DIN 1055-6:2005-03 (8) The characteristic value of a material is to be chosen after a careful evaluation of

the value which has influenced the occurrence of the load. DESCRIPTION OF WALLSURFACE

CATEGORY

TYPES OF MATERIAL Cold-rolled stainless steel Scarred stainless steel Polished stainless steel Galvanized carbon steel Aluminium Extruded high-density polyethylene Carbon steel with slight surface corrosion Coated carbon steel

D1

Polished

D2

Smooth

Cast high-density polyethylene Smooth ceramic plates Concrete surface manufactured with steel shell Rough shell concrete Scarred carbon steel

D3

Rough

Steel silos with bolts on the inside surface of the wall Roughly polished ceramic plates Horizontal corrugated wall

D4

Corrugated

Contoured sheet metal with horizontal notches Non-standardised walls with large deviations

The effect of wrinkling in these surfaces has to be very carefully examined by means of the particles embedded in the wall surface. NOTE The classification and description given in Table 3 refers to the friction rather than the roughness. The main reason for this is that there is only a small correlation between the degree of roughness and the measured amount of wall friction caused by the bulk material that slides along the wall surface.

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6.2.2 Determination of the Bulk Material Parameter (1) The material parameters to be used for the design calculation may have deviations due to the changes in the structure, the production procedure, the grain size distribution, moisture content, age and electrical charging during handling; these need to be taken into account. (2) The bulk material parameters are to be determined either according to the simplified procedure laid down in 6.2.3 or by means of test measurements in accordance with 6.3. (3) Bulk materials parameters which are not contained in Table E.1 are to be obtained by means of test measurements in accordance with 6.3. (4) The calculated correction values for the coefficient of wall friction of the bulk materials should take into account the roughness of the wall surface along which they glide. In Table 3 the different classes of wall surfaces are defined for use in this standard. (5) For silos with wall surfaces belonging to the class (category) D4 according to Table 3, the effective wall friction coefficients should be determined according to the procedure described in D.2. (6) The bulk material correction value Cop for the reference surface loads is to be taken from Table E.1 or calculated according to the equation (8).

6.2.3 Simplified Procedure (1) The parameters of commonly known bulk materials are to be taken from the Table E.1. The values given there for the specific gravity correspond to the upper

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03 characteristic value, while the parameters for the wall friction m, for the horizontal load ratio Km and for the angle of the internal friction im represent mean values of these characteristic quantities. (2) If individual bulk materials cannot be clearly classified under the bulk material categories listed in Table E.1, then their parameters are to be determined experimentally in accordance with the procedure described under 6.3 (3) For determining the characteristic parameters of , K and i, the listed values of m, Km and im are to be multiplied or divided by the so called conversion factor. The conversion factors ax are given in the table E.1 for the bulk materials listed therein. For calculating the maximum loads, the following combinations are to be used: Upper characteristic value of K = a k K m Lower characteristic value of K = (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Km

ak

Upper characteristic value of = a m Lower characteristic value of =

Upper characteristic value of i = a im Lower characteristic value of i =

im

(4)

For determining the effect of action on silos of the requirement category 1, the

mean values m, Km and im may be used instead of the upper and lower characteristic values.

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6.3

Measurement of Bulk Material Parameters in Tests

6.3.1 Experimental Determination (Measuring System) (1) The experimental determination of the parameters is to be executed with

representative bulk material specimens. For every bulk material property a mean value of the relevant parameter is to be determined keeping in mind the deviation of its relevant so-called secondary influence parameter such as bulk material structure, filtering curve, moisture content, temperature, age and the possibility of electrical charging during operation or manufacture. (2) The characteristic values are derived from the experimentally determined mean

values with the aid of equations (1) to (6) and the corresponding conversion factors ax. (3) Each conversion factor ax is to be carefully determined. While determining the

same one should take into account the fact that the bulk material parameters can undergo a change during the service life of the silo. Likewise, the possible consequences of the sedimentation phenomena in the silo and the inaccuracies during processing of the material specimens are to be taken into account. (4) If the test data is there, the conversion factors ax are to be ascertained acc. to

C.11 in order to determine the standard deviation of the parameters. (5) The span between the mean value and the characteristic value of the bulk material

parameter is expressed by the conversion factor ax. If a secondary influence parameter is by itself responsible for more than 75% of the conversion factor ax, it has to be raised by a factor of 1.10.
NOTE The above-mentioned specifications serve to ensure that the values of xx adequately

represent the probability of occurrence for the derived loads.

