Prof. Abousleiman N.

Younane
Email: yabousle@ou.edu
Office: SEC, Suite P119
GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Dr. A.
Younane Abousleiman s lecture notes

iPMI, www.pmi.ou.edu

I am inclined to believe that engineers and engineering schools
will play an important part in restoring unity and central
viewpoint in the natural sciences.

This is because modern engineering by its very nature must be
synthetic. Specialization carried to extremes is a form of death
and decay.
Acceptance speech of Timoshenko Award (1963), American Society of Mechanical
Engineers http://imechanica.org/node/178
Maurice A. Biot (1905-1985)
Biot Conference 2005, at OU
Engineering
Mind at
Work!
News
The Southwest flight Landed safely while part of the
plane roof was ripped off in midflight!
Atmospheric Pressure
z
http://www.globeimages.net/data/media/5/photo_chicago_skyline.jpg
z =0, p =p
0
z =h, p =?

Atmospheric Pressure
z
http://www.danzfamily.com/archives/2010/11/
z =0, p =p
0
z =h, p =?

Temperature at top of Devon and Ground Floor!



Temperature at top of Devon is Colder than BT!!

It decreases linearly with altitude

What we know
? streets downtown T T
bricktown
devTop =
Bz T T
bricktown
dev =
Ideal gas law
What we know
nRT pV =
or
p: pressure (Pa)
V: volume of gas (m
3
)
n: amount of substance of gas (mol)
R: gas constant ( J /(molK) )
T: temperature (K)
m: mass of gas (kg)
M: molar mass of gas (kg/mol)
: gas density (kg/ m
3
)
T
M M
m
V V
R RT
1
nRT
1
p

= = =
What we know
Bz T T =
0
RT
M

p =
Parameter Description
Value
(English units)
Value
(SI units)
p
0
sea level atmospheric pressure 14.7 psi 101325 Pa
B temperature lapse rate 0.00357 F/ft 0.0065 C/m
T
0
sea level standard temperature 59 F 15 C
g
Earth-surface gravitational
acceleration
32.174 ft/s
2
9.80665 m/s
2

M molar mass of dry air 0.06385 lb/mol 0.0289644 kg/mol
R universal gas constant
1545
ftlbf/(lbmolR)
8.31447 J /(molK)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure#cite_note-5

5
9
K R 273.15; C K 32;
5
9
C F = + = + =
Hydrostatic pressure



Ideal gas law + linear temperature variation




So



Derivation
gz p =
( )
( )
dz
Bz T R
gM
Bz T R
M
gdz
p
dp

=
0
0

( ) Bz T R
M
p =
0

gdz dp =
or
psf
2 2 3
lbf/ft ft ) (ft/s (lb/ft = )
Integrate from z =0




So





So
Derivation
K mol J m K
mol kg s m
RB
gM
z
p
T
Bz
p z p

=
/ 31447 . 8 / 0065 . 0
/ 0289644 . 0 / 80665 . 9
0
2
15 . 288
0065 . 0
1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( ) (
( )
0 0
ln ln ) 0 ( ln ) ( ln T Bz T
RB
gM
p z p =

=
0
0
ln
) 0 (
) (
ln
T
Bz T
RB
gM
p
z p
Derivation
( )
26 . 5
00002256 . 0 1 ) 0 ( ) ( z p z p =
So

At z = 0, p(0) = p
0
= 14.7 psi = 101 kPa Good enough for 1 bar

At z = h,

( )
26 . 5
0
00002256 . 0 1 ) ( h p h p =
Specifically, at z = 10000 m,

( ) kPa kPa p 3 . 26 10000 00002256 . 0 1 101
26 . 5
= =
Pressure vs. Altitude, SI Units
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Atmospheric Pressure (kPa)
A
l
t
i
t
u
d
e

(
m
)
Pressure vs. Altitude, English Units
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Atmospheric Pressure (psi)
A
l
t
i
t
u
d
e

(
f
t
)
2009 Flight
2011 Flight
Basic Quantities
Length (meter, m or foot, ft)
Time (second, s)
Mass (kilogram, kg or slug, lb.s
2
/ft)
Force (Newton, N (kg.m/s
2
), pound, lb)

Idealizations
Particle
Rigid Body
Concentrated Force
Newtons Laws of Mechanics
Newtons Law of Gravitational Attraction
First Law Equilibrium



Second Law Accelerated Motion


Third Law Action & Reaction

F
1
F
3
F
2
v
F = 0
F = ma
F

F

B

A

F

a
F
AB
= F
BA
Serious neck injuries can occur when a football
player is struck in the face guard of his helmet
in the manner shown, giving rise to a guillotine
mechanism.
Engineering Mechanics, Statics & Dynamics; Hibbeler
R.C.

