Geography 1st CSE

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DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY Jorge-Elas de la Pea y Montes de Oca
Social Science 1st CSE

Geography
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Jorge Elas de la Pea y Montes de Oca Teacher at the Bilingual Section Department of Geography and History IES Complutense. Alcal de Henares
1st CSE YEAR UNIT 1. PREHISTORY
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Social Science
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CSE
UNIT 6:
The Universe and the Earth
1st CSE YEAR UNIT 6. THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH
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UNIT 6: THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1. THE EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE
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The Earth is the only known inhabited planet. It is located in the Solar System, which belongs to the Milky Way galaxy. o In the Universe there are many galaxies (circa 100 billions), nebulae and black holes. It is thought that the Universe was created after the Big Bang, circa 13,700,000,000 years ago. Our closest galaxy is called Andromeda, which is around 2.2 million light years. o Within the Milky Way there are more than 250 Solar Systems.
o Our Solar System was created when the big cloud of gas and dust reached 11,000,000C, which permitted the formation of a star, the Sun. o The Earth was formed around 4.5 billion years ago out of a group of rocks that revolved around the sun after the Big Bang. In our Solar System there are eight planets and five dwarf planets. o They have different sizes and satellites revolving around. o Moreover there are comets, asteroids, satellites, and meteorites.
Distance to the sun (million km) 58 108 149 228 778 1,428 2,873 4,498 Diameter (thousand km) Satellites 1 2 65 62 27 13 Orbits period (years) 0.24 0.72 1 1.88 11.86 29.46 84.01 164.79 Rotations period (days) 58.6 -243 1 1.03 0.414 0.426 0.718 0.675
Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Inner planets
Outer planets
4.8 12.3 12.8 6.9 Asteroids belt 142 120 50.7 48.6
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH
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o All the planets of the Solar System revolve around an only star, the Sun, whose diameter is around 1,391,000 kilometres. o The orbits on which they revolve are elliptical.
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o The inner planets are mostly rocky and small, whereas the outer planets are gaseous, big and they have many satellites revolving around them.
Dwarf planet Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Distance to the sun (million km) 415.5 5850 6501 6868 10,200 Diameter (km) 952.4 2,302 ? ? 2,398 Orbits period (years) 4.59 247.92 285.4 309.9 557 Rotations period (days) 0.38 -6.39 0.16 ? ?
Satellites
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The Earths only satellite is called the Moon: o It is around 384,000 kilometres away from the Earth. o It revolves around the Earth and takes 28 days to do it. o The moon has four different phases that can be appreciated from the Earth: New moon. The moon faces to the Earth its invisible side (not lit by the sun). Waxing crescent (First quarter). Full moon. Its visible side is completely lit by the sun and can be seen from the Earth. Waning crescent (Third quarter).
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The Earth has a spherical shape, but its poles are slightly flattened and the equator is a little widened. That is the reason why it is said that its shape is a geoid. o The Earth has an axial tilt of 23 27 from the vertex, whose result is the seasonal change in climate. o Its surface is around 510 million square kilometres (the sun is circa 1,300,000 bigger than the Earth). The 70% consists of water (oceans, seas, rivers, and lakes. The 30% consists of land (continents and islands).
Life can exist on the Earth thanks to several factors: o Mild temperature (around 15C average). o There is liquid water on the surface. o Our atmosphere contains the vital gases we need (21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and 1% of other gases). It avoids excessive cooling and heating of the Earth. It filters the harmful solar radiations (UVA Rays and X Rays).
2. THE REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH The Earth has two kinds of movements: o Earths orbit around the sun. Our planet moves at 30 km/sec following its elliptical orbit around the sun, which takes 365 days (that explains the leap years every four years, which have 366 days). It fixes the duration of the day and the night according to the season. It provokes the seasonal change due to the axial tilt. Spring. In the southern hemisphere it is autumn. Summer. In the southern hemisphere it is winter. Autumn. In the southern hemisphere it is spring. Winter. In the southern hemisphere it is summer.
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Climates are caused by this movement. There are three different kind of climate zones in the world: One warm zone (Torrid Zone). It is located around the equator up to the tropics. Two temperate zones. They are located between the tropics and the polar circles. Two cold zones (Frigid Zones). They are above the polar circles. o Rotation. The Earth spins on its own axis, which takes 24 hours: It moves from west to east. Day and night are caused by the rotation since the sun just lights half of the Earth. The revolution of the Earth causes: o Equinoxes. It is the moment in which the sun is vertical to the equator. Day and night have the same duration across the world. There are two during the year: 21 March. It is the vernal equinox (northern hemisphere). 21 September. It is the autumnal equinox (northern hemisphere). o Solstices. It is the moment in which the sun falls vertically on one of the two tropics (located at 23 27 N and 23 27S): When there is a solstice the day or the night have their maximal duration (it depends on which solstice it is). 21 June. The sun strikes over the Tropic of Cancer (23 27N) and it makes that the maximal day time is in the northern hemisphere. It is the summer solstice (northern hemisphere). 21 December. The sun falls on the Tropic of Capricorn (23 27 S) and it makes that the maximal day time is in the southern hemisphere. It is the winter solstice (northern hemisphere). o Seasons. There are four different seasons in the temperate zones. Their beginning is marked by the equinoxes and solstices that take place due to the Earths orbit. They change according on the hemisphere: o Eclipses. They are caused by the movement of the Earth around the sun and of the moon around the Earth.
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3. PARTS OF THE EARTH The Earth has an external composition: o Atmosphere: It has several layers: Troposphere (<15 km). Stratosphere (15-50 km). It contains the ozone layer (25-40 km), which protects us from any radiations. Mesosphere (50-85 km). Thermosphere (50-600 km). Exosphere (600-10,000 km).
o Hydrosphere. It is composed of seas, rivers, lakes, ice, and subterranean waters. It is more than 70% of the world. There are five oceans in the world: Atlantic Ocean. Pacific Ocean. Indian Ocean. Arctic Ocean. Antarctic Ocean.
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o Lithosphere. It is composed of continents and the seabed. There are six continents in the world: Asia. America. Africa. Europe. Oceania. Antarctica. The Earth also has an internal composition: o Crust. It is the most external and thinnest layer of the Earth. Continental crust. It is composed by the emerged lands. It can reach up to 20 or 70 km. Its main composition is based on rocks and sands. Oceanic crust. It is composed by the land that in submerged under the sea. It only reaches 10 km under the oceans. o Mantle. It is mostly composed of magma (molten rock) and constitutes the 70% of the Earths thickness. It is not a rigid layer. The crust lies above this layer. Upper mantle. It is just below the crust and has a depth of 70 to 700 km. Lower mantle. This layer has a depth of 700 to 3,000 km. o Core. It is the central part of the Earth and is composed of heavy metals, iron, and nickel.
4. REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH: MAPS The way to represent the Earth has changed in the history. o Until the 15th century it was thought that it was flat. Christopher Columbus and other explorers proved that it was not such. o Scientists helped measure the Earth and represent it. That was the origin of the cartography, the science in charge of representing the Earth.
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There are several ways to represent the Earth: o It can be done through a terrestrial globe. It is a three-dimensional scale model of the Earth. It is quite accurate but it cannot have many details.
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o The most common way to represent the Earth is through maps: They are two-dimensional scale models of the Earth. They are done basing on mathematical formulas called projections, which adapt the geoidal shape of the Earth into a plan. There are several kinds of projections that depend on what we want to represent better, the most common ones are: Cylindrical projection. It represents the whole planet, taking the equator as its centre, so the farther the regions are from the equator the more distorted they are. The most known cylindrical projection is called Mercator, after its cartographer. Conical projection. It represents high latitudes and the poles. The result is a map with semi-circular parallels and radial meridians. Azimuthal or planar projection. It just represents one hemisphere. The pole is the centre of the projection. That fact explains that the farther the region is from the pole the more distorted it is.
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There are several kinds of maps: Topographic maps. They show the relief or physical characteristics of the planet. It also shows the altitude of the region through the contour lines.
Thematic maps. They can have different subjects: o Physical maps. o Political maps. o Population maps. o Vegetation maps. o Climate maps...
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Maps are now done through photographs, normally taken from satellites. There are also modern techniques such as GIS (Geographic Information System) or remote sensing. https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeZ1QtaFFROHdXS2c https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54Dkec3ZUbVg3UGVTZ0k There are several major elements on a map or on a terrestrial globe: o Cardinal Points. They help the orientation and can be known thanks to nature or to other artificial means, such as the compass: North. South. East. West.
o Coordinates. They help find an exact point on a map through imaginary lines. The units taken for that measure are degrees (), minutes (), and seconds ().
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Meridians. They are the imaginary lines that link the poles (they go from the north to the south or vice versa). They fix the longitude, which can be either east or west. All the meridians measure the same and there are 360 (up to 180E and 180W). In 1884 it was agreed to fix the location of the Prime Meridian (0) in Greenwich, hence its name. It has its antipodes at 180. Meridians fix the time zones, which are 24 in total basing on the location of each region and the sun (each time zone stretches 15). The time we use as a reference is called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). As we move eastwards, clocks move forward the same number of hours as time zones travelled. On the contrary, if we move westwards, clocks go back the same number of hours as time zones travelled.
Parallels. They are imaginary lines that are parallel to the equator (parallel 0). There are 180 in total (90N and 90S). They fix the latitude (north or south) and divide the world into two parts, the northern and the southern hemispheres. There are several major parallels. Equator. It is located at 0 and it separates the northern and the southern hemispheres.
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Tropics. They are the imaginary lines that are the maximal point of perpendicular fall of the sun onto the Earth. They are caused due to the axial tilt. o Tropic of Cancer. It is located at 2327N. o Tropic of Capricorn. It is located at 2327S. Polar Circles. They are the imaginary lines above which there is at least 24 hours of day-time or night-time in a row. They are also caused by the axial tilt. o Arctic Circle. It is located at 6633N o Antarctic Circle. It is located at 6633S. o Scale. It is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground. It helps get the real distances. It can be represented in two ways: Numerical scale. It is a ratio or a fraction from which we can get the distance (1:x, 1/x, 1 to x). It means that one centimetre on the map is actually x.
Bar, linear or graphic scale. It is a line marked at intervals to show the distance on the earth or object which the distance on the scale represents. Maps change their scale according to what it has been represented, the larger the scale is the more detail there is on the map (so the represented region is smaller): Small scale. It has very few details and represents large areas, it is above 1:100,000. Medium scale. It represents smaller areas and its scale stretches from 1:50,000 to 1:100,000. Large scale. It is the most detailed map that shows smaller regions. The scale is smaller than 1:50,000.
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o Key (or Legend). Every map has always a key to explain the symbols that appear on it. It is usually located at a corner of the map.
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Unit 6. The Universe and the Earth Exercises

