dx
It has innitely-many polynomial eigenfun
tions
1
k
X
i!
;
;q )
hk
i xi
(x; N ) =
i=0 fi!g
(
and
N! N
fN !g x ;
Su
h a form of hN hints that the operator Hq is not
self-adjoint.
()
hN; q (x; N ) =
N
(
; )
43
qes)
1
!
=
+[
2 x
2
2
3
g
(2n + + p)gx + g!x + x
2
2
2
Algebrai form:
h qes (y; y ) =
(
1 p !x2 = gx4 =
(x e
)
!
2
H qes (xp e
(
2yy + 2(gy + y
Pnk p (y) =
( ; )
n
X
i=0
!x2 =2 gx4 =4 ) j
y=!x2
1
)
2 y
2gny ;
i k yi ; k = 0; 1; : : : ; n ; p = 0; 1
( )
Fo k spa e rep:
h qes =
(
2ba + 2(gb + b p
2
1
)a
2
2gnb
44
form
hqes (y; D ) =
2
1
1
[y + (p + )D + 2[(1 + )y + gy(y + (n 1))D
2gy D D
2gny ;
non-lo
al, four-point nite-dieren
e operator with (n + 1)
polynomial eigenfun
tions:
(
(2)
Pnk p (y) =
( ; )
n
X
i=0
i k y i ; k = 0; 1; : : : ; n ; p = 0; 1
( )
( )
q form
hqqes =
(
2y
d
d
Dq + 2gyq (y
dy
dy
n) + 2y
d
dy
(2p + 1)Dq
Pnk p
( ; )
(y) =
n
X
i=0
i k
( )
i! i
fi!g y ; k = 0; 1; : : : ; n ; p = 0; 1
( )
45
CONCLUSION
}
(2)
+1
6 7 8
46
glN -algebra
+1
Ji
0
i = 1; 2 : : : N ;
Jij
Ji
;
xi
= xi ;
xj
=
N
X
i=1
= xi J
xi
0
i; j = 1; 2 : : : N ;
xi
n;
0
N
X
= xi xj
j =1
xj
nA ; i = 1; 2 : : : N :
(N + 1) generators
if n = 0; 1; 2 : : : n-dim irreps
2
PnN = hx p x p : : : xN pN j 0 pi ni
(
47
gl(N jM )-algebra
(simplest realization)
Eij = Jij
0
= i
;
j
E =J = n+
00
j
X
+
j
E i = Ji = i
Ei
= Q i
= i
E
= Q
=
T
where ( i ji = 1; 2; : : : ; N 1)) are even and
(
j
= 1; 2; : : : ; M ) are odd variables,
orrespondingly,
i; j = 1 : : : N 1 and
; = 1 : : : M
(N + M ) generators
if n = 0; 1; 2 : : : n-dim irreps
Ei = Ji = i J ;
E
i = Q
i =
i ;
E
= Q
=
;
E
= T
=
+
NX1
k=1
ik +
M
X
k=1
k ni
48
glN -algebra
+1
(mixed realization)
Take
E~ij = i j ; i; j = 1; : : : n :
and Mij 2 gln s.t.
[E~ij ; Mnm = 0 :
and also
Ji = i ; i = 1; : : : ; n ;
s.t.
[Ji ; Mnm = 0 ;
E =
Ji =
+
i (
j j
j j
k)
k
X
j Mij
+1
49