2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

1 By J. Anne Huss

2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

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2 By J. Anne Huss

2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

What is a Continent? A continent is a large land mass. On Earth, we have 7 distinct continents and they are North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and Antarctica. The Ancient Greeks were the first that we know of who attempted to break the larger world down into smaller parts. They decided that there were three main land areas of the world Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Early European explorers began to think about the idea of what a continent is after they started to explore the world by boat. Their definition changed over time, but originally the word starting out referring to the small islands around Britain like Ireland. The definition of the word continent changed much over time some geographers saw no reason to separate whole land masses into more than one part, while others had a hard time thinking of Europe, Asia, and Africa as the same land mass. Even today there is much discussion about how many continents there are and what exactly we should call them. This unit talks about 7 continents whose names are common to the United States.
3 By J. Anne Huss

2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Once people figured out that Christopher Columbus had discovered a new land mass, or continent, when he landed in the West Indies in 1492, they started thinking of the world in a new way. In fact, the new land that was discovered by Columbus became the New World, while the old lands that consisted of Africa, Asia, and Europe became the Old World. This line of thought still carries weight even today but it became clear after Magellans around the world expedition that there was much more to this planet than old and new! By this time we had four continents Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. But as more was learned about these lands people became suspicious. There seemed to be an awful lot of land in the new world, in fact there seemed to be a lot of land north of the equator and a lot of land south of the equator but in between the two it thinned out a bit. So a decision was made that America was really two places one was north and one was south. We still have this distinction today. Around the same time that the New World was being colonized, more land was discovered in the Far East. This land mass was surrounded by water on all sides cut off from the rest of the world completely. This new land mass became known as Australia and was considered to be the 6th continent.
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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

The last continent to be discovered was Antarctica, which lies right at the bottom of the earth. Unlike the Arctic, which is on the top of the earth, there is land under the ice in Antarctica. This makes it a continent, while the Arctic Circle remains just a geographical area. The first people we know of to sight Antarctica were a team of Russians.

The Ocean Now that you have a general idea about what a continent is lets take a closer look at the stuff that surrounds them. I bet you are thinking thats a silly thing you already know what surrounds the continents water! But it isnt just plain old water its actually salt water! Regular water, called freshwater, is not the same thing as salt water. Salt water is not good for you but regular water is a basic requirement for life. It powers all kinds of things that happen inside your body. You might be surprised to learn that we only have one ocean. You see, the ocean is just one continuous body of water. But to make things simple we have named different parts of the world that are covered by salt water. These are the 5 oceans that you will learn about today.

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Earths oceans make up most of the planet. They are HUGE in comparison to the amount of land we have to live on. If we were to look under the ocean, we would quickly realize that there is more to these giant bodies of water than the few hundred feet we explore and use on a regular basis.

The Pacific is the largest ocean on the planet. It runs from the North Pole to the South Pole and takes up about 65.3 million square miles. It is so big that almost 50% of the worlds water is contained in this one ocean.
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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Because of its size it is divided up into two parts; the North Pacific and the South Pacific. The equator is the line that divides the two halves. Lots of interesting fish, sea mammals, and other animals live in the Pacific Ocean.