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1. What is the Milky Way? 2. How many planets are there in our Solar System? How many dwarf planets are there? 3. Match the words to the correct groups: Pluto Milky Way Sun stars Saturn galaxies Earth planets Jupiter dwarf planets Ceres Mars 4. Answer true or false and correct the wrong sentences: a. There are three dwarf planets. b. The eight planets are divided into three groups. c. The smallest planet is Venus. 5. Which planet is nearest to the Sun? Which is the furthest from the Sun? What is the Earths position? 6. Which planet is nearest to the Earth? Which is the farthest planet from the Earth? 7. Which is the largest planet of the Solar System? And the smallest one? 8. Complete the sentences and choose the correct words: a. The Earth in a(n) perfect/imperfect___________ sphere. b. The Equator divides the Earth into two equal poles/ hemispheres_____________. c. One reason there is life on Earth is because there is liquid water/gas___________. d. The temperature/atmosphere_______________ protects us from harmful radiation. 9. Complete the sentences with the next figures: 40,009 510,000,000 1,000 2 40,077 a. The equator is _____________ km long. b. The Earth is made up of ____________ hemispheres. c. At ______________ km2, the total surface of the Earth is ________ times bigger than Spain. d. A meridian is _______________ km long. 10. Why does the Earth look blue when seen from space? 11. In which hemisphere are most of the Earths continents?
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12. Complete the chart with the main characteristics of the two movements made by the Earth. Rotation Duration
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Revolution
Direction of movement What it consists of Consequences 13. Look at the picture and answer the following questions: a. How many cardinal points are there? b. How can we explain the apparent movement of the Sun? c. At what cardinal point does the sun rise?
14. Match each date with the correct information: 23 September Autumn equinox in the northern hemisphere and spring equinox in the southern hemisphere 21-22 December Spring equinox in the northern hemisphere and autumn equinox in the southern hemisphere 20-21 June Winter solstice in the northern hemisphere and summer solstice in the southern hemisphere 21 March Summer solstice in the northern hemisphere and winter solstice in the southern hemisphere 15. What season is it when both hemispheres receive the same amount of light? 16. What season is it in the north when the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun? 17. Complete the sentences: a. The Earth consists of ________ large sections: the core, the _________, and the crust. b. The mantle is ____________% of the Earths total volume. c. The Earths ___________ is between 10 and ______ kilometres thick.
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH
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d. _____________ is the highest point in the world at _______ metres. 18. Are the following sentences true or false? Correct the wrong ones. a. The core is the Earths outer layer. b. The mantle consists only of solid rock. c. The continents are on the crust of the Earth. d. The Earth rotates towards the west. 19. Make a drawing of the layers of the atmosphere. 20. Which atmospheric layer is being described? a. Meteorological phenomena happen here. b. It is where the ozone layer is located. c. Temperatures are very high in this layer. d. Most of the air we breathe is located in this layer. 21. How can the atmosphere protect the Earth? 22. Draw a map of the Earth and add the main parallels (Equator, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle, Antarctic Circle), the prime meridian, South Pole and North Pole. 23. In an atlas locate your town or city and write down what parallel and meridian it is on. 24. Match each word to one of the two concepts below: North Greenwich Tropic of Cancer Longitude parallels Latitude meridians West Arctic Circle Time zones 25. What do the lines represent in this diagram of the world? a. b. c. d. e. f.
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26. In an atlas, find the geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the following cities. a. Tokyo. b. New York. c. Moscow. d. Johannesburg. e. Madrid. f. Montevideo. g. Sydney. 27. In an atlas find five countries that the Equator runs through and five that the Greenwich meridian goes through. 28. Is there any place in the world at latitude 110N or 110S. If yes, say where it is. If not, explain why. 29. Only one of these names of parallels and meridians is correct. Write the others correctly. a. Tropic of Equator. b. Circle of Cancer. c. Arctic Circle. d. Meridian of Capricorn. e. Tropic of Greenwich. 30. With the help of an atlas, answer this question. What time is it in the following cities if in Greenwich it is 4 p.m.? a. Warsaw. b. Baghdad. c. Wellington. d. Lima. e. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. 31. How many time zones are there in the world? How wide is each time zone? 32. Do all places in Spain share the same time? 33. Why is it necessary to use cartographic projections to depict the Earth? 34. What type of projection is depicted on the map?
35. What part of the world will be more distorted if we use a cylindrical projection? And if we use a conical projection? 36. Order the letters to make words from the unit: a. Mdianeri f. Tpirocs b. Lallraep g. Cphyrtogra c. Ltdeitua h. Tatiroon d. Itngudelo e. Uareqto
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37. Match four of the words from the previous activity to the definitions below: a. An imaginary circle that divides the Earth into two equal halves. b. The practice of drawing maps. c. The distance between any point of the Earths surface and the 0 meridian. d. The 24-hour movement of the Earth. 38. Draw the position of the Earth, the Sun and the Moon during a solar eclipse. 39. Answer the following questions: a. What is a map? b. What are maps used for? c. How did maps emerge in the past? 40. Which is the best projection to represent...? a. The poles. b. The areas in middle latitudes. c. The world. 41. Find the following cities on the map: a. Porto Novo (32S, 52W). b. Cracow (50N, 20E). c. Castelln de la Plana (40N, 0E). d. Singapore (0N, 104E). e. Miami (30N, 80W).
42. To represent the continent of Africa, would you use a small- or large-scale map? Explain your answer. 43. What are the two forms of representing scale on maps. 44. Correct the following sentence: A large-scale map represents a large geographic area while a small-scale map represents a small geographic area. 45. Look at the map of Spain below and basing on the scale find out the real distance between Seville and Barcelona. Which is the numerical scale used in the map?
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46. On a map with a scale 1:400,000, two points are 5 cm apart. How may km separate them in reality? How many km would be equivalent to 7 cm on that same map? 47. True or false. Correct the false ones: a. There are 15 time zones of 24 each. b. In a cylindrical projection, the Earth is inscribed on a cylinder. c. It is the same time in all countries of the world. d. Aerial photography obtains images from artificial satellites. e. Numerical scale is expressed by fraction in which the numerator represents the unit on the map and the denominator expresses the real size. f. On large-scale maps, very large areas of the Earth are represented with very little detail. 48. Match each term with its definition: Rotation Longitude Meridian Latitude a. The distance, measured in degrees, from any point on Earth to the Greenwich meridian. b. The movement of the Earth around its axis. c. The distance, measured in degrees, from any point on Earth to the equator. d. The imaginary line that goes from the North Pole to the South Pole. 49. Complete the chart with the missing noun or verb. Verb Rotate Projection Revolve Representation Locate Reduction Noun
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50. Complete the sentences with a noun or verb from the previous exercise: a. The Earth ___________ on its axis. b. A map is the _____________ on a plane of part of the Earths surface. c. To represents the Earth on a map, we use _______________. d. The cardinal points help us to ______________ specific places on the Earth.
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Social Science
1st
CSE
UNIT 7:
Relief and water
1st CSE YEAR UNIT 7. RELIEF AND WATER
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UNIT 7: RELIEF AND WATER

