Compressed Natural Gas

9/10/2013

Why Use Alternative Fuels?

Petroleum Displacement Energy Diversity Air Quality Improvement Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions Domestic D ti E Economic i Development D l t

9/10/2013

Compressed natural Gas

Urban Pollution

9/10/2013

Case Study of Delhi

9/10/2013

Compressed natural Gas

Smog g Became Pervasive

9/10/2013

9/10/2013

Compressed natural Gas

9/10/2013

FLEET COMPOSITION OF INDIAN VEHICLES (1997) (Source: TERI)

(Two wheelers (71%) & Three wheelers (5%) occupy significant places in the Indian transportation sector)
9/10/2013 8

Compressed natural Gas

9/10/2013

Landmark L d k March 31, 2001, India Supreme Court ruling

9/10/2013

10

Compressed natural Gas

Heavy duty

conversion of the entire bus fleet to (CNG). Taxis and auto rickshaws must be replaced with engines running on clean fuels A natural gas pipeline from Mumbai supplies natural gas to New Delhi.
11

9/10/2013

LightLight -duty

As of April 1, 2000, nonnon-commercial 4-wheelers must meet Euro II emission standards. Commercial vehicles, such as taxis, must be also meet Euro II emission standards or use CNG In order to be registered in the Capital Region of New Delhi.
12

9/10/2013

Compressed natural Gas

Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available Now

Ethanol Natural Gas Propane (LPG)

9/10/2013

13

Why Natural Gas Chosen?

1. Natural gas is one of the cleanest of all fuel sources available 2. Huge potential of unexploited natural gas reserves exists in India 3 This presentation explores the possibilities 3. of utilizing unexploited gas reserves by converting them into liquids
9/10/2013 14

Compressed natural Gas

9/10/2013

15

Gas Reserves In India

1. Gas reserves of NE region - Tripura 2. Gas hydrates in deep sea 3. Gas reserves in deepwater

9/10/2013

16

Compressed natural Gas

NATURAL GAS

9/10/2013

17

HISTORY

9/10/2013

18

Compressed natural Gas

9/10/2013

19

9/10/2013

20

Compressed natural Gas

10

9/10/2013

21

9/10/2013

22

Compressed natural Gas

11

9/10/2013

23

9/10/2013

24

Compressed natural Gas

12

Natural Gas Vehicles Dilemma

Very Low Emissions Good Performance Lower Cost Fuel

Limited Range, but adequate for most Applications Few Refueling Stations Higher Cost Vehicle Indian buses generally use 140140-160 horsepower engines engines.

9/10/2013

25

Forms of Natural gas Storage

Natural gas can be used in engines in a liquefied compressed gas (LNG). In order to liquefy it at atmospheric pressure, it is necessary to bring it to a temperature of -162 C. As a result it is used mainly in the form of Compressed Natural gas (CNG)

9/10/2013

26

Compressed natural Gas

13

CNG tanks

CNG tanks are reg regulated lated to be steel and no composite material is allowed. A brand new, good quality CNG kit with cylinder costs around 32,000 rupees or $6,400, $ , , while a substandard locallylocally-made welded version is half the amount.
27

9/10/2013

9/10/2013

28

Compressed natural Gas

14

Refueling:

CNG refueling stations using Tulsa Gas technologies equipment. Th India The I di S Supreme C Court th has mandated d t d that at least 90 refueling stations be made available. Taxi cab drivers and rickshaw drivers fill at 68 daughter stations. Natural gas buses are filled at 3 mother mother stations. The methane content for compressed natural gas is 88 percent.
29

9/10/2013

9/10/2013

30

Compressed natural Gas

15

PROBLEMS WITH CNG DISPENSING STATIONS

9/10/2013

Uneven distribution of CNG stations Inadequate pressure in daughter stations Overrunning of compressors NonNon -availability of continuous power supply Shortage of trained manpower
31

CNG Induction Techniques

9/10/2013

32

Compressed natural Gas

16

9/10/2013

33

SI Combustion technology

9/10/2013

34

Compressed natural Gas

17

Gasoline Car BiBi-Fuel Conversion

9/10/2013

35

What does the Conversion kit comprise of ?

