Sie sind auf Seite 1von 44

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR.

MPA/PA, LLB PAGE |1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CONCEPT OF CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY - It is the entir e body of knowledge regarding crimes, criminals and the efforts of the society t o prevent and suppress them. It is also a study of crime as a social phenomenon. It includes within its scope the making of laws, the breaking of law and the re actions towards the breaking of laws. CRIMINOLOGY is a body of knowledge regardi ng crime as a social phenomenon. It defined also as a multidisciplinary study of crimes. PAUL TOPINARD - He was the Anthropologist who introduced the word crimi nology, sometime in 1889. He derived it from the Latin word crimen, which can be t ranslated to offense. R.A. 6506 - An act that created the Board of Criminologist s of the Philippines and for other purposes. It took effect on July 1, 1972. CRI MINOGENIC PROCESSES explain human behavior and the experiences which help the na ture of a persons' personality as reaching mechanism. Factors and experiences in connection thereto infringe differently upon different personalities producing conflict which is the

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB PAGE |2 aspect of crime. CRIMINAL PSYCHODYNAMICS study process of criminals in action of mental DEMENTIA PRAECOX a collective term of mental disorder that begins shortly after puberty and leads to general failure of the mental faculties with the correspond ing physiological impairment. Delusion a false belief about self cause by morbid ity, paranoia and dementia praecox. EROTOMANIA a morbid propensity to love or ma ke love; uncontrollable sexual desire by members of either sex. EPISODIAC CRIMIN AL a non criminal person who commits crime when under emotional stress. LOGOMACY a statement that we would have no crime if we have no criminal law and that we can eliminate crimes by merely abolishing criminal law.

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB PAGE |3 KLEPTOMANIAC an uncontrollable morbid propensity to steal. He is pathological st ealer. Masochism a condition of sexual perversion in which a person derives plea sure from being dominated or cruelly treated. MELANCHOLIA a mental disorder char acterized by excessive brooding and depression of spirits. Megalomania- a mental disorder in which the subject thinks himself ad great or exalted. ANTHROPOLOGY science devoted to the study of mankind and its development in relation to its p hysical, mental and cultural history. CRIMINALISTICS - the sum total application of all science in crime detection. CRIMINALIST - a person who is trained in sci ence of application of instruments and methods to the detection of crime CRIMEAn act committed or omitted in violation of a law, forbidding or commanding it. It is a generic term for offense, felony and delinquency. DELINQUENCY - An act o r omission that violates simple rules and regulations, punishable by a short per iod of imprisonment or a small fine.

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB PAGE |4 FELONY - An acts or omission punishable by the revised penal code. OFFENSE - is an acts or omission punishable by special law. MISDEAMEMOR - is act or omission in violation of city or municipality ordinances DEVIANT BEHAVIOR - refers to a b ehavior which is outside the range of normal societal toleration CRIMINAL - one who committed acts punishable by the laws and has been convicted by final judgme nt. DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY 1 Criminal Etiology - it is an attempt at scientifi c analysis of the causes of the crime. 2 Sociology of law an attempt at scientif ic analysis of the conditions which penal/criminal laws has developed as a proce ss of formal and social control. 3 Penology concerned with the control and preve ntion of crime and the treatment of offenders. NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB PAGE |5 Criminology cannot be considered as a science because it has not yet acquired un iversal validity, not stable and homogenous as it varies from one place to anoth er. However, it is a science when applied to law enforcement and prevention of c rimes under the following nature: 1 It is an applied science- by application of different scientific instruments. In can also be applied in the study of causes of crime, anthropology, sociology, psychology and other natural science. 2 It is a social science its study is a part of social science because crime is a socia l phenomenon and a social creation. 3 It is dynamic criminology changes as the s ocial condition changes. NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY 1 It is an Applied Science- It in volves other sciences such as psychology, sociology, psychiatry, anthropology, m edicine, chemistry, mathematics, etc., in a process known as instrumentation.

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB PAGE |6 2 It is a Social Science- Crime is a social phenomenon, thus, its study involves the society as a whole. 3 It is Dynamic- Criminology changes as social conditio n does. 4 It is Nationalistic- Practice of criminology must be in adherence to t he laws of the nation. OBJECTS OF INTEREST IN CRIMINOLOGY 1 2 3 4 Crime Criminal s Criminal Behavior Victims of Crime MAJOR ALLIED SCIENCES OF CRIMINOLOGY AS A FIELD OF STUDY 1 Sociology (Sociologic al Criminology) - The study of crime that is focused on a group of people and th e society as a whole. 2 Psychology- (Psychological Criminology) - Deals with the study of behavior and mental processes of criminals. 3 Psychiatry (Psychiatric Criminology) - A science that deals with the study of criminal behavior in terms of motives and drives. 4 Anthropology (Anthropological Criminology) Deals with the study of mankind, particularly,

