KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering (2012) 16(5):809-815 DOI 10.

1007/s12205-012-1380-4

Structural Engineering

www.springer.com/12205

Potential Use of Clayey Soil in Aerated Lightweight Concrete

Soon-Ching Ng*, Kaw-Sai Low**, and Ngee-Heng Tioh***
Received November 9, 2010/Revised August 24, 2011/Accepted November 2, 2011

Abstract
The compressive and flexural strengths of sand-based Aerated Lightweight Concrete (ALC) and Soil-based Aerated Lightweight Concrete (SALC) of density 1100 kg/m3 to 1800 kg/m3 with different cement content (filler:binder = 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2) were investigated using prism specimens (40 mm40 mm160 mm). The results on the 120-day, indicated that the strength properties of ALC outperformed SALC by the range of 3.6% to 79.4% on compressive strength and 3.7% to 137.0% on flexural strength for identical density and cement content. Nevertheless, soil is still suitable to be used as an alternative material for the production of aerated lightweight concrete based on their strength properties. Multiple regression models were developed to correlate the strength properties of aerated lightweight concrete and its governing factors. From the analysis, it is found that density has the greatest influence on the strength properties of aerated lightweight concrete, followed by the age of the specimens. Keywords: aerated lightweight concrete, compressive strength, flexural strength, soil

1. Introduction
Sandy materials do not occur and are not found easily in Malaysia and this phenomenon is believed to be the same in other parts of the world. The scarcity of sandy materials has led to the increase of the retail price and subsequently leads to higher production cost of concrete products. Furthermore, it has accentuated illegal sand mining activities in this country. According to the research done by Kobayashi (2009), illegal sand mining pollutes the environment and reduces the water quality of rivers. Thus, the usage and dependency of sandy materials for the production of concrete products have to be reviewed. In fact, soil materials have been used as filler directly or gone through further process to produce concrete products. For instance, soil materials were used as filler for the production of stabilised soil building blocks (Adam and Jones, 1995) and fibre-based soil-cement blocks (Khedari et al., 2005) for thermal property tests. Pioro and Pioro (2004) and Show et al. (2005) have further processed clayey material to produce expanded-clay aggregate for lightweight concrete production. In Nigeria, Adesanya (1996) has conducted a study to investigate the mechanical properties of cement stabilized laterite and clay with partial corn cob ash as binder replacement. The tests showed that the trend of compressive strength development was similar to conventional concrete. The 28-day compressive strength of cement stabilized laterite and clay was ranged from 822 MPa with the density ranged from 1500-2350 kg/m3. Goual et

al. (2006) has conducted a study on clayey cellular concrete. It was found that the compressive strength was ranged from 0.953.85 MPa for corresponding density of 843-1038 kg/m3. Judging from the research conducted, soil has the potential to be used in place of conventional sand because it is nearly omnipresent and therefore abundantly available. Thus, soil would naturally be an environmentally friendly, relatively cheap and sustainable construction material. Even there are abundant reserves of suitable sands, there is still an interest in the use of soil-cement, as the soil used is available on the construction site and minimises environmental impacts of transporting clean and processed sand. However, there was so far no attempt or effort to investigate the suitability of soil in producing aerated lightweight concrete. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate suitability of soil in place of sand in producing aerated lightweight concrete. This is a preliminary study which only limited to the investigation of compressive and flexural strengths.

2. Materials and Method

ALC and SALC specimens were produced from Portland cement mortar paste with countless of pinhole size air bubbles being entrained or entrapped within its mortar matrix to give rise to its lightness. This was achieved by using a foaming agent where the entrapment was accomplished via a mechanical process. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) obtained from YTL

*Researcher, Faculty of Engineering & Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 53300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Corresponding Author, E-mail: ngsc@utar.edu.my) **Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering & Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 53300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (E-mail: lowks@utar.edu.my) ***Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering & Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 53300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (E-mail: tiohnh@utar.edu.my) 809