1. EARTHS RELIEF Despite the name, the Earth is mostly covered by water: o Hydrosphere is around 71% of the surface. o Only 29% are emerged lands.
The continental relief has several formations: o Mountains. They are elevations of the land with different origin. They were created during the orogenies some millions years ago. The highest mountains emerged in more recent periods. Their profiles are steeper. They usually form mountain ranges: The highest mountain range are the Himalayas (Everest is the highest mountain in the world, 8,848 m). The longest mountain range is the Andes (together with Sierra Madre and the Rocky Mountains). The oldest mountains are lower and rounder. They are called massifs. They used to be high but they were eroded. o Plateaux. They are large flat high areas higher than 400 metres. The highest ones in the world are the Tibetan Plateau and the Altiplano (Bolivia), they exceed 3,000 metres high. Most of Spain is composed by the Iberian Plateau. o Plains. They are flat and low-lying lands that do not exceed 200 metres high. They are usually along the coast (coastal plains) or by the rivers (river plains). o Valleys. They have been created by the rivers in their flow towards their mouth. They are usually low lands between mountains. o Depressions. They are large areas located below sea level, such as the Dead Sea (-395 m), Death Valley (-86 m) or the Caspian Sea (-28 m). The coastal relief is composed of several types: o Beaches. They are geological landforms along the shoreline of an ocean, sea, lake or river. It usually consists of loose particles which are often composed of rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles or cobblestones.
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o Rias. Coastal inlets formed by the partial submergence of a non-glaciated river valley. o Fiords. Coastal inlets formed by the partial submergence of a glaciated valley. o Cliffs. They are a significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure. o Coastal lagoons. Saltwater lagoons separated from the sea by narrow sand strips. o Marshlands. They are a type of wetland that is subject to frequent or continuous flood. o Bays and gulfs. They are areas of water mostly surrounded by land. o Capes. They are points or bodies of land extending into a body of water, usually the sea. o Peninsulas. Piece of land that is bordered by water on three sides but connected to mainland through an isthmus. o Isthmus. They connect peninsulas to a continent. o Islands. Area of land completely surrounded by water. If there is a group of islands it is called archipelago. The submarine relief has also several kinds of formations: o Continental shelf. They are vast coastal plateaux that are not deeper than 200 metres. Their width is around 100-500 km. Most of the fishing grounds are in this part of the ocean. o Continental slope. It is a steep step that descends from the continental shelf to the ocean basin. o Ocean basin or abyssal plain. It is a major deep plain that is around 3,0005,000 metres deep. There can be two other formations within the ocean basin: Oceanic trenches, which are narrow but deep depressions of sea floor (the deepest one is the Mariana Trench, 11,022 m). Submarine ridge. They are submerged mountain ranges that are around 3,000 metres higher than the abyssal plain. They are usually the boundary of the tectonic plates. Therefore magma comes out from the summit of these ranges. There can be volcanic islands on their highest points (Iceland, Azores).
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2. RELIEF FORMATION The Earth is constantly changing. The formations of the Earth are not permanent. The German scientist Alfred Wegener proposed in 1912 the Theory of the continental drift which hypothesised that the continents were slowly drifting around the Earth. Basing on his theory the evolution of the continents was as follows: o 300,000,000 years ago only Pangaea existed. It was an only continent completely surrounded by the Thetys Sea. o 180,000,000 years ago that only continent split into two supercontinents: Laurasia. It was composed of North America and Eurasia. Gondwana. It was composed of South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and India.
o 150,000,000 years ago Gondwana split into several continents: A block was composed of Antarctica, India, and Australia. The other block was composed of South America and Africa. o 135,000,000 years ago there were several modifications in the continents: Laurasia split into two other continents and the North Atlantic Ocean was created: North America. Eurasia. Australia and India split up from Antarctica and moved northwards. o 30,000,000 years ago there was a major change that made the world similar to ours:
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Both two Americas joined and the Isthmus of Panama was created. India crashed on Asia, which created the Himalayas. Africa moved northwards and the Mediterranean Sea was created. Australia moved northwards. o Nowadays the Earth is still changing and there are some movements: America is moving away from Europe. The North Atlantic Ocean is thus wider. Africa is getting closer to Eurasia which involves the reduction of the Mediterranean Sea. India is setting into Asia, which makes the Himalayas much higher. https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeR01GcXFvY3RsU0k
The reason why these changes take place is due to the Plate tectonics that explains that the lithosphere is broken up into several tectonic plates (like a jigsaw puzzle) that ride on the astenosphere, a viscous and weak region of the upper mantle of the Earth:
https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeNkJOR0RwN25FRWc o These plates crash on each other and there are either vertical or horizontal forces that cause different geological formations: Folds. They are caused when the geological materials are plastic and the Earths surface undulates when plates collide.
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Faults. They are caused when the geological materials are rigid and they crack when plates collide.
o Mountains are created by this process called orogeny or orogenesis. There are some internal agents that modify relief: o Volcanoes. They are openings that expel magma through the vent and crater. They are usually located at the plate boundaries. They usually expel lava, ashes, and gases. There are three categories of volcanoes: Active volcanoes. They have frequent eruptions. Dormant volcanoes. They are volcanoes which are recharging their lava supply. Meanwhile they repose. Extinct volcanoes. They are unlikely to erupt again because they have no lava supply.
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o Earthquakes. They are sudden movements of the tectonic plates that fracture. They can also occur owing to volcanic eruptions. They have destructive seismic waves that expand the movement and their origin are really located at two points: Hypocentre (focus). It is the position where the strain energy stored in the rock is first released, marking the point where the fault begins to rupture. This occurs at the focal depth below the epicentre. Epicentre. It is the point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the hypocentre, the point where an earthquake or underground explosion originates.
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The intensity of the earthquakes is known thanks to the seismographs, which base on the Richter magnitude scale. Submarine quakes are called seaquakes and usually provoke tidal waves (tsunami), which travel faster than 800 km/h. These waves can be higher than 15 metres. Description
Micro Minor Minor
Magnitude
Less than 2.0 2.02.9 3.03.9 4.04.9
Earthquake effects
Micro earthquakes, not felt. Generally not felt, but recorded Often felt, but rarely causes damage. Noticeable shaking of indoor items, rattling noises. Significant damage unlikely. Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. At most slight damage to well-designed buildings Can be destructive in areas up to about 160 kilometres across in populated areas. Can cause serious damage over larger areas. Can cause serious damage in areas several hundred kilometres across Devastating in areas several thousand kilometres across. Never recorded, widespread devastation across very large areas.
Frequency of occurrence
Continual 1,300,000 per year (est.) 130,000 per year (est.)
Light
13,000 per year (est.)
5.05.9
Moderate
1,319 per year
6.06.9
Strong
134 per year
7.07.9
Major
15 per year
8.08.9
Great
1 per year
9.09.9
Great
1 per 10 years (est.) Extremely rare (Unknown/May not be possible)
10.0+
Massive
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3. RELIEF EXTERNAL AGENTS There are three different external agents that modify relief: o Erosion. Rocks wear away and they dissolve. o Carriage. It carries all the eroded materials from the rocks. o Sedimentation. It deposits all the eroded and carried materials. Erosion is caused due to several factors: o Temperatures. Abrupt temperature changes cause the erosion of the rocks such as the solifluction together with water since it infiltrates through rocks and when it freezes, it expands and the rocks break. o Water. It is a constant action over the rocks. It can be stronger depending on the kind of stone (limestone can be eroded more easily). Rain. It can create valleys and ravines. Rivers. They have different parts where the erosion changes. It is harder in the upper course due to the slope and the speed of waters. Instead it is very scarce is the lower course, since the speed of the flow is much smaller. Sea. Waves and currents cause different coastal geological formations such as cliffs or beaches. Groundwater. It can cause caves and underground rivers. o Wind. It wears away the rocks and detaches some particles that attack other rocks, polish and model them. It is called aeolian or wind erosion. Dunes are the most typical formations created by aeolian erosion. o Vegetation. Most of the times, plants help fix soil but their roots can also split rocks. o Human beings. We transform environment for agriculture, stockbreeding, cities, felling, reservoirs, fires, mining...
4. WORLDS RELIEF The Earth has six continents: o Asia. It is the largest continent in the world with 44,000,000 sq km. It is separated from Europe by the Ural Mountains and the Caspian Sea. It is bathed by the Pacific, Indian, and Arctic Oceans. It is mostly located in the northern hemisphere. o America. It is the second largest continent with 42,000,000 sq km. It is divided into two major sections united by the Isthmus of Panama: North America. It is composed by the largest part of the continent and stretches from the Arctic Ocean to the Isthmus of Panama. South America. It is smaller than North America and stretches from the Isthmus of Panama to the Antarctic Ocean. It is a very long continent that is bathed by the Arctic, Atlantic, Antarctic, and Pacific Oceans. o Africa. It has 30,000,000 sq km. It is quite symmetrical in both two hemispheres. It is separated from Europe by the Strait of Gibraltar and from Asia by the Red Sea.
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It is bathed by the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. o Europe. It is actually a peninsula of Asia and has just 10,500,000 sq km. The Ural Mountains separate Europe from Asia. It is just bathed by the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Its coastal relief is quite broken with many seas and peninsulas. o Oceania. It is the smallest continent of the world, only 9,000,000 sq km. It is composed of many islands, out of which Australia is the largest one (7,500,000 sq km). Some other major islands are New Zealand and New Guinea. It is mostly located in the Pacific Ocean, although it has some coasts by the Indian Ocean. o Antarctica. It has 13,800,000 sq km and is located around the South Pole. It is quite unknown since it has never been inhabited (but scientists in modern times). Its average altitude is the highest in the world (2,000 metres). It is completely bathed by the Antarctic Ocean. 5. WATERS Most of the Earth is covered by water (71%), which is essential for life. Water is continuously moving on or below the surface of the Earth. That is the water cycle: o Water in the seas evaporates and the liquid turns into vapour. o Water vapour rises, cools and condensates creating clouds o Wind moves the clouds. o Condensed vapour falls as precipitation (rain, snow or hail). o Some water infiltrates into the ground. o Groundwater goes into the sea. o River water goes into the sea and other rivers.
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Only 3% is fresh water: o Only 0.014% can be consumed, since the rest is glacial ice (Arctic and Antarctic).
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o Most of the water has been regulated by engineering, such as canals, reservoirs, dikes, dams for hydroelectric power stations... o Fresh water has been polluted due to population growth. A river is a natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river. o They get its water through rain or thaw. o The river that flows into another river is called tributary. o There can be permanent rivers or seasonal rivers (called wadis). o When a river is analysed it is important to know: Source. Many rivers start from groundwater which rises and form springs, whereas some others originate from glaciers or lakes. It will explain the flow and some other characteristics of the river. Basin. It is an extent or an area of land where surface water converges to a single point, where the waters join another river or sea. The larger it is the more flow the river will have. Length. It measures the kilometres of the river. The longest ones in the world are the rivers Amazon (6,800 km) and Nile (6,756 km). Flow or volume. It measures how much water flows in the river. The more it rains the larger the flow will be. The river with a largest flow is the Amazon (average flow: 225,000 m3/sec). River regime. It depends on what kind of water is supplied to the river: Melting regime. The flow of the river just comes out of snow. The flow will be larger in spring due to the thaw. Rainfall regime. The flow of the river just comes out of rain, so the flow will be larger in the rainy season. o They have different areas where the erosion and sedimentation varies: Upper course. Erosion is hard due to the fast water flow and to the slope. Middle course. The river flows slower and there is less erosion. It is the part where the eroded materials are carried. It is common that the river makes meanders owing to the slow speed of the flow. Lower course. Most of the materials are deposited and the soil is filled with this alluvial materials. o Rivers can have three different kinds of mouths: Estuary. The mouth opens to the sea and is caused by strong tides. Fresh water mixes with saltwater from the sea. Major examples are the estuaries of River Plate, Tagus or Thames.
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Delta. They are accumulation of materials deposited by the river in a shallow part of the coast where it meets the sea. It is usually triangular-shaped. Major examples are the deltas of the Nile, Amazon, Ganges or Ebro.
Ria. Coastal inlet formed by the partial submergence of a nonglaciated river valley. Major examples can be found on the coast of Galicia.
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A lake is a body of relatively still fresh or salt water of considerable size, localised in a basin, which is surrounded by land. o Their surface may vary. The largest one is the Caspian Sea (371,000 sq km) and the deepest one is Lake Baikal (1,638 m). o Water can be supplied by rivers, glaciers, and aquifers. Groundwater runs and is stored under the ground. It is 25% of the water on the continents. o Most of groundwater comes from precipitation and infiltration. o It is stored in aquifers and underground rivers and lakes. o It can find a way to the surface, a spring.
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Glaciers make up most of the Earths fresh water. They are masses of ice created by the accumulation of snow. o They are found in the polar regions and top of mountains. o They cover 10% of the Earths surface. o Glaciers have several parts: Cirque. It is a bow-shaped depression formed at the head of the glacial valley. Moraine. It is the accumulation of debris caused by the glacial erosion. Glacial valleys or toes. They are the region through which the glacier flows. They are usually long and narrow and are highly erosive.
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Sea water is 97% of the Earths waters. o It is salty due to the salt dissolution. o It is saltier in hotter and seas surrounded by land (i.e. Dead Sea) where there is more evaporation. o Seas move constantly: Waves. They are caused by the wind and are undulations of the surface of the water. Their shape changes when they come into contact with the sea floor.
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Tides. They are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the moon and the sun and the rotation of the Earth: High tide. It is the maximal level of the tide. Low tide. It is the minimal level of the tide.
Ocean currents. It is a continuous, directed movement of ocean water generated by the forces acting upon the water. There can be two kinds: Surface currents. They are caused by the wind and they influence over the coastal climates. There can be two kinds: o Warm currents. Their source is in the equator and the tropics and move towards the poles. They usually temper the temperatures in high latitudes. o Cold currents. Their source is in polar areas and move towards the equator. They make rains difficult and are associated to the best fishing grounds. Deep currents. They flow around 4 or 5 km deep. They are caused by the salinity or temperature difference.
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Unit 7. Relief and waters Exercises