One example is the Gray Whale. The Eastern North Pacific Gray whales travel more than 12,500 miles each year as they migrate through the waters of the Pacific Ocean that border the North American continent. They do this so that they can give birth in warm water near the equator, while taking advantage of the abundant food supply in the cooler water near Alaska. The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest with an area of about 41.1 million square miles. The name comes from the ancient Greek and means Sea of Atlas. The Atlantic Ocean is wedged between the New and Old Worlds, creating a long S shape. For thousands of years it was a barrier between civilizations, only to be conquered with the Age of Exploration that sent hundreds of men out into its depths. Like the Pacific, it can be divided into north and south, with the equator running through the middle.
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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Just as the gray whales migrate in the Pacific, there is another sea animal that migrates throughout the Atlantic this animal is the sea turtle. The sea turtles of the Americas will lay their eggs on the beautiful beaches of Florida, Mexico, and the Islands. As soon as the baby turtles are hatched on the beaches of the eastern coast of Florida they start their migration. They head towards the beach, crashing into waves, pushing themselves further out into the open sea. They spend a year swimming, eating, and growing in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. This place in the middle of the ocean is known as the Sargasso Sea or what we now call the Sea Turtle Nursery.
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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the worlds oceans and is the only ocean to be named after a country (India). It covers an area of about 28.4 million square miles and is nestled between Southern Asia, Eastern Africa, and Western Australia. It is considered a Southern Hemisphere ocean because it is almost entirely below the equator. It is also the warmest ocean in the world. The Arctic Ocean is the only ocean located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere, and is mainly contained within the Arctic Circle near the North Pole. It is the smallest and shallowest of the worlds five oceans and is almost entirely enclosed by Europe, Asia, and North America. The water can be frozen all year long, although in the summer much of it will thaw out. It is fed by many lakes and streams which empty freshwater snowmelt into the ocean, making it the least salty of all the oceans on earth. The Arctic Ocean is covered by darkness during its long winter due to the tilt of the earth and the changing path of sunlight as the earth orbits the sun. In the summer it is the exact opposite where sunlight can last 24 hours a day at the height of the season.

9 By J. Anne Huss

2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

The Southern Ocean has been added to the list in just the past decade. Before this time all the waters of the Southern Ocean were part of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. In the spring of 2000 the International Hydrographic Organization decided to create the new ocean because of the unique ocean currents in that area. It should be noted that geographers and the organization itself, have not yet agreed on the northern border of the new ocean, and that is still up for debate. More on Continents Each continent and ocean contains millions of different life forms. In this part of the unit we will discuss the major rivers and lakes, animal life, people and cultures, and countries. This will enable you to have a better understanding of the planet you live on.

10 By J. Anne Huss

2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Europe was the birthplace of Western Civilization. After the decline of the Ancient Egyptian Empire and the rise of Greece and Rome, the European continent saw exponential growth for hundreds of years. The nations of Europe include Germany, Italy, France, England, Ireland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, Spain, Portugal, Iceland, the Ukraine, and many others. The cultures of Europe are as diverse as the weather! The countries off the coast of the Mediterranean Sea can have luxurious beaches and sunshine, while the coastline of Iceland can be cold, harsh, and even rocked by volcanoes and earthquakes! Most European countries have their own unique language and traditions and are very proud of their accomplishments in the world. Spain and Portugal are most noted for their contribution to the Age of Discovery in the 15th century, England is home to the European financial center in London, Germany boasts many castles, and the city of Rome in Italy was the center of civilization for more than a thousand years!
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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

The major lakes and waterways of Europe are included on the map. The Danube is the most significant river, being more than 1,770 miles long. It begins in the Black Forest part of Germany and ends in the Black Sea.

Asia was at the cradle of Eastern Civilization. Asia is the largest continent and is home to some of the worlds largest and powerful countries such as Russia, China, Japan, and India. Like Europe, each country has unique languages and traditional customs. Russia is a massive country that takes up more than 6.5 million square miles. In fact, it is so large that some parts of it are considered Europe and some parts are considered Asia! It is by far the biggest country in the world. Some animals that are unique to Asia include the panda, Bengal and Sumatran tigers, Komodo dragon, and the Asian Elephant.

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

The pandas natural habitat is only found in a few mountainous regions of China. They live between 5,000 and 10,000 feet in elevation and feed off the bamboo understory of the forests. There are estimated to be less than 1600 wild pandas left, while another 300 or so live in various zoos and sanctuaries around the world, most of them staying in China. The longest river in Asia is the Yangtze River, which is located in China. It is the third longest river at 3,915 miles.