Soon-Ching Ng, Kaw-Sai Low, and Ngee-Heng Tioh

Cement (M) Sdn. Bhd. was used in this study. The OPC used complies with Type I Portland cement as in American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM C150-02a) and European Standard (EN 197-1) A well graded soil was used as filler to produce SALC prisms. The fine-grained portion of soil gave the Liquid Limit (L.L.) of 42 % and Plasticity Index (P.I.) of 27 % respectively. The soil used was classified as clayey soil with low plasticity (Fig. 1). On the other hand, mining sand with the uniformity coefficient (Cu) of 4.57 and coefficient of curvature (Cc) of 1.04 was used to produce control ALC prisms (Fig. 2). Through this experimental study, tap water was used to produce all aerated lightweight concrete specimens. Locally produced liquid synthetic foaming agent was used in conjunction with a foam generator to generate stable foam. Table 1 shows the chemical compositions and physical properties of cement and soil used in this investigation. The first group of aerated lightweight concrete prisms was cast using sand, cement, foaming agent and water as their ingredients. For the second group, similar ingredients were used except soil was used in the place of sand. Out of necessity, different water cement ratios were adopted for these two groups. Two water cement ratios were adopted due to the different filler size between sand and soil. The finer particles namely clay and silt required more water during the mixing process. Therefore, the water cement ratio of 0.45 for ALC while water cement and soil cement ratio of 0.40 for SALC were specially designed in order to obtain similar workability. Further details of the mix propor-

Table 1. Chemical Compositions of OPC and Clayey Soil Chemical Constituents Silicon dioxide/Silica (SiO2) Aluminium oxide/Alumina (Al2O3) Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) Calcium oxide (CaO) Magnesium oxide (MgO) Sulphur oxide (SO3) Sodium oxide (Na2O) Potassium oxide (K2O) Titanium dioxide (TiO2) Phosphorous oxide (P2O3) Manganese (Mn) Physical Properties Specific gravity Fineness OPC (%) Clayey Soil (%) 20.1 72.6 4.9 6.1 2.5 65.0 3.0 3.1 7.3 2.3 0.2 9.1 0.4 0.2 <0.9 0.26 OPC Clayey Soil 3.3 2.7 100% (passing 10% (passing sieve size 93.0 m) sieve size 60.0 m)

tions are summarised in Table 2. The fresh prism specimens were cured and hardened for approximately 24 hours before they were demoulded and continued to be cured in a room with prevailing temperature of approximately 29oC. Prism specimens each measures 40 mm40 mm160 mm (Fig. 3) were produced as accordance to British Standard (BSEN 196-1). This method of testing has been adopted by numerous researchers to obtain both flexural and compressive strengths from one single specimen (Bignozzi et al., 2000; Novoa et al., 2004; Santos et al., 2005). The setup of the test is shown in Fig.
Table 2. Mix Proportion of Aerated Lightweight Concrete Description Filler : Binder Water : Binder Water : (Binder + Filler) Sand Content (%) Soil Content (%) Density (kg/m3) Age of Test Curing Regime ALC 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2 0.45 100 0 1100, 1500, 1800 3, 7, 28, 60 Air SALC 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2 0.40 0 100 1100, 1500, 1800 3, 7, 28, 60, 120 Air

Fig. 1. Particles Distribution for Soil

Fig. 2. Particles Distribution for Sand

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Fig. 3. Prism Specimens

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Potential Use of Clayey Soil in Aerated Lightweight Concrete

Fig. 4. Flexural Strength Test in Progress

4. For this investigation, three specimens were tested at the age of 3, 7, 28, 60 and 120-day and the average was computed. Before the specimen was subjected to the destructive test, it was weighed to obtain its density.