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03 6.3.2 Specific Gravity of the Bulk Material (1) The specific gravity of the bulk material is to be determined for such a packing density of the bulk material particles and at such a pressure-level, which corresponds to the packing density or the pressure level that is present in the zone of maximum vertical fill-pressure bzw in the silo. The vertical pressure Pvft can be determined from the equations (11) or (86) for the depth of the bulk material at the lower end of the silo shaft. (2) used. (3) The conversion factor for deriving the characteristic value from the measured For measuring the specific gravity the test procedures acc. to C.6 should be

value is to be determined in accordance with the procedure described in C.11. The conversion factor a may not be less than a = 1.10, except when a smaller value can be separately established through tests or a suitable estimation (see C.11). 6.3.3 Coefficient of Wall Friction (1) The experimental determination of the coefficients of wall friction for the

estimation of loads is to be determined for such a packing density of the bulk material particles and at such a pressure-level, which corresponds to the packing density or the pressure level that is present in the zone of maximum horizontal fill-pressure Phfb in the silo. The pressure level Phfb can be determined from the equations (9) or (78) for the depth of the bulk material at the lower end of the zone with vertical walls.

(2)

For measuring the coefficients of wall friction the test procedures acc. to C.7

should be used. (3) The mean value m of the coefficients of wall friction and its standard deviation are

to be determined and derived through tests. If only one mean value can be ascertained from the data material, the standard deviation is to be estimated in accordance with the method described in C.11. 65

DIN 1055-6:2005-03

(4)

The conversion factor for deriving the characteristic value from the measured

value is to be determined in accordance with the procedure described in C.11. The conversion factor may not be less than a = 1.10, except when a smaller value can be separately established through tests or a suitable estimation (see C.11). 6.3.4 Angle of Internal Friction i (1) The angle of internal friction i for the calculation of loads is to be determined as arc tangents from the ratio of the shear force to the normal force at the break under equivalent load - for such a packing density of the bulk material particles and at such a pressure-level, which corresponds to the packing density or the pressure level that is present in the zone of maximum vertical fill-pressure Pvf. The pressure level Pvf can be determined from the equations (11) or (86) for the depth of the bulk material at the lower end of the zone with vertical walls. (2) For measuring the angle of internal friction i the test procedures acc. to C.9

should be used. (3) The mean value im of the angle of internal friction and its standard deviation are

to be determined and derived through tests. If only one mean value can be ascertained from the data material, the standard deviation is to be estimated in accordance with the method described in C.11. (4) The conversion factor for deriving the characteristic value from the measured

value is to be determined in accordance with the procedure described in C.11. The conversion factor a may not be less than a = 1.10, except when a smaller value can be separately established through tests or a suitable estimation (see C.11).

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6.3.5 Horizontal Load Ratio K (1) The horizontal load ratio K for the estimation of loads (the ratio of mean horizontal

pressure to mean vertical pressure) is to be determined for such a packing density of the bulk material particles and at such a pressure-level, which corresponds to the packing density or the pressure level that is present in the zone of maximum vertical fill-pressure. The pressure level pvft can be determined from the equations (11) or (86) for the depth of the bulk material at the lower end of the zone with vertical walls. (2) used. (3) The mean value Km of the horizontal load ratio and its standard deviation are to be For measuring the horizontal load ratio K the test procedures acc. to C.8 should be

determined and derived through tests. If only one mean value can be ascertained from the data material, the standard deviation is to be estimated in accordance with the method described in C.11. (4) An approximate value for Km can be alternatively calculated according to the foll.