Determine the moment of the knee force P = 50 lbs
about point A.
What would be the magnitude of the neck force F so
that it gives the counterbalancing moment about A?
in p in p M
A
2 60 cos 4 60 sin = +

in lb in lb in lb = = 2 . 123 2 60 cos 50 4 60 sin 50

(1)
0 = +
A
M
0 6 30 cos 2 . 123 = in F in lb

(2)
lb F 7 . 23 =
External loads

Body forces developed without direct physical contact

Gravitation force


Electromagnetic
force

Newtons Law
F, force of attraction between two bodies

G, universal constant of gravitation
G = 6.67428x10
-11
(m
3
/

kg.s
2
) or 1.60184x10
-10
(ft
3
/lb.s
2
)





m
1
,m
2
= mass of each of the two bodies

r = distance between the two bodies

=
2
r
m m
G
2 1
F
W = weight of the body

M
e
= of the Earth

r = distance between the centers of earth and the body

g = 9.81 m/s
2
or 32.174 ft/s
2

mg
r
GM
m
r
mM
G =

= W W W
e e
2 2
W = weight of the body

M
e
= mass of the Earth = 5.9742 x 10
24
kg

r = distance between the centers of earth and the body
the radius of the earth = 6378 km = 6.378 x 10
6
m
mg
r
GM
m
r
mM
G =

= W W W
e e
2 2





g = 9.81 m/s
2
or 32.174 ft/s
2

mg
r
GM
m
r
mM
G =

= W W W
e e
2 2
( )
2
2
6
24 2 3 11
2
/ 8 . 9
10 378 . 6
10 9742 . 5 ) /( 10 67428 . 6
s m
m
kg s kg m
r
GM
g
=


=
=

e
Body Weight
Surface forces caused by direct contact
So stress results from the weight of
the person standing on his feet ( on
the floor)
W = 180 lb
F = W/2
F = W/2
3

12
The area of the
foot; ONeal-22,
Jordan-13, mine is
8 & 1/2
2
in 36 in 3 in 12 = A
psi 5 . 2
in 36
lb 90 2 /
2
= = =
A
W
p
p
p
Body Weight
Surface forces caused by direct contact
Distributed body
weight
W
Reaction
Water Tower
Even Corvette Tires!
Reaction
Body weight
External Load
Surface forces caused by direct contact
External load on body due to lifted
weight
Lifting forces
External load on
body due to lifted
weight
Helicopter lifting
force
In OUR PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING BUSINESS!!!!!!!



In-Situ Stress

photo from iodp.tamu.edu
http://www.iodp.tamu.edu/publicinfo/glomar_challenger.html
z g =
4000 feet
Then
For Seawater
Density pure water
Then
or in gradient
1780 psi
3 3
428 . 62 1000
ft
lb
m
kg
= =
2 2
sec
1850 . 32
sec
81 . 9
ft m
g = =
3 3
45 . 62 9810
ft
lbf
m
N
g = =
ft
psi
m
kPa
g 433 . 0 81 . 9 = =
3
1027
m
kg
=
ft
psi
m
kPa
g 445 . 0 075 . 10 = =
1000 feet
2000 feet
3000 feet
445 psi
890 psi
1335 psi
Gravitational
Acceleration
4000 feet
1780 psi
2000 feet
For porous rock
rock
(solid rock + fluid)
For solid rock,
s
(solid rock ): approximately 2650 kg/m
3

For pore space,
f
(fluid ): approximately 1030 kg/m
3

z g =
rock
f f s s
rock
rock
rock
V
V V
V
m

+
= =
rock
f
f
rock
s
s
rock
rock
rock
V
V
V
V
V
m
+ = =
For porous rock
rock
(rock + fluid) : approximately 2265 kg/m
3


f s
rock
rock
rock
V
m
+ = = ) 1 (
24 . 0 =
4000 feet
2000 feet
Rock Solid Solid
Material Density Range Density Average
kg/m
3
lb/ft
3
kg/m
3
lb/ft
3
Quartz 2600 - 2800 162.31-174.80 2700 168.56
Sandstone 2200 2800 137.34-174.80 2500 156.07
Limestone 2300 2700 143.58-168.56 2500 156.07
Shale 2400 2800 149.83-174.80 2750 171.68
Dolomite 2800 2900 174.80-181.04 2850 177.92
For porous rock
rock
(rock + fluid) : approximately 2265 kg/m
3

For solid rock,
s
(solid material ): approximately 2650 kg/m
3

For pore space,
f
(fluid ): approximately 1030 kg/m
3

z g =
ft
psi
m
kPa
g 0 . 1 65 . 22 = =
Approximate
4000 feet
2000 feet
Sample is subjected to deformation
z g =
psi vertical 780 3 =
2000 0 . 1 4000 445 . 0 + =
ft
psi
ft
psi
vertical
4000 feet
2000 feet
4000 feet
1780 psi
Constrained by the surrounding rock
Subjected to weight of material above
Subjected to weight of ocean above
vertical horizontal

*
1

=
h

psi vertical 780 3 =

vertical
V
:
h

horizontal h
:
Ratio s Poisson' :
V
Mountains
Oceans
Plate Tectonics
Result in
change in Horizontal stress in different directions

h H V
> >
Displacement and strain
L
F
L
r
r
A
r
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s

Axial
Lateral
r
F