Fig. 5. Typical Mode of Failure of Specimens after Flexural Strength Test

3. Results and Discussion

Table 3 summarised the average results of the compressive and flexural strengths on 120-day for all specimens. The typical failure modes of specimen after flexural and compressive strength tests are shown in Figs. 5 and 6 respectively. Further discussions are categorised according to the effect of age, cement content and density towards the strength performance of aerated lightweight concrete. 3.1 Effect of Age on Compressive and Flexural Strengths Based on Figs. 7 and 8, it is apparent that the compressive strength of both ALC and SALC increased with time or age in a curvilinear manner, a behaviour rather similar to that of conventional concrete. This can be readily explained from the fact that the degree of cement hydration and the amount of cement gel formed in the cement paste increase with age or time. In spite of
Table 3. Average Strength of Aerated Lightweight Concrete on 120-day Percent Difference Flexural Compressive between ALC and Strength Strength Density* Filler : SALC (%) (MPa) (MPa) 3 (kg/m ) Cement Compressive Flexural ALC SALC ALC SALC Strength Strength 1:1 3.21 2.27 1.48 1.05 41.4 41.0 1100 1:1.5 3.50 3.07 1.58 1.51 14.0 4.6 1:2 4.03 3.89 1.68 1.62 3.6 3.7 1:1 17.67 12.72 2.72 2.61 38.9 4.2 1500 1:1.5 18.23 12.99 3.04 2.70 40.3 12.6 1:2 18.71 14.27 3.51 3.04 31.1 15.5 1:1 25.78 14.37 6.89 2.92 79.4 136.0 1800 1:1.5 30.64 21.96 7.08 3.81 39.5 85.8 1:2 32.76 22.66 8.36 4.00 44.6 109.0 *Note: Exact density of the specimens was rounded up to the design density respectively
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Fig. 6. Typical Mode of Failure of Specimens after Compressive Strength Test

Fig. 7. Compressive Strength Development of ALC

different filler binder ratio, the results show a common trend of strength development for all specimens. The trend of compressive strength development of aerated lightweight concrete observed in this study agreed reasonably well with those reported by other researchers such as Jones and McCarthy (2005) and Nambiar and Ramamurthy (2006). Similarly, it is also observed that the flexural strength also increased with time or age in a similar manner as shown in Figs. 9 and 10 for ALC and SALC respectively.

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Soon-Ching Ng, Kaw-Sai Low, and Ngee-Heng Tioh

Fig. 8. Compressive Strength Development of SALC

Fig. 11. Effect of Cement Content on Compressive Strength

Fig. 9. Flexural Strength Development of ALC

Fig. 12. Effect of Cement Content on Flexural Strength

concluded that cement content has a positive relationship to the compressive and flexural strengths of aerated lightweight concrete. 3.3 Effect of Density on Compressive and Flexural Strengths Compressive strength of aerated lightweight concrete is positively proportionate (Fig. 13). This observation agrees fairly well with the findings of other researchers namely Kearsly and Wainwright (2002) and Nambiar and Ramamurthy (2006). This phenomenon was closely related to the amount of air voids contained in the specimens. For higher densitys aerated lightweight concrete, the air-voids were far apart compared to the lower density counterpart (Ramamurthy et al., 2009). Therefore, specimens with higher density are more compact and hence stronger. For instance, the flexural strength of ALC of sand:cement ratio

Fig. 10. Flexural Strength Development of SALC

3.2 Effect of Cement Content on Compressive and Flexural Strengths Figures 11 and 12 show that higher strength was recorded on specimen with greater cement content. This denotes that higher cement content creates stronger bonding between the matrixes in aerated lightweight concrete which subsequently increases its strength properties. For instance, the compressive strength for density 1100kg/m3 ALC increased from 3.21 MPa, 3.50 MPa to 4.03 MPa for corresponding sand:cement ratio of 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2 respectively. SALC also experienced increase in compressive strength with greater cement content. For the same category as ALC, the compressive strength of SALC increased from 2.27 MPa to 3.07 MPa and 3.89 MPa. From the results obtained, it is
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Fig. 13. Effect of Density on Compressive Strength

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Potential Use of Clayey Soil in Aerated Lightweight Concrete

