JABATAN PELAJARAN NEGERI

KEDAH

STPM TRIAL EXAMINATION 2009

BIOLOGY MARKING SCHEME

PAPER 1
&
PAPER 2

1
OBJECTIVE MARKING SCHEME 2009

1. D 26.D
2. B 27.C
3. A 28.C
4. C 29.C
5. D 30.B
6. A 31.C
7. B 32.C
8. A 33.C
9. C 34.D
10. C 35.D
11.A 36.C
12.A 37.C
13.C 38.B
14.D 39.D
15.B 40.B
16.A 41.A
17.B 42.D
18.C 43.C
19.D 44.D
20.C 45.D
21.B 46.C
22.A 47.B
23.D 48.B
24.C 49.C
25.C 50.C

2
Answer
Paper 2 Section A

1(a) R= carbon dioxide 1m

T= ATP 1m
Max=2m

(b) The light-dependent reaction/light stage/photosystem I 1m

Max=1m

(c) Carbon dioxide combines with a 5C compound (RuBP) to form an

unstable 6C compound, catalysed by enzyme RUBISCO 1m

The 6C compound breaks down to form 2 molecules of glycerate 3-

phosphate (GP/PGA) which is a 3C compound. 1m

GP is converted to triose phosphate (PGAL) using ATP and reduced

NADP from the light dependent stage. 1m

PGAL molecules combine to form a 6C hexose sugar that polymerizes

to produce starch. 1m

Some of PGAL are also used to regenerate RuBP. 1m

Max=4m

(d) Light- dependent reaction occurs in thylakoid whereas light

independent reaction occurs in stroma of chloroplast. 1m

Light-dependent reaction produces ATP and NADPH, whereas light-

independent use ATP and NADPH for the formation of starch. 1m

Light-dependent reaction requires light, whereas light-independent

reaction does not require light. 1m

2(a) Assume that the population is in equilibrium 1m

Let p be frequency of R allele and q be the frequency of r allele 1m
Therefore, frequency of agouti (rr)= q2 = 64%=0.64 1m
Allelic frequency of yellow (r) = q=√0.64=0.8 1m
Allelic frequency of yellow (R) = p=1-q=1-0.8=0.2 1m
Max=5m

(b) No, 1m
If the population is in equilibrium 1m
The population is very large, mating is random, there is no selection, no 1m
mutation and no migration. Max=3m

OR

3
 Yes, 1m
If the population is not in equilibrium 1m
The population is small, no random mating, there is selection, mutation 1m
and migration. Max=3m

(c) Homozygous yellow coat (RR) is p2 = 0.2 x 0.2= 0.04 1m

Therefore, 4% from 20% = 4/20 x 100%= 20% 1m
Max=2m

3(a) Parasite is a heterotrophic organism which is dependent on a host 1m

organism from which it obtains its organic nutrition. 2m

(b) Obligate parasites cannot survive independently of their hosts. 1m

Facultative parasites can survive on their own away from their hosts. 1m

(c) A is the sucker. 1m

For secure attachment to intestine wall. 1m

Maintain its position in the body of the host 1m
Absorb food in the form of simple soluble digested in the intestine
of the host. 1m
Max=2m

(d)(i) Saprophytic 1m

(ii) Mucor produces digestive enzymes, none produced in the tapeworm 1m

Mucor is a decomposer//saprophyte//saprobiont//lives on dead organic 1m
products, tapeworm is a parasite//lives on a living host.
Tapeworms obtain their food with special mouthparts, none present in 1m
Mucor.