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB PAGE |7 the culture and physical features of distinctive groups of people. 5 Physiology (Physiological Criminology) - Studies function of various organs of the body, in relation to the behavior of a particular person. SCOPE OF STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY 1 Criminal Ecology study of criminality in relation to special distribution in a community. 2 Criminal Epidemiology study of the relationship between environmen t and criminality. 3 Criminal Physical Anthropology study of criminality in rela tion between mind and behavior of a criminal. 4 Criminological research study of crime correlated with antecedent variables, state of crime trend 5 Victimology study of the role of the victim of crime 6 Criminological Theories study of the different theories as the genesis of criminal behavior WHERE CAN INCREASE IN CRI ME IN URBAN CENTERS BE ATTRIBUTED? 1 Lack of sound prevention planning 2 Interpl ay of accelerated social changes which are the aftermath of the development 3 Ap athy of the community towards involvement in

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB PAGE |8 the campaign against criminality. BROAD WAYS PROBLEM OF SOCIAL RESPONSES TO THE CRIME 1 Prevention per use 2 Rehabilitation 3 Control APPROACHES TO THE GOAL OF PRODUC ING CRIMES 1 Crime suppression or reaction measures undertaken after the commiss ion 2 Crime prevention or proaction measures undertaken before the commission of crime. TRIAD OF CRIME The so called triad of crime consists of desire, capabili ty and opportunity. These are the factors which led to the commission of crime. AMOUNTS AND KINDS OF CRIMES IN THE PHILIPPINES DIFFICULT TO PORTRAY: REASONS 1 A lot of crimes are not reported to the police 2 Not all crimes are reflected in the records in the police crime registers. 3 Many crimes which are directly refe rred to the

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB PAGE |9 prosecutors registers. are recorded in the police crime 4 There is yet no earnest and persistent effort on the part of the police or any agency of the government for determining systematically the extent of unreporte d crimes in the country. WAYS OF COMBATING A CRIME 1 To wage a massive informati on campaign on crime prevention dissemination 2 To strengthen law enforcement agencies 3 To formulate effective rehabilitation for the convicted offender. LEVELS OF CRIME PREVENTION 1 Primary level identifi cation of factors in the environment which contributes to criminally deviant beh avior. 2 Secondary level - identification of individual or group of persons with criminally deviant behavior. 3 Tertiary level - formulation of rehabilitation m easure to prevent recidivism. program

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 10 AGENCIES OF THE GOVERNMENT THAT IS PRIMARILY CHARGED WITH THE CAMPAIGN TO PREVEN T CRIMES 1 The CRIME PREVENTION AND COORDINATION SERVICES of the NAPOLCOM 2 The Regional Offices of the NAPOLCOM for the provinces and the cities. 3 Offices of the NAPOLCOM provincial Officers in every province for the municipalities or tow ns. CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIME It does not respect age, sex, culture, customs, rac e, and religion of the society. It is a worldwide phenomenon. It occurs in all e xisting economic strata. Its causes are multifarious. It is difficult to eradica te. There must be a certain external consequence or harm caused. The harm must b e forbidden by law There must be an intentional or reckless action. Mens Rea must be present. There must be a fusion or concurrence of mens rea and conduct There must be a casual relationship between the legally forbidden harm and the act.

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 11 There must be a legally prescribed punishment for the act. FACTORS THAT ENHANCES CRIMINALITY 1 Criminal Demography - Study of the relationship between criminali ty and population. 2 Criminal Epidiomology - Study of criminality in relation to the uneven distribution of crime 3 Criminal Ecology - Study of the relationship between criminality and the environment. 4 Criminal Physical Anthropology - Stu dy of criminality in relation to the physical condition of man. 5 Criminal Psych ology - Study of behavior and mental processes in relation to crime. 6 Criminal Psychiatry - Study of criminal behavior in terms of motives and drives. 7 Victim ology - Study of the role of the victim in the commission of crime. It also refe rs to the scientific analysis of the adverse effects of crime. It was initiated by Benjamin Mendelson, a European defense lawyer who created his own classificat ion of victims OTHER CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME 1 Traditional Crime- committed ever y now and then 2 Crimes Due to Social Change- poverty crimes ex. Prostitution