Fig. 14. Effect of Density on Flexural Strength

1:2 was recorded at 1.68 MPa, 3.51 MPa and 8.36 MPa for corresponding density of 1100 kg/m3, 1500 kg/m3 and 1800 kg/ m3. For the same category, the flexural strength for SALC was increased from 1.62 MPa to 3.04 MPa and finally to 4.00 MPa (Fig. 14). 3.4 Effect of Filler on Compressive and Flexural Strengths ALC possessed superior compressive and flexural strengths compared to SALC of identical density and cement content as shown in Figs. 15 and 16. The strength properties of concrete products are highly depended on the bonding between the fillers provided by the cement paste. Soil being finer and thus having greater surface area compared to sand certainly requires higher amount of cement for binding. Therefore, with the same amount

of cement, the bonding between the soil particles was weaker than sand particles. Moreover, round structure of soil particles further decreased their bonding. On the other hand, the irregular shape of sand enhanced the interlocking between the sand particles thus increases the strength of ALC specimens. The strength properties of SALC and ALC also depend on the chemical compositions of the fillers. From the chemical compositions shown in Table 1, clayey soil which possessed high amount of silica (SiO2) should contribute to the pozzolanic reactions such as silica fume. However, the results obtained from this investigation did not clearly define greater strengths of SALC than ALC. This simply because the particle size of SALC was too coarse to enable the pozzolanic reactions of the silica. Generally, the average size of silica fume particles should be 0.1 m (Neville, 2006). However, only 10% of the clayey soil particles used in this investigation was finer than 60 m. 3.5 Relationships between Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength From the observation and discussion, flexural strength of aerated lightweight concrete behaved in a comparable trend to its compressive strength. Therefore, the compressive and flexural strengths of aerated lightweight concrete are correlated. Fig. 17 shows the correlation between the flexural strength of aerated lightweight concrete corresponding to its compressive strength. It shows that the overall strength properties of ALC outperformed SALC for higher density category. However, the comparable strength properties were observed for lower density group. Generally, it is observed that the flexural strength of both ALC and SALC was positively correlated to its compressive strength with R2 value of 0.80 and 0.94 respectively.

4. Model Development
Regression analysis was used to correlate the factors influencing the compressive and flexural strengths of aerated lightweight concrete. Regression analysis refers to technique used for modeling and analysing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps to understand

Fig. 15. Effect of Filler on Compressive Strength

Fig. 16. Effect of Filler on Flexural Strength

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Fig. 17. Correlation of Flexural and Compressive Strength

Soon-Ching Ng, Kaw-Sai Low, and Ngee-Heng Tioh

how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables is varied. Regression analysis has been used to model and analyse engineering studies for instance Kim et al. (2003) has adopted regression analysis to correlate the thermal conductivity of concrete with various independent factors namely cement content, age, moisture content and others. In this study, the flexural and compressive strengths of aerated lightweight concrete were influenced by four factors namely density, types of filler, age and cement content. The relationships can be represented in the following mathematical form. Strength = f (density, types of filler, cement content, age) 4.1 Flexural and Compressive Strengths Models A model was developed to correlate the relationships between the flexural strength of aerated lightweight concrete with its density, cement content, types of filler and age. The model was generated using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) software. The R2 value of the developed model was 0.74 which means that the relationships were fairly strong. If the model has a R2 value of closer to 1, it means greater precision of the model to predict. The summary of the regression analysis for flexural strength model is shown in Table 4. The relationships between the dependent variable and the independent variables are shown in Eq. (1). Y = 0.005 X1 + 0.012 X2 + 0.481 X3 + 0.995 X4 5.730 (1)

affects the dependent variable (Hair et al., 1998). Greater Standardised Coefficient Beta value indicates dominant role of that particular independent variable influencing the dependent variable. The second most dominant factor was age, followed by types of filler and lastly cement content. Similar to flexural strength, another model was generated to correlate the relationships of the compressive strength of aerated lightweight concrete with its density, cement content, types of filler and age. Compressive strength model has the R2 value of 0.80 and the summary of the regression analysis is shown in Table 5. The relationships between the dependent variable and the independent variables are expressed in Eq. (2). Y = 0.021 X1 + 0.071 X2 + 3.254 X3 + 3.142 X4 29.219 (2)