4
4 (a) (anterior) pituitary gland 1m

(b) FSH :
Stimulates development of Graafian follicles in the ovary 1m
Stimulates ovary to secrete oestrogen 1m
Max=1m
LH:
Induces ovulation 1m
Stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone 1m
Max=1m

(c) X – oestrogen 1m
Y – progesterone 1m

(d) Day 16 1m
Oestrogen reaches a peak (followed by a decline) on day 14 1m
LH peaks on day 16. This induces ovulation 1m

(e) Either

As the level of oestrogen builds up 1m

This inhibit the production of FSH by the pituitary 1m

OR:

As the level of progesterone builds up 1m

This depresses the production of LH by the pituitary gland 1m

5
Paper 2
Section B
QUESTION 5
(a)
• Transport water and ions from the roots to the leaves 1m
• Transport water soluble organic product such as hormones 1m
• Maintain water potential gradient that enables water and dissolve 1m
mineral to move up to the leaves from the roots
• Provides cooling effect to the plant 1m
• Provides water for production of turgor pressure in cells, which 1m
functions as a support for the plants
• Provides water to cells to function in the metabolic pathways 1m
such as in hydrolysis and photosynthesis
[Max 5m]
(b)
1m
• Transpiration is a process of water loss by evaporation in plants
1m
• Transpiration is facilitated by root pressure, capillary action and
transpiration pull
[Max 1m]
(i) Root Pressure
• Root pressure is caused by water that is actively forced out from
1m
the living cells into the xylem vessels
• Endodermis cells actively loads salt into xylem vessels to lower 1m
the water potential of the xylem vessel
• More water enters the xylem vessel through osmosis, creating 1m
root pressure that forces water up through the xylem vessel of
stems
(ii) Cohesion-tension theory
• Cohesion-tension theory explains the ascent of water in tiny 1m
xylem vessels of plants
• Cohesion force is the force of attraction between water molecules 1m
in the xylem vessels
• Adhesion force is the force of attraction between water molecule 1m
and the xylem vessel walls.
(iii) Transpiration pull
• Transpiration pull is the combined suction force exerted by all 1m
the leaves in a plant when it transpires
• During transpiration, the loss of water from the mesophyll cells 1m
through the stoma ultimately sucks the water from the xylem
vessels of leaves
• Since the xylems of leaves are continuous from the xylem of 1m
roots, the continuous stream of water from the soil to the leaves
is produced
QUESTION 6 [Total 10m]
(a) (i)
• antigens are foreign substances that stimulate the production of 1m
cells or antibodies in the body to specifically destroy them.
• Antigens are macromolecules found on the surface of 1m
microorganisms, plasma membrane or as free molecules.
• Protein produced in the same body cannot act as antigens, but 1m

6
 when it is transferred into another organism’s body, they can act
as antigen.

(ii)
• Epitopes are small specific parts of a larger antigen that can bind 1m
with a specific antibody
• Epitopes are antigenic determinants that have a specific
configuration. 1m
• Pathogens phagocytosised by the macrophage are broken down 1m
into epitopes and then presented on the plasma membrane as
antigen-MHC complex for recognition by lymphocytes.
[Total 6m]
(b)
• B cells are formed and mature in the bone marrow. 1m
• The mature B cells form antibodies, which are then attached to 1m
their plasma membrane with their two tips acting as receptors.
• The B cells with complimentary antibody phagocytosise the free 1m
complimentary antigens encountered.
1m
• The antigen is cut into smaller pieces and presented as the
antigen-MHC complex on its plasma membrane.
• T helper cell (TH) with complimentary TCR recognises and binds
1m
to the antigen-MHC complex on B cells.
• Then, TH secretes interleukin 2.
1m
• Interleukin 2 stimulates the B cells to divide and form a large 1m
clone of effector B cells (plasma cell) and memory cells.
• The effector B cells (plasma cells) produce a large quantity of 1m
free antibodies with same specific configuration.
• The antibodies released then destroys antigen including pathogen 1m
and parasitic worms by various methods such as agglutination,
precipitation and antitoxins.

[Total 9m]

QUESTION 7

(a) Parameters that can be used to measure growth are dry mass, wet [Max 3m]
mass, volume or size and length or height.

(i) Dry mass

• It is obtained by repeated drying in the oven at 1100C and

7
 measurement is done until no changes in mass are observed.
1m
Advantage:
• Gives a more accurate measurement of growth as it measures the 1m
growth of organic material in the organism. 1m

Disadvantage:

• Organism has to be killed to obtain its dry weight.