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 12 3 Emergency Crime- committed to take advantage of an abnormal situation 4 Victim less Crime- act committed by consenting persons in private, there is no intended victim. 5 Index Crime- act that involves actual physical harm to a victim by an other CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINAL 1 Acute Criminal- one who commits crime due to fit of passion 2 Chronic Criminal- one who plans the commission of crime ahead o f time 3 Ordinary Criminal- lowest mammal in criminal profession 4 Professional Criminalengaged in criminal activities with a high degree of skill 5 Active Crim inalcommits crime due to aggressiveness 6 Passive Criminal- commits crime due to reward or promise 7 Socialized Delinquent- one who lacks proper moral values du e to defective socialization process. 8 Accidental Criminal- one who commits cri me when the situation is conducive 9 Habitual Criminal- one who commits crime du e to lack of self control

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 13 THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION 1 Earliest Theory of Crime Causation a Demonological Theory- States that people commit crime because they are possessed by evil spir its b Trial by Ordeal- Variety of procedures established to determine the guilt or innocence of an accused c Thucydides- A Greek historian who first wrote the u sefulness of death penalty 2 Era of Classical Criminology A PRE CLASSICAL THEORY - State that the criminal commits a crime because of supernatural powers or he is posses by demons or dammed by the underworld forces or other wordily forces. b CLASSICAL THEORY Classical Theory founded by Cesare Bacarria maintains that ma n is essentially moral creature with absolutely free will to choose between good and evil, therefore stress is a place upon the criminal himself that man is res ponsible to his act. The concepts include the following: - human free will - Eve ry man is responsible for his own act.

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 14 - in every mistake or violation of the law, one has to suffer the penalty - Man is essentially a moral creature who was given a free will to choose what is righ t and evil. HOWEVER, it is considered as: a Unfair - it treats all men as if the y are robot without regard to individual differences and surrounding circumstanc es when the crime was committed. b Unjust - it imposes equal punishment to first time offender and recidivist. C NEO CLASSICAL THEORY - It asserted that certain categories of offender such a minor, insane incompetence shall be treated lenie ntly irrespective of their criminal acts because these People are not capable of knowing what is right and wrong, they should not be regarded as criminals. chil dren and lunatics cannot calculate pleasure and pain mitigating circumstances mu st be taken into account in imposing penalties. d POSITIVE AND ITALIAN THEORY fo unded by Lombroso. This theory says that crime is an act as natural phenomenon a nd is comparable to a natural disaster or calamity. That crime and moral phenome non cannot be treated and checked by the imposition of punishment

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 15 but rather rehabilitation or the enforcement of individual measures. a Man is su bdued by morbid phenomenon who constrains to do wrong even against his own volit ion. b Crime is essentially a social phenomenon and therefore cannot be treated by the imposition of imprisonment. CLASSES OF CRIMINALS: a born criminal atavism b insane criminal idiots, imbeciles c criminaloids not born with physical stigm ata but who are of such mental makeup that they display anti social conduct. 3 P eriod of Modern Criminology a Italian/Positivist Theory- Made emphasis on the sc ientific treatment of criminals, not on penalties. It asserted that crime, like any other act, is a natural phenomenon and is comparable to disaster or calamity . This theory promoted the doctrine of determinism. b Determinism- States that t here are existing situations or circumstances that interferes in the decision or action of man, thus, he

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 16 is forced to commit intention of doing it. crime, even without 4 Period of Independent Criminology a Anomie Theory- Advocated by Emile Durkheim , this theory states that the absence of norms in the society provides a setting conducive to crime and other anti-social acts. Durkheim also proposed that crim e is a natural thing in the society and it helps society for changes. b Psychoan alytical Theory- Proposed by Sigmund Freud, the Founder of Psychoanalysis. This theory maintained that people are influenced by unconscious forces including inn ate sexual and aggressive drives, thus they commit crime. He revealed that human personality has three-part structure: - Idmost primitive personality. part of h uman - Ego- guided by reality principle - Superegodirects people morally acceptable b ehavior towards c Human Ecology Theory- Advocated by Ezra Park, this theory is focused on the in terrelationship of people with the environment. It maintained that crime is a re sult of a social change that goes along with the environmental changes.

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 17 d Differential Association Theory- Advocated by Edwin Sutherland, the Dean of Mo dern Criminology and regarded as the most important criminologist of the 20th ce ntury, this theory maintained that the society is composed of different groups o f people and organization having criminalistic and anticriminalistic tradition. It also asserts that criminal behavior is learned through the process of communi cation and socialization and not inherited. e Somatotype Theory- Advocated by Wi lliam Sheldon, this theory asserts that inheritance is the primary determinant o f behavior and physique is a reliable indicator of personality. He classified bo dy types as follows: - Endomorphpredominance of soft, roundness though the regio ns of the body, low specific gravity and typically relaxed and comfortable dispo sition, extrovert, and has a viscerotonic temperance. - Mesomorph- athletic type , predominance of muscle, bone and connective tissue, normally heavy, hard and f irm, smart and tough, routinely active and aggressive, characterized by romotoni c or somatotonic temperance and most likely to commit crime.