Equation (7) from the mean value of the angle of internal friction for first load application

im determined through tests (see 6.3.4)

Km = 1.1 (1- sin im) NOTE (7)

The factor 1.1 in equation (7) is used in order to ensure an appropriate derivative

unit of measure for making allowance for the difference between a value of K (= Ko ) that was measured under virtually absent wall-friction influences and a value of K that was measured in the presence of wall friction influences (see also 6.2.2 (5)).

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(5)

The conversion factor for deriving the characteristic value from the measured

value is to be determined in accordance with the procedure described in C.11. The conversion factor aK may not be less than aK = 1.10, except when a smaller value can be separately established through tests or a suitable estimation (see C.11).

6.3.6 Cohesion c (1) The cohesion of bulk material varies with the consolidation stress to which the

specimen is subjected. It is to be determined for such a packing density of the bulk material particles and at such a pressure-level, which corresponds to the packing density or the pressure level that is present in the zone of maximum vertical fill-pressure Pvf. The pressure level Pvf can be determined from the equations (11) or (86) for the bulk material depth at the lower end of the zone with vertical walls. (2)
NOTE

For measuring the cohesion c the test procedures acc. to C.9 should be used.
Alternatively the cohesion can be estimated by means of results of tests in the shear cells

of Janike. A method for calculating the cohesion from test results is to be taken from C.9.

6.3.7 Bulk material Correction Value for the Reference Surface Load Cop (1) The bulk material correction value for the reference surface load Cop is to be

estimated on the basis of suitable test data.

NOTE 1 The discharge factors C make allowances for a host of phenomena which arise during the

emptying of silos. The symmetric increase of pressures is relatively independent of the stored bulk material, yet the unsymmetric components are greatly dependant upon the material. The material-dependency of the unsymmetric components is represented by the bulk material correction value Cop . This parameter is not easy to determine with the help of experimental test procedures.

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
NOTE 2 A suitable experimental test procedure for the parameter Cop has not so far been

developed. This factor is therefore based on evaluations of tests on silos and on experimental values of silos with conventional filling and discharge systems, which were established within the usual structural tolerances.

(2)

Values for the bulk material correction values for the reference surface load Cop of

commonly known bulk materials are to be taken from Table E.1. (3) For materials which are not listed in Table E.1, the bulk material correction value

for the reference surface load can be estimated from the divergence factors for the horizontal load ratio aK and the wall friction correction value a acc. to equation (8): Cop = 3.5 a = 2.5 aK 6.2 Where a aK divergence factor for the coefficients of wall friction ; divergence factor for the horizontal load ratio K of the bulk Material. (4) For special silos or special bulk materials (in the individual case) the suitable bulk

material correction value for the reference surface load Cop can be estimated by means of large scale experimental investigations in silos with designs that are comparable.

LOADS ON VERTICAL SILO WALLS

7.1 (1)

General For the filling and the emptying types of loads, the characteristic values of the

loads described in this section have to be fixed. For this purpose the loads are differentiated as follows:

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03 slim silos silos of medium slimness low silos braced walls silos (silos consisting of braced walls) silos for the storage of bulk materials air pockets between the bulk material particles (for example, due to pneumatic discharge aids and homogenizing silos) silo hoppers and silo bottoms (2) The loads on the vertical silo walls are to be determined in accordance with the

following criteria pertaining to the slimness of the silos: slim silos, with 2.0 < hc / dc (with exceptions acc. to 5.3) silos with medium slimness, with 1.0 < hc / dc < 2.0 (with exceptions acc. to 5.3) low silos, with, 0.4 < hc / dc < 1.0 (with exceptions acc. to 5.3) braced wall silos (silos consisting of braced walls) with horizontal bottoms and hc / dc < 0.4 silos for bulk materials with air pockets between the bulk material particles (3) A silo with an aerated bottom is to be handled independent of its actual slimness

hc/ dc -- like a slim silo. (4) The loads on the vertical walls are made up of a stationary load component, the

symmetrical loads and a free load component, the reference surface loads. Both the components are to be assessed as acting simultaneously. (5) Special types of loads are to be taken into account for large fill and discharge

eccentricities. These are not to be placed simultaneously with the symmetrical and reference surface loads; each represents a separate and clearly defined load category.