• Repeat measurement on the same specimen cannot be done as it 1m
is killed in the first measurement.
• A large population is needed and the selection of specimens 1m
from population must be random. All individuals in the
population must be of the same age and grow in the same
condition.
• Problem in measuring big sized organisms such as big tree and 1m
elephants. 1m
1m
(ii) Wet mass 1m

Advantage : 1m

• Can be easily and quickly measured.

1m
• Organism is not killed
• Repeat measurement on the same organism can be done.
• Small population or only one organism is needed for
1m
measurement.

Disadvantage:

• Measurement that includes water contents of an organism is in

accurate as the water content in organisms varies. 1m
• Measurement does not show the different rates of growth of
organs in the organism such as the allometric growth of organs
in humans. 1m
1m
(iii) Size or volume
Advantage:
• Suitable for constant sized or spherical shape organisms.
1m
Disadvantages:
• Involves complex mathematical calculations. 1m
• Shape of organism can change during growth. [Max 1m]

(iv) Length or height

Advantage: 1m
• Suitable for the measurement of the height of animals or plants,
or the length of animals and leaves of the plants.
• Easy and quick measurement.

8
 Disadvantages: 1m
• Growth in other dimensions such as the weight of animals is not
taken into account. For example, when human increase in dry
weight but they do not increase in height. 1m

(b)
• Seed dormancy occurs when a viable seed is prevented from 1m
germinating.

• It functions to delay the germination of the seed until a 1m

favourable condition is met to increase the plant’s chance of
survival.

The factors affecting seed dormancy are as shown below:

• Immature embryo in the seed

• Physiologically immature seed. For example, the embryo cannot 1m
synthesise gibberellic acid. 1m
• High level of abscisic acid prevents seed germination. 1m
• Seed coat (testa) is impermeable to water and oxygen,
scarification of testa must occur to allow imbibition of water and 1m
diffusion of oxygen into the seed.
• Some seed require a cold period to germinate (stratification).
1m
This is to ensure that the seed remain dormant in winter and
germinate in spring.

QUESTION 8
(a)
Concept

• Taxonomy involves classification, identification and nomenclature 1m

• Classification is a process by which organisms in the world are 1m

classified based on certain observed features studied by the
taxonomist

9
 • Identification is a process by which organisms are recognized and 1m
identified based on the Linnaeus hierarchy

• Nomenclature is a way of naming organisms scientifically based on

Linnaeus binomial system 1m
[Max 2m]
Importance

• Classification allows taxonomists to store and provide information 1m

of an organism systematically because materials and the information
are filed and catalogued

• Nomenclature allows taxonomist to give scientific names to

1m
organisms scattered all over the world

• Scientific name of organisms enables the communication and

1m
exchange of data and information to be carried out effectively within
the scientific community

• Natural classification system provides information on the 1m

evolutionary relationship between organisms

• Taxonomy provides evidence to support organic evolution as 1m

taxonomists can discover the natural relationship among organisms
in different categories in the Linnaeus hierarchy

• Taxonomy allows biologists to continuously discover unknown 1m

species and to update information on biodiversity and evolution

• Taxonomy enables ecologists to discover ecological relationship

between organisms and the environment 1m
[Max 4m]

b)
Artificial classification Natural classification

• Only one or two features are • Three main methods are 1m

used to divide the organism used:
into two groups at a time
Phenetic - uses many
features
Phylogenetic - only

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 homologous features are
used
Cladistic – only secondary
homologous features are
used

• Objective based on • Objective is to show

economic or practical evolutionary relationship 1m
purpose between organisms

• Simple to classify • Difficult to classify. A lot

1m
of information on the
organisms are needed

• Used in constructing • Used as an evidence to 1m

biological dichotomous support organic evolution
keys

c)
• Observable features which may be qualitative or quantitative. 1m

• Features must be constant for that species and not affected by 1m

environmental influences.