1. Correct the sentence: Most of the Earths oceans are in the northern hemisphere, while most of the land masses are in the southern hemisphere. 2. Are the following sentences true or false? Correct the wrong ones. a. Europe and Asia are part of the same continent land mass. b. The Atlantic Ocean is the biggest and deepest ocean. c. Capes are coastal areas that stick out into the sea. 3. Which oceans do these seas belong to? a. Ross. b. Baltic. c. Red. d. Barents. e. Mediterranean. f. Caribbean. g. Arabian. h. Philippines. 4. Which of these terms do not relate to the ocean floor? a. Cliff. b. Abyssal plain. c. Ocean ridge. d. Continental slope. e. Focus. f. Gulf. 5. What kinds of relief can you find on continents? 6. What kinds of relief can you find under seas and oceans? 7. Correct the mistakes in the sentences: a. Oceanic ridges are narrow depressions. b. The continental slope has a mild decline. c. The abyssal plains are vast territories in shallow waters. d. Submarine trenches are narrow depressions. e. The continents extend underneath the oceans forming the continental shelf. 8. Look at the map of tectonic plates and answer: a. Where are the most unstable places in the world? Where are the more stable places? b. Which areas of Spain are the most unstable? c. Explain why the Mediterranean Sea is an area of volcanoes and earthquakes.
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9. If there is an earthquake... a. Where are the tremors most intense on the surface? b. Where does the earthquake start? c. Can the seismic waves pass though rock? 10. Complete the chart and put the things below into the correct columns. What should you do if there is an earthquake? What should you not do if there is an earthquake?
a. Stay in the building. b. Turn off the lights. c. Panic. d. Turn off the gas and the water. e. Move objects that might fall on you. f. Leave the house if the floor starts to tilt. g. Stay in the car if you are already in it. h. Use things that need lighting with matches or gas. 11. Describe the parts of a volcano. 12. What happens in a volcanic eruption? 13. List all the external relief agents. 14. Complete the following chart:
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Continent
Africa
America
Antarctica
Asia
Europe
Oceania
Oceans
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15. Correct the sentences: a. Fast rivers deposit sediment and create valleys. b. When ice in rocks melts, it can break them apart. c. Cliffs are made when waves and currents deposit sediment on the coast. d. Wind erosion is greater in places with lots of vegetation. e. Building roads and cities does not change the landscape. 16. Explain the difference between a delta and an estuary. 17. Explain the difference between the upper course and the lower course of a river. 18. Match the course of the river (upper, middle, or lower) to the characteristics. a. It can cause erosion. b. It has a lot of curves. c. It is the highest part of the river. d. It may form a delta. 19. Where does the water in a rainfall regime river come from? 20. Where does the water in a melting regime river come from? 21. Put the words in the order they occur in the course of a river: a. Delta b. Erosion c. Waterfall d. Meander e. Sea f. Mouth g. Glacier h. Sedimentation 22. Find the words to match these definitions: a. The place where a river flows into the sea. b. A frozen mass of water at the head of a river. c. A part of the river where the water falls vertically. 23. What is an aquifer? 24. Find out what happens of you ever bathe in the Dead Sea. 25. What are the sentences describing? a. They are produced by the action of the wind on the surface of the water. b. The Moons gravitational pull produces them. c. The time in a day when the level of the sea on the coast is at its lowest. d. They can be warm or cold and move like big rivers across oceans. 26. Which picture shows high tide? Which one shows low tide?
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27. Look at an atlas and find at least two rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean, two into the Indian Ocean and two into the Arctic Ocean. 28. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence: a. An ocean is bigger/smaller ___________ than a sea. b. An ocean ridge is lower/higher __________ than a trench. c. The upper course of a river flows slower/faster __________ than the middle course. d. The Antarctic Ocean is warmer/colder __________ than the Pacific Ocean. 29. Match each description to the correct term: Mountain large mass of ice Glacier deep inlet of the sea Gulf high elevation on the Earths surface Plateau large areas of flat or slightly hilly land Stream flow of water with less volume than a river 30. Look at the picture and answer:
a. Which oceans contain large blocks of ice? b. What are these blocks called? c. Do you think they could be dangerous? Why/why not? 31. Are the following sentences true or false? Correct the wrong ones: a. The hydrosphere is the mass of all fresh water on Earth. b. Fresh water is mainly found on Earth as ice. c. The cold areas on Earth are bathed by warm currents. d. The wind moves the deep areas in the sea to cause the waves.
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Social Science
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CSE
UNIT 8:
Climate
1st CSE YEAR UNIT 8. CLIMATE
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UNIT 8: CLIMATE
1. CLIMATES ELEMENTS Climate and weather are different concepts that are usually confused: o Weather is the present condition of these elements and their variations over shorter periods. It is studied by the meteorology. o Instead, climate is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time (usually over 30 years). It is studied by the climatology. To identify a climate some elements are measured: o Temperature. It measures how hot the air is. It can be expressed in several kinds of degrees: Celsius (C). They base on the different states of water (solid, liquid, gaseous). Below 0C water freezes, over 100C water boils and turns into vapour. Fahrenheit (F). It is widely used in North America and has no relationship to states of water. Kelvin (K). It bases on the absolute zero (-273C). The thermometer measures the temperatures. They are usually represented on the maps through isotherms.
There are several factors that make temperatures vary: Latitude. The sun falls on the earth in a different way according to the latitude, hence the difference of temperatures of the regions. Altitude. It descends as we are higher in a proportion of 0.6C every 100 metres (c. 1C every 160 m). Coastal locations. Sea currents influence over the temperatures and make them milder. The farther a place is from the coast the more extreme its temperatures are. o Precipitations. It is the water fallen from the sky in a solid (snow or hail) or liquid state (rain).
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They are expressed either in millimetres (mm) or litres/square kilometre (l/km2). They are measured with a pluviometer or rain gauge.
They are represented on the maps through isohyets. There are also several factors that make precipitations vary: Latitude. There are many more precipitations in the equator due to the warm and humid air that eases evaporation. Altitude. It rains more in high areas. Coastal location. Warm sea currents also favour rains, but cold sea currents make them difficult. Anyway coastal regions are usually rainier than inland regions. o Atmospheric pressure. It is the weight of air above the surface. In meteorology it is expressed in millibars (mb) or hectopascals (hPa). It is measured with the barometer.
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It is represented on the maps through isobars. Pressure is lower as the altitude increases because there is less air above those regions. o Air moisture. It is the amount of water vapour in the air. When it is the relative air moisture it is expressed in percentages (%). It is measured with the hygrometer.
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Cold air cannot withstand much air moisture. Instead warm air can do. o Wind. It is the movement of air due to the pressure differences. It reestablishes pressure balance. It is expressed in kilometres/hour (km/h). It is measured with an anemometer. Its direction is known thanks to the weathercock or weather vane.
2. CLIMATES FACTORS All the climatic phenomena take place in the troposphere (the lowest atmospheric layer). The atmospheric circulation explains why climates are different and why weather changes:
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o Air masses. It is a volume of air defined by its temperature and water vapour content. Their characteristics depend on the source region they are originated. They can either be dry or humid; either warm or cold. They move due to the difference of temperatures, air moisture, and pressure.
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o Pressure centres. The average pressure is 1013.5 mb or hPa but the atmosphere is never stable: Above 1013.5 mb or hPa it is high pressure or anticyclone. It circulates clockwise in the northern hemisphere, whereas in the southern hemisphere it does counterclockwise. High pressures usually involve dry and sunny weather. It can be either cold or warm. The usual high pressure areas are the poles and the tropics.
Below 1013.5 mb or hPa it is low pressure or low or depression. It circulates counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere, whereas in the southern hemisphere it does clockwise.
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Low pressures involve rainy and unstable weather. The usual low pressure areas is the equator and at midlatitudes.
High pressure areas move towards the low pressure areas. Weather fronts are created in the boundary areas, which usually bring rain. Their circulation causes wind.
o Jet Stream. It is an air stream that circulates at 7-12 kilometres above sea level. It moves west-eastwards at 150 km/h average. Its speed may vary and that causes several major weather phenomena, such as the cold drop in the Mediterranean Sea. High pressures circulate at the right of the Jet Stream, whereas low pressures do at the left.
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3. CLIMATES OF THE EARTH There are several climate zones in the world: o One hot zone between both two tropics. It is due to the sun, which falls on the surface vertically. o Two temperate zones between the tropics and the polar circles in each hemisphere. The sun falls on the surface in an oblique way. o Two cold zones above each polar circle. Insolation is minimal since the sun falls on the surface extremely obliquely. Climates are represented on climographs or climate charts, where temperatures and precipitations are shown in a graphic. Hot climates. They are located between the tropics and their average temperatures exceed 18C. They have high insolation: o Tropical rainforest or equatorial climate. It is located around the equator, so it is only found in Africa, America, Indonesia and some Oceanias islands. Its temperatures are quite stable throughout the year and are usually 25C average. It is a really humid climate since its precipitations exceed 2,000 mm/year. There is not any seasonal change.
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o Tropical or savannah climate. It is located between the equator and the tropics, so it is just found in Africa, America and some parts of Australia. It is a hot climate that has a dry and a humid season, so there are two kinds of tropical climates: Wet tropical climate: Its temperatures are quite high, although it is warmer during the humid season. They are never below 18C. It has a humid season with high precipitations. Total amount is between 500 and 2,000 mm/year. It has a short dry season when precipitations are almost nonexistent.
Dry tropical climate. This climate gets drier as it gets closer to the tropic. Its temperatures are really high. It has irregular rain during the summer. This climate is a transition to the desert climate.
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o Hot desert climate. It is usually located close to the tropics. It is a really hot climate during the day (c. 50C), but it cools during the night (c. 0C). However its average temperature is above 18C. It is extremely dry, since it rains less than 250 mm/year. When it rains in falls as heavy downpours.
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Temperate climates. They are located between the tropics and the polar circles. All of them have four different seasons with changes in temperatures and precipitations. o Oceanic climate. It is usually a climate located on the west coasts of the continents at mid-latitude: Its temperatures are quite mild, since its average is between 10 and 15C. It has regular and abundant rain, more usual in winter. It exceeds 1,000 mm/year.
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o Mediterranean climate. It is mostly located around the Mediterranean Sea, although it has some other locations in South Africa, California, Chile, and Australia: Its winter is quite mild, but its summer is hot and dry. Its average temperature is around 15C. Precipitations are quite irregular and non-abundant (never over 800 mm/year). They are more common in spring and autumn.
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o Continental climate. It is a climate with very little maritime influence since it is usually inland. It can only be found in the northern hemisphere (Europe, Asia, North America): Temperatures vary a lot between summers (hot) and winters (really cold). Its average temperature is around 9C. Precipitations are irregular and they fall mostly in summer (circa 700 mm/year).
o Humid sub-tropical or Chinese climate. It can be mostly found in China, southeast of the USA, River Plate, and east of Australia: Its winter is mild and dry.
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Summer is really hot (almost tropical) and rainy. Precipitations are above 1,000 mm/year, whereas the average temperature is between 15 and 20C.
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Cold climates. They are located in high latitudes and altitudes. o Polar climate. It is located above the polar circles: There is not any warm summer. Average temperatures are around 0C and they can reach up to -50C. There are very few precipitations (less than 300 mm/year), although they remain frozen due to the extremely low temperatures.
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o Alpine climate. It is located in the highest mountains of the world: Its temperatures are quite low, since their average does not exceed 5C. It is a rainy climate with more than 1,500 mm/year.
4. CLIMATIC HAZARDS There are some climatic risks that can affect many regions of the world: o Drought. It happens when it does not rain over a long period of time. It is quite typical in some areas such as the Horn of Africa. o Flooding. It happens when it rains a lot over a short period of time and the land cannot absorb all the water. It is quite common in areas like southeast China. o Cyclones (hurricane in the Caribbean area, typhoon in Southeast Asia, willy willies in Australia). They are very strong winds that bring heavy rain. There are 5 categories following the Saffir-Simpson scale, which measures the wind speed. Sustained winds can reach more than 250 km/h. They are really destructive. They form swirling clouds around an eye, which is the centre of the cyclone.
UNIT 8. CLIMATE
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They take place when the temperature of the ocean exceeds 27C and between 5-15 N/S.
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o Tornadoes. They are violent, dangerous, rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cloud. There are also 5 categories based on the Fujita scale (F0-F5). They are common in the centre of the USA at 20-50N. They can reach more than 480 km/h.
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Unit 8. Climate Exercises

1. Who speaks about the weather and who does it about climate? a. It rains a lot in spring in my town. b. It is very hot and sunny today. Let us go to the beach. 2. Which sentences speak about weather and which ones about climate? a. It does not usually rain in Seville in summer. b. Yesterday, there was a very heavy storm in Zaragoza. c. It is very cold in Siberia in winter. d. I heard on the radio that is it going to be very cold in Valladolid tomorrow. 3. Where do atmospheric phenomena exist? 4. Order the letters to make words. Then write the definition for each word: a. Sephmoreat b. Roetaptinpic c. Aimtcle d. Inwd 5. Match each term to the correct measuring instrument. Temperature weather vane Atmospheric pressure thermometer Wind speed barometer Precipitation wind gauge/anemometer Wind direction rain gauge/pluviometer 6. How does altitude modify temperature? 7. What is the temperature oscillation? 8. How does the sea affect temperatures in summer? 9. Say the words that define the following items: a. The study of climate. b. The study of atmospheric phenomena. c. The layer of gases around the Earth. d. Area of high pressure. e. Water falling from the atmosphere. f. Area or low pressure. 10. Answer whether it is true or false. Correct the wrong ones. a. The higher the altitude, the greater the atmospheric pressure. b. Warm air rises because it weighs less. c. Depressions are caused by cold air. d. When air moves from low pressure areas to high pressure areas, winds are produced. 11. What is the instrument that measures the amount of water fallen? How is it expressed? 12. Many expressions in English refer to the weather. Use a dictionary to match each expression to the correct meaning: Shes a bit under the weather. Shes got a lot of work to do. Shes snowed under. Shes not in touch with the real world. Shes got her head in the clouds. Shes not feeling very well.
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Shes got a face like thunder. She looks very angry. 13. Look at the isobars map below and answer the questions: a. Where do winds come from in Britain? b. How fast do winds blow in Britain? c. Are those winds humid or dry? Why?
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14. Using an atlas, name five cities in each climatic zone, from the northern and southern hemispheres. 15. Say in which climatic zones the following countries are located: a. Angola. b. Norway. c. The Sudan. d. Australia. e. Cuba. f. Colombia. g. Argentina. h. Iceland. i. South Africa. j. Spain. 16. Write down the names of the different climate zones of the picture:
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17. Match each climate to its climate zone: Mediterranean Tropical Alpine Hot Polar Temperate Equatorial Cold Continental Oceanic Desert 18. Answer the following questions: a. Which climates have the most precipitation? b. And which the least? 19. In what way is the equatorial climate different from the wet tropical climate? 20. Answer the following questions: a. What are temperatures like in a polar climate? b. Is there much precipitation? Is it in form of rain or snow? c. What is the main difference between the Mediterranean climate and the humid sub-tropical climate? 21. Which climate type has the lower temperatures? 22. Are the following sentences true or false? Correct the wrong ones. a. An equatorial climate is always humid and hot. b. The polar and alpine climates have the lowest temperatures. c. The tropical climate is a kind of temperate climate. d. The oceanic climate is hot in summer and cold in winter. 23. Match each natural hazard to the correct definition: Hail very strong wind and heavy rain Storm small, hard balls of ice Drought period of very hot weather Cyclone long period without rain High temperatures heavy rain, thunder and lightning 24. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the wrong ones. a. The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. b. Meteorological phenomena occur in the atmosphere. c. Climate is the same all over the planet. d. The temperate zone is located between 30 and 60 latitude north and south. e. The equatorial climate has very little precipitation and strong contrasts in temperature. f. Cyclones can cause great disasters. 25. Complete the chart with the actions below in the correct columns. What to do in a drought What to do in a flood What to do in a storm
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a. Put bottles of water in the toilet cistern to reduce its capacity and save water. b. In the countryside, do not go near rivers, torrents or flooded areas. c. At home, shut doors and windows to stop air currents because they attract lightning. d. Turn off the tap when you brush your teeth. e. In the countryside, do not climb to the top of hills or shelter under trees. f. If the house is flooded, do not shelter in the cellar or on the ground floor. g. Do not park or camp near a river in case the water level rises. h. Only use the washing machine and the dishwasher when they are full. i. Switch off your mobile phone. j. Do not touch metal objects.
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UNIT 8. CLIMATE
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Social Science
1st
CSE
UNIT 9:
The Earths landscapes
1st CSE YEAR UNIT 9. THE EARTHS LANDSCAPES
IES COMPLUTENSE
UNIT 9: THE EARTHS LANDSCAPES