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 18 - Ectomorph - thin physique, flat chest, slender and poorly muscled, tend to loo k more exhausted and withdrawn, introvert and characterized by cerebrotonic temp erance. f Containment Theory- Advocated by Walter Reckless, this theory asserts that for every individual, there exist a containing external structure (blocked opportunities) and a protective internal structure (conscience and self control) , both of which provides defense, protection or insulation against crime and del inquency. g Instrumentalist Theory- Advocated by Earl Richard Quinney, this theo ry asserts that the state is a device for controlling the exploited class- the c lass that labors for the benefit of the ruling class. It asserts that the upper class creates laws that protect their interest. h Social Class Conflict and Capi talism TheoryAdvocated by Karl Marx, Frederick Engel and Willem Bonger, this the ory asserts that laws are created in favor of the ruling class, thus, crime is r eflected on the demoralized remaining population. i Strain Theory- advocated by Robert King Merton, this theory maintained that the failure of man to achieve a higher status of life causes him to commit crime in order to

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 19 attain such status. It maintained that people are law abiding, but when under gr eat pressure will resort to crime. j Sub-culture Theory of Delinquency- Advocate d by Albert Cohen, this theory claimed that the lower class cannot socialize eff ectively with the middle and the upper class, thus creates a sub-culture that re jects middle and upper class values through a process referred to as reaction fo rmation. The subculture is called a gang and the kids are called delinquents. k Neutralization Theory- Advocated by Gresham Sykes, this theory stated that an in dividual will obey or disobey societal rules, depending upon his or her ability to rationalize whether he is protected from hurt or destruction. l Differential Opportunity Theory- Advocated by Lloyd Ohlin, this theory explained that the soc iety leads the lower class to want things. It claimed that there is a differenti al opportunity or access to success goals by both legitimate and illegitimate me ans, depending on the specific location of the individual within the social stru cture. m Labeling TheoryAdvocated by Frank Tennenbaum, Edwin Lemert and Howard B ecker, this theory maintained that the original

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 20 cause of crime cannot be known, no behavior is intrinsically criminal. Behavior becomes criminal if it is labeled as such. n Theory of Human Evolution- Advocate d by Charles Darwin, this theory claimed that humans, like other animals are par asite. Man is an organism having an animalistic behavior that is dependent on ot her animals for survival. OTHER THEORIES IN CRIMINOLOGY A QUETELETS THERMIC LAW - Hypothesized that violent crimes predominate in warmer climates while property crimes are more prevalent in colder weather zone B HUMAN ECOLOGY - Deals with t he relationship between human organism and physical environment. C ECONOMIC THEO RY - In Marx's the emergence of capitalism produce economic inequality (resulting to the commission of crime) in which proletariats are exploited by the bourgeois ie. D SOCIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY The most varied in refuted an d developed theory emphasizing the importance of imitation in crime causation e An omie (Normlesness) - lawlessness where there is disjunction between means and go als.

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 21 f Social Process Theory - emphasize that the criminality can be considered as so cial disorganization or social condition due to the impact upon human behavior. g Social Control Theories - address the issue of how society maintains or elicit s social control and the manner in which it obtain conformity or fails to obtain it in the form of deviance h Social Disorganization Theorystates that social in dicators present in a society such as large number of single parent households, high percentage of out of school youth, unemployment problems and breakdown of s ocial values are the causes of crimes. i Cultural Deviance Theory- a theory that views crime as a result of man's cultural values that permit or allow crime to ha ppen or even demand behaviors that will violate the laws. j Cultural Transmissio n Theory- a theory which states that the cause of crime is the handling down of delinquency behavior as a socially learned behavior, transmitted from one genera tion to the next, especially among depressed and disorganized urban areas. k Cul ture Conflict Theory- states that different groups have different conduct norms and the conduct norms of one group may be in conflict with those of another, cau sing individual to commit crimes by conforming to the norms of

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 22 their own another. groups which is in conflict with l Conflict Theorystates that people band together as a group because they are so cial animals with needs that are best served through collective action. It state s further that people constantly clash as they try to advance the interest of th eir particular group over those of the others. EXPLANATIONS TO CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY PERSONALITY a Psychopathic personality emotionally abnormal but who do not mani fest breaks with reality that characterized psychosis b Psychomatic Person - one whose Behavior is largely amoral and asocial and who is characterized by the ir responsibility, lack of remorse or shame or aggravated by the physics or emotion ally process of the individual c Alcoholism - when a person is intoxicated, he i s almost certain to start a fight ENVIRONMENTAL a home - the Cradle of human perso nality children are the mirror of the family