9/10/2013

The The The The The Th The The The

Cylinder Vapor Bag High Pressure Pipe Refueling Valve Pressure Regulator Gas GasG -Air Ai Mixer Mi Petrol-Solenoid Valve PetrolSelector Switch
36

Compressed natural Gas

18

Typical Gas Conversion

9/10/2013 37

9/10/2013

38

Compressed natural Gas

19

Typical Gas regulator

9/10/2013 39

Typical Gas & Petrol Solenoid

9/10/2013 40

Compressed natural Gas

20

Various Design of gas mixers

9/10/2013 41

Fuel Mode Switch

9/10/2013 42

Compressed natural Gas

21

Dedicated CNG Conversion of Diesel Engines

Replacing injector by Spark plug Machining the piston to decrease CR Gas Conversion Kit installed

9/10/2013

43

Transit buses

Only two Indian chassis manufacturers exist-exist --TATA TATA and Ashok Leyland. Natural gas buses are using stoichometric Cummins engines. private operators are installing conversion kit Nugas kits. N i th is the certified tifi d company f for CNG bus conversions.

9/10/2013

44

Compressed natural Gas

22

9/10/2013

45

Tuning up gas engines:

Stoichiometric engines (=1), in other words, the air fuel ratio is exactly the theoretical required for combustion Lean mixture engines (normally = 1.4 )

9/10/2013

46

Compressed natural Gas

23

Efficiency of CNG Engines

Th best The b t gas powered d engines i achieve hi a level of efficiency in the order of 36 - 37% Which is above petrol engines Below modern diesel engines

9/10/2013

47

Safety with CNG

9/10/2013

48

Compressed natural Gas

24

9/10/2013

49

9/10/2013

50

Compressed natural Gas

25

Natural Gas

What is natural gas?

Mainly methane( methane(C CH4)

also contains heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10), as well as other sulphur containing gases, in varying amounts exact composition of natural gas varies between gas fields.

Compressed natural Gas

26

Composition
component Methane(CH4) Ethane(C2H6) P Propane(C3H8) (C3H8) and dB Butane(C4H10) t (C4H10) % 80-95 5-15 <5

Sources of natural gas

It is found in oil fields and natural gas fields, fields, and in coal beds The largest two natural gas fields are probably South Pars Gas Field in Iran and Urengoy gas field in Russia Russia, , with reserves on the order of 1013 m Gas produced d d from f oil l wells ll is called ll d casinghead h d gas or associated gas

Compressed natural Gas

27

Storage
It can be stored in two forms: Liquefied natural gas (LNG) and compressed natural gas (CNG)

CNG Fuel

LargeLarge -scale use since 1960s Some 3,500,000 CNG vehicles now in operation worldwide Mostly in Italy, Argentina, Brazil, Pakistan, etc. as lower cost fuel Growing rapidly for transit operations in Europe as lower emission fuel Some 7,500 fill stations

Compressed natural Gas

28

CNG Fuel Temperature Effects

Typically stored at 3,600 psi at 70F If ambient temperature goes up or down down, pressure also correspondingly goes up or down

CNG Fuel Filling

During filling, gas heats up as it compresses in the tanks Typically, stations only fill to service pressure of 3,600 psi End up with 3,600 psi at some elevated temperature (say 100F) in the tanks As gas cools to ambient (say 70F), pressure of gas decreases End result is less gas - instead of having a fill of 3,600 psi at 70F, one has say 3,400 psi at 70F

Compressed natural Gas

29

To prevent underfills

Tanks can be slowly filled to allow heat to dissipate

Tanks can be pressured beyond service pressure, i.e. fill so that one gets higher pressure at a higher temperature, thus cooling to 3,600 psi at 70F Tanks actually designed to be filled up to 1.25 times service pressure (all qualification testing done at 1.25 times)

Fuel Tank Technologies

4 basic types of tank designs which design to use depends on need to reduce weight and how much can pay All designs have equivalent safety, as all meet requirements of same standards Design type can also determine how a tank may be handled, and how it may be filled

Compressed natural Gas

30

Type 1 & Type 2 Tank Designs

Type 1 - All metal (aluminum or steel)