Africa is the worlds second largest and second most populous continent after Asia. It covers about 11.7 million square miles and about 6% of the Earths surface. There are about a billion people living in the 61 countries or territories of Africa, making it almost 15% of the worlds population. You might be surprised to know that the climate of Africa can range from sub-tropical rainforests and
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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

jungles, to subarctic mountain tops that can have temperatures below freezing for much of the year. In between are the deserts in Northern Africa, and the savannahs, where the wildlife Africa is famous for, live. Northern Africa is home to Egypt, the site of one of the worlds most ancient human populations and the one of the longest rivers in the world, which is the Nile River. The Nile runs from south to north, beginning at Lake Victoria in Uganda and ending in the Mediterranean Sea, after winding through Africa and the deserts of Egypt. Australia is the only continent that is also a country. It covers about 3.3 million square miles, making it the smallest continent on the planet. For thousands of years before the arrival of the European colonists, there were native people who lived on both the main land island and the smaller islands, which include Tasmania. While the native people spoke many different languages prior to the colonists, today most people speak English. The total population of Australia is about 2.2 million, with 2.7% of those
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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

being from the native populations. Since Australia is isolated from the rest of the world by the Southern, Pacific, and Indian Oceans many distinct and unique species are found there, and there alone. Some of these amazing animals include the koala, the kangaroo, the duck-billed platypus, and the Tasmanian devil. Most of these unusual animals are marsupials. In order to be a marsupial the mammal must have a pouch for her very tiny babies to crawl into and grow big enough to leave the safety of their mother. The Murray River is the longest river in Australia. It begins in the Australian Alps east of Melbourne and winds its way through the lowlands to empty into Lake Alexandrina near the Indian Ocean. It stretches across the country for about 1,476 miles.

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Although Antarctica has no native people, plants, or animals all three life forms currently live there in various research stations! 98% of the continent is covered in ice that averages about 1 mile thick! Many species of sea mammals, such as blue whales, orcas, and fur seals as well as birds such as the penguin, rely on the small phytoplankton (plant like bacteria) for food. Filled with thick, unexplored rainforests, the mountain peaks of the Andes, and the amazing Amazon River South America is a collection of 15 independent countries that speak Spanish and Portuguese. The largest country is Brazil with more than 3.8 million square miles and almost 200 million people. The Amazon rainforest is the largest tract of rainforest in the world and is estimated to contain more than 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. The Amazon River is one of the two longest in the world, the other being the Nile River in Africa. Some scientists think the Amazon is actually longer than the Nile, but this is still up for debate. The Amazon begins as a small stream in the Peruvian Andes and ends in the Atlantic Ocean where the estuary can be more than 250 miles wide! In fact, the Amazon River is so wide and deep that sea ships have navigated inland on the river for more than 2/3 its length!
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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

North America includes the countries of The United States, Canada, Mexico and several small Central American countries that straddle the world between north and south. North America has some of the largest lakes in the world! All five of the Great Lakes are included in this category. The Great Lakes are located on what many in the area call the North Shore and separates the United States from Canada. The lakes vary in depth and area, with Lake Superior begin the largest and Lake Ontario the smallest. Lake Erie is the shallowest with an average depth of only 62 feet.

The longest river in North America is the Missouri, but the most famous is the Mississippi! It begins in Minnesota and ends in the Gulf of Mexico running almost the entire length of the United States of
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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

America! At about 2,320 miles long it is still only a little more than half the length of both the Amazon and the Nile Rivers!

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Student Activities Exercise One Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. a. The northern continent of the Western Hemisphere which includes Canada, United States of America, and Mexico. b. The Eastern Hemisphere, but more specifically Europe, Asia, and Africa. c. The half of the earth south of the equator. d. The Western Hemisphere that includes North America, central America, and South America. e. The half of the earth north of the equator. f. The imaginary great circle around the earth's surface which divides the earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. g. One of the major landmasses on the planet. h. The act of sending people to settle a land. i. The southern continent of the Western Hemisphere which includes Brazil, Argentina, Chile and others.

1. 2. 3.

Continent New World Old World Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

Equator Colonize North America South America

9.

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Exercise Two
Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. a. The second smallest continent that is connected to Asia and which includes countries such as Spain, France, Germany, and Italy. b. The smallest continent and which is the home to many extraordinary mammals called marsupials. c. The frozen land mass at the bottom of the Earth and which is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. d. The largest of the worlds oceans and which extends through both the eastern and Western Hemispheres. e. The body of water between the Old and New Worlds. f. The largest continent that occupies most of the land mass in the Eastern Hemisphere and which includes countries such as China, Japan, and India. g. The waters surrounding the North Pole between North America and Europe and Asia. h. The second largest continent that is located below Europe and includes countries such as Egypt and Kenya as well as the Nile River. i. The entire body of salt water that covers most of the earth's surface.