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 23 b bad neighborhood c broken homes communication gap and disrespect among parent and children rates Delinquency CLASSES OF DELIQUENTS 1 Environmental breakers. delinquent occasional law 2 Ecological approach - these approach concerns itself with the biotic grouping o f men thus resulting from migration competition another with sometimes create con flict between the immigrant and in habitant of such place thus lending to social discrimination 3 Economic approach - financial hardship is one of primary cause s of criminality therefore; it is necessary of every human being to contemplate or consider with deep regret and confession the strong temptation which has freq uently for so many years and want necessities to support life. 4 Sociological an d cultural approach - the social in its general sense include assessment of thos e forces resulting from man's economic, financial, education, political, religious as well recreational.

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 24 PROMINENT PERSONALITIES IN THE STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY DR. CHARLES studied the foun d that determinant GORING English Statistician who case histories of 2,000 convicts and heredity is more influential as criminal behavior than environmental ALPHONSE BERTILLON one who originated a system of classifying criminals accordin g to bodily measurements. Human skeleton is unchangeable for the period of 20 ye ars. W.A. BONGER an international authority in criminology who classified crimes by motives of the offender as economic crimes, sexual crimes, political crimes, and vengeance as the principal motives. JEREMY BENTHAM(1823) he advocate the uti litarian hedonism or Hedonistic Calculus the theory that a person always in such a way as to seek pleasure and avoid pain CESARE LOMBROSO - a famous authority in t he field of criminology who advocated the positivist theory. He classified crime into: a atavist - born criminal b Criminaloids - those who have less physical s tamina or luck of control.

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 25 c Insane criminal because abnormalities or disorder of their d Occasional criminal - who don't seek for the crimes but they are drawn into it b ecause of insignificant reason that paused them to do Types of Criminaloids - cr iminaloids or epileptoid are suffering from disorders - habitual - career offend ers - pseudo-criminals defense those who kills in those who RAFAEL GAROFALO - Italian law professor who coin the term CRIMINOLOGIA. In 1885 He developed a concept of the natural crime and defined it as violation of the pre valent sentiments of pity and probity. Types of criminal according to Garofalo: a murders-satisfied from revenge b violent and criminals c deficient criminals-c ommit crimes against property d lascivious chastity criminals-crimes against

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 26 ENRICO FERRI believe in the law of saturation. Society can tolerate only number cr ime. Factors of criminality: a physical and geological environment b the individ ual c social environment DAVID EMILE DURKEIM - He focused on the sociological po int of view of the posivitist theory. Includes the consideration of customs, obl igation, laws morality and religious belief as factors to criminality SIGMUND FR EUD - the use of psychology in understanding behavior. Freud view guilt as a mot ive for bad behavior. In his PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY he maintains that: a Criminal b ehavior is a form of neurosis b Crime is a result of compulsive need for punishm ent to alleviate guilt and anxiety c Criminal behavior is a means obtaining grat ification of need d Criminal behavior is traumatic experience. e Criminal conduc t hostility. a result for of represents displace

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 27 ROBERT EZRA PARK- Strong advocate of the scientific method in explaining crimina lity by a sociologist. The human ecology explain the isolation or segregation, c ompetition, conflict social, contract, interaction and social hierarchy as facto r of criminality. WILLIAM H. SHELDON his key ideas are concentrated on the princ iple of SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST as a behavioral science. He combines the biologica l and psychological explanation to understand the behavior. He advocated the SOMA TOTYPING THEORY that explains the belief of inheritances as the primary determina nts of behavior and the body physique is reliable indicator of personality. Clas sification of body physique a Endomorps - a type with a relatively predominance of soft, roundness throughout the regions of the body, they have low specific gr avity. b Mesomorps - athletic type, predominate of muscle, bone and connective t issue, normally heavy, hard or firm, strong and tough. c Ectomorps - thin psyque , flat chest, delicacy, trough out the body, slender, poorly muscled EDWIN SUTHE RLAND- advocated the DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY this maintains that the