Cheap but heavy

Type 2 - Metal liner reinforced by composite wrap (glass or carbon fiber) around middle (hoop wrapped)
Liner takes 50% and composite takes 50% of the stress caused by internal pressurization Less heavy, but more cost

Type 3 Tank Design

Metal liner reinforced by composite wrap around entire tank ( (full full wrapped) wrapped ) Liner takes small amount of the stress LightLight -weight, but expensive

Compressed natural Gas

31

Type 4 Tank Design

Plastic gasgas-tight liner reinforced by composite wrap around entire tank ( (full full wrapped) wrapped )
Entire strength of tank is composite reinforcement LightLight -weight, but expensive

CNG performance

The octane rating for CNG is higher than that for gasoline; in a dedicated engine a CNG vehicles power, acceleration, and cruise speed can be greater than that of a gasolinegasoline-powered vehicle. In addition, due to the cleaner burning characteristics of natural gas, CNG vehicle h l engines can run more efficiently ff l than h a gasoline powered vehicle, CNG engines are also generally less noisy than diesel engines.

Compressed natural Gas

32

Safety

CNG has a narrow flammability range, making it an inherently safe fuel. It is non non-toxic CNG also disperses rapidly, minimizing ignition risk relative to gasoline However, leaks indoor may form flammable mixture in the vicinity of ignition source

Emissions

Reductions in carbon monoxide emissions of 90 to 97 percent, p , and reductions in carbon dioxide emissions of 25 percent. Reductions in nitrogen oxide emissions of 35 to 60 percent. Potential reductions in nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions of 50 to 75 percent. Fewer toxic and carcinogenic pollutants, and little to no particulate matter produced.

Compressed natural Gas

33

Maintenance

Proper training is required for all maintenance personnel working on CNG vehicles The oil in a CNG vehicle does not need to be changed as frequently because CNG burns more cleanly than gasoline, producing less deposits in the oil.

LNG fuel

Liquefied natural gas or LNG is natural gas that has been processed to remove helium, or impurities such as water, and heavy hydrocarbons and then condensed into a liquid at almost atmospheric pressure by cooling it to approximately -163 degrees Celsius LNG is about 1/614th the volume of natural gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP) Much more cost cost-efficient to transport

Compressed natural Gas

34

Producing LNG by liquefaction

Preliminary processes

The raw feed gas supply arriving from a producing gas field must be clean and dry before liquefaction can take place It is scrubbed of entrained hydrocarbon liquids and dirt Treated to remove hydrogen sulphide and carbon d dioxide d Gas is cooled to allowed water to get condensed

Compressed natural Gas

35

Then it is further dehydrated to remove even small amounts of water. If mercury is present then it is also removed at this stage. Then the gas is filtered to ensure only methane and traces of f other h hydrocarbons h d b are present.

Liquefaction

Liquefaction takes place through cooling of the gas using heat exchangers. g In these vessels, , gas g circulating g through aluminum tube coils is exposed to a compressed hydrocarbonhydrocarbon -nitrogen refrigerant. Heat transfer is accomplished as the refrigerant vaporizes, cooling the gas in the tubes before it returns to the compressor. The liquefied natural gas is pumped to an insulated storage tank where it remains until it can be loaded onto a tanker.

Compressed natural Gas

36

Basic facts on LNG

LNG offers energy density comparable to gasoline or diesel. But its high cost of production and need of cryogenic temperatures to store it has prevented its widespread use. Natural l gas fed f d into LNG plant l is treated d to remove water, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and other compounds which freeze at low temperatures.

Storage

LNG aboveabove-ground tanks are mainly of doubledouble-wall, highhigh -nickel steel construction with extremely efficient insulation between the walls Large tanks are low aspect ratio (height to width) and cylindrical in design with a domed roof. Storage pressures are very low, l less l than h 5psig.

Compressed natural Gas

37

LNG Storage tank

Pipeline system

Compressed natural Gas

38

Smaller quantities, 70,000 gallons and less, are stored in horizontal or vertical, vacuum vacuum-jacketed, pressure vessels. These tanks may be at pressures any where from less than 5 psig to over 250 psig LNG must be maintained cold (at least below -117 117 F) to remain a liquid, l d independent i d d of f pressure.

