2.

2
POWERS OF
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
Solvable integral forms . . .
C x cos xdx sin + =
}
C x sin dx cos + =
}
C x sec ln xdx tan + =
}
C x csc ln xdx cot + =
}
C x tan x sec ln xdx sec + + =
}
C x cot x csc ln xdx csc + =
}
Solvable integral forms . . .
C x tan xdx sec + =
}
2
C x cot xdx csc + =
}
2
C x sec xdx tan x sec + =
}
C x csc xdx cot x csc + =
}
Restrictions
}
xdx sin
m
}
xdx cos
n
}
xdx cos x sin
n m
}
xdx tan
m
}
xdx cot
n
Form 1.
Form 2.
Restrictions
Form 3.
Form 4.
}
xdx sec
m
}
xdx csc
m
}
xdx sec tan
n m
}
xdx csc x cot
n m
Form 1
}
xdx sin
m
}
xdx cos
n
}
xdx cos x sin
n m
Case 1.
mor n is odd.
1. Separate one factor of the
odd-powered function.
2. Express the rest in terms of
the other function using
1
2 2
= + x cos x sin
3. Proceed with substitution.
Form 1
}
xdx sin
m
}
xdx cos
n
}
xdx cos x sin
n m
Case 2.
mand n are even.
Use
2
2 1
2
x cos
x sin

=
2
2 1
2
x cos
x cos
+
=
Example.
Evaluate .
}
xdx sin
3
Solution:
}
xdx sin
3
}
= dx x sin x sin
2
( )
}
= dx x sin x cos
2
1
Let . x cos u = dx x sin du =
dx x sin du =
Solution (continued)
}
xdx sin
3
( )
}
= du u
2
1
C
u
u +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
3
C x cos x cos + + =
3
3
1
Example.
Evaluate .
}
xdx cos x sin
3 2
Answer:
C
x sin x sin
+
5 3
5 3
Example.
Evaluate .
}
xdx cos x sin
2 2
Solution:
}
xdx cos x sin
2 2
( )( )
}
+ = dx x cos x cos 2 1 2 1
4
1
( ) ( )
}
= dx x cos
2
2 1
4
1
Solution (continued)
( )
}
dx x cos
2
2
}
xdx cos x sin
2 2
( ) ( )
}
= dx x cos
2
2 1
4
1
}
+
= dx
x cos
2
4 1
} }
+ = dx x cos dx 4
2
1
2
1
+ = x
2
1
C x sin + 4
8
1
Solution (continued)
}
xdx cos x sin
2 2
( ) ( )
}
= dx x cos
2
2 1
4
1
( )
} }
= dx x cos dx
2
2
4
1
4
1
= x
4
1
C x sin x + |
.
|

\
|
+ 4
8
1
2
1
4
1
C x sin x + + = 4
32
1
8
1
Form 2.
}
xdx tan
m
}
xdx cot
n
1. Separate or . x tan
2
x cot
2
2. Express it in terms of or
using
x sec
x csc
1
2 2
= x sec x tan
1
2 2
= x csc x cot
3. Proceed with substitution.
Example.
Evaluate .
}
xdx tan
3
Solution:
}
xdx tan
3
}
= dx x tan x tan
2
( )
}
= dx x sec x tan 1
2
( )
}
= dx x tan x sec x tan
2
Solution (continued)
}
dx x sec x tan
2
}
= du u
C
u
+ =
2
2
C
x tan
+ =
2
2
( )
}
dx x tan x sec x tan
2
}
xdx tan C x sec ln + =
Let .
x tan u =
xdx sec du
2
=
Solution (continued)
C x sec ln
x tan
+ =
2
2
( )
}
= dx x tan x sec x tan
2
}
xdx tan
3
Example.
Evaluate .
}
xdx cot
4
Answer: C x x cot
x cot
+ + +
3
3
Form 3.
1. Separate or . x sec
2
x csc
2
2. Express the rest in terms of
or using x tan
x cot
x tan x sec
2 2
1+ =
x cot x csc
2 2
1+ =
3. Proceed with substitution.
}
xdx sec
m
}
xdx csc
m
Case 1.
mis even.
Use Integration by Parts with
xdx sec dv
2
= xdx csc dv
2
=
Case 2.
mis odd.
Form 3.
}
xdx sec
m
}
xdx csc
m
Example.
Evaluate .
}
xdx csc
4
Solution:
}
= dx x csc x csc
2 2
( )
}
+ = dx x csc x cot
2 2
1
}
xdx csc
4
Let . x cot u =
dx x csc du
2
=
Solution (continued)
}
xdx csc
4
( )
}
+ = dx x csc x cot
2 2
1
( )
}
+ = du u
2
1
C
u
u +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
3
3
x cot = C
x cot
+
3
3
Example.
Evaluate .
}
xdx sec
3
Solution:
}
xdx sec
3
= u
= dv dx x sec
x sec
2
= du
xdx tan x sec
= v x tan
By IBP!
}
xdx sec
3
}
= dx x sec x tan x tan x sec
2
Solution (continued)
}
xdx sec
3
}
= dx x sec x tan x tan x sec
2
( )
}
= dx x sec x sec x tan x sec 1
2
} }
+ = dx x sec dx x sec x tan x sec
3
Hence,
}
xdx sec
3
2
}
+ = dx x sec x tan x sec
Answer:
}
xdx sec
3
C
x tan x sec ln x tan x sec
+
+ +
=
2
Form 4
Case 1. n is even.
}
xdx sec tan
n m
}
xdx csc x cot
n m
1. Separate or .
x sec
2
x csc
2
2. Express the rest in terms of
or using
x tan x cot
x tan x sec
2 2
1+ =
x cot x csc
2 2
1+ =
3. Proceed with substitution.
Form 4
Case 2.
mis odd.
}
xdx sec tan
n m
}
xdx csc x cot
n m
2. Express the rest in terms of
or . x sec x csc
3. Proceed with substitution.
1. Separate one factor of
or and one factor
of or .
x tan
x sec
x cot
x csc
Example.
Evaluate .
Solution:
}
xdx sec x tan
4 2
}
xdx sec x tan
4 2
}
= dx x sec x sec x tan
2 2 2
( )
}
+ = dx x sec x tan x tan
2 2 2
1
Solution (continued)
Let .
x tan u =
xdx sec du
2
=
( )
}
+ = du u u
2 2
1
}
xdx sec x tan
4 2
( )
}
+ = du u u
4 2
C
u u
+ + =
5 3
5 3
C
x tan x tan
+ + =
5 3
5 3
Example.
Evaluate .
Answer:
}
xdx csc x cot
3 3
C
x csc x csc
+
5 3
5 3
In general . . .
When odd-powered, separate one
factor.
When even-powered, separate two
factors.
What you separate is a derivative
(or differential) of some function.
END