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 28 society is composed of different group organization. He believes that behavior i s learned not inherited. WALTER RECKLESS- advocate of the CONTROL THEORY - it main tains that delinquency is the result of poor self concept. The absent of social control leads to criminality ROBERT KING MERTON - Primer sociologist of the mode rn days. Advocated the STRAIN THEORY. He maintains that the failure of man to achi eve the higher status caused them to commit crimes in order to attain their goal . ALBERT COHEN (1918) - Advocated the SUBCULTURE THEORY and DELIQUENCY THEORY. He in cludes the explanation of prevalence, origin, process and purpose, as factor to crime. ERVING GOLFMAN AND HOWARD BECKER (1922-1982) the advocate of theLABELING T HEORY the theory maintains that interaction cause them to behave criminally when one or both interpretation of the meaning of such interaction is wrong. CHARLES DARWIN - his theory maintains that man is an organism which is parasite and has an animalistic behavior. CHARLES BUCK MAN GORING (1870-1919) - An English statis tician, who studied the case histories of 3,000 convicts. He came up with a conc lusion

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 29 that heredity is more influential determiner of criminal behavior than environme nt. ERNEST HOLTON Accordingly, criminality is cause by heredity and the influenc e of environment. He conclude that criminals are originally inferior QUETELET he discovered on his research that crimes against person increased during summer while crimes against property increase during winter PAUL TORPINARD - a French anthropologist introduced the term CRIMINOLOGIE in 1987. who EMILE DURKHEIM-(1858-1917) - father of anomie tradition, he argued that crime is a normal part of society as birth and death. Criminal acts reflected society co llective. Collectives sentiments will reach a universal degree of acceptance WIL LIAM BONGER - an international authority in criminology who classified crimes by motives of the offenders as economic crimes, political crimes, and miscellaneou s crimes with vengeance as the principal motive. R.H GODDARD - He advocated the theory of feeblemindedness. Feebleminded person is unable to appreciate the conseq uences of his behavior or appreciate the meaning of the law

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 30 PETER RENIZEL - a private person who, in 1669, establish a work house in Hamburg at his own expense because he had observed that thieves and prostitutes where m ade worse instead by better pillory, and he hoped that they might improved by wo rk and religious instruction in the work house. AUGUSTE COMTE - First proposed t he positivist approach. He viewed the progression of knowledge as consisting of stage reflect upon the meaning of event. - Metaphysical stage - philosophy sough t secular events to provide understanding thru a new spirit of inquiry - Scienti fic stage - combination of the rational spirit of investigation with the scienti fic method, emphasizing empiricism or experimentation. LAVATOR - Stated the way to discover the character of a person is by observation and measurement of outwa rd appearance of an individual especially the face. He said that bald man, beard women, shift eye, weak chin arrogant nose are criminally inclined. (Physiologic al fragment) FRANZ JOSEPH GALL/CHARLES CALDWELL/AND JOHANN CHRISTOPHER SPURZHEIM -claimed that the external formation of the skull indicates that

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 31 confirmation of the brain and the development of its various parts the shape of the heads of the criminals differs from that of the non-criminals TYPES OF MULTI PLE MURDERS 1 Serial murder - involves killing several victims in hire. 2 Spree murder - involves killing of two or more victims at two or more location. 3 Mass murder - involves killing of four or more victim at one location within one eve nt. 4 Professional crimes - The use of knowledge that requires lengthy training in committing crimes. 5 Occupational Crimes/white Collar crimes - A crime commit ted by a person of respectability and high social statues in the course of his o ccupation. 6 Organizational crime - refers to crime committed on behalf and for the benefit of a legitimate organization. 7 Political crime - refers to criminal activity which committed for ideological purpose. - Ideology - Refers to distin ctive belief system, ideas, and abstract ideals which are perceived as providing the true meaning of life. Ex: communism, capitalism, Christianity 8 organized c rimes - it includes groups of any individuals whose primary activity involves

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 32 violating criminals laws to seek profits and power by engaging in racketeering a ctivities and when appropriate in engaging intricate financial manipulation TYPE S OF ORGANIZED CRIMINALS 1 POLITICAL - social organized crime 2 MERCENARY ORGANI ZED CRIME - crimes committed by group for direct personal profit, but which prof it upon unsmiling victims, such as juvenile and adults gang involve in robbery a kyat bahay, bukas kotse, mafia 3 IN-GROUP ORIENTED ORGANIZED CRIME - this group such a motorcycle gangs and some adolescent gangs goals are psychological gratif ication rather that financial profit-Hell's Angels 4 SYNDICATE CRIME a continuing group or organization that participate in activity in any society by use of forc e, intimidation or threats- Yakuza, Chinese triad 5 PUBLIC ORDER CRIME - sometim es referred to as crimes without crimes or ` victimless crimes or legist rated moral ity refers to a number of activities that is illegal due to the fact of they off ered public morality- prostitution , illegal gambling, drug abuse, drunkenness S EXUAL RELATED DISORDER

