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Behaviour which deviates from the norm most people dont behave that way Behaviour which does not conform to social demands most people dont like that behaviour Behaviour which is maladaptive or painful to the individual its not normal to harm yourself
Diagnoses or Labelling?
Social Stigma?
Many people misunderstand and may even fear those with a mental illness. Frank Bruno, one of the nations favourite Boxers who won the ABA Heavyweight Championship at just 18 had to be sectioned in 2003 for Depression. This shows how anyone can be affected by mental illness, whether famous, successful or otherwise.
The Question
If sanity and insanity exist How shall we recognise them?
The volunteers
What happened?
All were admitted to hospital All but one were diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia
Once admitted the pseudo-patients stopped simulating ANY symptoms Took part in ward activities
The shortest stay was 7 days The longest stay was 52 days
The average stay was 19 days
They had agreed to stay until they convinced the staff they were sane.
they flushed them down the loos Noted that other patients did the same and that this was ignored as long as patients behaved themselves!
Nurses stayed in ward offices 90% of time Each real patient spent less than 7 minutes per day with psychiatric staff
On release
and warned that Over the next three months ONE OR MORE pseudo-patient will attempt to be admitted
What happened?
193 patients assessed 41 rated as a pseudo-patient (by staff) 23 rated as pseudo-patient (by psychiatrist) 19 rated as pseudo-patient (by both)
Rosenhans conclusion
It is clear that we are unable to distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals
In the first study : We are unable to detect sanity In the follow up study : We are unable to detect insanity
Pardon me, Mr/Mrs/Dr X, could you tell me when I will be eligible for ground privileges?
Method continued:
The pseudopatient did this as normally as possible and avoided asking the same person more than once a day.
Results
A brief reply as the member of staff continued walking and did not make eye contact.
4% psychiatrists stop to talk 0.5% nurses stopped Overall 2% in each group paused and chatted.
Conclusion:
The lack of eye contact between staff and patients depersonalises the patients.
a. data triangulation, involving time, space, and persons b. investigator triangulation, which consist of the use of multiple, rather than single observers; c. theory triangulation, which consists of using more than one theoretical scheme in the interpretation of the phenomenon; d. methodological triangulation, which involves using more than one method and may consist of within-method or between-method strategies. e. multiple triangulation, when the researcher combines in one investigation multiple observers, theoretical perspectives, sources of data, and methodologies.