4G/ NGN (Next Generation Network) 1.

Introduction
Wireless mobilecommunications systems are introduced in the early 1980s; firstgeneration (1G) systems were marked by analogfrequency modulation and used primarily for voice communications. Secondgeneration (2G) wirelesscommunications systems, which made their appearance in the late 1980s, were also used mainly for voice transmission and reception. The wireless system in widespread use today goes by the name of 2.5Gan inbetween service that serves as a stepping stone to 3G. Whereby 2G communications is generally associated with Global System for Mobile (GSM) service, 2.5G is usually identified as being fueled by General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) along with GSM. In 3G systems, making their appearance in late 2002 and in 2003, are designed for voice and paging services, as well as interactivemedia use such as teleconferencing, Internet access, and other services.

The problem with 3G wireless systems is bandwidth these systems provide only WAN coverage ranging from 144 kbps (for vehicle mobility applications) to 2 Mbps (for indoor static applications). Segue to 4G, the next dimension of wireless communication. The 4g wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB), and Millimeter wireless and smart antenna. Data rate of20mbps is employed. Mobile speed will be up to 200km/hr. Frequency band is 28 GHz. It gives the ability for worldwide roaming to access cell anywhere.

2. Understanding the Mobile Networks

G in 2G, 3G and 4G stands for the Generation of the mobile network. A higher number before the G means more power to send out and receive more information and therefore the ability to achieve a higher efficiency through the wireless network. 1G As the name would suggest, 1G was the first generation of mobile networks. Here basically, radio signals were transmitted in Analogue form and expectedly, one was not able to do much other than sending text messaging and making calls. But the biggest disadvantage, however came in the form of limited network availability, as in the network was available only within the country. 2G 2G networks on the other hand, were based on narrow band digital networks. Signals were transmitted in the digital format and this dramatically improved the quality of calls and also reduced the complexity of data transmission. The other advantage of the 2G network came in the form of Semi Global Roaming System, which enabled the connectivity all over the world.

 2.5G Between 2G and 3G there was a short phase in between where mobile phones became sleeker and more pocket able if we can call it that. This is popularly referred to as 2.5G where the quantity of radio waves to be transmitted was much lower. This in turn had an effect on the shape and structure of mobile phones. But most of all, 2.5G helped in the ushering of GPRS (General Pocket Radio Service). 3G The 3rd generation of mobile networks has become popular largely thanks to the ability of users to access the Internet over devices like mobiles and tablets. The speed of data transmission on a 3G network ranges between 384KBPS to 2MBPS. This means a 3G network actually allows for more data transmission and therefore the network enables voice and video calling, file transmission, internet surfing, online TV, view high definition videos, play games and much more. 3G is the best option for users who need to always stay connected to Internet. 4G 4th Generation mobile networks are believed to provide many value added features. In addition to all the 3G facilities, data transmission is believed to go through the roof with speeds ranging between 100MBPs to 1GBPS. Phew! Happy talking, surfing, conferencing, chatting, networking, partying, or whatever you want to do on your mobile phone.

3. About 4G
Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to choose every application and environment. Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and networks. Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to users. These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal preference of different users and support the users traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, highspeed information services, and entertainment broadcast services. The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to private; operatordriven broadband networks to personal areas; and adhoc networks.

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The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital (broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IPbased wireless Internet. This allencompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that the fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (wireless local loop) and FWA (fixed wireless access) to WLAN (wireless local area network) and PAN (personal area network), all with IP as the integrating mechanism. With 4G, a range of new services and models will be available. These services and models need to be further examined for their interface with the design of 4G systems

Technology Design Began Implementation 1970 1984

1G 1980 1991

2G 1985 1999

3G 1990 2002

3.5G 2000 2010?

4G

Service

Analog voice Digital vice, synchronous short data to 9.6 message kbps AMPS, TACS, NMT, etc 1.9 kbps FDMA PSTN TDMA, CDMA, GSM, PDC 14.4 kbps TDMA, CDMA PSTN

Higher capacity, packetize data GPRS, EDGE, 1RTT 384 kbps TDMA, CDMA PSTN, Packet Network

Higher capacity, Completely IPHigher capacity, oriented, Broad band data Multimedia, data up to 2 Mbps to hundred megabits WCDMA, CDMA2000 2 Mbps CDMA Packet Network Single Standard

Standards Data Bandwidth Multiplexing Core Network

200 Mbps CDMA? Internet

Legend: 1RTT = 2.5G CDMA data service up to 384 kbps AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone Service CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access EDGE = Enhanced Data for Global Evolution FDMA = Frequency Division Multiple Access GPRS = General Packet Radio System GSM = Global System for Mobile NMT = Nordic Mobile Telephone PDC = Personal Digital Cellular PSTN = Public Switched Telephone Network TACS = Total Access Communications System TDMA = Time Division Multiple Access WCDMA = Wideband CDMA