1.

Europe

2.

Asia

3.

Africa

4. 5.

Australia Antarctica

6.

Ocean Atlantic Ocean

7.

8. 9.

Pacific Ocean Arctic Ocean

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Exercise Three Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. a. A body of water extending from southern Asia to Antarctica and from eastern Africa to southeast Australia. b. The waters surrounding Antarctica, actually the southern extensions of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. c. A movement of a large group of animals to find food or better climate conditions. d. An imaginary circle which includes the North Pole and surrounding land and water. e. Period in history during which Europeans intensively explored the world, establishing direct contacts with the continents and mapping the planet. f. A region in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by ocean currents. g. A large sea mammal that migrates between feeding and breeding grounds yearly. h. Marine reptiles that inhabit all of the world's oceans except the Arctic.

1.

Indian Ocean

2.

Southern Ocean Age of Exploration

3.

4.

Sea Turtle

5.

Gray Whale Sargasso Sea

6.

7. 8.

Migration Arctic Circle

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Exercise Four Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. Freshwater a. Forests characterized by high rainfall. b. A collection of freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada United States border. c. A landscape or region that receives an extremely low amount of rainfall, less than enough to support growth of most plants. d. An Australian island and state off the southern coast. e. A division of the year, marked by changes in weather, ecology, and hours of daylight. f. Water contained in lakes, rivers, and streams and which are populated by rain. g. Water that is salty and which is contained in the ocean. h. A group of mammals known for giving birth to premature animals that must mature inside a pouch of skin on the outside of the mothers body. i. A grassland ecosystem characterized by the trees being small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close.

2.

Saltwater

3. 4.

Seasons Rainforest

5.

Savannah

6. 7.

Desert Tasmania

8.

Marsupials

9.

Great Lakes

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Exercise Five Fill in the continents on the map using the words in the word bank below.

Word Bank
Africa South America Europe North America Australia Antarctica Asia

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Exercise Six Fill in the oceans on the map using the words in the word bank below.

Word Bank
Southern North Atlantic East Pacific West Pacific Indian South Atlantic Arctic

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Exercise Seven Fill in the Great Lakes on the map using the words in the word bank below.

Lake Ontario Lake Michigan Lake Superior Lake Erie Lake Huron

Word Bank

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Exercise Eight Fill in the blank using the words from the word bank below. 1. This continent is the home of the Andes Mountains and the Amazon River. ____________________ 2. This continent is the home of penguins and a massive sheet of ice. ____________________ 3. This continent is home to the Nile River and ancient Egypt. ____________________ 4. This continent is the home to the Danube River and the Black forest in Germany. _________________ 5. This continent is the home of the panda and Yangtze River. ____________________ 6. This continent is the home of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. ____________________ 7. This continent is the home of Tasmania and marsupials. ____________________ Word Bank North America South America Europe Asia Antarctica Africa Australia
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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Exercise Nine Fill in the blank using the words from the word bank below. 1. This ocean is actually an extension of the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans. ____________________ 2. This ocean is the home of the sea turtle nursery. ____________________ 3. This ocean is the home of the coastline of Brazil. ____________________ 4. This ocean is the home of Japan and the Western coast of Australia. _________________ 5. This ocean is the home of the Alaskan coast and the Gray Whale migration. ____________________ 6. This ocean is the only one named after a country. ____________________ 7. This ocean is near the North Pole. ____________________ Word Bank Southern North Atlantic North Pacific South Pacific Indian South Atlantic Arctic

27 By J. Anne Huss

2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Parent Solutions Exercise One Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. g 1. 2. 3. d b e c Continent New World Old World Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere a. The northern continent of the Western Hemisphere which includes Canada, United States of America, and Mexico. b. The Eastern Hemisphere, but more specifically Europe, Asia, and Africa. c. The half of the earth south of the equator. d. The Western Hemisphere that includes North America, central America, and South America. e. The half of the earth north of the equator. f. The imaginary great circle around the earth's surface which divides the earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. g. One of the major landmasses on the planet. h. The act of sending people to settle a land. i. The southern continent of the Western Hemisphere which includes Brazil, Argentina, Chile and others.