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 33 1 PROSTITUTION - the practice of having sexual relations for certain considerati on. 2 FORNICATION - refers to a sexual intercourse between unmarried person 3 SO DOMY - may cover anal intercourse, mouthgenital contact, exchange of husband and wife for sexual intercourse and even mutual masturbation 4 EXHIBITIONISM - usua lly involves that purposive and unsolicited indecent exposure of sex organs usua lly to male an unsuspecting female. 5 VOYEURISM - involves the person invading t he privacy of another by viewing him/her when in an unclad state or sexual condi tion. 6 FETISHISM - involves the obtaining of erotic excitement trough the perce ption and of collection objects associated with the opposite sex. 7 PEDOPHILIA O R CHILD MOLESTING - sexual relation between and adult a child, the later usually as one under 12 years of age or one who has not yet reached the age of puberty 8 PORNOGRAPHY - refers to erotic or sexual stimulating literature or materials 9 BESTIALITY - having sex with animals 10 NECROPHILIA - sex with dead bodies TYPO LOGY OF VIOLENT OFFENDERS

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 34 1 CULTURALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS - are individuals who live in subculture in which violence is an acceptable problems-solving mechanism 2 SUBCULTURE OF VIOLENCE use as means of explaining the greater prevalence of violent crime among low in come from slum environment. 3 CRIMINALITY VIOLENT OFFENDERS - use violence as a means of accomplishing criminal act, such as in robbery 4 PATHOLOGICALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS mentally ill or brain damage 5 SITUATIONAL VIOLENT OFFENDERS - commit acts of violence on rare occasion, often under provocation such as in domestic disputes which gets out hand. Often described as crimes of passion CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS ACCORDING TO ETIOLOGY ACUTE CRIMINAL - person, who violates crimina l law because of the impulse of the moment, fit of passion or anger or spell of extreme jealousy. CHRONIC CRIMINALS person who acted consonance with deliberate thinking such as; in a neurotic criminals - person whose action arises from intra-physics conflict be tween the social and antisocial components of his personality, example is a klep tomaniac

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 35 b normal criminal - person whose psychic organization resembles that of the norm al individual except that that he identify himself with criminal prototype c Cri minality caused pathological process. CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM; OF CRIMINALS by an organic BASE ON BEHAVIORAL ORDINARY CRIMINALS- the lowest form of criminal career. They engage only the con ventional crimes which required limited skills. They lack organization to avoid arrest and conviction ORGANIZED CRIMINALS- this criminal have a high degree of d egree to enable them to commit crimes being detected and committed to specialize d activities which can be operated in large scale business. Force, violence, int imidation and bribery to use gain and maintain control over economic activities. CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS BASED ON ACTIVITIES 1 PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS - thos e person who earn their living trough criminal activities 2 ACCIDENTAL CRIMINALS - those who commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated circumstances.

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 36 3 HABITUAL CRIMINALS - those who commit criminal acts for such diverse reason du e to deficiency of intelligence and lack of self control 4 HABITUAL SITUATIONAL CRIMINALS - those who are actually not criminals but constantly in trouble with legal authorities because they commit robberies, and embezzlement which are inte rmixed with economic activities CLASSIFICATION ATTITUDES OF CRIMINALS BASED ON M ENTAL 1 ACTIVE AGGRESSIVE CRIMINALS - those who commit crimes in an impulsive manner u sually due to the aggressive behavior of the offender, such attitudes is clearly shown in crimes of passion, revenge or resentment. 2 PASSIVE INADEQUATE CRIMINA LS - those who commit crimes because they are pushed to it by inducement, reward or promise without considering its consequences 3 SOCIAL DELINQUENT those who a re normal in their behavior but merely defective in their socialized process, th is group belong to the educated respectable members of society who may turn crim inal on involved. CLASSIFICATION CRIMES) OF CRIMINALS (OTHER TYPES OF

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 37 1 CRIMES OF THE UPPER WORLD - those who commit by people of the upper strata of society 2 CRIME OF THE UNDERWORLD - those who commit by the members of the lower under privilege class of society. 3 CRIMES BY PASSION - those committed by the fit of passion, anger, anger, jealousy hatred 4 CRIMES IMITATION - those committ ed and the pattern of which is merely a duplication of what was done by others 5 SERVICE CRIMES - those committed by rendering some service or satisfying the de sire of someone 6 CRIMINAL WORLD - it is the social organization of habitual and professional criminals. 7 ORGANIZED CRIME - it characteristics: a control in al l crimes in given geographical area or at least at all crimes of certain types b y a small group similar to the board of directors of a legitimate business organ ization b Standard method of conducting crimes and rules of criminal conduct whi ch are eternally enforce among members of organization. Secrecy discipline in a crime commission. c inclusion with the organization of personnel who performs se rvices not essential to the commission of the crime, but contribute to the prote ction, such as lawyers, doctors and others such as keepers of hide outs