• Made up of pairs of statements or leads which are numbered 1m

• Statements are expressed in contrasting mutually exclusive forms. 1m

• Process of elimination, the unknown organism is identified until

the lowest taxonomic group possible. 1m

• Features such as sex or habitat are avoided. 1m

• Features found on immature stages are also avoided. 1m

• Dichotomous keys commonly used in identifications of plants,

insects, aquatic flora and fauna 1m
[Max 5m]
QUESTION 9
(a )
• Genetic drift is a process by which allele frequency in the population
1m
changes over time, due to some random events.
• The effects of genetic drift are more severe in a small population and
1m
is insignificant in very large populations.

• Two types of commonly observed genetic drift:

11
 ( i) Founder effect
• Occurs when a small population is separated from the 1m
original population and migrates to an isolated area
• By chance, the genes composition (allele frequency) of
the founding population is not the same with original 1m
population.
• Reproduction in the founding population over several
generations produces new allele frequency that is 1m
different from the original population.
• The pioneer population becomes a new species and loses
its ability to reproduce with the original population. 1m
• Example: Galapagos tortoise population in Galapagos
Island. 1m

[Max 3m]
(ii) Bottleneck effect
• Occurs when a population undergoes the dramatic
decrease in size, which is cause by ecological or natural 1m
disasters.
• The disaster randomly eliminates a major proportion of
the population. 1m
• A small and random population that survives has a
1m
different allele frequency compared to the original
population.
• Reproduction in the new and small population over
1m
several generations produces new allele frequency that
is different from the original population, thus speciation
occurs.
• Example: population of cheetah in the wild. 1m

[Max 3m]
(b)
• Adaptive radiation is the gradual change of an ancestral species 1m
to a number of diverse species in which each species occupies a
new habitat or ecological niche.
• Example: Darwin’s finches in Galapagos Islands. 1m
• The original population of Darwin’s finches are mainland 1m
finches that has short and straight beak to crush seeds.
• The original population occupied and ecological niche with 1m
little competition.
• As the population increased, intraspecies competition increased. 1m
• Due to the changes in the gene pool and natural selection, the 1m
finches become more adapted to the environment.
• New ecological niches were found and occupied by 14 species 1m
of finches to reduce the competition and to take advantage of
the various food sources available in the island:

Ground finches food sources are seeds and cactus

Three finches food source is insects

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Warblers food sources are insects, fruits and nectar.
• Adaptive radiation of Darwin’s finches show divergent 1m
evolution.
[Max 7m]

QUESTION 10

(a)
• Management and conservation programmes are aimed at sustaining 1m
the biodiversity of ecosystems and at the same time, maintaining or
improving the quality of life.

Conservation of the ecosystem is important because:

• The ecosystem may contain biological resources that may be useful 1m
or of the economic value; for example, in the production of
medicine.
• Biogeochemical cycles in the ecosystem may be disrupted by the 1m
extinction of some species resulting in the destruction of an
ecosystem.
• Destruction of the earth’s ecosystem may lead to global climatic 1m
changes.
• Ecosystem in their natural state provides aesthetic values for 1m
humans.
• Human have a moral obligation to protect the environment for future 1m
generations.
[Max 4m]

[Total 5m]

(b)
(i) Conservation of the forest is important because forests: 1m
• Contain large biodiversity, which in turn contain many undiscovered
species that may have economical or medicinal values. 1m
• Play an important role in producing rain as the transpiration of plants
1m
in forest releases water into environment.
• Play an important role in the carbon cycle. Plants use carbon dioxide
1m
for photosynthesis and the destruction of forest will increase the
carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere causing the green house
effect.
• Play an important role in maintaining soil fertility and in preventing 1m
floods.

(ii) in forestry, the following sustainable development are used:

• Replanting programmes : replanting the trees in the area that have 1m
been logged.
• Selective logging: only selected trees with certain diameters or 1m

13
 species can be felled.
• Creating forest reserves to avoid the complete destruction of forests
and to maintain the diversity of the forest. Preferably one third (1/3) 1m
of the nation should be covered with forests.
• Restoration programmes of damaged forests. 1m
• Enforcement of laws and surveillance to prevent illegal logging. 1m
• Recycling of paper to reduce the demand for new raw materials 1m
[Total 10m]

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