LNG performance

There are no discernible differences in LNG vehicle performance, operation, and utility when compared with diesel The high ignition quality of LNG is similar to that of diesel, providing for similar durability and engine life overall. ll

Compressed natural Gas

39

Safety

A LNG vehicle parked indoors and unmoved for a week or more will vent a flammable gas mixture that could catch fire in the vicinity of an ignition source. refueling vehicles with LNG requires training because of the fuels ultra low temperature.

It can cause frostbite if it contacts skin.

Emissions

Production of half particulate matter of average diesel vehicles. Can significantly reduce carbon monoxide emissions. Reductions of nitrogen oxide and volatile organic hydrocarbon emissions by 50 percent or more. Potential reductions in carbon dioxide emissions of 25 percent depending on the source of the natural gas. Drastic reductions in toxic and carcinogenic pollutants.

Compressed natural Gas

40

Maintenance

LNGs cleaner burning characteristics can result in longer engine life and reduced maintenance costs. Use of LNG eliminates the periodic tank inspections Because of the fuels below freezing temperatures, only trained personnel should maintain LNG vehicles.

Exhaust emissions

CNG emissions are compared with diesel and B20 ( diesel blend with vegetable oil) THC, NOx, and PM emissions of CNG engine are significantly lower than diesel, with a reduction of 67%, 98% and 96% respectively. No significant f reduction d in CO is observed. b d

Compressed natural Gas

41

Unregulated emissions

Carbonyl compounds

Formaldehyde is most abundant compared to other carbonyl compounds in the exhaust emissions. emissions CNG emits 95% lower formaldehyde with respect to diesel fuel.

PAHs and nitro PAHs

Use of CNG results in significant decrease in emissions: a reduction of, at least, 98% and 88% was observed for PAHs associated to PM and vapor phase.

Compressed natural Gas

42

Unregulated emissions

PAHs associated with particulate matter

PAHs associated with vapour phase

Compressed natural Gas

43

Carbonyl compounds

Compressed Natural Gas: Storage and Dispensing

There are two types of CNG refueling systems

Slow-fill: In slow fill systems Slowsystems, several vehicles are connected to the output of the compressor at one time. These vehicles are then refilled over several hours of compressor operation. Slow fill is considered practical only for vehicles of single fleet. FastFast -fill:In fast systems, enough CNG is stored so that several vehicles can be refueled one after the other, just like refueling from a single gasoline dispenser

Compressed natural Gas

44

Basic Elements of a FastFast-Fill CNG Refueling System

Compressor Storage Piping Dispensers

Control system Leak detection system Fire suppression system Lightning protection

Compressors

Reciprocating compressor Multistage (usually four stages) Gas is compressed from 35 kPa to as high as 31 MPa.

Compressed natural Gas

45

Storage

Cylinders are made according to either U S DOT or ASME pressure vessel U.S. l code. d Cylinders are made only from carbon steel. Cylinders are placed on a concrete slab without enclosure enclosure. CNG storage cylinders can also be placed in underground vaults but usually not preferred.

Piping

Piping must be compatible with natural gas and capable of four times the rated service pressure without failure. Stainless steel seamless tubing is commonly used. Threaded and compressioncompression-type fittings th t d that do not t use gaskets k t or sealants l t are also allowed.

Compressed natural Gas

46

Dispensers

Dispensers are used to direct CNG from the storage system into the vehicle (only used for fastfast -fill systems). They typically incorporate a sort of onon-off switch activated by removal of the refueling nozzle and a meter to measure the amount of CNG dispensed. CNG di dispensers are usually ll made d of f stainless t i l steel CNG dispenser nozzles are made from aluminum and stainless steel

Control Systems

Control systems are of two typestypes-mechanically controlled and completely computer controlled controlled. Computer controlled systems offers flexibility not possible with mechanical systems. Computer controlled systems provide functions such as accounting of the amount of the fuel dispensed into the vehicle and billing functions. functions

Compressed natural Gas

47

Leak Detection Systems

Leak detection system usually use methane detectors. Methane detectors are usually placed above the ground level at points where the released gas is likely to pass as methane rises when released. Most methane detectors are set to alarm when 20% lower flammability limit (LFL) of methane in air is detected (about 1% methane in air). Some refueling facilities use two two-stage approach to methane detection and alarm.First alarm is sounded when 20% LFL is detected and sh tdo n of ef eling s stem

Fire Suppression Systems

These systems are dry chemical using infrared detectors A puff test should be normally carried out after installation of fire suppression systems. Puff tests not only shows the coverage th t can be that b obtained bt i d but b t also l tests t t th the components of the fire protection systems.

