Table of Contents

List of Figures...............................................................................................................................................iv List of Tables.................................................................................................................................................v Nomenclature..............................................................................................................................................vi CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Thermal Solar Collectors .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Flat-Plate Solar Collectors ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Evacuated Tube ............................................................................................................................ 2 1.1.3 Concentrating Collectors.............................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Design Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Aim of The Project.............................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 5 SYSTEM DESIGN ................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Solar collector Design ......................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Box Design.......................................................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Glass Cover ......................................................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Section View of The Solar Panel ........................................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................................... 10 CONSTRUCTION AND SET-UP.......................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Construction ...................................................................................................................................... 10 3.2 Setup ................................................................................................................................................. 13 3.3 Fine Adjustments .............................................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................................... 15 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS................................................................................................................ 15 4.1 Results and Data Analysis ................................................................................................................ 15 4.2 Efficiency Calculation ...................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................................... 22 MATERIAL SELECTION ..................................................................................................................... 22 5.1 Galvanized Sheet .............................................................................................................................. 22 Faculty of Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University ii

5.2 Heat Resistant Silicone ..................................................................................................................... 22 5.3 Glass Wool ........................................................................................................................................ 23 5.4 Bronze Connecting Union................................................................................................................. 23 5.5 Fixing Pipes........................................................................................................................................ 23 CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................................................... 24 ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 24 6.1 Electricity Cost Calculation .............................................................................................................. 25 6.2 Gas-fired Water Heater Calculation .................................................................................................. 25 6.3 Payback period .................................................................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER 7 ............................................................................................................................................... 26 ERROR ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................. 26 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 27 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 28 APPENDIX A THEORITICAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 30 Appendix A1: Efficiency-Day Graph ...................................................................................................... 35 Heat Loss Calculation ............................................................................................................................. 36 APPENDIX B PHOTOS............................................................................................................................. 38 APPENDIX C DRAWINGS....................................................................................................................... 43

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Schematic View of Flat-Plate Solar Collector ............................................................................ 2 Figure 1.2 Evacuated Tube Solar collector .................................................................................................. 2 Figure 2.1 Plan and isometric view of spot-welded plates ........................................................................... 6 Figure 2.2 Side, Top and Isometric views of a single spot-welded point ..................................................... 6 Figure 2.3 Top view of Sandwich-Type Solar Collector .............................................................................. 7 Figure 2.4 Top and Isometric views of the box ............................................................................................ 7 Figure 2.5 Top view of the Glass ................................................................................................................. 8 Figure 2.6 Section View of Solar Panel ....................................................................................................... 8 Figure 2.7 Final Assembly of the Sandwich-Type Solar Collector .............................................................. 9 Figure 3.1 Wood Block .............................................................................................................................. 10 Figure 3.2 Hammered Galvanized-Sheet Metal ......................................................................................... 11 Figure 3.3 Spot Welding Section of Sheet Metals...................................................................................... 11 Figure 3.4 A Sandwich-type Absorber in Solidworks ................................................................................ 12 Figure 3.5 Finished assembly of the panel ................................................................................................. 12 Figure 3.6 Finished assembly in SolidWorks ............................................................................................. 13 Figure 3.7 Final assembly of the system .................................................................................................... 14 Figure 4.1 Inlet Panel Temperatures........................................................................................................... 16 Figure 4.2 Outlet Panel Temperatures ........................................................................................................ 17 Figure 4.3 Glass Surface Temperatures ...................................................................................................... 18 Figure 4.4 Absorber Surface Temperatures ................................................................................................ 19 Figure 4.5 Water Tank Temperatures ......................................................................................................... 20

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 6.1: Cost of materials .......................24

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NOMENCLATURE
(W/m2) (W) (W) (dimensionless) (K/W) (dimensionless) (J/kgK) (W/mK) (W/m2K) (kg)

: : : :

Solar Intensity Total heat transfer on the surface of plate Total heat transfer on the surface of pipes Emissivity Heat resistance Efficiency Specific heat capacity Thermal conduction coefficient Thermal convection coefficient mass of water

: : :

k h m

: : :

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Solar collector is a water heater designed to collect heat by absorbing sunlight. Solar collector systems consist of steel pipe solar collector, glass-covered panel water storage tanks, connection pipes and valves. Glass-covered panel absorbs solar radiation and heat the water passes through inside of the plates. Collector delivers the collected energy to the thermal storage tank then provides hot water for domestic usage. Sandwich-type solar collector is a different from steel pipe type of solar collectors. There is no steel pipes inside of the panel. The absorber plate comprised of two sheet metal instead of steel pipes in order to increase efficiency of the system by enlarging the contact surface area.

1.1 Thermal Solar Collectors

There are basically three types of thermal solar collectors: flat-plate, evacuated-tube and concentrating. Each type of collector is explained in brief in the following sub-sections.

1.1.1 Flat-Plate Solar Collectors

These type of collectors include of an insulated, weatherproof box containing a dark absorber plate under one or more transparent (i.e. glass or plexiglass). Water or heat conducting fluid passes through pipes positioned below or the absorber plate. As the fluid flows through the pipes it is heated. This type of collector is poorer in many ways to evacuated tube collectors, but is still the most general type of collector in many countries. Figure 1.1 shows the schematic view of Flat-Plate Solar Collector.

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Hot Water Water Tank

Solar Ray

Solar Heater

Cold Water

Figure 1.1 Schematic View of Flat-Plate Solar Collector

Figure 1.1 also shows natural circulation solar water heater, consisting of a collector, a water storage tank and the connecting tubes. When solar radiation falls on the collector, it brings a temperature difference between the lower and upper ands of the collector. The temperature difference causes a density variation given rise to buoyancy forces. The effective pressure difference due to buoyancy force responsible for total closed loop cycle in the natural circulation system is made up of two parts.

1.1.2 Evacuated Tube

Evacuated tube solar collector water heaters are made up of rows of parallel, glass tubes. There are several types of evacuated tubes used in solar thermal collectors. Each evacuated tube consists of glass tubes made from extremely strong glass. Figure 1.2 shows Evacuted Tube Solar Collector.

Figure 1.2 Evacuated Tube Solar collector[1]

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The transparent outer tube allows sunlight to pass through with minimal reflection. The inner tube is coated with selective coating. This selective surface is excellent absorbing solar radiation with minimal reflection losses[2].

1.1.3 Concentrating Collectors

These type of collectors are usually parabolic troughs that use mirrored surfaces to focus the sun's energy on an absorber tube containing a heat-transfer fluid, or the water itself. This type of solar collector is generally used for business power production applications, as very high temperatures can be achieved. It is however dependent on direct sunlight and therefore does not perform well in cloudy conditions, and for maximum performance tracking is required.

1.2 Design Objectives

The objective of this report is to develop a new design solar water heater which is called a sandwich-type of solar collector. Sheet metals were used instead of steel pipes in order to reduce the cost and ease the manufacture of the solar collector systems. In the new design solar collector, the impact of design changes on the thermal performance and the cost will be investigated. The future work can be the development of this project to have a more efficient system.

1.3 Aim of The Project

In Cyprus, in general solar collectors have steel pipes which heats water and supply domestic hot water to residential buildings. In this project the main aim is to develop a cheaper efficient and easy to manufacture. Other aim is to find the best shape by enlarging contact surface area of collector. In order to increase the efficiency, Sandwich-type solar collector consisting of two galvanized-sheet metals which are spot-welded together are manufactured instead of the traditional finned steel piped collector.

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In the proposed collector, water passes through between the sheet metals instead of steel pipes. The contact surface area of the plate is larger than the surface area of steel pipes. With this change, we can heat same amount of water faster than the traditional collector designs by utilizing solar energy. We anticipate that this change makes our design more efficient and cheaper due to the ease in manufacturing. In this project a sandwich-type solar collector was designed, manufactured and tested. A 150 liters capacity hot water tank was used as a hot water storage tank. This amount of hot water is enough for a single family of 4 people. The traditional solar water heater collector have 1.5m2 area and usually two collectors are installed (i.e., total collector area is 3m2).

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CHAPTER 2 SYSTEM DESIGN

2.1 Solar collector Design

A solar water heating system having a sandwich-type collector is designed and manufactured. A sandwich type collector consists of two sheet metals placed one on top of the other. The sides are seam welded and the plates are further joined by spot welding. The main aim of the spot welding is to provide a better contact of water with the absorber plate, that will increase the heat transfer from the absorber plate to the fluid. (i.e., water) The water from the storage tank enters the inlet at the bottom of the absorber plate. The water passes through, between the plates and exits at the top of the absorber plate and enters into the storage tank. The system works due to gravity; heated water rises as it becomes less dense, the circulation is natural i.e., the system is passive. A vent pipe is fitted to the hot water storage tank. The purpose of the vent pipe is to eliminate pressure build-up within the storage tank. The performance of the collector will be studied. A knowledge of the efficiency is important in sizing the collector. The heating needs and solar energy availability is also needed in determining the size of the collector. The efficiency depends on several factors; such as the temperature of the collector and the outside air, insolation and fluid flow through the collector and its construction and orientation. In design process, we have decided to build a smaller size solar collector. One reason is the size of spot welding machine, i.e., maximum width can be 90 cm. For this reason, we decided to take the dimension of the width of the plate to be 90 cm. We can reach 90 cm in a line with adjusting the head of welding machine in two opposite sides. The dimension of the depth and the height are analyzed such that the collector has approximately 10 liters of water capacity. So the overall dimensions of the collector are 120 cm in height, 90 cm width and the depth is 1cm. Figure 2.1 shows the plan and isometric view of the absorber plate.

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Figure 2.1 Plan and isometric view of spot-welded plates

There are spot welding points are 1cm is depth and 10cm apart on the surface. After making a stress test, 0.4 mm galvanized-sheet metal is found to be the most suitable thickness to bend it. 10 cm is the optimum distance between two spots. If the distance is less than 10cm, it will be much harder to spot welding and welding points will not be durable. If the distance is larger than 10 cm, two plate bend and narrow the gap so the amount of water that will pass through inside of the plates will be decreased. Figure 2.1 shows the various views of spot welding and Figure 2.2 shows the top view of sandwich-type solar collector.

Figure 2.2 Side, Top and Isometric views of a single spot-welded point

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There are 72 spot welded points on finished collector surface;

Figure 2.3 Top view of Sandwich-Type Solar Collector

2.2 Box Design

In this part, the box that will contain the absorber plate is explained galvanized-sheet metal having 1mm thickness is bended in shape of rectangular-prism and top is covered with glass. The height is 130 cm and width is 100 cm. When absorber is placed into the collector, there 5 cm gaps between each edge of the panel and absorber. These gaps are filled with glass wool for insulation. Figure 2.4 shows top and isometric view of the box.

Figure 2.4 Top and Isometric views of the box

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2.3 Glass Cover

To cover the panel and keep the air inside, a 3mm thick glass is cut in size of 120 cm x 95 cm. The purpose of glazing is to trap the solar radiation passing through the glazing. Figure 2.5 top view of the glass cover.

Figure 2.5 Top view of the Glass

2.4 Section View of The Solar Panel

Figure 2.6 shows the sectional view of the solar panel, i.e., to prevent heat loss through the bottom. Glass is placed on the top of the panel to allow solar radiation to pass and trap it within the collector. Figure 2.6 shows the section view of the solar panel.

Figure 2.6 Section View of Solar Panel

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2.5 Final Assembly of the Sandwich-Type Solar Collector

Final assembly of the collector included connection of bronze units to the inlet and exit water holes. Glass is placed on top and is made air tight using heat resistant silicone. Figure 2.7 shows the final assembly drawing of the solar collector in SolidWorks drawing.

Figure 2.7 Final Assembly of the Sandwich-Type Solar Collector

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CHAPTER 3 CONSTRUCTION AND SET-UP 3.1 Construction

Two 0.4 mm galvanized sheet metals were bought to be used in the collector as absorber plate. The plates were cut 900 mm width and 1160 mm length. For spot welding gaps, a wood block which had the same length with our sheet metals was used to make small gaps on to it in order to guide us to find points which to be spot welded. All welding points were marked with a pen then all that points were punched by using curved hummer. There were 100mm between gaps and the depth of each gap was 10mm as shown in figure 3.1

Figure 3.1 Wood Block

One of the sheet metals and the wood block shown in figure 3.1, were fixed each other temporarily. Chosen points and wood gaps should matched perfectly. All points are punched by a hummer. As the thickness of the sheet metal was 0.4 mm it can be damaged due to hammering. So each gap was tested carefully for any crack, leak or other undesirable conditions. Figure 3.2 shows hammered-galvanized sheet metal.
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Figure 3.2 Hammered Galvanized-Sheet Metal

Before welding, two holes were cut by using a punch to make a inlet hole for cold water and hot water outlet. Holes were fixed with special connecting valves. Then, two sheet metals sides were joined together by oxyacetylene welding as shown in figure 3.3

Figure 3.3 Spot Welding Section of Sheet Metals

All edges of sheet metals were welded to each other by using oxyacetylene gas welding machine with 10mm space between two sheets.

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Some spot-welded points failed by separating themselves because there were some kind of electricity connection problem. Figure 3.4 shows a sandwich-type absorber in SolidWorks.

Figure 3.4 A Sandwich-type Absorber in Solidworks

The sandwich-type of absorber was ready for leakage test after surface control. The absorber was filled with water for testing leakage. Surprisingly there were 10 spot-welded points and 4 edge points leaking. To prevent these leakages, all leaking points were fixed. The collector was tested again by filling it with water and there were no leakage. To increase the absorptivity which is an important factor in collecting the solar radiation, front side of collector plate was painted in matte black twice. Finished assembly of the panel shown in figure 3.5

Figure 3.5 Finished assembly of the panel

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To cover the panel and enslave the air inside, glass were cut in size of 120 cm x 95 cm and glass wools were placed to the sides and the base of the panel in order to have good insulation. The inside of the panel was filled and aligned with adequate amount of glass wool by gluing it inside surface of the panel then, sandwich-type absorber was placed on to glass wools and fixed by screwing it at each corner of the absorber to the panel. Cold and hot water valves were fixed at both side of the panel. Finally the solar panel was covered with glass on to the outer frame U shaped rubber sealing was used to prevent leakage of insider hot air. Outer sides of the panel were painted in grey. SolidWorks design is shown in figure 3.6

Figure 3.6 Finished assembly in SolidWorks

3.2 Setup
One of the stands which were used in older projects was chosen for the stand of our system. The panel is put on to the frame and got ready for the installation. A support with suitable height, that is to hold the base of hot water cylinder 15 cm lower than panel outlet height, was chosen for the hot water tank. Then the pipe connections between the panel and hot water tank were made with PE tubes. The thermocouple tips were fixed with silicone to the points where data collection was desired. Pressure test was performed on the fins (between two welded points) network and reparations were made at the points where water leakage was observed.

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3.3 Fine Adjustments

The support of solar panel is positioned on 45 degrees angle in order to get use of solar energy all the year. The direction of the panels front face should look to south so that sun light will be able to enter into the panel all day. When these adjustments were applied on the supporter frame and the panel, system was ready to taking measurements and recording data. The height of the hot water cylinder is arranged according to the data formed above. During the design and construction process of the flat-plate solar collector, standards were taken into account. The standard related to solar collectors, which is taken from Turkish Standards Institute, is TS EN 12975-1 and BS EN 12975-2. [10] Figure 3.7 shows final assembly of the system.

Figure 3.7 Final assembly of the system

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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 4.1 Results and Data Analysis

All Data were taken hourly between 09.20 and 16.20. The data recordings are arranged by distributing between the team members. To ease the data recordings, a record sheet template is created by the team members and used while recording. This sheet consists of five different temperature recordings which are given as: T1 : Water inlet temperature into the panel, oC T2: Water outlet temperature from the panel, oC T3: Glass surface temperature, oC T4: Absorber plate surface temperature, oC T5: Water temperature in the tank, oC

During the measurements, varying weather conditions are observed and recorded. Daily temperatures are recorded using dry bulb thermometers. In order to measure the accuracy of the thermocouples and digital multi meter, the devices are tested with hundred degree centigrade water. These tests had shown that the measurement error of the equipments wer e about 3.5%. The recorded data are then corrected according to this value. The obtained results as a figure are shown in Figures [4.1 - 4.5].

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Figure 4.1 Inlet Panel Temperatures

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Figure 4.2 Outlet Panel Temperatures

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Figure 4.3 Glass Surface Temperatures

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Figure 4.4 Absorber Surface Temperatures

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Figure 4.5 Water Tank Temperatures

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4.2 Efficiency Calculation

The efficiency of the system is calculated as;

.....................................................................................(4.1)
The average efficiency of the system is

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CHAPTER 5 MATERIAL SELECTION

Cyprus is a country which has the highest sunshine duration in Europe. In this project, the low cost metal sheets are used to benefit from sun as much as possible and to keep the cost lower than conventional systems. The project is a solar water heating system similar to conventional solar water heaters available on the market. Utilizing solar energy to heat water makes the system more advantageous and environment friendly. Also the system can be used with the combination of other heating systems. There are some main materials used in this project. These are;

5.1 Galvanized Sheet

Galvanized metal is simply steel in some form that has received a thin coating of zinc oxide. The purpose of the zinc is to protect the steel from elements that normally would lead to oxidation, corrosion and the eventual weakening of the steel. In this sense, the zinc coating acts as what is called a sacrificial anode. In other words, the zinc will protect the steel from corrosion by acting as a barrier between the steel and the corrosive agent, at least until the zinc coating has been completely oxidized. Galvanized metal is often used in the constructions. Other possible materials can be copper plate, aluminium or stainless steel. All these are more expensive compared to galvanized steel plate. Aluminium is not suitable if the system is not a closed loop. Aluminium reacts with iron ions within water and corrodes rapidly. Copper and stainless steel are not used because they are very expensive and difficult to work with compared to galvanized steel plate.

5.2 Heat Resistant Silicone

Heat resistant silicone is a one component silicone sealant for high temperature applications. It is a one part acid-curing sealant which reacts with atmospheric moisture to form elastic silicone rubbers that are especially designed for high temperature applications.
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Heat resistant silicon is particularly recommended for sealing and joining in applications where high heat resistance is required for extended periods, such as oven doors and fire flues.

5.3 Glass Wool

Glass wool or fiberglass insulation is an insulating material made from fiberglass, arranged into a texture similar to wool. Glass wool is produced in rolls or in slabs, with different thermal and mechanical properties. It is a good insulator.

5.4 Bronze Connecting Union

Bronze connecting union is a kind of valve or elbow that is made of bronze. Bronze is a yellow material that is durable for corrosion for long term usage.

5.5 Fixing Pipes

Pipes are used to connect solar panel to hot water storage tank. Galvanized steel pipes are used.

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CHAPTER 6 ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS

As seen from Table 6.1, the cost of only materials is 270 TL excluding labor cost. The low cost of the system makes it a preferable product.

Table 6.1: Cost of materials Item Size Amount Unit Cost (TL/Part) Total Cost(TL)

Bronze Connecting Union

25 mm

7.5

15

Sheet Metal

1m x 2m

17

34

Elbow Glass Wool Assorted Fastener Frame Glass Plastic Pipe Matte Black Paint Silicone

25 mm 2 m2 3mm 130 x 10 cm2 1.2 m2 5m 50 gr. ------

2 1/4 100 1 1.6 1 5 1

3.5 10 0.025 140 35 10 5 9

7 2.5 2.5 140 35 10 25 9

Total Cost (Excluding labor cost)

270 TL

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6.1 Electricity Cost Calculation

If solar water heater is not utilized, either electricity or gas is used to heat water domestic use in Cyprus. Electricity cost for helping water is presented below. Standard Heater Element= 3000 W Price of electricity in North Cyprus = 0.40 TL/ kWh Desired Temperature = 55 C where time is calculated as 2 hours and 37 minutes at 55 C

Cp = Constant pressure specific heat of water (kJ/kg . K),

= Water mass of flow rate (kg/s),

, daily cost is calculated as

On an average 63TL is required to heat water for domestic use in Cyprus.

6.2 Gas-fired Water Heater Calculation

If gas is used for heating water, the cost will be somewhat the same Average fossil fuel gas usage is about 2*10 kg tubes. Cost of 10 kg tube is 36 TL Cost = 72 TL cost for one month.

6.3 Payback period

If labor cost is not considered, the cost of the collector is about 270 TL. The payback period is calculated to be 4 months.

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CHAPTER 7 ERROR ANALYSIS

Efficiency that is calculated with the recorded data shows that we have lost less than 30% of the maximum solar energy we can get. The most important reason of that heat loss is the noninsulated silicone patches. If we have to calculate this heat loss, the affecting elements are ambient air temperature, color, silicone and the temperature of the fluid flowing inside the plates. As seen from Appendix A, the average efficiency of the system is Normally, the

efficiency of the system at perfect conditions must be more than that result calculated in Appendix A. The reason of having such difference in efficiency is caused by additional materials that we had to use to prevent leakage.

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CONCLUSION
This project shows that using galvanized sheet metal as an absorber plate is better than using galvanized steel pipes as in traditional system. The efficiency of the system was calculated about 39.4%. The calculated efficiency shows that the methods applied in order to increase the efficiency of the system had a positive effect with a high conductivity material galvanized sheet metal. In traditional systems, the absorber plates consisted of metal sheets with steel tubes or copper tubes are soldered, welded, wired, or clamped to the black painted galvanized steel plates. Many experiments were carried out to develop cheap, effective methods to bond the tubes to plates. Good thermal bonds are very important. If tubes are poorly clamped to the plates the conduction of heat will be very low. One of the methods used for increasing efficiency and the most effective one was to increase the contact surface area between two plates. This is achieved by spot welding. Also the material of this plate had a great effect on the heat transfer rate to the water inside the plates. One another important factor was alignment of glass wools not only to the base as the standard flat plates, but also to the sides of the panel with sufficient amount of glass wool. By this way, heat loss from the interior to exterior of the plate is largely reduced. The only reason of using galvanized sheet metal was not only the economic issues. Corrosion resistance of the sheet metals had played a good role while choosing the material for this project. As the galvanized sheet metals have good workability, the construction and setup of the panel is easy to apply with no need to complex methods: i.e., sheet metals were applied with only a cutter, welding machine and human power. Thus, this characteristic of the system will both help in the setup and maintenance areas. As there is no need for soldering, labor costs of construction and appliance will be low when compared with other systems. As a conclusion it is estimated that this system does not have good feasibility options under these circumstances. Short life period and comparably low efficiency, makes the production of the system unfavorable. For the future work, we recommend stainless steel absorber plates having thickness of 1mm.

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REFERENCES
[1] Missouri Department of Natural Resources. (2008). Passive solar water heating system, retrieved on May 16, 2012 from World Wide Web: http://www.dnr.mo.gov/energy/renewables/solar6.htm [3] Solar Direct. (). Active solar water heating system, retrieved on May 13, 2012 from World Wide Web: http://www.solardirect.com/swh/aet/aet.htm [4] HVAC Blog. (2010). Solar Water Heater, retrieved on May 15, 2012 from World Wide Web: http://domesticfutureshvac.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/99/ [5] klimnet. (2006). Solar concentrating collector, retrieved on May 13, 2012 from World Wide Web: http://www.iklimnet.com/save/solarconcentratingcollectors%20.html [6] Solar Direct. (). Active solar water heating system, retrieved on May 13, 2012 from World Wide Web: http://www.solardirect.com/swh/aet/aet.htm [7] The Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy and Sustainable Living. (2012). Thermosiphon system, retrieved on May 14, 2012 from World Wide Web: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/T/AE_thermosiphon_system.html [2] engel, Y. A. (2006), Heat and Mass Transfer: A practical approach, McGraw-Hill: Singapore. [8] The Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy and Sustainable Living. (2012).Batch water heater, retrieved on May 14, 2012 from World Wide Web: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/AE_batch_heater.html [9] HVAC Blog. (2010). Solar Water Heater, retrieved on May 15, 2012 from World Wide Web: http://domesticfutureshvac.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/99/ [10] Kuzey Kbrs Trk Cumhuriyeti Meteoroloji Dairesi Mdrl, (2012). Son llen gnelenme iddeti, Retrieved on May, 2012: http://kktcmeteor.org/sondurumlar/guneslenme-siddeti.aspx

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[11] Northern Lights Solar Solutions. (2009). Solar water heating systems, retrieved on May 15, 2012 from World Wide Web: http://www.solartubs.com/Types-of-Solar-

Heating.html [12] University of Oregon: Solar Radiation Monitoring Laboratory. (2007). Sun chart program, retrieved on December 20, 2010 from World Wide Web:

http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChartProgram.html [13] The Engineering Toolbox. (2007). Thermocouples, retrieved on May 14, 2012 from World Wide Web: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermocouples-d_496.html [14] Weather Online, (2011). Weather Forecast, Retrieved May 11, 2012 from World Wide Web: http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?WEEK=02&MM=05&YY=2011&W MO=x2275&LANG=en&SID=x227577fa88fb4c72fea8fbd9ea4626ba96b7a&ART=MAX &CONT=euro&R=310&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=150&REGION=0005&LAND=CY

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APPENDIX A THEORITICAL ANALYSIS

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Plate Length of plate: 125 cm Width of plate : 100 cm Thickness of plate: 20 cm

Absorber Length of absorber: 116 cm Width of absorber: 90 cm Thickness of absorber: 0.8 cm Approximate Surface area of absorber

Approximate Volume of absorber

Because energy never disappears, the total solar energy received by the absorber equals the sum of the heat energy escaping the collector and the useful heat energy extracted from it. If represents the rate of solar heat gain (expressed in W) by the absorber, heat excape, then the rate of useful heat collection, , is given by and is the rate of

Usually

and

are the easiest quantities to calculate, and

is expressed as the

difference between them.

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The rate of solar heat collection is easily determined by measuring the mass of the fluid m (kg) and the inlet and outlet temperatures collector per hour, is then and ( ). The solar heat extracted, in W of

)
Where 1.005 is the specific heat of the fluid 4.1855 for air. Knowing for water and , time we took data 't' and (%);

surface area of the absorber

the value of solar intensity 'I', you can immediately calculate the collector efficiency

The instantaneous efficiency can be calculated by taking this ratio at any selected moment. Or an average efficiency may be determined by dividing the total heat collected over a certain period (an hour) by the total insolation during that period.

For Day 1 (16 May 2012)

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For Day 2 (17 May 2012)

For Day3 (18 May 2012)

Solar intensity data was taken from the department of meteorology of TRNC. That value given so we convert .

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For Day 1 (16 May 2012)

For Day 2 (17 May 2012)

For Day3 (18 May 2012)

Efficiency Calculations
For Day 1 (16 May 2012)

For Day 2 (17 May 2012)

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For Day3 (18 May 2012)

Appendix A1 shows Efficiency-Day graph below,

Efficiency Graph
45 40 35 Efficiency % 30 25 20 15 1 2 Day 3

Appendix A1: Efficiency-Day Graph

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Heat Loss Calculation

18

For Day 1 (16 May 2012)

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For Day 2 (17 May 2012)

For Day3 (18 May 2012)

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APPENDIX B PHOTOS

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Appendix B1: Cutting Section

Appendix B2: Punching Section

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Appendix B3: When workshop assistant give an advice before spot welding section

Appendix B4: Finished Assembly of Solar Panel

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Appendix B5: System Setup

Appendix B6: Filling cracks with heat resistant silicone

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Appendix B7: Final Assembly of The System

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APPENDIX C DRAWINGS

Faculty of Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University

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