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(6)

Detailed guidelines for the calculation of fill and discharge loads are given within

the context of silo slimness in sections 7.2, 7.3 and 7.4. (7) Rules for the additional types of loads for special types of silos and special design

conditions are given in 7.5 till 7.7: see 7.5 for silos with air injection equipment for complete or partial fluidization of bulk material see 7.6 for loads due to hot-filled bulk materials see 7.7 for loads in rectangular silos (8) For circular silos with large fill and discharge eccentricities, load estimates are

given in 7.2.4. For non-circular silo bins corresponding load estimates should be derived from these load estimates, if they are found to be suitable for design calculations. (9) If funnel flow can be ensured within the bulk material without contact points

between the flow zone and the silo walls (see 5.3 (4)), the calculations can be limited to the estimates of the filling loads, in which case the reference surface loads are to be taken into account along with these, if required.

7.2

Slim Silos

7.2.1 Fill Loads on Vertical Walls

7.2.1.1 (1)

Symmetric Fill Loads

The symmetric fill loads (see figure 8) are to be calculated acc. to the equations

(9) to (14).

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(2) After the filling is done and during the storage of the bulk material, the horizontal loads Phf, the wall friction loads Pwf and the vertical loads Pvf are to be estimated as follows:

P hf ( z) = P hoYj ( z)
Pwf (z) = PhoYj (z)
Pvf ( z ) =
With

(9)

(10)

Pho Y j (z ) K

(11)

Pho = Kzo
zo = 1 A K U
z

(12)

(13)

Yj (z) = 1 e
Where

zo

(14)

The characteristic value of the bulk material specific gravity The characteristic value for the coefficients of wall friction for the bulk material at the vertical silo walls

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03 K z A U (3) The characteristic value of the horizontal load ratio The depth of the silo material beneath the equivalent surface of the bulk material The inner cross-sectional area of the silo The circumference of the inner cross-sectional area of the silo

For the status after the filling is done, the resultant characteristic value of the wall

friction loads Pwf that have been added-up up till depth z with the force per unit of length in the direction of the circumference e.g. [kN/M] is calculated using:

P wf = P wf ( z)dz = P ho z zoYj ( z)
0

(15)

(4)

For determining the characteristic values for the required bulk material parameters

(specific gravity (), correction value for wall friction and horizontal load ratio K), the values given in 6.2 and 6.3 are to be used.

7.2.1.2

Reference Surface Load for Filling Loads: General Requirements

(1)

For making an allowance for unplanned unsymmetrical loads due to eccentricities

and imperfections during the filling of the silos, reference surface loads or other suitable load arrangements are to be placed. (2) loads. For silos of category 1 the reference surface load can be ignored for the filling

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03

Phf
Pvf
Pwf

z
Phf
hc

Pwf

z1

Legend 1 equivalent bulk material surface

Figure 8 SYMMETRIC FILLING LOADS NEAR THE VERTICAL SILO WALLS

3)

For silos in which powdery bulk material is stored and which are filled with the help

of air injection equipment, the placing of reference surface loads for the filling loads can, as a rule, be done away with. (4) The amount of reference surface load to be placed for the filling loads Ppf is to be

estimated on the basis of the maximum possible eccentricity ef the filled cone that appears at the surface of the bulk material (see fig. 1b). (5) The fundamental value of the reference surface load for the filling load Ppf is to be

fixed with:

Ppf = C pf Phf

(16)

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With:
hc 1.5 d 1 C pf = 0.21Cop 1 + 2 E 2 1 e c

(17)

E=

2e f dc

(18)

But C pf > 0

(19)

Where

ef

Is the maximum eccentricity of the filled cone which appears at the Bulk material surface during filling;

Phf

Is the local value of the horizontal fill pressure acc. to equation (9) at the position at which the reference surface load is placed Is the correction value of the bulk material for the reference surface load (see table E.1).

Cop

(6)

The height of the zone at which the reference surface load is to be placed (see figures 9 and 10) amounts to:

s=

d c
16

0.2d c

(20)

(7)

The reference surface load consists of only a horizontally acting load component. There are no frictional forces to be taken into account as a result of these horizontal load components.

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