Compressed natural Gas

48

Lightning Protection

CNG refueling systems located outdoor should h ld take t k lightning li ht i protection t ti into i t account. Lightning strikes can damage the refueling system and cause fuel release and/or fires

Fuel Quality and Effect on Exhaust Emission

9/10/2013

98

Compressed natural Gas

49

Fuel Quality Trends in India

* * *

Diesel Cetane number increased from 42 to 45 in 1995 and further increased to 48. Need for further increase in 2005 to t be b assessed. d Distillation limits became stringent from year 2000 in view of no clear trends further control of T90/T95 to be examined. Sulphur content reduced from 1% to 0.5% in the year 1996 and further reduced to 0.25% in the year 2000. Lik l t Likely to b be 0 0.05 05 i in 2005 but b t needs d to t be b linked li k d with ith engine technology. Benefits of multifunctional additives being examined. Likely benefits in terms of fuel economy and emission reduction.
9/10/2013 99

Gasoline Quality And Emissions

Note: (+) Desirable; (-) Undesirable; Blank NO significant effect

9/10/2013 100

Compressed natural Gas

50

ROLE of Fuel Additives

Additives are rapid, economic and easy means for f - Improving fuel performance properties. - Control fuel quality during production production, distribution and storage. storage - Control emissions.

9/10/2013

101

Gasoline stability problem - inclusion of cracked stocks in gasoline - gasoline deterioration during storage Results in - formation of gum and sediments in storage. - Gummy deposits in engine intake system. - Engine performance deterioration - Loss of fuel economy. - Increase in emission. - Poor startability startability. Solution of problem - Refinery processing - chemical treatment of gasoline with additives
102

MFA In Gasoline

9/10/2013

Compressed natural Gas

51

MFA In Gasoline

INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO U.S.A * As per clean air act gasoline must contain certified additives. EUROPE * Growing use of deposit control additives (DCA) ASIA AND AUSTRALIA * Japan, Singapore, S. Korea, New Zealand, AustraliaAustralia -USE guidelines from US EPA * In Thailand DCA regulation system is in place
103

9/10/2013

Fuel Quality Trends in India Related to Emissions

Unleaded gasoline introduced in four metros from APR.1995 and all over the country from 2000. Total lead phase out in Delhi from 1.9.98 1 9 98 Volatility limits implemented from 1995 further review for evaporative emission control. Use of multifunctional additives in gasoline recommended in 1997 Use of oxygenates like MTBE started in some refineries for producing p g unleaded gasoline g Sulphur limit to be made stringent from year 2000 demand for further control from 2005 Benzene also to be restricted to 5% max. from 2000 demand for reduction upto 1%
9/10/2013 104

Compressed natural Gas

52

Impact of Diesel Properties on Emissions

Note: (+) Desirable; (-) Undesirable; Blank NO significant effect

9/10/2013 105

Fuel Sulphur-PM Emission

Sulphur 0.25% Contribution of sulphate & H20 -Absolute Emission g/kwh % of Euro 1 limit (0.36 g/kwh) % of Euro 2 limit (0.15 g/kwh)
9/10/2013

Sulphur 0.05% 0.011 0 011

Reduction 0.045 0 045

0.056 0 056

16 37

3 7

13 30

106

Compressed natural Gas

53

Conclusion

Main conclusion that flows logically from the overview presented is that India along with most of the world will have to switch to alternative fuels for automobiles, sooner or later, the sooner the better for our own environment. There is a need for all the players in the industry to look ahead and formulate a strategy to make this switch smooth and timely.
107

9/10/2013

Compressed natural Gas

54