1. HOT CLIMATE LANDSCAPES 1.1. Equatorial landscapes
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This landscape is affected by the equatorial climate. The typical vegetal formation is the rainforest. o It is really thick and evergreen. o Trees are quite high and do not let sunlight go down. o There are some shrubs, ferns, creepers, and lianas. o The typical trees are mahogany, ebony and rubber trees.
Rivers are regular and have a large flow. The main examples are the Amazon, and the Congo. Its fauna is really varied of species, such as jaguar, monkey (chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan), snake (anaconda), spider, hummingbird, parrots, some insects... Soils are quite poor and make agriculture difficult. They are mostly leached and have very few nutrients. o The inhabitants of this region practise traditional and semi-nomadic agriculture by felling the forest. They mostly grow tubers such as yam and cassava (or manioc). o On the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, Antilles and Guiana it is quite typical the agriculture of plantation: It is mostly developed by international companies. It is based on monoculture crops, such as sugar, coffee, rubber, tobacco... It is usually sold abroad. Tropical landscapes
1.2.
This landscape varies according to the kind of tropical climate.
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The wet tropical climate has a very similar landscape to the equatorial climate. The dry tropical climate can have several kinds of landscapes: o The most important formation is the savannah: It is a grassland ecosystem characterised by the trees being sufficiently small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. They typical species are acacia and baobab. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer. They can grow up to 4 metres in the humid season. o Around the rivers grows the gallery forest composed of species than need a lot of water and that make a quite thick forest. o Next to the desert areas the steppe is usual, since there is very little water and that does not let trees grow.
Rivers are slightly irregular with high rises in flow during the humid season and low water during the dry season. Major tropical rivers are the Orinoco, the Zambezi, and the upper course of the Nile. Its fauna is really important since the great mammals live in this kind of landscape, such as the lion, cheetah, elephant, giraffe, zebra, hyena, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, antelope... Soils are not really rich either and that makes agriculture difficult. It is mostly unirrigated agriculture with several kinds of crops. Monsoon Asian landscapes
1.3.
It is located in Southeast Asia (India, Bangladesh, Burma, Indochina and southeast China). This landscape is affected by the monsoon, a kind of wind with two major characteristics basing on the season: o Winter monsoon. It is cold and dry wind that blows from Central Asia towards the Indian Ocean. o Summer monsoon. It is a warm and humid wind that blows from the Indian Ocean towards Central Asia. The vegetation is exposed to massive summer rainfalls:
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o Deciduous forest: Teak, shorea. o Monsoon forest: Bamboo.
Rivers have a large flow and their level rises during the humid season: Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yangtze (Blue), Indus, Mekong. It is common to find a varied fauna, such as elephant, tiger, panda, snakes, or spiders. Soils are quite rich due to the rainfalls. Rice is its most common crop. Tea is also appreciated. This landscape is overpopulated between the Ganges and the Yangtze. Desert landscapes
1.4.
It is an extremely arid landscape due to the scarce and irregular rainfalls. Vegetation is quite poor: o Plants have thick prickles and deep roots to get some water, such as cactus, esparto grass, or palmetto. o Around the oasis there is a wider range with palm trees, fig trees, apricot trees or pomegranate trees. Rivers are inexistent due to the lack of water. There are just irregular streams when it rains, which are called wadis. The only permanent waters are the oases. There is little fauna which is adapted to the heat such as camels, dromedaries, coyotes, foxes, lizards, beetles, snakes or scorpions. There are three kinds of desert landscape: o Sand desert (erg): It is composed of dunes (hills of sand built by the wind). o Stony desert (hamada): It is flat and composed of stones. o Rocky desert (reg): It is a vast extension of land covered of rocks.
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2. TEMPERATE CLIMATE LANDSCAPES 2.1. Oceanic landscape
The mild temperatures and the abundant precipitation let have a lot of vegetation: o Oceanic deciduous forest: It is mostly composed of high trees such as oak, beech, chestnut tree, elm or ash. o Scrubland or moors: In the areas where the oceanic forest disappears it is common to have bushes such as retama or heather. o Grasslands: It is common in the plains and it is the basis of the pastures.
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Rivers are quite regular due to the rainfall. They do not have any rise or low levels. Major rivers are the Rhine, Seine, Loire or Thames. There is a wide variety of fauna composed of foxes, boars, deer or bears. Soils are really fertile and help agriculture and stockbreeding. o It is a very industrial production in these fields. o The landscape has been strongly modified by the exploitation of the soil. Mediterranean landscape
2.2.
The Mediterranean landscape has its vegetation adapted to the irregular rainfall and to the severe and dry summers: o Mediterranean forest: It has evergreen trees with very deep roots to get water. The mains species are the holm oak and the cork oak inland and pine in coastal areas.
o Scrublands are typical in this landscape due to the reduction of the extension of the Mediterranean forest. The main formations are: Maquis. It has high bushes like strawberry tree, rock rose, salvia, and mastic. Garrigue. It is composed of minor bushes such as thyme, rosemary, lavender, and retama. Steppe. When there is little water and the other scrublands have disappeared it is common to find palmetto, esparto grass and asparagus.
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Rivers are quite irregular and have major rises and low level periods. o Most of them are quite short due to the fact that their source is close to the sea. o The main rivers are Ebro, Rhone, and Po. It has a quite varied fauna composed of rabbits, foxes, deer, wolves, boars, squirrels, eagles, vultures, and sparrows. Soils are quite poor, but in the valleys. There are different kinds of agriculture: o Unirrigated agriculture: It is the most common agriculture, based on three typical crops: wheat, vines, and olive tree. o Irrigated agriculture: It is common in the coastal plains and in other regions with greenhouses. They usually grow vegetables, legumes or fruits. Tourism has developed a lot in this landscape. It is mostly based on sun and beaches. Continental climate
2.3.
The northernmost continental landscape is defined by the coniferous forest (taiga): o It has evergreen trees such as the pine and fir. o Some other trees are larch or birch.
The southern continental landscape is defined by two kinds of formations: o The areas which are cooler and more humid have large prairies, composed of high grass, such in the American Midwest. o The areas which are warmer and drier have steppes, composed of low grass, like in East Europe or Central Asia.
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Rivers have a large flow with important rises in the level in spring because of the thaw. They are frozen in winter. Major rivers are Volga, Danube or Missouri. Its fauna is adapted to the extreme temperatures and it is mostly composed by moose, reindeers, bears, lynxes, wolves, otters, marmots, ferrets, ravens and owls. Soils are really different according to the region: o Prairies are quite fertile and make agriculture possible. It is quite common to have large plantations of corn and wheat. o Steppes and taiga are quite barren and are almost uninhabited.
3. COLD CLIMATE LANDSCAPES 3.1. Polar landscape
It is located above the Polar circles. There is no vegetation owing to the perpetual ice. There are not rivers either. Its fauna is adapted to the extreme cold. There are animals like penguins, whales, polar bears, seals, and walrus. In the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans it is common to have floating ice blocks called icebergs that are fragments which have detached from the icefield that covers the whole ocean.
Antarctica is a continent completely covered of snow and really thick ice over the land called ice sheet. o It is a completely uninhabited continent. Only scientists have settled there to study it.
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Border lands have a milder climate: o Their vegetation appears after the thaw and it is based on tundra, which is composed of lichens and moss. o Their soils are quite infertile and their surface is quite muddy after the thaw, but it remains frozen in lower strata. They are called permafrost.
3.2.
Alpine landscape
This landscape is adapted to the severe cold winters Vegetation is in tiers and varies according to the altitude owing to the difference of temperatures and humidity. o In the lower levels the vegetation has the same features of the region where the mountains are. o In middle levels deciduous forest is common, alternating with some conifers. o In the upper levels meadows and little flowers are the only species that can grow due to the fact that part of the year this stratum is completely covered of snow. The fauna is composed of major birds such as the condor, vulture or eagle and some mammals such as the mountain goat and chamois. Soils are not fertile due to the erosion. In developed countries it is common to build ski resorts in this area. In hot areas (Africa, South America), these regions are overpopulated owing to the milder weather conditions.
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Unit 9. The Earths landscapes Exercises

1. Complete the chart: Type of climate Equatorial Continental Polar 2. Are the following sentences true or false? Correct the wrong ones. a. There are no hot climate landscapes in the southern hemisphere. b. There are grasslands and steppes in both hemispheres. c. Tundra is a typical landscape in temperate climate zones. 3. Research which trees grow in the savannah. 4. Which animals live in the savannah? 5. Find the odd one out and explain why. a. Savannah, hot desert, palm, steppe. b. Snake, lion, scorpion, camel. c. Equatorial rainforest, tropical rainforest, hot desert, perpetual ice. d. Oak, teak, grass, acacia. 6. Match the landscape in each photo to the right term: savannah, hot desert, equatorial rainforest. Natural landscape
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11
7. One of the following animals could not live in the hot desert. Which one? Why? a. Jackal. b. Dromedary. c. Snake. d. Seal. 8. Match each landscape to the animal that lives there: Tropical rainforest ape Equatorial rainforest giraffe Hot desert puma Savannah camel 9. Correct the sentences: a. Deserts are usually very hot at night. b. A tundra environment is made up of deciduous and coniferous forests. c. There are many rivers in desert landscapes. 10. Research what thyme and rosemary are used for and what products are obtained from holm oaks and cork oaks. 11. Find out how tree in the Mediterranean forest adapt to drought. 12. Complete the sentences with the words below: Evergreen mild scrubland flooding a. Mediterranean winters are __________ because of the proximity to the sea. b. Mediterranean forests are made up of ___________ trees. c. Maquis and Garrigue are types of ____________. d. Intense autumn storms can cause __________. 13. Match each type of vegetation to the landscape in which it is found: beech rosemary Mediterranean scrubland thyme Deciduous forest bamboo Humid sub-tropical forest pine oak 14. Match each adjective to its right definition: Leafy with leaves all year round Deciduous losing their leaves in autumn Coniferous lasting forever Evergreen with a lot of trees and plants Perpetual producing cones and with needle-like leaves 15. Why do you think the continental climate does not exist in the southern hemisphere?
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16. What kind of vegetation can be found the following landscapes: a. Moor. b. Steppe (continental). c. Meadow. d. Taiga. 17. Say which of these natural landscapes it is nearly impossible for a human being to survive in and why: a. Deciduous forest. b. Coniferous forest. c. Perpetual ice. d. Hot desert. 18. Complete the chart with the kinds of climate: Natural landscape Tundra Savannah Coniferous forest Equatorial rainforest Deciduous forest Climate
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Social Science
1st
CSE
UNIT 10:
The continents: Africa, Asia, America, and Oceania
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UNIT 10: THE CONTINENTS: AFRICA, ASIA, AMERICA, AND OCEANIA

1. AFRICA
SEAS OF AFRICA/MARES DE FRICA Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Red Sea
Ocano Atlntico
Mar Mediterrneo
Ocano ndico Mar Rojo
Mar Mediterrneo
STRAITS AND CHANNELS OF AFRICA/ESTRECHOS Y CANALES DE FRICA
Strait of Gibraltar
Estrecho de Gibraltar
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ISLANDS OF AFRICA/ISLAS DE FRICA Canary Islands Madagascar Comoros
Islas Canarias
Madeira Cape Verde
Comoras
Cabo Verde
So Tom e Prncipe
Seychelles
Santo Tom y Prncipe

GULFS AND BAYS OF FRICA/GOLFOS DE FRICA Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Gabes Gulf of Aden
Golfo de Guinea Golfo de Sidra

CAPES OF AFRICA/CABOS DE FRICA Verde Lpez Good Hope
Golfo de Gabs Golfo de Adn
Agulhas Guardafui
Buena Esperanza
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PENINSULAS OF AFRICA/PENNSULAS DE FRICA Somalia MOUNTAIN RANGES OF AFRICA/CORDILLERAS DE FRICA Mountain Range Peaks
Sistema montaoso
Atlas Drakensberg Tibesti Mountains
Picos
Toubkal (4,167 m.)
Macizo del Tibesti

Ahaggar Mountains
Macizo del Ahaggar

Ethiopian Highlands
Macizo Etope
Cameroon Mountains
Montes Camern
Cameroon (4,070 m.)
Camern
Kilimanjaro (5,895 m.) Kenya (5,199 m.) Ruwenzori (5,109 m.)
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PLAINS AND PLATEAUS OF AFRICA/LLANURAS Y MESETAS DE FRICA Congo Basin South African Plain
Gran Cubeta del Congo