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 38 d Careful planning of its crime to achieve maximum success. THE 4 TYPES OF ORGAN IZED CRIMES 1 THE CRIMINAL GANG - is an intimate group bound by ties, friends an d loyalty that tends to establish its own folkways and mores, in opposition to t hose of conventional society. The criminal gangs always resort to the physical f orce in perpetrating their crimes. 2 THE CRIMINAL SYNDICATES - Stable business o rganization whose violence directed in unwelcome confederation. The term syndica te is a combination of capitalism turn into for the purpose of prosecuting illeg al schemes, requiring large source of capital and the subject is to obtain contr ol market of the particular commodity. 3 RACKETEERS - a racket is an organized m ethod of existing money from that engage e in illegitimate or legitimate enterpr ises by the illegal means often accompanied by threats of infliction of injury o r destruction of property. CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 39 ACQUISITIVE CRIMES - when the offender acquire something as a consequence of his criminal act EXTINCTIVE CRIMES when the end results of criminal act is destruct ion SEASONAL CRIMES - those who committed only in a certain period of the year S ITUATIONAL CRIMES those committed only when given the situation conductive to it s commission INSTANT CRIMES - those committed on the short possible time EPISODI CAL CRIMES - those committed by a series of commission in lengthy space of time STATIC CRIME - those committed only in one place CONTINUING CRIME - those commit ted in several places RATIONAL CRIMES - those who committed with intention and o ffender is in full possession of his mental faculties IRRATIONAL CRIMES - those who committed by a person who does not know the nature and quality of his act ac count of the disease of the mind WHITE COLLAR CRIME - those committed by a perso n in responsibility and upper socio economic class in the course of their occupa tional activities

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 40 BLUE COLLAR CRIMES - those committed by ordinary professional to maintain their livelihood Victimology, a branch of the study of criminology which deals with th e victimization of crime which is considered by political society as any act or omission punishable by law. CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME 1 As a result of a crime: a ACQUISITIVE offender acquires something as a result or consequenc e of a crime like theft. b EXTINCTIVE- end result is destructive like homicide. 2 Period of time committed: a Seasonal crime committed only period of time like tax evasion during a b Situational crime committed only given a situation like theft robbery. 3 As to length of time committed a instant crime committed possible time like snatching in when shortest b Episodial committed by series of acts in lengthy space of time like KIDNAPPING .

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 41 4 Continuing - crime committed in several places, like physical injuries resulti ng to homicide in an automobile. 5 As to mental faculties a Rational crime robbery, homicide with intention like b Irrational crime - committed by one who does not know the nature or quality of his act on account of disease of mind. 6 as to the type of offender: a White collar crime - committed by persons of responsibi lity in the course of their occupational activity, like plunder b Blue collar cr ime - committed by ordinary criminals to maintain their livelihood like robbery. JUSTIFICATION OF PUNISHMENT 1 RETRIBUTION this rest of the basic premise that j ustice must be done. Punishment of the offender was carried out in the form of p ersonal vengeance. 2 EXPIATION OR ATONEMENT - this was in group vengeance where punishment is exacted publicly

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 42 for the purpose social group. of appeasing the public or 3 DETERRENCE OR EXEMPLARITY - punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing tom others what would happen to them if they violate the law 4 PROTECTION OR IN CAPACITATION - by placing offenders on prison, society is protected the further depredation of criminal acts 5 REFORMATION- society's interest can be better serve d by the extension of help to the prisoner to become a law abiding citizen and p roductive upon his return to the community by requiring him to undergo an intens ive Program of rehabilitation in PRISON TYPES OF NORMS formal- have been written down and involve strict rules for punishment of violators Informal-are generall y precisely recorded. understood but is not SOME IMPORTANT TERMS IN STUDYING OF CRIMINOLOGY

PREPARED BY: CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR. MPA/PA, LLB P A G E | 43 1 CRIMINOGENIC PROCESS - explain human behavior which helps in determining the n ature of personality as a reacting mechanism. 2 CRIMINAL process genesis, behavi or standard PSYCHODYNAMICS - study of the mental of criminal in action; the stud y of development and the motivation of human that conflicts with accepted norms and of society. 3 CULTURAL CONFLICT - a class between societies because of contrary beliefs or s ubstantial variance in their respective custom, language, institution, habits le arning, and tradition. 4 DEMENTIA PRAECOX - a collective term of mental disorder that begin at, or shortly after puberty and usually lead the general failure of the mental faculties 5 DELUSION - a false belief about self, caused by morbidit y, present in paranoia and dementia praecox -oOo-

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen