IP Addressing

Background
There are 3 types of networks. Individual computer, computer network(homogeneous network),non homogeneous network. A message pertaining to a non-homogeneous network is
SIO OPC DPC CIC Actual Message

Service information octet

label

Identifying a node
A node has to be identified so that in the label we can input from which node a message has to be transferred ,to the recipient node. These information will be given in OPC(Originating point code) and DPC(Destination .. .) CIC stands for (Circuit identification code), the route the message travels from the origination to the termination. In order to understand this we will first examine how a telephone network operates.

Sri Lanka Telephone Networks

.A
Fixed Lines Mobile SLT

Dialog

Suntel

Mobitel

Lanka Bell There are 3 operators

Hutch

Tigo

There are 5 operators

Airtel

How to identify the network?

In a fixed network
Area code 2,3 5 5

7 digits
SLT Lanka bell Suntel

SLT digit 2 indicates for wire lines

Digit 3 indicates CDMA(wireless lines) All the other operators suntel and lankabell will have 4 and 5 to identify their network.

In a fixed telephone Network

Identifying the network will be from the network number , this number is available after the area code (Area Code+ Network Number) for fixed operators. For eg: Ratnapura area code is 45 , Ratnapura SLT numbers starting with 45 2 or 3, Lankabell nos 45 5 How many telephones can SLT provide to Ratnapura area? How many telephones the Lanka Bell can provide in Ratnapura area? Area code of Sri Lanka is given in the attached annexure How many telephones each operator can provide in Sri Lanka? How many mobile telephones and how many fixed telephones in a given geographical area?

Area codes of Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan numbering plan

,
Area code

Fixed Line

Network number

Individual customer identification

Mobile

How to identify the operator in the mobile network?

No Area code
9 digits

How many telephones could be provided by dialog for the whole of Sri Lanka? Answer: 10 million subscribers.

Sub-Network
Local Area Network or PBX(Private Branch Exchanges) Suppose there are 800 telephones in your university. Do you want to have direct lines? Within the campus , do you want to dial full number of a given telephone?

Sub Network Numbering

Sabaragamuwa campus can be provided with 3 digits to identify each telephone in the campus.(Assume 1000 telephones in the campus) Hence the least significant 3 digits of the numbering plan has to be privately used by the campus . Lets analyze that the campus has decided to select SLT as the network operator. The campus should have the national numbering ,045 2 XXX YYY . The SLT operator will allocate XXX from their numbering resources, for eg: We assume 200 Then the campus authority is having the freedom to allocate 1000 numbers for a particular location, i.e YYY digits Hence the telephone number of the campus for external uses will be 045 2 200 YYY, where as with in the campus , it can be only YYY

The concept of sub numbering(Local Area If any extension dials more Network) than 3 digits implies an .
(Direct outward dialing) outbound call from the university network, this will be analyzed by the campus PAPX and call be routed accordingly 000 001 University Of Sabaragamuwa

002
Local Numbers

SLT Network

999

045 2 200 999

(Direct inward dialing)

The concept of sub numbering(Wide Area Network)

Assume 4 universities such as sabaragamuwa, Ruhuna, peradeniya and colombo to be provided with 10,000 extensions with the following breakdown
Peradeniya-4000, Colombo- 3000, Sabaragamuwa-2000, Ruhuna-1000 Assume that the entire network is interconnected as 1 network so that 1 area code could be allocated . Assume 90 as the area code which will be provided by the government. Assume SLT as the network operator, then the network operator code will be 2. Since there are 10,000 extensions in the numbering plan , the least significant 4 digits are allocated for extension numbers. The Wide area internal numbering plan can be as follows:

Wide area network internal numbering.

Peradeniya 0YYY , 1YYY, 2YYY,3YYY (4000 extensions) Colombo 4YYY,5YYY,6YYY(3000 extensions) Sabaragamuwa 7YYY,8YYY(2000 extensions) Ruhuna 9YYY(1000 extensions ) Any srilankan dialing this Wide area network will dial 10 digits.They are as follows: 090 2 XX YYYY , XX can be any 2 digits which will be allocated by SLT, assume it as 00 Then the wide area network numbering will be 090 2 00 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 , where Y1 denotes the University , Y1=0,1,2,3 represents Peradeniya etc

Wide Area Network working

.
(Direct outward dialing)

Sabaragamuwa 001

000

002
SLT Network Colombo Ruhuna

Peradeniya 9999

090 2 00 9999
(Direct inward dialing)

Telephone network in the world

Inorder to complete the analysis on telephone numbering lets try 2 understand about how the world telephones operates. CCITT has decided 15 digits as the total length How many telephones in the world you can have? 1 peta telelphones(10 10)
Country code 15 digits

..

Numbering of computer networks.

Similar to the telephones a computers to communicate through the internet the packets transmitted may pass through several LANs and WANs before reaching the destination computer For this level of communication we need a global addressing scheme Today the term IP address is used to mean a logical address in the network layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite. IPv4 was standardised by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 1981

Every machine on internet has a unique identifying number which is known as IP Address. An example of an IP address is shown below 216.27.61.137

Basics of IP address

Any computer element connected to a computer network such as internet will be identified by 32 bits(We learned analogy in the telephone network this as 15 digits) The number of computers that could be connected to the internet is : 2 to the power 32) In order to save the addresses unlike telephones the IP addresses will be provided to customers as dynamic(means only when the computer is connected to the network , a temporary IP address will be provided by the service provider.) or static (similar to telephone network , one permanent IP address will be allocated) The ADSL line will provide static IP addresses while ILL will provide dynamic IP addresses. IP address is normally shown in dot decimal format : 32 bits consists of 4 bytes and each byte will be converted to denary What we have studied up to now is IPv4(version 4 , still using) In future IPv6 will be used and where 128 bits are there instead of 32 bits , so that much more computers can be provided with fixed (static) IP address.

The relationship between dot,hexa and IP addresses

The characteristics of IP Address

World Wide Web(WWW) doesnt differentiate countrywise,unlike telephone networks. Each terminal will be defined by 32 bits , as an IP address. The IP address has been structured according to the networks and the number of computers in that network that is going to be operated . Hence the IP address can be segregated into network and the host . There are two types of addressing method in IP. Classful and Classless At the inception of IP, Classful addressing was used. However later moved towards Classless addressing. In classful addressing consist of 5 types. They are Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E

Dot decimal IP Address

8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits

Class A Class B

0 10

7 Bits Network

.
14 Bits Network

Hosts

Hosts

Class C
Class D Class E

110
Network Hosts

1110
0

Summary of Classful addressing

Summary of Classful addressing contd

Disadvantage of classful addressing is each class is divided into a fixed number of blocks consisting of fixed number of addresses. A large part of the available addresses are wasted. Hence this method is becoming obsolete. To somewhat overcome the wastage of addresses subnetting was introduced during classful addressing era

Introduction to Subnet
The two level hierarchy (network and host numbers) were initially thought to be sufficient, but by 1984, it became clear that a third hierarchical level was needed and so the subnet was added to the hierarchy at that time Large block of class A and B is divided into several groups and each group is assigned to smaller networks (called subnets) A subnet was added into the HOST Shown in the diagram. Why?

Introduction to Subnet contd

Because we can control the number of hosts we want to allocate if we have another function. That is, if we want more hosts there will be less subnet bits and if we want less hosts we can have more subnets. In that way, Hosts wont be wasted neither used less!

Optimizing IP addressing

Examples

Subnet Example 1 Lets find the corresponding Network, Subnet and Host for a given IP address and a subnet Mask. IP Address : 10.27.32.100 Subnet Mask : 0xFFFF0000 Step 1

Turn both of them into Binary format

IP address : 0000 1010 0001 1011 0010 0000 0110 0100 Subnet Mask : 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 Step 2 Identify which class is IP address. Since it starts from 0, The class is A. Class A : 7 bit Net , 24 bits Host

Step 3 AND both Subnet and IP address together IP Add : 0000 1010 0001 1011 0010 0000 0110 0100 Sub Net : 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 Result : 0000 1010 0001 1011 0000 0000 0000 0000 Step 4 Observe the result. The last bits which are 0s represent number of Host. In this example, Number of 0s (in the end of result ) are 16 bits. So the corresponding binary of the 0s in results are taken in the IP address.

Which would come to 0010 0000 0110 0100 = 32.100

So the HOST is 32.100

Step 5 IP Add : 0000 1010 0001 1011 0010 0000 0110 0100 Sub Net : 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 Result : 0000 1010 0001 1011 0000 0000 0000 0000 We know that number of host bits in this example are 16 bits. This is Class A address and they have 24 bits for Host + Subnet So the Subnet bits are 24 16 = 8 bits Imagine you have no 0s in the end of the result (It is for the HOST not for subnet!)

That would leave the result as 0000 1010 0001 1011

Take 8 bits from the least significant bit which would give 0001 1011 = 27 So the SUBNET is 27.

Step 6 The rest is simple! Result : 0000 1010 0001 1011 0000 0000 0000 0000 Ignore the bits allocated for Host and Subnet in the result. That would leave 0000 1010 = 10 So the Network is 10

Result
IP Address : 10.27.32.100 : 0000 1010 0001 1011 0010 0000 0110 0100 Subnet Mask : 0xFFFF0000 : 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000

Network : 10
Host : 32.100 Subnet : 27

Now, few examples for you 1. IP Address : 136.27.33.100

Subnet Mask : 0xFFFFFE00

2. IP Address : 136.27.34.141 Subnet Mask : 0xFFFFFE00 3. IP Address : 193.27.32.197 Subnet Mask : 0xFFFFFFC0

Answers 1.

Answers 2.

Answers 3.

Classless Addressing
To overcome address depletion classless addressing was designed In this scheme there are no classes but the addresses are still granted in blocks Restrictions:
The addresses in a block must be contiguous, one after another. No. of addresses in a block must be a power of 2 (1,2,4,8,). The first address must be evenly divisible by the number of addresses.

Example
A block of 4 addresses is granted to a small office. First 205.16.37.32 Last 205.16.37.35

We see that the addresses are contiguous. The number of addresses is a power of 2 (4= 22), an the first address is divisible by 4. The first address, when converted to a decimal number is 3,440,387,360, which when divided by 4 results is 860,096,840

Classless Addressing contd..

Mask.

Example A block of addresses is granted to a small organisation. We know that one address is 205.16.37.39/28.Find the first address, last address and the number of addresses assigned to the organisation. Solution Binary representation is 11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111. we set 32-28 rightmost bits to 0 11001101 00010000 00100101 00100000 Hence the first address is 205.16.37.32 Last address Set 32-n rightmost bits in binary to 1s Hence the last address is

11001101 00010000 00100101 00101111 205.16.37.47

Number of addresses The value of n is 28. Hence the no. of addresses is 232-28 = 16 NOTE: The first address in a block is used as the network address to represent the organisation to the rest of the world and is not assigned to any device.