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4. Features
Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other Broad band services IP based mobile system High speed, high capacity, and low costperbit Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services Seamless switching, and a variety of Quality of Servicedriven services Better scheduling and calladmissioncontrol techniques Adhoc and multihop networks (the strict delay requirements of voice Make multihop network service a difficult problem) Better spectral efficiency Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces (since 4G will be allIP, look for 4G systems to be compatible with all common networks. Technologies including 802.11, WCDMA, Bluetooth, and Hyper LAN). An infrastructure to handle preexisting 3G systems along with other wireless Technologies, some of which are currently under development.

5. Implementation Using 4G
The goal of 4G is to replace the current core mobile networks with a single worldwide core network standard, based on IP for control, video, packet data, and voice. This will provide uniform video, voice, and data services to the mobile host, based entirely on IP.

APPLICATION LAYER

TCP/UDP

IP

GPRS

WLAN

BLUETOOTH

WCDMA

IP is assumed to act as an adhesive for providing global connectivity and mobility among networks. An all IPbased 4G wireless network has inherent advantages over its predecessors. It is compatible with, and independent of the underlying radio access technology.

An IP wireless network replaces the old Signaling System 7 (SS7) telecommunications protocol, which is considered massively redundant. This is because SS7 signal transmission consumes a larger

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part of network bandwidth even when there is no signaling traffic for r the simple reason that it uses a call setup mechanism to reserve bandwidth, rather time/frequency slots in the radio waves.

IP networks, on the other hand, are connectionless and use the slots only when they have data to send. Hence there is optimum usage age of the available bandwidth. Today, wireless communications are heavily biased toward voice, even though studies indicate that growth in wireless data traffic is rising exponentially relative to demand for voice traffic. Because an all IP co core layer is easily scalable, it is ideally suited to meet this challenge. The goal is a merged data/voice/multimedia network.

6. Transmission

IP NETWORK

OFDM TRANSMITTER

MODULATION

RF TRANSMITTER

IFFT making IF analog

An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP network, converting and encoding the data prior to modulation. An IFFT (inverse fast Fourier transform) transforms the OFDM signal into an IF analog signal, which is sent to the RF transceiver. The receiver circuit reconstructs the data by reversing this process. With orthogonal subcarriers, the receiver can separate and process

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IP NETWORK OFDM TRANSMITTER MODULATION IFFT making IF analog RF TRANSMITTER ODFM provides better link and communication quality.

7. Applications
4G Car With the hype of 3G wireless in the rear view mirror, but the reality of truly mobile broadband data seemingly too far in the future to be visible yet on the information super highway, it may seem premature to offer a test drive 4G. But the good news is, 4G is finally coming to a showroom near you. Virtual Presence 4G system gives mobile users a "virtual presence". For example, always-on connections that keep people involved in business activities regardless of whether they are on-site or off. Virtual Navigation A remote database contains the graphical representation of streets, buildings, and physical characteristics of a large metropolis. Blocks of this database are transmitted in rapid sequence to a vehicle, where a rendering program permits the occupants to visualize the environment ahead. Sensors in public vehicle Putting a chemicalbiologicalnuclear (CBN) warning sensor on every government owned vehicle instantly creates a mobile fleet. As these vehicles go about their daily duties of law enforcement, garbage collection, sewage and water maintenance, etc., municipalities get the added benefit of early detection of CBN agents. The sensors on the vehicles can talk to fixed devices mounted on light poles throughout the area, so positive detection can be reported in real time. And since 4G networks can include inherent geolocation without GPS, first responders will know where the vehicle is when it detects a CBN agent. Cameras in traffic light Some major cities have deployed cameras on traffic lights and send those images back to a central command center. This is generally done using fiber, which limits where the cameras can be hung, i.e., no fiber, no camera. 4G networks allow cities to deploy cameras and Page | 6