4. 5.

f 6. 7. 8. h a i Equator Colonize North America South America

9.

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Exercise Two Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem.
a 1. f Europe a. The second smallest continent that is connected to Asia and which includes countries such as Spain, France, Germany, and Italy. b. The smallest continent and which is the home to many extraordinary mammals called marsupials. c. The frozen land mass at the bottom of the Earth and which is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. d. The largest of the worlds oceans and which extends through both the eastern and Western Hemispheres. e. The body of water between the Old and New Worlds. f. The largest continent that occupies most of the land mass in the Eastern Hemisphere and which includes countries such as China, Japan, and India. g. The waters surrounding the North Pole between North America and Europe and Asia. h. The second largest continent that is located below Europe and includes countries such as Egypt and Kenya as well as the Nile River. i. The entire body of salt water that covers most of the earth's surface.

2.

Asia

3.

Africa

4. 5.

b c

Australia Antarctica

i 6. e Ocean Atlantic Ocean

7.

d 8. 9. g

Pacific Ocean Arctic Ocean

29 By J. Anne Huss

2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Exercise Three Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. a 1. b 2. e a. A body of water extending from southern Asia to Antarctica and from eastern Africa to southeast Australia. b. The waters surrounding Antarctica, actually the southern extensions of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. c. A movement of a large group of animals to find food or better climate conditions. d. An imaginary circle which includes the North Pole and surrounding land and water. e. Period in history during which Europeans intensively explored the world, establishing direct contacts with the continents and mapping the planet. f. A region in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by ocean currents. g. A large sea mammal that migrates between feeding and breeding grounds yearly. h. Marine reptiles that inhabit all of the world's oceans except the Arctic.

Indian Ocean

Southern Ocean Age of Exploration

3.

4.

Sea Turtle

g 5. f Gray Whale Sargasso Sea

6.

7. 8.

c d

Migration Arctic Circle

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Exercise Four Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. f g 2. e 3. 4. a i Seasons Rainforest Saltwater Freshwater a. Forests characterized by high rainfall. b. A collection of freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada United States border. c. A landscape or region that receives an extremely low amount of rainfall, less than enough to support growth of most plants. d. An Australian island and state off the southern coast. e. A division of the year, marked by changes in weather, ecology, and hours of daylight. f. Water contained in lakes, rivers, and streams and which are populated by rain. g. Water that is salty and which is contained in the ocean. h. A group of mammals known for giving birth to premature animals that must mature inside a pouch of skin on the outside of the mothers body. i. A grassland ecosystem characterized by the trees being small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close.

5.

Savannah

6. 7.

c d

Desert Tasmania

h 8. b 9. Marsupials

Great Lakes

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Exercise Five

Exercise Six

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Exercise Seven

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Exercise Eight Fill in the blank using the words from the word bank below. 1. This continent is the home of the Andes Mountains and the Amazon River. South America 2. This continent is the home of penguins and a massive sheet of ice. Antarctica 3. This continent is home to the Nile River and ancient Egypt. Africa 4. This continent is the home to the Danube River and the Black forest in Germany. Europe 5. This continent is the home of the panda and Yangtze River. Asia 6. This continent is the home of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. North America 7. This continent is the home of Tasmania and marsupials. Australia Word Bank North America South America Europe Asia Antarctica Africa Australia

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2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Continents and Oceans

Exercise Night Fill in the blank using the words from the word bank below. 1. This ocean is actually an extension of the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans. Southern 2. This ocean is the home of the sea turtle nursery. North Atlantic 3. This ocean is the home of the coastline of Brazil. South Atlantic 4. This ocean is the home of Japan and the Western coast of Australia. South Pacific 5. This ocean is the home of the Alaskan coast and the Gray Whale migration. North Pacific 6. This ocean is the only one named after a country. Indian 7. This ocean is near the North Pole. Arctic Word Bank Southern North Atlantic North Pacific South Pacific Indian South Atlantic Arctic

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