RIVERS OF AFRICA/ROS DE FRICA
Meseta Sudafricana
Drainage Basin
Vertiente
River
Ro
Mediterranean Sea
Mar Mediterrneo
Atlantic Ocean
Nile (6,650 km.)
Nilo
Senegal (1,790 km.) Niger (4,180 km.)
Ocano Atlntico
Nger
Indian Ocean
Ocano ndico
LAKES OF AFRICA/LAGOS DE FRICA Victoria Turkana Albert Tanganyika
Congo (4,700 km.) Orange (2,200 km.) Limpopo (1,750 km.) Zambezi (3,540 km.)
Zambeze
Tanganica
Malawi Chad
Alberto
DESERTS OF AFRICA/DESIERTOS DE FRICA Sahara Kalahari
Shara
https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeVzBuNERKSWZla1U https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeM0JuYlBPS0RtRmM
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COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS OF AFRICA/PASES Y CAPITALES DE FRICA

ALGERIA ANGOLA BENIN Algiers MADAGASCAR MALAWI MALI Antananarivo Lilongwe Bamako Nouakchot
ARGELIA BENN
Argel
Luanda Porto Novo Gaborone Ouagadougou
MAL
BOTSWANA BURKINA FASO BURUNDI CAMEROON
MAURITANIA MAURITIUS
Nuakchot
Uagadug
Yaound
MAURICIO
Port Louis Rabat Maputo Windhoek Niamey Abuja Kigali So Tom Dakar Victoria Freetown Mogadishu
Bujumbura
MOROCCO
MARRUECOS
MOZAMBIQUE NAMIBIA NIGER
CAMERN
Yaund
Praia Bangui
CAPE VERDE
CABO VERDE
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
REPBLICA CENTROAFRICANA
CHAD COMOROS
NGER
NIGERIA RWANDA
NDjamena
NYamena
Moroni
COMORAS
CONGO
RUANDA
Brazzaville Kinshasa Djibouti
SO TOM E PRNCIPE
SANTO TOM Y PRNCIPE

SENEGAL SEYCHELLES SIERRA LEONA SOMALIA SOUTH AFRICA
Santo Tom
D.R. OF THE CONGO
R.D. DEL CONGO

DJIBOUTI
YIBUTI
EGYPT
Yibuti
Cairo
EGIPTO
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
El Cairo
Malabo Asmara Addis Ababa
GUINEA ECUATORIAL
ERITREA ETHIOPIA
Mogadiscio
Cape Town, Pretoria and Bloemfontein
REPBLICA SUDAFRICANA
SUDAN
Ciudad del Cabo,...

Juba Khartoum
ETIOPA
GABON
Adds Abeba
Libreville Banjul Accra Conakry Bissau Yamoussoukro
SOUTH SUDAN
SUDN DEL SUR SUDN

SWAZILAND TANZANIA TOGO TUNISIA UGANDA WESTERN SAHARA ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE
GABN
THE GAMBIA
Jartum
GAMBIA
GHANA GUINEA
SWAZILANDIA
Mbabane Dodoma Lom Tunis
GUINEA BISSAU IVORY COAST KENYA
TUNICIA/TNEZ
Tnez
COSTA DE MARFIL KENIA

LESOTHO LIBERIA LIBYA
Yamusukro
Nairobi Maseru Monrovia Tripoli
Kampala El Aain Lusaka Harare
SHARA OCCIDENTAL
LIBIA
Trpoli
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2. ASIA
SEAS OF ASIA/MARES DE ASIA Arctic Ocean Bering Sea South China Sea Philippine Sea Indian Ocean Arabian Sea Red Sea
Ocano Glacial rtico Mar de Bering

Pacific Ocean
Mar de la China Meridional Mar de Filipinas Ocano ndico Mar Arbigo Mar Rojo
Mediterranean Sea
Ocano Pacfico
Sea of Okhotsk
Mar de Ojotsk
Yellow Sea
Mar Amarillo
East China Sea Sea of Japan
Mar de la China Oriental Mar del Japn
Mar Mediterrneo
Black Sea
Mar Negro
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STRAITS AND CHANNELS OF ASIA/ESTRECHOS Y CANALES DE ASIA Strait of Bosphorus
Estrecho del Bsforo

Strait of Dardanelles Strait of Ormuz
Strait of Malacca
Formosa Strait Bering Strait
Estrecho de Malaca
Estrecho de los Dardanelos Estrecho de Ormuz

ISLANDS OF ASIA/ISLAS DE ASIA Kuril Islands and Sakhalin
Estrecho de Formosa Estrecho de Bering

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Islas Kuriles y Sajaln
Indonesia: Java, Borneo, Celebes, Sumatra, Timor Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
Japanese Archipelago: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu
Archipilago del Japn:

Taiwan
Ceiln
Taiwn
The Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao
Maldives
Maldivas
Cyprus
Filipinas: Luzn,
Chipre
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GULFS AND BAYS OF ASIA/GOLFOS DE ASIA Gulf of Thailand Bay of Bengal Persian Gulf Gulf of Oman
Golfo de Tailandia Golfo de Bengala Golfo Prsico

CAPES OF ASIA/CABOS DE ASIA Comorin
Golfo de Omn
Gulf of Aden
Golfo de Adn
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Comorn
PENINSULAS OF ASIA/PENNSULAS DE ASIA Anatolian peninsula Arabian peninsula Malay peninsula
Pennsula de Anatolia Pennsula arbiga

Hindustan Indochina
Pennsula de Malaca
Korean peninsula
Pennsula de Corea
Kamchatka
Pennsula del Indostn Pennsula de Indochina
MOUNTAIN RANGES OF ASIA/CORDILLERAS DE ASIA Mountain Range Himalayas Peaks
Sistema montaoso Himalaya
Picos
Hindu Kush Pamir Mountains Altay Mountains
Meseta del Pamir Montes Altai

Caucasus Zagros Mountains
Everest (8,848 m.) K2 (8,611 m.) Tirich Mir (7,690 m.) Ismoil Somoni/Comunism (7,495 m.) /Comunismo
Montes Zagros Cucaso
Yablonovy Mountains
Montes Yablonovi
Stanovoiy Range
Montes Stanovoi Verjoyansk Urales

Ural Mountains Japanese Alps
Verkhoyansk Range
Alpes Japoneses
Fuji (3,776 m.)
Fujiyama
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PLAINS AND PLATEAUS OF ASIA/LLANURAS Y MESETAS DE ASIA Tibetan Plateau Deccan Plateau Iranian Plateau
Meseta del Tbet Meseta del Decn

Indo-Gangetic Plain
Meseta Iran
China Plain
Llanura de China
West Siberian Plain
Llanura Indo-Gangtica
Llanura de Siberia occidental
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RIVERS OF ASIA/ROS DE ASIA Drainage Basin River
Vertiente
Ro
Yenisey (4,090 km.)
Yenisi
Arctic Ocean
Ob (2,962 km.)
Ocano Glacial rtico
Obi
Lena (4,472 km.) Kolyma (2,129 km.)
Kolima
Amur (2,824 km.) Huang He/Yellow (5,464 km.) Pacific Ocean
Huang Ho/Amarillo
Ocano Pacfico
Yangtze Kiang/Blue (6,300 km.)
Yangts Kiang/Azul Sikiang/Negro
Sikiang/Black (1,930 km.) Mekong (4,909 km.) Brahmaputra (2,900 km.) Ganges (2,510 km.) Indus (3,100 km.)
Indian Ocean
Ocano ndico
Indo
Tigris (1,850 km.) Euphrates (2,850 km.)
ufrates
Aral Sea
Amu Darya (2,400 km.)
Mar de Aral
Amu Daria Sir Daria
Syr Darya (2,212 km.)
LAKES OF ASIA/LAGOS DE ASIA Caspian Sea Lake Baikal
DESERTS
ASIA
OF
ASIA/DESIERTOS
DE
Mar Caspio
Aral Sea
Lago Baikal
Lake Balkhash
Gobi Desert
Desierto del Gobi
Arabian Desert
Desierto de Arabia
Mar de Aral
Lago Baljash
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COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS OF ASIA/PASES Y CAPITALES DE ASIA

AFGHANISTAN MALAYSIA
AFGANISTN
ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN BAHRAIN
Kabul Yerevan
MALASIA
Kuala Lumpur Ulan Bator Kathmandu
Erevn
Baku
MONGOLIA NEPAL NORTH KOREA OMAN
AZERBAIYN BAHREIN
BHUTAN
Bak
Manama Dacca Thimphu
Katmand
Muscat
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COREA DEL NORTE OMN

PAKISTAN
Pyongyang
BANGLADESH
Mascate
Islamabad Manila Doha Moscow
BHUTN
BURMA/MYANMAR BRUNEI CAMBODIA
Timbu
PAKISTN
THE PHILIPPINES
BIRMANIA/MYANMAR
Naypyiadaw Bandar Seri Begawan Phnom Penh Beijing
FILIPINAS
QATAR
CATAR RUSIA
CAMBOYA
CHINA *CYPRUS
* RUSSIA SAUDI ARABIA
Mosc Riyad
Seoul
Pekn
ARABIA SAUD
SINGAPORE
Riyadh Singapore
CHIPRE
Nicosia Tbilisi
SINGAPUR
SYRIA
Singapur Sel
GEORGIA INDIA INDONESIA IRAN
Tiflis
SOUTH KOREA
COREA DEL SUR SIRIA
New Delhi Jakarta Tehran
Nueva Delhi Yakarta Tehern

Baghdad
Damascus
Damasco
Colombo Bangkok Taipei
SRI LANKA THAILAND TAIWAN
IRN
IRAQ
TAILANDIA TAIWN
TAJIKISTAN
IRAK
Bagdad
ISRAEL JAPAN
Jerusalem
Jerusaln
Tokyo
TAYIKISTN
TIMOR-LESTE/EAST TIMOR
Dushanbe Dili Ashgabat Ankara Abu Dhabi Tashkent Hanoi Sana
JAPN
JORDAN
Tokio
TIMOR ORIENTAL
TURKMENISTAN *TURKEY
JORDANIA
KAZAKHSTAN
Amman
Ammn
Astana Kuwait City Bishkek Vientiane Beirut Male
TURKMENISTN TURQUA
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
KAZAJSTN
KUWAIT
Ciudad de Kuwait
EMIRATOS RABES UNIDOS

UZBEKISTAN
KYRGYZSTAN LAOS LEBANON
KIRGUIZISTN LBANO
UZBEKISTN
VIETNAM YEMEN
MALDIVES
MALDIVAS
Mal
* Also considered European countries
* Tambin son considerados pases europeos
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3. AMERICA
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SEAS OF AMERICA/MARES DE AMRICA Arctic Ocean Bering Sea
Ocano Glacial rtico Mar de Bering

Pacific Ocean
Antarctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Caribbean Sea
Ocano Glacial Antrtico Ocano Atlntico Mar Caribe
Ocano Pacfico
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STRAITS AND CHANNELS OF AMERICA/ESTRECHOS Y CANALES DE AMRICA Bering Strait Strait of Magellan
Estrecho de Bering
Estrecho de Magallanes
ISLANDS OF AMERICA/ISLAS DE AMRICA

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Greenland Baffin
Groenlandia
Newfoundland
Puerto Rico Lesser Antilles
Pequeas Antillas
Falkland Islands
Terranova
Islas Malvinas
Cuba Hispaniola Jamaica
La Espaola
Tierra del Fuego Galapagos Islands
Islas Galpagos Islas Aleutianas
Aleutian Islands
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GULFS AND BAYS OF AMERICA/GOLFOS DE AMRICA Baffin Bay Gulf of California
Baha de Baffin
Hudson Bay
Golfo de California
Gulf of Alaska
Baha de Hudson
Gulf of Mexico
Golfo de Alaska
Golfo de Mxico
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Hornos
So Tom
So Roque San Lucas
San Roque
Santo Tom
PENINSULAS OF AMERICA/PENNSULAS DE AMRICA Alaska California Yucatn Florida Labrador
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MOUNTAIN RANGES OF AMERICA/CORDILLERAS DE AMRICA Mountain Range Peaks
Sistema montaoso
Andes Guiana Highlands
Picos
Aconcagua (6,962 m.) Ojos del Salado (6,891 m.) Huascarn (6,768 m.) Chimborazo (6,267 m.)
Macizo de las Guayanas

Sierra Madre del Sur Sierra Madre Oriental Sierra Madre Occidental Rocky Mountains Orizaba (5,747 m.) Popocatepetl (5,500 m.) McKinley (6,194 m.)
Montaas Rocosas Montes Apalaches