Where, Y: Compressive strength of aerated lightweight concrete (MPa) X1: density in kg/m3 X2: age ranges from 3 to 120 days X3: binder to filler ratio, 1 for filler:binder = 1:1, 1.5 for filler:binder = 1:1.5 and 2 for filler:binder = 1:2 X4: Types of filler (Dummy variable - represent subgroups) 0 for SALC 1 for ALC The regression analysis also shows that density plays the most dominant role to influence the compressive strength of aerated lightweight concrete. The Standardized Coefficient Beta for density was 0.80. Age ranked the second most important factor and followed by cement content then types of filler.

Where, Y: Flexural strength of ALC or SALC (MPa) X1: Density in kg/m3 X2: Age ranges from 3 to 120 days X3: binder to filler ratio, 1 for filler:binder = 1:1, 1.5 for filler:binder = 1:1.5 and 2 for filler:binder = 1:2 X4: Types of filler (Dummy Variable - represent subgroups) 0 for SALC 1 for ALC The regression analysis shows that density was the main factor influencing the flexural strength of aerated lightweight concrete based on the Standardised Coefficient Beta value (0.77) shown in Table 3. Standardised Coefficient Beta was used as an indicator to find out the relative importance of each independent variable
Table 4. Summary of Multiple Regression Analysis for Flexural Strength Model Constant Age Density Filler : Binder Types of filler Unstandized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients t B Std. Error Beta -5.730 0.375 -15.284 0.012 0.001 0.279 8.855 0.005 0.000 0.768 24.298 0.481 0.143 0.106 3.363 0.995 0.117 0.268 8.521 Sig. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000

5. Conclusions
From the results of this study, it is to conclude that ALC possessed higher compressive and flexural strengths compared to SALC by the range of 3.6% to 79.4% on compressive strength and 3.7% to 137.0% on flexural strength of identical density and cement content. In spite of having lower strength properties, all SALC specimens except for soil cement ratios 1:1 and 1:1.5 of density 1100 kg/m3 have achieved sufficient strength to be used as non-load bearing concrete elements which only require minimum compressive strength of 3.45 MPa according to American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM C129-85). Therefore, soil is
Table 5. Summary of Multiple Regression Analysis for Compressive Strength Model Constant Age Density Filler : Binder Types of filler Unstandized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta -29.219 1.016 -28.759 0.000 0.071 0.004 0.373 19.240 0.000 0.021 0.001 0.797 40.895 0.000 3.142 0.317 0.192 9.923 0.000 3.254 0.388 0.163 8.394 0.000
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Potential Use of Clayey Soil in Aerated Lightweight Concrete

a sustainable alternative material which is suitable to be used for the production of aerated lightweight concrete for non-load bearing elements. Prototype soil-based aerated lightweight concrete wall panels have been produced for thermal insulation investigation (Ng et al., 2011a, 2011b). It is important and urgent to source for alternative materials to reduce the negative impact of developments towards the environment. This investigation has created a strong impetus to embark in using soil filler in aerated lightweight concrete for non-load bearing application. It is reckoned that better strength performance could be achieved if a mixture of 50% sand and 50% soil aerated lightweight concrete specimens were produced compared to the current 100% soil aerated lightweight concrete. Regression analysis was used to correlate the relationships between the compressive and flexural strengths of aerated lightweight concrete with its influencing factors. Two models were developed from the regression analysis to predict the compressive and flexural strengths respectively. The regression analysis shows that density and age of the specimens appeared to be the most dominant factors influencing the strength properties of aerated lightweight concrete. Further investigations need to be conducted to study the durability and microstructure aspects of SALC to ascertain the suitable application of soil in concrete products. Based on the chemical compositions of the clayey soil, further research will also look into the strength performance of finely ground clayey soil SALC to investigate the contribution of silica in pozzolanic activity. Generally, the application of soil in concrete products should be encouraged based on the economical and environmental perspectives.

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