backhaul them wirelessly. And instead of having to backhaul every camera, cities can backhaul every third or fifth or tenth camera, using the other cameras as router/repeaters. These cameras can also serve as fixed infrastructure devices to support the mobile sensor. First Responder Route Selection Using fiber to backhaul cameras means that the intelligence collected flows one way: from the camera to the command center. Using a 4G network, those images can also be sent from the command center back out to the streets. Ambulances and fire trucks facing congestion can query various cameras to choose an alternate route. Police, stuck in traffic on major thoroughfares, can look ahead and make a decision as to whether it would be faster to stay on the main roads or exit to the side roads. Traffic Control During Disasters 4G networks can allow officials to access traffic control boxes to change inland traffic lanes to green. Instead of having to send officers to every box on roads being overwhelmed by civilians who are evacuating, it can all be done remotely, and dynamically. Education Educational opportunities available on the internet, for individuals interested in life-long education, will be unavailable to client in remote areas because of the economic unfeasibility of providing wideband wire line internet access. 4G wireless communications provides a cost-effective alternative in these situations. Tele-medicine 4G will support remote health monitoring of patients. For e.g. the paramedic assisting the victim of traffic accident in a remote location must access medical records and may need videoconference assistance from a surgeon for an emergency intervention. The paramedic may need to relay back to the hospital the victim's x-rays taken locally. Tele-geo processing applications The combination of geographical information systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS), and high-capacity wireless mobile systems will enable a new type of application referred to as tele-geo processing. Queries dependent on location information of several users, in addition to temporal aspects have many applications.

8. Pros of 4G Mobile Networks

The most obvious advantage of the 4G mobile network is its amazing speed. Increased bandwidth leads to much faster data transfer speed, which is especially advantageous for mobile devices. Users of the 4G network get the advantage of superior, uninterrupted connectivity, especially for advanced tasks such as video chats and conferences. Considering Page | 7

the younger generation of mobile device users, they can stream music, videos and movies at a much faster rate than ever before and can also easily share information online. 4G networks offer much more coverage than other systems such as WiFi, which forces users to depend upon hotspots in each area you visit. Since 4G offers a coverage of 30 miles and more, as also overlapping network ranges, users would be assured of complete connectivity at all times. One of the biggest problems with WiFi networks is that of online security. This is especially true for mobile devices. 4G networks offer complete privacy, security and safety. This is especially beneficial for corporate establishments and business persons, who hold sensitive information on their respective mobile devices. 4G networks are quite affordable these days, what with pricing schemes being considerably slashed to fit users budgets. Of course, this type of connectivity is more expensive than traditional WiFi networks, but it also has a lot more advantages to offer to users. This network also offers users several options to choose from, as regards plans and equipment to connect to the 4G network. Many mobile carriers also offer special introductory offers for new customers, which works out to be very reasonable for them.

9. Cons of 4G Mobile Networks

Though the concept of 4G mobile networks is steadily gaining popularity, connectivity is still limited to certain specified carriers and regions. Of course, the number of cities that have 4G coverage is increasing by the day. However, it would take its own time for this network to be available in all the major cities of the world. Though the hardware compatible with 4G networks is available at much cheaper rates today than earlier, the fact remains that this new equipment would necessarily have to be installed in order to supply these services. This would prove to be a cumbersome process for most mobile carriers planning to launch these services. Since 4G mobile technology is still fairly new, it will most likely have its initial glitches and bugs, which could be quite annoying for the user. Needless to say, these teething troubles would be sorted out in due course of time, as well as with increase in network coverage. 4G mobile networks use multiple antennae and transmitters and hence, users would experience much poorer battery life on their mobile devices, while on this network. This would mean that they would have to use larger mobile devices with more battery power, in order to be able to stay online for longer periods of time.

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 Users would be forced to make do with 3G or WiFi connectivity in the areas that do not yet have 4G mobile network coverage. While this is a problem in itself, the worse issue is that they would still have to pay the same amount as specified by the 4G network plan. This loophole has already resulted in many disgruntled customers. This situation can only be resolved once mobile carriers expand their 4G network coverage to include more regions.

10. Health Issues

The main concern, apart from mental health issues relating to social implications, is that of radiation levels. The effects of exposure to radio transmissions are still being researched. Although there is no unanimous, concrete connection between mobile devices and deterioration of health, the heavier, more condensed traffic characteristics of future generation mobile networks do pose a risk that must be studied in more detail.

11. Conclusion
4G provide with a very efficient and reliable wireless communication system for seamless roaming over various networks including internet which uses IP network. It will be implemented in the coming years which are a miracle in the field of communication engineering technology. It will dominate the wireless communications, and its converged system will replace most conventional wireless infrastructure.

In conclusion, it is evident that 4G technologies will expand on web-based communications around the world. 4G technology will allow for improved applications such as telemedicine that may save lives. It is a fully IP-based network and will improve data transfer dramatically. Signal disruptions will be minimal and downloads will be done in a matter of seconds, faster than ever before. In the near future, a 5G cell phone will be created along with a 5G network based on 4G technologies allowing for the world to connect limitlessly.

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