Sierra Nevada
Appalachian Mountains Whitney (4,418 m.)
https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkedUptS2RTODlUS28
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PLAINS AND PLATEAUS OF AMERICA/LLANURAS Y MESETAS DE AMRICA Altiplano (Bolivian Plateau) Pampa
Altiplano de Bolivia
Mato Grosso Plateau Amazon Plains
Meseta del Mato Grosso Llanuras del Amazonas

RIVERS OF AMERICA/ROS DE AMRICA Drainage Basin
Great North American Plains
Grandes Llanuras Norteamericanas
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Vertiente
River
Ro
Amazon (6,800 km.)
Amazonas
Orinoco (2,140 km.) Atlantic Ocean River Plate: Paraguay (2,621 km.), Paran (4,880 km.), Uruguay (1,600 km.)
Ocano ndico
Ro de la Plata: Misisispi-Misuri San Lorenzo
Mississippi (3,764 km.)-Missouri (3,767 km.) Saint Lawrence (1,197 km.) Pacific Ocean Arctic Ocean Colorado (2,334 km.) Yukon (1,984 km.)
Ocano Pacfico Ocano Glacial rtico
Yukn
Mackenzie (1,738 km.)
LAKES OF AMERICA /LAGOS DE AMRICA Great Bear Lake Great Lakes: Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario
Gran Lago del Oso

Great Slave Lake Lake Winnipeg
Grandes Lagos: , Hurn,
Gran Lago del Esclavo Lago Winnipeg
Lake Titicaca
Lago Titicaca
DESERTS OF AMERICA/DESIERTOS DE AMRICA Atacama Desert Sonora Desert
Desierto de Atacama Desierto de Sonora
Mojave Desert
Desierto de Mojave
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COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS OF AMERICA/PASES Y CAPITALES DE AMRICA

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ARGENTINA BAHAMAS BARBADOS BELIZE
ANTIGUA Y BARBUDA
Saint Johns Buenos Aires Nassau Bridgetown Belmopan La Paz and Sucre Brasilia Ottawa Santiago de Chile Bogot San Jos Havana
GUYANA HAITI
Georgetown Port-au-Prince Tegucigalpa Kingston Mexico City
HAIT
HONDURAS JAMAICA MEXICO
Puerto Prncipe
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BELICE
MXICO
Mxico D.F.
Managua Panam Asuncin Lima San Juan Basseterre Castries Kingstown
BOLIVIA BRAZIL
BRASIL
NICARAGUA PANAMA
PANAM
PERU
CANADA
CANAD
CHILE COLOMBIA COSTA RICA CUBA DOMINICA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
PARAGUAY
PER
PUERTO RICO ST. KITTS AND NEVIS
SAN CRISTBAL Y NIEVES

SAINT LUCIA
La Habana
Roseau
SANTA LUCA
ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES
SAN VICENTE Y LAS GRANADINAS

SURINAME
REPBLICA DOMINICANA
ECUADOR
Santo Domingo Quito San Salvador Cayenne
SURINAM
Paramaribo Port of Spain
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
TRINIDAD Y TOBAGO
UNITED STATES URUGUAY VENEZUELA
Puerto Espaa
Washington D.C. Montevideo Caracas
EL SALVADOR FRENCH GUIANA GRENADA
ESTADOS UNIDOS
GUAYANA FRANCESA GRANADA

GUATEMALA
Cayena
Saint Georges Guatemala
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4. OCEANIA
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1st CSE YEAR
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Ocano Pacfico
Indian Ocean Tasman Sea
Timor Sea
Mar de Timor
Coral Sea
Ocano ndico Mar de Tasmania
Mar del Coral

23
STRAITS AND CHANNELS OF OCEANIA/ESTRECHOS Y CANALES DE OCEANA Torres Strait Cook Strait
Estrecho de Torres
Estrecho de Cook
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE
ISLANDS AND ARCHIPELAGOS OF OCEANIA/ISLAS Y ARCHIPILAGOS DE OCEANA Melanesia: Solomon Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, New Caledonia, Fiji, Vanuatu
Australia
Melanesia: Islas Salomn, Archipilago de Bismarck, Nueva Caledonia, Fiyi,

Micronesia: Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Guam, Palau, Kiribati Polinesia: Hawaiian Islands, Tuvalu, Samoa, Tonga, Cook Islands, French Polinesia, Easter Island
Tasmania New Zealand: North Island, South Island New Guinea
Micronesia: Islas Marshall, Islas Carolinas, Islas Marianas,
24
Nueva Zelanda: Isla del Norte, Isla del Sur Nueva Guinea
Polinesia: Hawai,, Islas Cook, Polinesia Francesa, Isla de Pascua
GULFS AND BAYS OF OCEANIA/GOLFOS DE OCEANA Island Gulf or Bay
Isla
Golfo
Great Australian Bight Australia Gulf of Carpentaria
Gran Baha Australiana Golfo de Carpentaria
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE CAPES OF OCEANIA /CABOS DE OCEANA Island
Isla
Cape York
Cabo
Australia
PENINSULAS OF OCEANIA/PENNSULAS DE OCEANA

25
Island
Isla
Peninsula
Pennsula
Cape York Peninsula (Australia)
Australia
Pennsula del Cabo York (Australia)
MOUNTAIN RANGES OF OCEANIA/CORDILLERAS DE OCEANA Island Mountain Range Peaks
Isla
Sistema montaoso
Great Dividing Range Southern Alps
Picos
Australia New Zealand
Gran Cordillera Divisoria Alpes Neozelandeses
Kosciusko (2,228 m.) Cook (3,764 m.)
RIVERS OF OCEANIA/ROS DE OCEANA Island Drainage Basin River
Isla
Vertiente
Ro
Australia
Indian Ocean
Ocano Pacfico
Murray (2,375 km.)-Darling (1,472 km.)
DESERTS OF OCEANIA/DESIERTOS DE OCEANA Island Desert
Isla
Desierto
Great Sandy Desert
Gran Desierto de Arena

Great Victoria Desert Australia Simpson Desert Gibson Desert
Gran Desierto Victoria Desierto Simpson Desierto Gibson
https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54Dkea1lOXzg5TWFRWDg
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE
26
COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS OF OCEANIA/PASES Y CAPITALES DE OCEANA

AUSTRALIA FIJI Canberra Suva Tarawa Majuro Palikir Yaren Wellington PALAU PAPUA NEW GUINEA SOLOMON ISLANDS Melekeok Port Moresby Honiara Nukualofa Funafuti Port Vila Apia
FIYI
PAPA NUEVA GUINEA ISLAS SALOMN

TONGA TUVALU VANUATU WESTERN SAMOA
KIRIBATI MARSHALL ISLANDS
ISLAS MARSHALL
MICRONESIA NAURU NEW ZEALAND
NUEVA ZELANDA
SAMOA OCCIDENTAL
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE
Social Science
1st
CSE
UNIT 11:
Europe and Spain
1st CSE YEAR UNIT 11. EUROPE AND SPAIN
IES COMPLUTENSE
UNIT 11: EUROPE AND SPAIN

1. EUROPE
SEAS OF EUROPE/MARES DE EUROPA Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean Black Sea
Ocano Atlntico Oceano Glacial rtico

Mediterranean Sea
Mar Negro
Sea of Marmara Cantabrian Sea
Mar de Mrmara Mar Cantbrico

North Sea
Mar Mediterrneo
Aegean Sea
Mar Egeo
Mar del Norte

Norwegian Sea Baltic Sea
Adriatic Sea
Mar Adritico
Tyrrhenian Sea
Mar de Noruega Mar Bltico

White Sea
Mar Tirreno
Ionian Sea
Ligurian Sea
Mar de Liguria Mar Jnico
Mar Blanco
Barents Sea
Mar de Barents
1st CSE YEAR
UNIT 11. EUROPE AND SPAIN
IES COMPLUTENSE
STRAITS AND CHANNELS OF EUROPE/ESTRECHOS Y CANALES DE EUROPA
Strait of Gibraltar
Strait of Dover
Estrecho de Gibraltar Strait of Messina
Paso de Calais
Skagerrak Kattegat
Estrecho de Mesina
Strait of Bonifacio Strait of Bosphorus
Estrecho de Skagerrak Estrecho de Kattegat

Denmark Strait
3
Estrecho de Bonifacio Estrecho del Bsforo

Strait of Dardanelles
Estrecho de Dinamarca
English Channel
Estrecho de los Dardanelos
Canal de la Mancha
ISLANDS OF EUROPE/ISLAS DE EUROPA Iceland Sardinia
Islandia
British Isles: Great Britain, Ireland, Isle of Man, Hebrides, Orkney Islands Channel Islands
Cerdea
Sicily
Islas Britnicas: Gran Bretaa, Irlanda, Isla de Man, Islas Hbridas, Islas rcadas Islas Anglo-Normandas
Shetland Islands
Sicilia
Malta Ionian Islands: Corfu
Islas Shetland
Faroe Islands
Islas Jnicas: Corf

Crete
Islas Feroe
Creta
Cyclades: Andros, Naxos, Santorini Northern Sporades
Danish Islands: Zealand
Islas Danesas: Selandia
Ccladas : Andros, Naxos, Santorini Espradas Septentrionales

Dodecanese: Rhodes
Balearic Islands: Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza, Formentera
Islas Baleares: Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera

Corsica
Crcega
Dodecadeno: Rodas
GULFS AND BAYS OF EUROPE/GOLFOS DE EUROPA Bay of Biscay Bay of Cdiz Gulf of Venice
Golfo de Vizcaya Golfo de Cdiz

Gulf of Valencia Gulf of Lion
Golfo de Venecia
Bay of Pomerania Gulf of Finland
Golfo de Pomerania Golfo de Finlandia

Gulf of Bothnia
Golfo de Valencia Golfo del Len

Gulf of Genoa
Golfo de Botnia
Golfo de Gnova
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE
CAPES OF EUROPE/CABOS DE EUROPA North Cape So Vicente
Cabo Norte
San Vicente
Punta de Tarifa Nao Matapan/Tainaron
Lands End Point du Raz Finisterre Roca
Punta de Raz
Matapn/Tnaro
PENINSULAS OF EUROPE/PENNSULAS DE EUROPA Scandinavia Kola Jutland Italian peninsula
Escandinavia
Peninsula italica
Balkan peninsula
Pennsula Balcnica
Peloponnese/Peloponnesus
Jutlandia
Iberian peninsula
Peloponeso
Pennsula Ibrica
Crimean peninsula
Pennsula de Crimea
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE
MOUNTAIN RANGES OF EUROPE/CORDILLERAS DE EUROPA Mountain Range Caucasus Peaks
Sistema montaoso Cucaso

Alps
Picos
Elbrus (5,642 m.) Mont Blanc (4,810 m.) Monte Rosa (4,634 m.) Aneto (3,404 m.) Monte Perdido (3,355 m.) Mulhacn (3,478 m.) Veleta (3,398 m.) Narodnaya (1,895 m.) Olympus (Olimpo, 2,917 m)
5
Alpes
Pyrenees
Pirineos
Baetic Ranges
Sistemas Bticos
Ural Mountains
Urales
Balkan Mountains
Balcanes
Dinaric Alps
Alpes Dinricos
Carpathian Mountains
Crpatos
Apennines
Apeninos
Corno Grande (2,912 m.) Puy de Sancy (1,886 m.)
Central Massif
Macizo Central
Scandinavian Mountains
Alpes Escandinavos
Scottish Highlands
Highlands escoceses
Ben Nevis (1,344 m.)
PLAINS AND PLATEAUS OF EUROPE/LLANURAS Y MESETAS DE EUROPA Iberian Plateau
Meseta central ibrica

European Plain: North European Plain, East European Plain Pannonian Plain
Gran Llanura Europea: Llanura septentrional europea, Llanura oriental europea
Llanura de Panonia
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE RIVERS OF EUROPE/ROS DE EUROPA
Drainage Basin
Vertiente
River
Ro
Caspian Sea
Mar Caspio
Volga (3,690 km) Ural (2,428 km.) Danube (2,860 km.)
Danubio
Black Sea
Dnieper (2,290 km.)
Mar Negro
Dniper
Dniester (1,352 km.)
Dnister
Mediterranean Sea
Mar Mediterrneo
Don (1,950 km.) Ebro (960 km) Rhone (815 km.)
Rdano Elba Rin
Po (682 km.) Elbe (1,091 km.) Rhine (1,236 km.) Seine (776 km.)
Sena
Atlantic Ocean
Loire (1,012 km.)
Loira
Ocano Atlntico
Garonne (575 km.)
Garona Tajo
Duero (897 km) Tagus (1,038 km.) Guadiana (818 km.) Guadalquivir (657 km.) Thames (346 km.)
Tmesis
Baltic Sea
Mar Bltico
Arctic Ocean
Oder (854 km.) Vistula (1,047 km.)
Vstula
Northern Dvina (744 km.)
Ocano Glacial rtico
Dvina Septentrional
Pechora (1,809 km.)
LAKES OF EUROPE/LAGOS DE EUROPA Caspian Sea Lake Onega
Mar Caspio
Lago Onega
Lake Geneva/Lman
Lake Ladoga
Lago Ladoga
Lago de Ginebra/Lemn
https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeNmw3NGhSRDVUUVk
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE
COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS OF EUROPE/PASES Y CAPITALES DE EUROPA

ALBANIA ANDORRA AUSTRIA BELGIUM Tirana Andorra la Vella LUXEMBOURG Luxembourg Skopje Valletta
LUXEMBURGO
F.Y.R. OF MACEDONIA
Luxemburgo
Andorra la Vieja/Vella
Vienna
MACEDONIA
MALTA MOLDOVA MONACO
Viena
La Valeta
Chisinau Monaco
BLGICA
Brussels Minsk
Bruselas
Sarajevo Sofia
MOLDAVIA MNACO
MONTENEGRO THE NETHERLANDS/ HOLLAND NORWAY POLAND
BELARUS
BIELORRUSIA
BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA BULGARIA CZECH REPUBLIC CROATIA CYPRUS
Mnaco
Podgorica The Hague and Amsterdam Oslo Warsaw Lisbon
Sofa
Prague
PASES BAJOS/HOLANDA NORUEGA POLONIA

PORTUGAL ROMANIA
La Haya y msterdam
CHEQUIA/REPBLICA CHECA CROACIA CHIPRE

DENMARK GERMANY ESTONIA FINLAND FRANCE GREECE
Praga
Zagreb Nicosia Copenhagen
Varsovia Lisboa
Bucharest
DINAMARCA ALEMANIA
Copenhague
Berlin
RUMANA
RUSSIA
Bucarest
Moscow
Berln
Tallinn
RUSIA
Mosc
Talln
Paris
SAN MARINO SERBIA SLOVAKIA
San Marino Belgrade
FINLANDIA FRANCIA GRECIA

HUNGARY
Helsinki
Belgrado
Bratislava Ljubljana
Pars
Athens
ESLOVAQUIA
SLOVENIA SPAIN
Atenas
ESLOVENIA ESPAA
SWEDEN
Liubliana
Madrid
HUNGRA
ICELAND IRELAND ITALY
Budapest Reykjavik
ISLANDIA IRLANDA ITALIA

LATVIA
Reikiavik
Dublin
SUECIA SUIZA
Stockholm
Estocolmo
Bern
Dubln
Rome
SWITZERLAND TURKEY
Berna
Ankara London
Roma
Riga
TURQUA
UNITED KINGDOM
LETONIA
LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA
REINO UNIDO
UKRAINE
Londres
Kiev/Kyiv
Vaduz Vilnius
UCRACIA
Kiev
LITUANIA
Vilnius/Vilna
VATICAN CITY/HOLY SEE
VATICANO/SANTA SEDE
Vatican City
Ciudad del Vaticano
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE
2. SPAIN
10
SEAS OF SPAIN/MARES DE ESPAA Atlantic Ocean
Ocano Atlntico
Mediterranean Sea
Cantabrian Sea
Mar Cantbrico
Mar Mediterrneo
STRAITS OF SPAIN/ESTRECHOS DE ESPAA
Strait of Gibraltar
Estrecho de Gibraltar
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE ISLANDS OF SPAIN/ISLAS DE ESPAA Balearic Islands: Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza, Formentera, Cabrera
Islas Baleares: Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera, Cabrera
Medas
Canary Islands: Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma, El Hierro, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, Lanzarote
Columbretes
11
Islas Canarias:
North African Islands: Chafarinas Islands, Pen de Alhucemas, Pen de Vlez de la Gomera, Perejil
Galician Atlantic Islands: Ces, Slvora, Ons
Islas norteafricanas: Islas Chafarinas,

Alborn
Islas atlnticas gallegas: Ces,
GULFS AND BAYS OF SPAIN/GOLFOS DE SPAIN Gulf of Rosas Gulf of Mazarrn
Golfo de Rosas
Gulf of San Jorge Gulf of Valencia Gulf of Alicante
Golfo de San Jorge Golfo de Valencia Golfo de Alicante

CAPES OF SPAIN/CABOS DE ESPAA Creus San Jorge San Antonio Nao Palos Gata Sacratif Punta de Tarifa Trafalgar
Golfo de Mazarrn Gulf of Almera

Golfo de Almera Bay of Cdiz
Golfo de Cdiz
Bay of Biscay
Golfo de Vizcaya
San Vicente Roca Finisterre Punta de Estaca de Bares Ortegal Peas Ajo Machichaco
PLAINS AND PLATEAUS OF SPAIN/LLANURAS Y MESETAS DE ESPAA Iberian Plateau
Meseta Central: Submeseta norte o septentrional, Submeseta sur o meridional.

DEPRESSIONS OF SPAIN/DEPRESIONES DE ESPAA
Guadalquivir
Ebro
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE
MOUNTAIN RANGES OF SPAIN/CORDILLERAS DE ESPAA Mountain Range Ranges Peaks
Sistema montaoso
Sierras
Picos
Sierra de Aylln Somosierra Sistema Central Sierra de Guadarrama Sierra de Gredos Sierra de Gata Montes de Toledo Montes de Len Macizo Asturiano Cantabrian Mountains Picos de Europa Montaa cntabra Montes de Oca Sierra de la Demanda Picos de Urbin Sierra del Moncayo Sierra de Albarracn Serrana de Cuenca Sierra de Javalambre Sierra Sierra Sierra Sierra Sierra Sierra Sierra Sierra Sierra de Gdar del Maestrazgo Madrona de los Pedroches de Aracena del Faro del Courel del Eje Segundera
Ocejn (2,049 m.) Pico de las Tres Provincias (2,130 m.) Pealara (2,428 m.) Pico del Moro Almanzor (2,592 m.) Pea de Francia (1,723 m.) Teleno (2,188 m.) Torre Cerredo (2,650 m.) Pea Vieja (2,617 m.) Pea Santa de Castilla (2,598 m.) Naranjo de Bulnes (2,519 m.)
12
Cordillera Cantbrica
Iberian System
Moncayo (2,313 m.)
Sistema Ibrico
Sierra Morena
Macizo Galaico
Sierra de Queixa Sierra de los Ancares Sierra de Aralar Aizgorri Gorbea Western or Navarran Pyrenees
Cabeza de Manzaneda (1,781 m.)
Basque Mountains
Montes Vascos
Pirineos occidentales o navarros

Pyrenees
Pirineos
Central or Aragonese Pyrenees
Pirineo central o aragons Pirineo oriental o cataln
Eastern or Catalan Pyrenees Catalan Coastal Range Sierra del Montseny Sierra de Monstserrat Sierra de Montsant
Aizgorri (1,528 m.) Pea Gorbea (1,482 m.) Mesa de los Tres Reyes (2,424 m.) Aneto (3,404 m.) Monte Perdido (3,355 m.) Maldito (3,350 m.) Maladeta (3,308 m.) Pica dEstats (3,140 m) Puigmal (2,909 m.) Tur de lHome (1,712 m.)
Cordillera Costero Catalana
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY Jorge-Elas de la Pea y Montes de Oca Serrana de Ronda Sierra Nevada Sierra Sierra Sierra Sierra Sierra Sierra Sierra Sierra de Gdor de los Filabres de Grazalema Mgina de Cazorla de Segura de Espua de Aitana Puigmajor (1,445 m.) Teide (Tenerife, 3,718 m.) Roque de los Muchachos (La Palma, 2,426 m.) Pico de las Nieves (Gran Canaria, 1,949 m.) Mulhacn (3,482 m.) Veleta (3,398 m.)
Baetic System: Cordillera Penibtica
Sistemas Bticos: Cordillera Penibtica

Baetic System: Cordillera Subbtica Sistemas Bticos: Cordillera Subbtica Sierra de Tramontana (Majorca)
13
Sierra de Tramontana (Mallorca)

Canarian volcanoes
Volcanes canarios
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE
RIVERS OF SPAIN/ROS DE ESPAA
Drainage Basin
Vertiente
River
Ro
Tributary
Afluente
Cantabrian Sea
Mar Cantbrico
Bidasoa (67 km.) Nervin (69 km.) Pas (57 km.) Besaya (58 km.) Sella (56 km.) Naln (129 km.) Eo (79 km.) Tambre (134 km.) Ulla (126 km.) Lrez (60 km.) Mio (310 km.)
14
Narcea
Duero (897 km.)
Tagus (1,038 km.) Atlantic Ocean
Tajo
Ocano Atlntico
Guadiana (818 km.)
Sil Pisuerga (Arlanza, Carrin) Valderaduey Esla Adaja-Eresma Tormes gueda Jarama (Henares, Manzanares, Tajua) Guadarrama Alberche Titar Alagn Guadiela Almonte Cigela Zncara Jabaln Zjar Matachel Ardila
Odiel (121 km.) Tinto (93 km.) Guadalquivir (657 km.) Guadalete (173 km.) Guadalhorce (154 km.) Almanzora (105 km.) Mediterranean Sea Guadiana Menor Genil Guadara Guadalimar
Mar Mediterrneo
Segura (325 km.) Jcar (498 km.) Turia (280 km.) Mijares (156 km.)
Mundo Sangonera o Guadalentn Cabriel
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY Jorge-Elas de la Pea y Montes de Oca Aragn (Ega, Arga) Gllego Segre (Cinca, Noguera Pallaresa, Noguera Ribagorzana) Jaln (Jiloca) Guadalope
15
Ebro (960 km)
Llobregat (157 km.) Ter (209 km.) Fluvi (98 km.) LAKES OF SPAIN/LAGOS DE ESPAA Lagunas de Ruidera Sanabria
Baolas
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE REGIONS AND PROVINCES OF SPAIN

Autonomous Region
Comunidad autnoma
Capital
Province/s Almera Cdiz Crdoba Granada Huelva Jan Mlaga Sevilla Huesca Teruel Zaragoza Asturias
Provincia/s
Andalusia
Andaluca
Seville
Sevilla
16
Aragon
Aragn
Principado de Asturias Balearic Islands
Zaragoza Oviedo Palma de Mallorca Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife Santander
Islas Baleares
Cantabria
Islas Baleares Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Santa Cruz de Tenerife Cantabria vila Burgos Len Palencia Salamanca Segovia Soria Valladolid Zamora Albacete Ciudad Real Cuenca Guadalajara Toledo Barcelona Gerona Lrida Tarragona Badajoz Cceres La Corua Lugo Orense Pontevedra Madrid Murcia Navarra lava (Vitoria) Guipzcoa (San Sebastin) Vizcaya (Bilbao) La Rioja Alicante Castelln Valencia
Canary Islands
Islas Canarias
Castile and Leon
Castilla y Len
Valladolid
Castilla-La Mancha
Toledo
Catalonia
Catalua
Barcelona Mrida Santiago de Compostela Madrid Murcia Pamplona Vitoria Logroo Valencia
Extremadura Galicia Comunidad de Madrid Regin de Murcia Navarre Basque Country
Comunidad Foral de Navarra Pas Vasco

La Rioja Comunidad Valenciana
Ceuta (Autonomous City/Ciudad autnoma) Melilla (Autonomous City/Ciudad autnoma)
1st CSE YEAR
IES COMPLUTENSE
17
1st CSE YEAR

Geography 1st CSE

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IES COMPLUTENSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY Jorge-Elas de la Pea y Montes de Oca

Social Science 1st CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY Jorge-Elas de la Pea y Montes de Oca

1ST YEAR CSE

UNIT 6: THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

Unit 6. The Universe and the Earth Exercises

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY