The EFA 2000 Assessment: Country Reports

Malaysia

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MALAYSIA EDUCATION FOR ALL INTRODUCTION In a multi-ethni an! multi- ultural ountry li"e Malaysia# national unity is an o$erri!ing goal in the %ormulation o% so io-e onomi poli ies& The nations' i!eology# Rukun Negara (RN) pro laime! in *+,+ %orms the -asis %or the onsoli!ation o% national unity& .in e the pro lamation# it has pro$i!e! the !ire tion %or all politi al# e onomi # so ial an! ultural poli ies an! onstitutes an important milestone in the !e$elopment o% e!u ation in Malaysia& /e$elopment in e!u ation 0as %urther groun!e! through the National Philosophy o% E!u ation (NPE)# esta-lishe! in *+11 an! the poli y statement o% the National /e$elopment Plan (N/P) in *++*& The essen e o% the NPE is to !e$elop the potential o% in!i$i!uals in a holisti an! integrate! manner# so as to pro!u e iti2ens 0ho are intelle tually# spiritually# emotionally an! physi ally -alan e! an! harmonious -ase! on a %irm -elie% in an! !e$otion to 3o!& The NPE is regar!e! as a statement o% $ision %or the Ministry o% E!u ation (M4E) in the pursuit o% e!u ational ex ellen e& The N/P on the other han! %orms a -asis in the !e$elopment o% e!u ation $is-a-$is the nation5s goal to -e ome an in!ustrialise! ountry -y the year 2020& The go$ernment5s ommittment to0ar!s e!u ation is ontaine! in the Fe!eral Constitution an! the E!u ation A t o% *++,& It is realise! through the pro$ision o% %ree e!u ation to e$ery hil! o% s hool-going age# %or a perio! o% ele$en years# in the ountry& The Education Structure Formal e!u ation is pro$i!e! at %our le$els - primary# lo0er se on!ary# upper se on!ary an! post se on!ary& The age o% a!mission to the %irst year o% primary e!u ation is six years ol!& Promotion %rom gra!e to gra!e is automati & Continuous s hool--ase! assessment is a!ministere! at all gra!es an! at all le$els& 6o0e$er# at the en! o% ea h le$el# stu!ents sit %or

ommon pu-li examinations& .u ess%ul ompletion o% se on!ary e!u ation an lea! to a num-er o% opportunities %or %urther stu!y an! training at post-se on!ary an! tertiary le$els# -oth in the a a!emi an! pro%essional %iel!s pro$i!e! -y uni$ersities# olleges an! other e!u ational training institutions& PART I Descriptive Section 1. EFA GOALS AND TARGETS (1 ! " #!!!$

*&* E!u ation %or all (EFA) programmes in Malaysia are not arrie! out sele ti$ely nor in isolation -ut rather in tan!em 0ith other e!u ational !e$elopment programmes that ha$e -een syn hronise! 0ith e%%orts to moul! a national i!entity# an! to a hie$e unity in a multi-ethni so iety as 0ell as !e$eloping human resour es essential %or the next entury& The implementation o% the .ixth Malaysia Plan (,MP) (*++*-*++7)# an! .e$enth Malaysia Plan (8MP) (*++,-2000) sa0 the un!erta"ing o% programmes %o use! on expan!ing apa ity an! in reasing a ess to all le$els o% e!u ation# strengthening the !eli$ery system an! impro$ing the 9uality o% e!u ation& The goals an! targets o% these programmes that are o% on ern to EFA are reporte! un!er six !imensions -elo0: E%&an'ion O( Ear)* Chi)dhood Care And De+e)o&,ent Acti+itie' *&2 Early hil!hoo! !e$elopment (EC/) programmes are instrumental in preparing the nation5s young to parti ipate in nation -uil!ing& In Malaysia there are t0o types o% institutions that ater to this nee!: the hil! are entre an! pre-s hools& The hil! are entre is !e%ine! as any premise 0here %our hil!ren or more %rom a househol! is re ei$e! to -e loo"e! a%ter %or a %ee& The entre a!mits hil!ren -elo0 %our years o% age& This entre is ategorise! into i) 6ome ;ase! Centre an! ii) Institutional Centre& The %ormer re ei$es less than *0 hil!ren# 0hile the latter re ei$es more than *0 hil!ren& These entres o%%er hil! are ser$i es ranging %rom hal%-!ay to %ull !ay -asis& The o-<e ti$es o% the hil! are entre are as %ollo0s: o o o

Assisting 0or"ing parents so that their hil!ren get goo! are& Enhan ement o% stan!ar! o% li$ing o% the %amily& Pro$i!e opportunities %or people 0ho lo$e hil!ren to 0or" in the hil! are entres& En ouraging in$ol$ement o% the so iety in the aring an! nursing o% the hil!ren&

*&= The pre-s hool# is a non-%ormal an! %lexi-le programme %or young hil!ren age! >? through 7? years& The programme runs %or a !uration o% one to t0o years& These entres are mostly pri$ately-run an! are highly on entrate! in the ur-an areas atering %or hil!ren %rom high an! mi!!le-in ome %amilies& The %ees harge! -y these pre-s hools $ary an! are largely !etermine! -y o$erhea! osts an! mar"et %or es& Pre-s hool lasses on!u te! -y the M4E an! other go$ernment agen ies ena-le un!er-pri$ilege! hil!ren in the ur-an an! rural areas a ess to pre-s hool e!u ation %or %ree or at a minimal harge& Priority %or a!mission to these lasses is gi$en to those 0ho oul! not a%%or! to atten! pri$ately-run pres hools& *&> Pre-s hool e!u ation aims at pro$i!ing a %irm %oun!ation %or %ormal e!u ation& All pre-s hool entres ha$e to a-i!e -y the urri ulum gui!elines set -y the M4E& The urri ulum 0hi h is in line 0ith the NPE ena-les pre-s hool hil!ren to a 9uire -asi ommuni ation# so ial an! other positi$e s"ills in preparation %or primary s hooling& .pe i%i ally# the aim o% pre-s hool e!u ation is to !e$elop hil!ren5s s"ills in the %ollo0ing aspe ts:
o o o o o

.o ial s"ills# Intelle tual s"ills# Physi al s"ills# .piritual s"ills# Aestheti $alues (Creati$ity an! Appre iation)&

*&7 For ea h aspe t# the spe i%i o-<e ti$es are learly state!& The so ial s"ill omponents %o us on hil!ren5s intera tion 0ith the en$ironment an! the people in their surroun!ings# !e$elopment o% positi$e sel%- on ept# !is ipline# so ial responsi-ilities# an! positi$e attitu!es to0ar!s learning& *&, The intelle tual s"ill omponents emphasise physi al en$ironment# the on epts o% spa e# num-ers# alpha-ets# an! prere9uisites %or 0riting# rea!ing an! language ompeten ies& The physi al s"ill omponents %o us on the physi al a ti$ities that in$ol$e o-or!ination o% the $arious parts o% the -o!y su h as the hea!# han!# leg# eye an! %ingers& *&8 The spiritual s"ill omponents emphasise the in ul ation o% no-le $alues an! -elie$e in 3o!& The aestheti al aspe ts on the other han!# train the hil!ren to express themsel$es through their han!-ma!e reations# !ra0ings# musi an! mo$ements&

Uni+er'a) Acce'' To- And Co,&)etion O(- .ri,ar* Education /* the Year #!!! *&1 In Malaysia# uni$ersal primary e!u ation (@PE) re%ers to %ormal primary e!u ation that emphasi2es on a 9uiring strong rea!ing an! 0riting s"ills as 0ell as -uil!ing soli! %oun!ation in mathemati s an! -asi s ien es& The six years o% s hooling at this le$el a!mits hil!ren -et0een the ages o% ,? through **? years& *&+ E$en though e!u ation is not ompulsory# a $ery high per entage o% hil!ren in this age group are enrolle! in pu-li primary s hools throughout the ountry& This is possi-le sin e e!u ation in Malaysia is %ree& Moreo$er# un!er the primary s hool programme# a ess to an! e9ual opportunity %or e!u ation is pro$i!e! to e$ery hil!# in lu!ing those %rom remote an! rural areas& 6o0e$er# parents an also hoose to enrol their hil!ren into pri$ate s hools o% their hoi e& These pri$ate s hools are ommer ially run an! they are no0 gro0ing in popularity& I,&ro+e,ent in Learnin0 Achie+e,ent *&*0 To minimise the sli!e in a a!emi per%orman e o% stu!ents# the M4E implements reme!ial e!u ation& Reme!ial e!u ation aims to impro$e the o$erall per%orman e o% slo0 learners an! lo0 a hie$ers# 0ith parti ular on entration on rural stu!ents& @n!er the reme!ial programme stu!ents are organise! into separate groups -ase! on their a a!emi per%orman e& Also a step ta"en 0as the intro!u tion o% simpler an! more e%%e ti$e tea hing metho!s as 0ell as the utilisation o% au!io-$isual ai!s& *&** An initiati$e to ater %or %ast learners is the intro!u tion o% the Aear Three assessment or the Penilaian Tahap Satu (PT.)& The PT. o%%ers optional !ou-le promotion to outstan!ing 1? year ol! stu!ents& This initiati$e a ommo!ates a elerate! learning %or these high a hie$ers& *&*2 National assessment in Aear .ix is to e$aluate stu!ents5 per%orman e at the en! o% the primary e!u ation -e%ore entering lo0er se on!ary e!u ation& At the en! o% the lo0er se on!ary e!u ation stu!ents sit %or the Bo0er .e on!ary Assessment or the Penilaian Menengah Rendah (PMR)& The PMR is a om-ination o% entralise! an! s hool--ase! assessments& The s hool--ase! assessment %ollo0s the gui!elines set -y the Examinations .yn!i ate& *&*= In line 0ith the poli y o% expan!ing uni$ersal e!u ation to in lu!e upper se on!ary e!u ation# the PMR is no longer ma!e a terminal examination: rather it is more o% a !iagnosti e$aluation& A%ter the PMR examinations stu!ents are allo0e! to spe ialise into either s ien e# te hni al or arts stream& At the en! o% the upper se on!ary le$el stu!ents

sit %or the Malaysian Certi%i ate o% E!u ation or the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (.PM)& .u ess%ul .PM stu!ents an enrol into post-se on!ary programmes& A%ter the post-se on!ary programmes stu!ents an enter olleges an! institutions o% higher learning to pursue their !egree programmes& *&*> Among the post se on!ary programmes o%%ere! are the A le$el %oun!ation programmes# matri ulation# .ixth Form# Polyte hni s an!# tea her training& At the en! o% these programmes# stu!ents sit %or their respe ti$e tailore! examinations& .tu!ents 0ho are enrolle! into .ixth Form sit %or the Malaysian 6igher Certi%i ate o% E!u ation or the Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia (.TPM)& The .TPM is a national examination a!ministere! -y the Malaysian Examination Coun il& Reduction O( The Adu)t I))iterac* Rate- E'&ecia))* The Di'&arit* 1et2een Ma)e And Fe,a)e I))iterac* Rate' *&*7 Malaysia is %ully ommitte! to era!i ating illitera y -y the year 2000# i% not earlier& The $arious litera y an! %un tional litera y pogrammes arrie! out %or a!ults are geare! to0ar!s %ul%illing the importan e an! goals o% li%e-long e!u ation& *&*, Among the e%%orts to re!u e a!ult illitera y is the implementation o% the a!ult %un tional-litera y an! the rea!ing ha-it promotion programmes& These are rea!ily ma!e a$aila-le -y the go$ernment through the Ministry o% Rural /e$elopment (M4R/) an! other rele$ant ministries& The programmes are espe ially !esigne! to meet the nee!s o% the lo0er in ome group& There is no age limit %or entran e into these programmes# neither is there restri tions 0ith regar!s to gen!er& *&*8 The multi-pronge! approa h ta"en to era!i ate illitera y# to exten! uni$ersal e!u ation to ** years o% s hooling an! the emphasis to0ar!s the a 9uisition o% "no0le!ge 0ill prepare Malaysia to0ar!s the realisation o% a literate an! learning so iety -y the turn o% the entury& E%&an'ion o( 1a'ic Education and Trainin0 in Other E''entia) S3i))' Re4uired 1* Youth' and Adu)t' *&*1 The %uture o% the ountry !epen!s $ery mu h on the "no0le!ge an! s"ills a 9uire! -y the nation5s youth to!ay to %a e an in reasingly ompetiti$e an! hallenging 0orl! o% tomorro0& As su h# the go$ernment has a or!e! high priority to e!u ation an! s"ills training %or youths& *&*+ Current e!u ation poli y implemente! -y the M4E that a!!resses the e!u ation o% youths is the expansion o% uni$ersal e!u ation %rom nine to ele$en years o% s hooling& This poli y has ma!e it possi-le %or PMR

stu!ents 0ith minimum a hie$ement to ontinue to upper se on!ary le$el& These group o% stu!ents 0ho are usually less a a!emi ally in line! %ollo0 the C. hool To Dor" ProgrammeC -ase! on an A-ri!ge! .ylla-us !e$elope! -y the Curri ulum /e$elopment Centre (C/C)& The programme exposes stu!ents to rele$ant generi s"ills at the 0or" pla e in or!er to ena-le them to gain han!s-on experien e that 0oul! assist them to enter the 0orl! o% 0or" in the %uture& *&20 The M4E also pro$i!es te hni al# $o ational an! s"ills training to youths -et0een the ages o% *7? an! *,?& These are o%%ere! in se on!ary te hni al (.T.) an! se on!ary $o ational (.E.) s hools& These s hools are upper se on!ary s hools spe ially e9uippe! to tea h te hni al an! $o ational su-<e ts& These s hools ater %or stu!ents 0ho ha$e an aptitu!e an! interest in te hni al su-<e ts an! also %or stu!ents 0ho are intereste! in $o ational e!u ation an! s"ills training& The primary aim is to pro$i!e the stu!ents 0ith pra ti al training in employa-ility s"ills& ;esi!es pro$i!ing general e!u ation these s hools also pro$i!e %oun!ation in te hni al an! $o ational e!u ation to ena-le stu!ents to %urther their stu!ies parti ularly in engineering an! ommer e& *&2* In the s"ills training programme# more emphasis is gi$en to pra ti al 0or" to !e$elop ompeten y in tra!e s"ills as re9uire! -y the relate! in!ustries& .tu!ents are traine! to a 9uire the Malaysian ."ills Certi%i ate a0ar!e! -y the Malaysian National Eo ational Training Coun il (NETC) a%ter t0o years o% training& In a!!ition# a one-year spe ialise! s"ills training in spe i%i tra!es is pro$i!e! -oth to stu!ents 0ith the Malaysian Eo ational Certi%i ate an! the ."ills Certi%i ate& *&22 Apart %rom the a-o$e-mentione! programmes# a system o% polyte hni e!u ation %or youths -et0een *8? through 20? years ol! are esta-lishe!& The polyte hni programmes also a!!ress mar"et !eman!s %or s"ille! manpo0er& The primary o-<e ti$es are :
o

to pro$i!e -roa!--ase! e!u ation an! training to upperse on!ary s hool-le$ers to ena-le them to a 9uire the ne essary s"ills to -e ome te hni ians an! te hni al assistants in the $arious engineering %iel!s or <unior an! mi!!le-le$el exe uti$es in the ommer ial an! ser$i e se tors& to pro$i!e rele$ant te hnologi al or entrepreneurial e!u ation an! training to upgra!e the -asi s"ills& to promote olla-oration 0ith the pri$ate or pu-li se tor through Time-.e tor Pri$atisation as 0ell as resear h an! !e$elopment programmes&

*&2= In a!!ressing the issue o% unemploye! out-o%-s hool youths# s"ills training entres are set up to ater to their nee!s& These entres esta-lishe! -y $arious go$ernment agen ies pro$i!e %ormal an! non%ormal training to -oth youths an! a!ults -et0een the ages o% *7? through >0? years 0hose e!u ation ranges %rom primary to tertiary le$el& The entres on!u t these ourses 0ith the aim o% imparting te hni al "no0ho0 to the parti ipants in or!er that they may gain employment in $arious in!ustries or initiate their o0n -usinesses& The training programmes also pro$i!e a$enues %or instilling !is ipline in a or!an e 0ith the national aspiration& *&2> Among the o-<e ti$es o% the programmes are:
o o

to pro!u e s"ille! 0or"ers to %ul%ill the nee!s o% the in!ustrial se tor# to upgra!e the s"ills o% in!ustrial 0or"ers so as to ena-le them to ontri-ute e%%e ti$ely to0ar!s national !e$elopment# an! to pro$i!e opportunity %or out-o%-s hool-youths to get <o-s through systemati s"ills an! $o ational training&

Increa'ed Ac4ui'ition /* Indi+idua)' and Fa,i)ie' o( the 5no2)ed0eS3i))' and 6a)ue' Re4uired For 1etter Li+in0- Made A+ai)a/)e throu0h A)) Education Channe)' *&27 ;esi!es litera y an! %un tional litera y programmes the go$ernment is also ommitte! in propagating -etter li$ing& The initiati$es %or enhan ing 9uality o% li%e emphasi2es on enhan ing %amily 0ell--eing# health an! i$i ons iousness an! promoting in ome-generating programmes& These programmes are o%%ere! to out-o%-s hool youths age! *7? years an! a-o$e as 0ell as a!ults %rom the rural an! ur-an poor areas& *&2, Among the programmes to a!!ress issues pertaining to impro$ing %amily-in ome un!erta"en -y the M4R/ is the 6ar!- ore Poor /e$elopment Programmes or the Program Pembasmian Rakyat Termiskin (PPRT). Among others# the PPRTs pro$i!e opportunity %or a!ults to enrol into spe ially !esigne! ourses that 0oul! expose them to in ome-generating a ti$ities an! the 0or"ing en$ironment& Families o% %i$e earning a monthly in ome -elo0 RM202&00 are gi$en priority& *&28 Among the programmes un!erta"en -y the M4R/ to enhan e %amily 0ell -eing are: the Family /e$elopment Programme# the A!ult E!u ation Programme an! the Religious an! Moral E!u ation Programme&

*&21 The Family /e$elopment Programme is inten!e! to enhan e the 0ell- -eing o% rural %amilies -y %ully utili2ing 0omen's potential in %ostering the !esire! so io-e onomi an! ultural $alues& The a ti$ities arrie! out are:
o o

6ome E onomi s lasses in tailoring# han!i ra%ts an! agri ulture& Dor"-oriente! lasses in tailoring# han!i ra%ts an! agri ulture& 6ome $isits -y 6ome E onomi s 0or"ers to initiate a tual impro$ement in the homes& Mo-ile /emonstration @nits to !eli$er tal"s an! !emonstrations on nutrition# sanitation# health an! onsumerism&

*&2+ A ti$ities un!er the A!ult E!u ation Programme in lu!e 0or"oriente! lasses %or 0omen in areas tra!itionally han!le! -y males# su h as rop pro!u tion# animal rearing# a9ua ulture an! other ne0 $o ational s"ills& *&=0 A ne0 emphasis on the Religious an! Moral E!u ation Programme is not <ust religious an! moral e!u ation per se -ut also the use o% religious tra!itions to -ring a-out positi$e hanges highly relate! to !e$elopment an! 0or"& #. EFA STRATEGY AND7OR .LAN OF ACTION 2&* The EFA National Plan o% A tion %or the ountry 0as prepare! in *++*& This 0as possi-le through meetings an! !is ussions among se$eral ministries an! agen ies& The Plan o% A tion 0as spelt out in the %orm o% pro<e ts an! a ti$ities un!er the pur$ie0 o% $arious ministries an! agen ies& All programmes an! a ti$ities %or EFA# on!u te! -y these $arious ministries an! agen ies impose no restri tions -ase! on gen!er# ethni ity or so io-e onomi status& 2&2 The go$ernment# through the M4E# other ministries an! agen ies gi$es a!e9uate pu-li ity to the importan e o% %ormal an! non-%ormal e!u ation through the mass me!ia an! other go$ernment in%ormation !issemination net0or"s& This strategy has su ee!e! in en ouraging parents to a!mit their hil!ren into e!u ational institution an! %or a!ults to ontinuously pursue "no0le!ge an! upgra!e their s"ills an! ompeten ies %or a -etter li$ing on!ition& More stru ture! programmes un!erta"en are as reporte! -elo0:

Ear)* Chi)dhood Care And De+e)o&,ent 2&= The gui!elines %or the setting up o% hil! are entres is outline! in the gui!e-oo" on rules an! regulations o% setting up hil! are entres pro!u e! <ointly -y the /epartment o% .o ial Del%are# the 6ealth /epartment an! the Bo al Authority& These agen ies are authorise! to appro$e the li ensing o% su h entres& The Chil! are Centre A t 0as implemente! in the state o% .elangor an! Fe!eral Territory in the year *+17 an! e$entually# throughout the ountry in *+1,& 2&> The /epartment o% Ba-our registers an! monitors the hil! are entres in the plantation se tor& The management pro$i!es this ser$i e %ree %or the hil!ren o% the 0or"ers& The pro$ision %or hil! are entres in the plantations areas is man!ate! in the .tan!ar! A t Minimum 6ousing an! Dor"ers Fa ilitation *++0& 2&7 The pro$ision %or the esta-lishment o% pre-s hools is ena te! in the E!u ation A t *++,& Pre-s hool programmes are un!erta"en -y a num-er o% ministries an! agen ies# in lu!ing the pri$ate an! $oluntary se tors& Curri ulum gui!elines o% the M4E ser$e as the -ase %or pre-s hool e!u ation& Ne$ertheless# the agen ies running the pre-s hools are %ree to hoose the me!ium o% instru tion to -e use! in their esta-lishments& 2&, The main strategy in ensuring high parti ipation rate in pu-li pres hool is that the go$ernment# through $arious programmes# pro$i!es meals an! other support %a ilities an! ser$i es su h as per apita grant allo ation# pre-s hool a ti$ity pa "ages# in!oor an! out!oor pre-s hool e9uipment an! apparatus %or pre-s hool e!u ation& 2&8 Pre-s hool tea hers are traine! -y their o0n agen ies an! esta-lishments using $arie! approa hes an! metho!ologies& To this en!# the M4E has traine! *81 trainers %rom the Community /e$elopment /i$ision (5EMAS$ o% the National @nity /epartment& These trainers in turn train other tea hers& The go$ernment through its agen ies also pro$i!e traine! tea hers# tea hing-learning materials# an! %un!s to %a ilitate running o% the pu-li pre-s hools& Uni+er'a)i'ation o( .ri,ar* Education 2&1 There are t0o types o% pu-li s hools at the primary le$el# that is the national s hools an! national type s hools& The national s hools pro$i!e instru tion in Malay: the national type s hools pro$i!e it either in Man!arin or Tamil& ;oth the pu-li an! pri$ate s hools %ollo0 the Kurikulum Baru Sekolah Rendah (F;.R) or the Ne0 Primary . hool Curri ulum& The national urri ulum# %ully implemente! in *+11# is ontinuously e$aluate! an! upgra!e! to meet urrent !e$elopments in e!u ation an!

a ommo!ate ne0 hallenges# aspirations an! $alues an! %uture !eman!s o% the hanging te hnology& Support Ser i!es 2&+ To pro$i!e 9uality e!u ation# traine! an! 9uali%ie! tea hers as 0ell as other e!u ational resour es in the %orm o% au!io-$isual ai!s# e!u ational tele$ision an! -oo"s are pro$i!e! %or primary e!u ation& Finan ial assistan e in the %orm o% per apita grants an! s holarships are also pro$i!e!& 4ther support ser$i es su h as text-oo"s on loan# -oar!ing %a ilities# health an! !ental are# an! supplementary mil" an! meal# to hil!ren %rom the rural areas# an! ur-an poor implemente! -y the go$ernment ontri-ute to high parti ipation rate in the pu-li s hools& "uality #eli ery System 2&*0 The Tea her E!u ation /i$ision (TE/) o% the M4E %ormulates poli ies an! gui!elines pertaining to tea her training& The /i$ision also implements an! e$aluates the urri ulum an! examination system 0hile -eing responsi-le %or the sele tion o% an!i!ates into the tea her training programmes& As part o% its ore -usiness# the TE/ i!enti%ies areas o% nee!s in terms o% expertise: le$els o% s"ills re9uire! an! type o% ourses to -e o%%ere! -e%ore su h programmes are arrie! out& 2&** To enhan e tea hers' pro%essionalism an! to impro$e tea her 9uality# the M4E o%%ers spe ial !iploma ourses running o$er a perio! o% one year %or non-gra!uate tea hers apart %rom other pro%essional !e$elopment ourses o%%ere! to all tea hers& 2&*2 To this e%%e t# pre-ser$i e an! in-ser$i e ourses ha$e -een %ormulate! as the -a "-one o% the $arious tea her-training programmes& Three types o% pre ser$i e ourses are ma!e a$aila-le %or tea her aspirants an! they are:
o o

/iploma in Tea hing (%or primary le$el) - = years: Post /iploma Certi%i ate in tea hing (%or primary an! .e on!ary le$el) - * year: an!: Post 3ra!uate /iploma in Tea hing (%or se on!ary le$el) - * year

2&*= In-ser$i e tea hers 0ho 0ish to upgra!e their "no0le!ge an! s"ills o% the pro%ession may register %or any o% the ourses liste! -elo0:

.pe ial /iploma (%or non-gra!uate tea hers# Primary an! se on!ary) - * year# Pro%essional /e$elopment Courses (Primary an! se on!ary) *> 0ee"s

I,&ro+e,ent in Learnin0 Achie+e,ent 2&*> .tu!ent assessment in Malaysia ha! o$er the years un!ergone many hanges& An on-going e%%ort to0ar!s this e%%e t is the olla-oration -et0een the ME. an! the Cam-ri!ge Examination .yn!i ate in re$ie0ing the .PM& This initiati$e 0oul! propagate an open erti%i ation system that is internationally re ognise!& Adu)t I))iterac* 2&*7 There is no la0 to ompel illiterates to atten! %un tional litera y lasses& The num-er o% parti ipants !epen!s on the rele$an e o% the urri ulum to the !aily pro-lems %a e! -y them& 6o0e$er# in pla es li"e .a-ah an! .ara0a"# geographi al on!itions o% the ountrysi!e# !istan e an! poor ommuni ation !eter some people %rom atten!ing lasses& Extreme po$erty o% ertain isolate! ommunities is also a %a tor that !is ourages them %rom parti ipating in litera y programmes& 2&*, E%%orts in impro$ing litera y in lu!e in ul ating rea!ing ha-it an! in reasing a ess to glo-al in%ormation& .u h e%%orts are implemente! through a nation-0i!e $erakan Memba!a or rea!ing ampaign# the upgra!ing o% rea!ing materials in pu-li li-raries an! the esta-lishment o% ne0 li-raries& The training o% li-rarians in the use o% in%ormation te hnology (IT) has -een steppe! up in or!er to ser$e the pu-li -etter& 2&*8 Malaysia has intro!u e! a spe ial rele$ant %un tional litera y urri ulum that is !esigne! to suit the !eman!ing nee!s o% the target group& ;esi!es the urri ulum# the litera y programmes are Cpa "age!C 0ith other so io-e onomi programmes sin e e!u ation alone is not a strong moti$ator %or the poor to learn& The in ome-generating programmes initiate! un!er the PPRTs are more su ess%ul as the point o% entry to ma"e the litera y programmes e%%e ti$e& E%&an'ion o( 1a'ic Education and Trainin0 Re4uired 1* Youth' and Adu)t' 2&*1 The strategy un!erta"en to in rease parti ipation o% unemploye! youths an! a!ults into the 0or"%or e an! national !e$elopmernt is -y re ruiting them into $o ational an! s"ills training programmes& Through these programmes these group o% youths an! a!ults are gi$en on-the-<o-

training in in!ustries as an exposure to the 0or"ing en$ironment& It is hope! that through these programmes# youths an! a!ults o% Malaysia an use their potentials an! apa-ilities to the %ullest to help the ountry reali2e the $ision o% a hie$ing a !e$elope! nation status -y the year 2020& 2&*+ Among the resour es pro$i!e! to run these programmes are training allo0an es# traine! an! 9uali%ie! trainers as 0ell as rele$ant te hni al an! $o ational urri ulum& Among the 3o$ernment agen ies pro$i!ing these programmes are the Ministry o% E!u ation (M4E)# Ministry o% 6uman Resour es (M46R)# Ministry o% Agri ulture (M4A)# Ministry o% Rural /e$elopment (M4R/) an! Ministry o% Aouth an! .ports (M4A.)& 2&20 E%%orts -y the go$ernment are supplemente! -y in reasing parti ipation %rom pri$ate training institutions& This 0ill pro$i!e opportunity %or more youths an! a!ults to parti ipate in s"ills training to meet the !eman! %or s"ille! manpo0er& Measures un!erta"en to in rease pri$ate se tor parti ipation in training programmes is in the %orm o% the 6uman Resour es /e$elopment Fun! (6R/F) esta-lishe! in *++= -y the Ministry o% 6uman Resour es& 2&2* .tan!ar!s an! 9uality o% the training programmes are maintaine! through the National In!ustrial Training an! Tra!e Certi%i ation ;oar! (NITTC;) esta-lishe! -y the National A!$isory Coun il %or In!ustrial Training& The NITTC; sets a ommon tra!e stan!ar! %or all training programmes& It also ser$es to re$ie0 an! to impro$e su h training programmes& Certi%i ation %or most ourses is through the NITTC; an! the NETC& 5no2)ed0e- S3i))' And 6a)ue' Re4uired 1* Indi+idua)' And Fa,i)ie' For 1etter Li+in0 2&22 Programmes in propagating -etter li$ing un!erta"en -y $arious go$ernment agen ies emphasi2es on enhan ing %amily 0ell -eing# health an! i$i ons iousness among the parti ipants as 0ell as promoting in ome-generating a ti$ities& The main strategies o% the programmes are -ase! on the potential# nee!s an! re9uirements o% the ommunity& Finan ial assistan e an! other in enti$es are also gi$en to parti ipants& More spe i%i programmes as mentione! in para *&28 are: the Family /e$elopment Programme# the A!ult E!u ation Programme an! the Religious an! Moral E!u ation Programme& 8. EFA DECISION"MA5ING AND MANAGEMENT =&* In *+18# Malaysia esta-lishe! its National Co-or!ination Committee %or the Asia-Pa i%i Programme o% E!u ation %or All (APPEAB)& The tas" o% the ommittee 0as to o-or!inate the implementation o% programmes that

0oul! meet the goals o% a hie$ing uni$ersal primary e!u ation# era!i ating illitera y# an! pro$i!ing ontinuing e!u ation& To this e%%e t# the Committee meets -iannually to !is uss progress o% pro<e ts an! a ti$ities un!erta"en !uring ea h a!ministrati$e year& =&2 The Committee lea! -y the M4E omprises the %ollo0ing ministries an! agen ies:
o o o o o o o o

Ministry o% Rural /e$elopment (M4R/) Ministry o% National @nity an! Community /e$elopment Ministry o% Aouth an! .ports (M4A.) Ministry o% In%ormation (M4I) Ministry o% Enterpreneurial /e$elopment (ME/) Ministry o% 6uman Resour es (M46R) @ni$ersiti Malaya (@M) @ni$ersiti Putra Malaysia (@PM)

=&= EFA programmes initiate! through the ommittee are in orporate! into the a!ministrati$e %un tions o% these ministries an! agen ies& Ea h ministry an! agen y has its o0n te hni al 0or"ing group that %orms a me hanism %or o-or!inating an! monitoring programmes at the national# state an! !istri t le$els# using its o0n mo!alities an! in!i ators& The main programmes that are un!erta"en -y the $arious ministries an! agen ies are as %ollo0s: .re"'choo) education
o o o

Ministry o% E!u ation (M4E) Ministry o% Rural /e$elopment (FEMA.) Ministry o% National @nity an! Community /e$elopment (National @nity /epartmnet) Asso iations# pri$ate agen ies an! religious -o!ies .ri,ar* Education

o o

Ministry 4% E!u ation (M4E) Pri$ate Agen ies an! Religious ;o!ies

Literac* .ro0ra,,e'
o

Ministry o% Rural /e$elopment (Community /e$elopment /i$ision) Continuin0 Education (S3i))' Trainin0$

o o o o o

Ministry o% Aouth an! .ports (M4A.) Ministry o% 6uman Resour es (M46R) Ministry o% Rural /e$elopment (FEMA.) Ministry o% Enterpreneurial /e$elopment (MARA) Non-3o$ernmental 4rganisations (N34s)

=&> The poli ies an! plans %or EFA are set -ase! on the N/P# the 4utline Perspe ti$e Plan (4PP)# an! the %i$e year plan# appro$e! -y the Ca-inet# an! Parliament o% Malaysia: the nation5s highest !e ision ma"ing -o!y& 9. COO.ERATION IN EFA >&* The M4E plays a !ominant role in the e!u ation enterprise in pro$i!ing e!u ation an! training to meet !e$elopment an! manpo0er nee!s o% the ountry& In !oing so# there is lose o-operation 0ith other go$ernmental agen ies# pri$ate enterprises# non-go$ernmental organisation# ommunity--ase! organisation# religious institutions an! in!ustries& These agen ies arry out parallel programmes to supplement the M4E5s e%%orts& >&2 An example o% su h o-operation is in strenghtening the early hil!hoo! e!u ation programme to ensure young hil!ren ha$e a ess to 9uality hil!hoo! !e$elopment programmes& The go$ernment is 0or"ing losely 0ith pri$ate institutions an! N34s to -ri!ge gaps -et0een $arious agen ies organising hil! are entres an! "in!ergartens& This is important -e ause ea h esta-lishment has its o0n style o% management# organisation# mo!e o% operation# training# an! so %orth& >&= A National Committee 0as set up to o-or!inate matters on erning early hil!hoo! e!u ation in lu!ing the urri ulum# the training an! the !e$elopment o% the o$erall programme& In a!!ition# su-- ommittees 0ith the same role an! %un tion ha$e also -een set up at state le$els& The e%%ort o% the ommittee has resulte! in the !e$elopment o% the Pre-s hool Curri ulum 3ui!elines -y M4E& All EC/ entres urrently use the gui!elines& The urri ulum gui!elines ontains the philosophy# long-an! short term goals: o-<e ti$es o% the programme: i!enti%ying the !i%%erent

s"ills omponents to -e imparte! as 0ell as the suggeste! list o% -oo"s an! other resour es to help tea hers o% pre-s hool entres& >&> Malaysia re ei$es external ai! %or e!u ation an! training in the %orm o% te hni al assistan e an! in$estment programmes& The Dorl! ;an" an! the Asia /e$elopment ;an"# still remain the ma<or sour e o% external assistan e& ;ilateral assistan e is also a$aila-le& The prin ipal sour es are Cana!a# Gapan an! the @nite! Fing!om 0hi h %o us on in!ustrial an! $o ational training# human resour es planning an! resear h as 0ell as higher e!u ation& The @nite! Nations Chil!ren Fun! (@NICEF) an! the @nite! Nations E!u ation . ienti%i an! Cultural 4rgani2ation (@NE.C4) pro$i!e support %or EC/ programmes& :. IN6ESTMENT IN EFA SINCE 1 !

7&* In terms o% ne0 in$estments# primary s hools ha$e seen the intro!u tion o% s ien e# li$ing s"ills an! musi into their urri ulum together 0ith the greater emphasis on language tea hing an! the use o% in%ormation te hnology in e!u ation& 7&2 The !e$elopment o% Multime!ia .uper Corri!or (M.C) an! the rapi! in rease in the use o% in%ormation te hnology is reating a ma<or hallenge %or the e!u ational system& As the pioneer %or ma"ing a 0orl!- lass 9uality e!u ation entre a reality in Malaysia# the M4E has initiate! the .mart . hool Programme an! en ourage! the use o% multime!ia an! other materials in the tea hing an! learning pro ess& As the hil!ren at the pres hool lasses are %ee!ers to the programmes# the go$ernment has gi$en more allo ation to impro$e the e!u ational in%rastru ture e&g& the -uil!ing o% ne0 s hools# up!ating materials an! resour es %or tea hing an! learning e&g& !e$eloping C/-R4Ms# an! in getting tea hers to parti ipate in hil! are ourses&

Contents
The EFA 2000 Assessment: Country Reports

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Malaysia

Pre$ious Page

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.art II; Ana)*tic Section <. .ROGRESS TO=ARD GOALS AND TARGETS ,&* Pro%oun! hanges in poli ies an! approa hes ha$e -een the result o% ontinuous e%%orts aime! at guaranteeing the high 9uality o% EFA in parti ular an! the e!u ation system in general& This is also to %ul%il national nee!s an! to esta-lish Malaysia as a entre o% e!u ational ex ellen e& This se tion attempts to un$eil the progress that has ta"en pla e in the stri$e %or EFA in Malaysia o$er the !e a!e -ase! on analysis o% !ata pro$i!e! in the templates on in!i ators * through *1 atta he!& ,&2 /ata on primary an! se on!ary e!u ation utilise! %or the purpose o% reporting EFA Aear 2000 Assessment ha$e -een !eri$e! mainly %rom the !ata-ase maintaine! in the E!u ational Management In%ormation .ystem (EMI.) esta-lishe! at the M4E& The EMI. manage! -y the E!u ational Planning an! Resear h /i$ision (EPR/) maintains !ata on s hool-age population# enrolments# s hools an! tea hers in the pu-li s hools& /ata on stu!ent a hie$ement is %rom the ME. o% the M4E& ,&= /ata on EC/ is !eri$e! mainly %rom the ministries an! agen ies on erne! 0ith EC/ programmes& /ata on pri$ate e!u ation is !eri$e! %rom the Pri$ate E!u ation /epartment (PE/) o% the M4E& %hild!are %entres &nd Pre's!hools ,&> As state! earlier in paragraph *&*# there are t0o types o% institutions that ater to EC/# i&e& the hil! are entres 0hi h enrols hil!ren -elo0 %our years ol! an! the pre-s hool 0hi h a!mits hil!ren -et0een the ages o% >? through 7?& 6o0e$er# %or the purpose o% this exer ise# !ata !ra0n on enrolment into EC/ programmes is only on%ine! to the pre-s hool programmes a$aila-le %or >? an! 7? year ol! in the ountry& This is o-ser$e! in the template on in!i ator * atta he! an! presente! in Figure ,&*a an! Figure ,&*-& 6o0e$er# progress in EC/ programmes %or hil!ren -elo0 > years ol! an -e on lu!e! %rom Ta-le ,&*a& ,&7 Ta-le ,&*a sho0s the in reasing tren! in parti ipation o% hil!ren an! num-er o% hil! are entres registere! 0ith the $arious pu-li agen ies -et0een *++0 an! *++1& The high le$el o% parti ipation into hil! are entres as o-ser$e! o$er the perio! -et0een *++0 through *++1# is attri-ute! to the in reasing a0areness among parents to0ar!s the importan e o% a 9uiring early hil!hoo! !e$elopment& As more parents -e ome in reasingly a%%luent# the nee! to e9uip their hil!ren 0ith s"ills to

ope 0ith the %uture also in reases& This !eman! triggers o%% the o$er0helming esta-lishment o% hil! are entres Ta/)e <.1a .u/)ic Chi)dcare Centre' (1 Year Nu,/er o( Re0i'tered Centre' !>1 ?$

Enro),ent o( Chi)dren 1e)o2 9 Year' O)d

*++0 *++* *++2 *++= *++> *++7 *++, *++8 *++1

>8 ,2 *8, *88 *>2 *7, *72 2,, =,,

*110 2>10 80>0 =010 7,10 ,2>0 ,010 *0,>0 *28>+

Sour!e( )egal and &d o!a!y #i ision* Ministry o+ Rural #e elopment ,&, The EC/ programmes %or >? through 7? year ol! hil!ren o% pres hools an -e o-ser$e! in Ta-le ,&*-& The largest proportion o% pres hool entres is through the Community /e$elopment /i$ision (FEMA.) o% the Ministry o% National @nity an! .o ial /e$elopment (,*&1 per ent)

an! the M4E (*0&= per ent)& The pri$ate se tor pro$i!es *1&> per ent o% the !eman!& Ta/)e <.1/ O&erator' o( .re"'choo) in 1 :

MOE

5EMAS

Nat. Unit* De&t.

.ri+ate Sector *1&> H

Tota)

*0&= H

,*&1 H

+&7 H

*00 H

Sour!e( %ountry Report ,or Third -ast &sia &nd Pa!i+i! Ministerial %onsultation .n The $oals ,or %hildren &nd #e elopment To The /ear 0111 ' Ministry o+ National 2nity &nd So!ial #e elopment* Malaysia

Sour!e( -du!ational Management 3n+ormation System* M.8& Figure ,&*a pro$i!es a omprehensi$e pi ture to0ar!s the le$el o% parti ipation in pre-s hool programmes %rom *++* through *++8 on!u te! -y go$ernment agen ies& The %lu tuating tren! o-ser$e! o$er the se$en-year perio! an -e explaine! as %ollo0s& 1& From *++* through *++># !ata olle te! %rom the $arious agen ies on!u ting su h programmes 0as unsta-le& A more e%%i ient system o% !ata olle tion applie! resulte! to a more sta-le !ata o-ser$e! %rom *++7& In *++7# there 0as a stea!y in rease in the gross enrolment ratio (3ER)& It is important to point out that per entage o% enrolment in pre-s hool

programmes as !isplaye! in Figure ,&*a has -een !eri$e! %rom enrolment in pre-s hool entres registere! 0ith the $arious pu-li agen ies only& It sho0s learly the progress that has -een ma!e sin e *++* to0ar!s a hie$ing the goal o% pro$i!ing -asi e!u ation %or all hil!ren& The stea!y in rease in 3ER tren! sustaine!# Malaysia is expe te! to a hie$e a *00 per ent 3ER in t0o or three years time& +& An issue that @NE.C4 gi$es parti ular attention to EFA programmes is gen!er parti ipation& In Malaysia it shoul! -e note! that gen!er is no longer an issue 0here a!mission to any e!u ational !e$elopment programme is on erne!# EC/ programme -eing one& *0& Figure ,&*- !etails the le$el o% parti ipation in pre-s hool programme in Malaysia -y gen!er& The %igure sho0s that enrolment in pre-s hool programme is high among %emales %rom *++* through *++8& There is no gen!er !is rimination in terms o% a!mission into su h programme as in other e!u ational !e$elopment programmes pro$i!e! -y the M4E& **& Interestingly though# the %igure in!i ates a!mission o% %emales into pres hool programmes surpasses slightly that o% males& 6o0e$er# the !i%%eren e in per entage -et0een -oth gen!er is minimal& This tren! presuma-ly an -e tra e! to the in omplete set o% !ata to en ompass the 0hole s enario o% pre-s hool programme&

Sour!e( -du!ational Management 3n+ormation System* M.4ead Start in Primary -du!ation

*2& At present there is no a-solute !ata to in!i ate the per entage o% ne0 entrants to primary gra!e * 0ho ha$e atten!e! some %orm o% organise! early hil!hoo! !e$elopment programme as re9uire! -y EFA Aear 2000 Assessment& Presente! in Figure ,&2a an! Figure ,&2- an! the atta he! template %or in!i ator 2 is rea!ily a$aila-le !ata on pre-s hools that 0as ompile! -et0een *++2 through *++1& /ata %rom the - 'National .ur$ey on Primary 4ne .tu!ents Dho 6a$e Experien e! Pre-s hool E!u ation' on!u te! in *++8 -y the EPR/ o% the M4E is also presente! in support o% the analysis o% reporting in!i ator 2& *=& Enrolment o% ne0 entrants into gra!e * 0ith some %orm o% EC/ is !eri$e! %rom the num-er o% hil!ren -et0een the ages o% >? an! 7? that 0ere enrolle! in pre-s hools -et0een *++2 through *++1& As su h# it is not unusual that analysis o% ne0 entrants into gra!e * 0ith some %orm o% EC/ at the state le$el sometimes sho0 more than *00 per ent o% ne0 entrants to gra!e *& The situation oul! also arise %rom the mo-ility o% %amilies migrating %rom one pro$in e (state) to another& ,&*> 4-ser$e! in the Figure ,&2a is a high per entage o% ne0 entrants to gra!e * 0ho ha$e atten!e! some %orm o% organise! early hil!hoo! !e$elopment programme !uring at least one year (or one enrolment perio!)& Per entage o% ne0 entrants 0ith EC/ experien e ha$e -een at 10 per ent an! a-o$e %or the perio! -et0een *++2 through *++1& A @Nationa) Sur+e* on .ri,ar* One Student =ho Aa+e E%&erienced .re"'choo) Education@ on!u te! -y the o% the M4E in *++8 also sho0s that a high per entage (18&8 per ent) o% the stu!ents ha$e atten!e! some %orm o% early hil!hoo! e!u ation& ,&*7 There is no signi%i ant !i%%eren e in gen!er 0ith regar!s to ne0 entrants to gra!e *& It is to -e emphasise! that there is no gen!er !is rimination in pro$i!ing opportunities %or e!u ation& The -rea"!o0n -y gen!er is o-ser$e! in Figure ,&2-

Sour!e( -du!ational Management 3n+ormation System* M.,&*, The high per entage o% ne0 entrants to gra!e * 0ith some %orm o% organise! learning a ti$ities is a testimony to the %a t that parents are in reasingly a0are o% the importan e o% early exposure to0ar!s e!u ation in the %ormati$e years o% their hil!ren& It is 0i!ely re ognise! that any %orm o% organise! programme to prepare young hil!ren %or %ormal e!u ation is a positi$e start in their %uture !e$elopment& An impa t stu!y on!u te! -y the M4E 0ith the o-operation o% @NICEF in *++8 supports this& The stu!y re$eale! that primary s hool stu!ents 0ho atten!e! pres hool !o per%orm -etter than their peers although these gains may not sustain in some ases&

Sour!e( -du!ational Management 3n+ormation System* M.&!!ess to Primary -du!ation ,&*8 Figure ,&2 an! Figure ,&2! represent in!i ators = an! > that aim to sho0 the extent o% a ess to e!u ation at the primary s hool le$el& /ata ta"en into a ount %or these in!i ators 0as -et0een *++* through *++8 o$ering only the total num-er o% ne0 entrants in gra!e * in pu-li s hools& /ata %or pri$ate s hools though a$aila-le oul! not -e utilise! %or this exer ise sin e the !ata !oes not pro$i!e spe i%i in%ormation as re9uire! un!er EFA Aear 2000 Assessment& E$en though pri$ate e!u ation has -egun to %lourish in the early +0s# a more omprehensi$e !ata olle tion %or pri$ate e!u ation only -egan 0ith the setting up o% the PE/ in *++,& The in$ol$ement o% pri$ate se tors at the primary e!u ation le$el is rather minimal& The esta-lishment o% pri$ate s hools is more on entrate! at pre-s hool# se on!ary an! post se on!ary e!u ation& ,&*1 In the ase o% Malaysia# a!mission age to the %irst year o% primary e!u ation as state! earlier in paragraph *&2# is ,?& . hools !o not a!mit hil!ren 0ho are -elo0 , years o% age or those a-o$e ,? as ne0 entrants to gra!e *& This explains the same per entage o-ser$e! in apparent inta"e rate an! net inta"e rate in primary e!u ation in the ountry as seen in Figure ,&2 &

Sour!e( -du!ational Management 3n+ormation System* M.,&*+ At the national le$el# the perio! -et0een *++* an! *++8 sa0 inta"e rates at aroun! +0 per ent& The high inta"e rate as presente! in Figure ,&2 # re%le ts the apa ity o% the e!u ation system to pro$i!e a ess to primary e!u ation& There 0as %ull inta"e rate (more than *00 per ent) into the pu-li s hools in *++7& A %a tor ontri-uting to this phenomenon may -e the result o% the M4E's poli y o% pro$i!ing e!u ation %or all# iti2ens or non- iti2ens& In the early *++0s the %lourishing e onomi limate in the ountry sa0 an in%lux o% immigrants %rom neigh-ouring ountries in sear h o% employment an! -etter li$ing on!itions& As a result# the M4E has to %ul%il its o-ligation to pro$i!e -asi e!u ation to hil!ren o% these immigrants as 0ell e$en i% it gi$es rise to other impli ations& Another %a tor to a ount %or this is that population %igures that has -een pro$i!e! are pro<e te! %igures -ase! on the 3eneral Census arrie! out in *++*& Population %igures ha$e -een roun!e! up to the nearest *000 to %a ilitate al ulation& ,&20 Ta-le ,&* that %ollo0s sho0s enrolment o% hil!ren o% non- iti2ens in primary s hools at the national le$el in an attempt to illustrate the go$ernment's ommitment in pro$i!ing e!u ation %or all& Ta/)e <.1c Enro),ent o( Forei0n Student' in .ri,ar* Schoo)' (1 1 $ :"

Year' *++7 *++, *++8 *++1 *+++ Sour!e( -du!ational Statisti!s -PR#

Enro),ent >>#=10 =8#870 =2#,>+ 28#808 =0#271

,&2* There is no signi%i ant !i%%eren e -et0een inta"e rates %or male an! %emale stu!ents& As emphasise! earlier# there is no e$i!en e o% gen!er !isparity in the inta"e o% stu!ents in primary s hools as o-ser$e! in Figure ,&2!& This learly !emonstrates the ountry5s emphasis on e9ual a ess to e!u ation&

Sour!e( -du!ational Management 3n+ormation System* M.-

-nrolment Ratio in Primary -du!ation ,&22 /ata olle te! %or the purpose o% sho0ing Malaysia's gross an! net enrolment ratios in primary e!u ation 0ere olle te! o$er the perio!s -et0een *++* through *++1& /ata ta"en into a ount %or in!i ators 7 an! , 0ill sho0 that 3ER Ratio is also representati$e o% net enrolment ratio (NER) -e ause in Malaysia there is no in i!en e o% un!er-age! or o$erage! enrolment& For in!i ators 7 an! ,# total enrolment (%or all ages) 0as only a$aila-le %or pu-li e!u ation as in in!i ators = an! >&

I 3ross an! Net Enrolment Ratio o% Total Enrolment as against the 4%%i ial Age Population II 3ross an! Net Enrolment Ratio o% Total Enrolment (Male) as against the 4%%i ial Age Population (male) III 3ross an! Net Enrolment Ratio o% Total Enrolment (Female) as against the 4%%i ial Age Population (Female) Sour!e( -du!ational Management 3n+ormation System* M.,&2= Figure ,&2e re$eals a stea!ily in reasing enrolment ratio %rom *++* through *++7 0ith per entages re or!e! at aroun! += per ent in *++*# aroun! +> per ent in *++2# +7 per ent in *++> an! pea"ing at o$er +, per ent in *++7& A slight !e line in per entage 0as re or!e! in the next three years that %ollo0# presuma-ly -rought a-out -y many %a tors# among 0hi h# is the in lination o% parents to register their hil!ren in pri$ate

s hools an! the re ent aggressi$e poli y o% !eporting %oreign 0or"ers to their mother ountry& Ne$ertheless# -oth the gross enrolment ratio an! net enrolment ratio is a testimony o% a high parti ipation rate in primary e!u ation in Malaysia& ,&2> Ta"ing into a ount !i%%eren es in per entage re or!e! -et0een gen!er# Figure ,&2e !isplays a high le$el o% parti ipation o% %emale stu!ents in primary e!u ation %rom *++2 through *++1& 4nly in *++* 0as there a slightly lo0er rate o-ser$e! in the %emale parti ipation rate as ompare! to their male peers& 6o0e$er this is not a ause %or on ern as the o%%i ial age population (-et0een ,? through **? years) re or!e! in *++* sho0s a slightly lo0er num-er o% %emales (*#=*+#800) o$er males (*#=+=#100)& ,&27 In a!!ition to 0hat is o-ser$e! %rom the !ata presente! earlier# it 0oul! -e 0orth0hile to also onsi!er the in reasing enrolment in primary an! se on!ary s hools in *++0 an! *++7 an! the pro<e te! enrolment %or 2000 as sho0n in the Ta-le ,&2a& Ta/)e <.#a Enro),ent in .ri,ar* and Secondar* Schoo)' (1 #!!!$ Annua) Rate O( Increa'e B #!!! (1 1 .ri,ar* 2>>820, Secondar* *=,,0,1 Tota) =1*=28> >>8+=** >#+00#000 *,7*,1> 2#000#000 >&*1 27&0 2128,28 2#+00#000 =&* 2&7 !" :$ !"

Le+e) O( Education 1 !

Year 1 :

E%&ected Annua) Rate O( Increa'e B (1 : " #!!!$

Sour!e( -du!ational Management 3n+ormation System* M.-56MP

,&2, The ta-le represents the rate o% in rease in primary an! se on!ary e!u ation& The annual rate o% in rease o% =&* per ent an! expe te! rate o% in rease o% 2&7 per ent in enrolments %or primary e!u ation is explaine! -y the a hie$ement an! maintenan e o% @PE an! in!i ating that uni$ersal e!u ation 0as a essi-le to all& The annual rate o% in rease o% >&*1 per ent an! expe te! rate o% in rease o% 27 per ent in enrolments at the se on!ary le$el re%le ts the su ess%ul implementation o% the poli y o% -asi e!u ation expansion %rom nine to ele$en years& ,&28 Enrolment statisti s as has -een note!# represent the <oint e%%e t o% !eman! an! supply# i&e& the !eman! -y parents %or s hooling %or their hil!ren an! the existen e: or supply o% s hools the hil!ren an atten!& The go$ernment5s on ern %or EFA an! in meeting the !eman! %or e!u ation is !emonstrate! in its ommitment to pro$i!e ne0 s hools an! a!!itional lassrooms to ater to the in reasing enrolment in primary an! se on!ary s hools& Ta-le ,&2- sho0s the num-er o% primary an! se on!ary s hools %rom *++0 through *+++& Ta/)e <.#/ Nu,/er o( .ri,ar* and Secondar* Schoo)' (1 !>1 ?$

Year'

Nu,/er O( Schoo)' Secondar* .ri,ar*

*++0 *++* *++2 *++= *++> *++7 *++, *++8 *++1

,121 ,17+ ,1+* ,+*2 ,+=2 ,++= 8078 80++ 8*=0

*=28 *=7+ *>0+ *>0+ *>=8 *>8, *7** *7>1 *7,,

*+++

8*72

*71,

Sour!e( -du!ational Statisti!s -PR# ,&21 It is the poli y o% the M4E to ha$e single session s hools& It has -een o-ser$e! that !ou-le session s hools result in a re!u tion o% instru tion time# !isruptions o% urri ular an! o- urri ular a ti$ities an! ause har!ship to stu!ents li$ing %ar a0ay %rom s hools& It also has !etrimental e%%e ts on the tea hingJlearning pro esses& As o% Gune *+++# a total o% *2*+ o% the 8*,> primary an! 1=* o% *,0* se on!ary are !ou-le-session s hools& The M4E is stepping up e%%orts to turn all s hools into singlesession s hools& -7penditure on -du!ation ,&2+ E$i!ent in -oth the ,MP an! 8MP is the thrust pla e! on in reasing a essi-ility an! 9uality o% e!u ation an! training& Although %a e! 0ith %inan ial onstraints# %a ilities ha$e -een expan!e! at primary an! se on!ary e!u ation le$els through ost- utting measures an! prioritising programmes& /is-ursement o% urrent operating expen!iture may -e o-ser$e! in Ta-le ,&2 & ,&=0 The go$ernment pro$i!es -asi e!u ational in%rastru ture to all pu-li e!u ational institutions& The e!u ational in%ra-stru ture in lu!es the pro$ision o% physi al %a ilities# tea hers# support ser$i es an! stu!ent 0el%are programmes 0hi h# among other things# in lu!e s holarships# text-oo" loan s heme# nutrition an! health programme# e!u ation me!ia ser$i es# e!u ational resour e entres# s hool hostels an! spe ial e!u ation& Ta/)e <.#c Indicator' C and ? .u/)ic E%&enditure on .ri,ar* Education A' &er cent O( GN. and O( Tota) .u/)ic E%&enditure on Education (A)) Le+e)'$D And .u/)ic Current E%&enditure on .ri,ar* Education .er Student A' &er cent O( GN. .er Ca&ita .u/)ic Current E%&enditure on Education (1 ! > #!!!$ .u/)ic Current E%&. On .ri,ar* Ed. A' &er cent O( Tota) .u/)ic Current e%&. Education .u/)ic Current E%&. On .ri,ar* Ed. A' &er cent O( GN. .u/)ic Current E%&. On .ri,ar* Ed. .er Student A' &er cent O( GN. .er

Year

Ca&ita A 1 C *++0 *++* *++2 *++= *++> *++7 *++, *++8 *++1 *+++ I2000 * Forecasted figure ,&=* Malaysia's e!u ation !e$elopment an! re%orms ha$e -een hara terise! -y the go$ernment's e%%orts to a!apt e!u ation to national !e$elopment nee!s& The M4E has -een allo ate! a su-stantial amount %or ea h %inan ial year& The operating an! !e$elopment allo ation %or e!u ation o$er the ten-year perio! (*++0-*+++) 0as *1 - 20 per ent o% total pu-li expen!iture an! 7&0 per ent o% gross !omesti pro!u t (3/P)& >0&, >0&8 >*&* =+&> =+&8 =1&, =+&= =8&7 =1&* =,&7 =,&7 *&1 *&1 *&+ *&1 *&8 *&7 *&8 *&> *&> *&> *&7 *=&* *=&2 *>&* *2&+ *2&, **&= *2&7 *0&1 **&0 **&* **&=

The ten-year allo ation re%le ts the ommitment o% the go$ernment to0ar!s e!u ation& This in$estment ommitment is also -ase! on the strong -elie% that the 9uality an! e%%i ien y o% s hools ma"e a !i%%eren e to e!u ational a hie$ement# an! su-se9uent opportunities %or employment an! areer !e$elopment o% the stu!ent& ,&=2 Almost the entire primary e!u ation programme is %inan e! an! a!ministere! -y the entral go$ernment through the M4E& The pri$ate se tor parti ipation in primary e!u ation has -een $ery minimal an! has remaine! in pre-s hool an! tuition sessions outsi!e the normal s hool hours& ,&== Expen!iture on primary s hooling in Malaysia is mainly %un!e! through the Fe!eral 3o$ernment e!u ation programme& 4$er the past ten years the expen!iture on primary e!u ation has in rease! -y +8 per ent %rom a-out RM*&+,, -illion in *++0 to a pro<e te! %igure o% a-out RM=&11* -illion in the year 2000& Although there has -een an a-solute in rease o% o$er RM2 -illion o$er the perio!# there is a !e reasing tren! in the per entage o% allo ation %or primary le$el e!u ation %rom >0 per ent in *++0 to a-out =, per ent in the pro<e tions %or the year 2000 !ue to the in reasing !eman! %or pu-li expen!iture %or the se on!ary an! tertiary le$els& 6o0e$er# the general pattern o% expen!iture has remaine! the same& ,&=> Although there has -een a !e rease in the per entage o% allo ation %or the primary le$el o% e!u ation %rom >0&, per ent in *++0 to a-out =,&7 per ent in the year 2000 !ue to the in reasing !eman! %or pu-li expen!iture %or the se on!ary an! tertiary le$els# the general pattern o% expen!iture has remaine! the same& 4$er the years# almost +0 per ent o% the annual %un!s allo ate! %or primary e!u ation 0ere expen!e! on emoluments an! sta%% ompensations& The remaining sum 0as outright grants to s hools %or utility payments# a a!emi Jnon-a a!emi a ti$ities an! the maintenan e o% s hool %a ilities& In a!!ition to these# s hools in Malaysia are pro$i!e! the text-oo"s loan s heme an! a supplementary %oo! pro<e t to ater to the poorer stu!ents& =7& The !e$elopment -u!get operates on a %i$e-year !e$elopment plan an! roughly one %i%th (*J7) o% the %un!s are appropriate! annually %or pro<e ts that are liste! in the plan& In the 8MP (*++,-2000)# allo ation %or e!u ation an! training amounts to RM*0&* -illion or *7&> per ent o% the total pu-li !e$elopment allo ation& This is an in rease -y *&, per ent %rom the allo ation un!er the ,MP (*++*-*++7)& Ta-le ,&2! that %ollo0 ser$es to illustrate an! ompare !e$elopment allo ation %or e!u ation an! training in the ,MP an! 8MP& Ta/)e <.#d De+e)o&,ent A))ocation (or Education and Trainin0 (1 1"#!!!$

<M. .ro0ra,,e (1 1>1 :$ (1

CM. < > #!!!$

(RM ,i))ion$ Education Pre-s hool Primary E!u ation .e on!ary 3o$ernment K 3o$ernment-ai!e! . hools MARA Gunior . ien e Colleges >*+&0 Te hni al K Eo ational . hools =#*=+= Tertiary E!u ation *10&* Tea her E!u ation 8+=&2 4ther E!u ational .upport Programs ,*7&> Trainin0 =18&> In!ustrial Training *>&0 Commer ial Training 2*>&0 Management Training Total Sour!e( Se enth Malaysia Plan 899:'0111 ,&=, 4% the total allo ation %or the e!u ation se tor un!er the 8MP# >7&, per ent is allo ate! %or -uil!ing ne0 s hools an! a!!itional lassrooms %or primary an! se on!ary le$els an! another =7&* per ent to expan! the apa ity %or tertiary e!u ation# parti ularly at !egree le$el& The remaining ?-!#:.# 1!-! ?.? 2+2&0 ,,&= *#=0=&= *#,,*&, *#0,7&= >71&1 2#+,*&1 2++&0 C-9! .? ,*&1 *#*1>&8 2#070&8 *#,0=&0 21&8 ?-98C.# *08&> *#=+,&0 2#>>8&+ *#81*&+ =,8&0

portion is allo ate! %or the pro$ision o% training %a ilities an! housing %or tea hers as 0ell as hostels %or primary an! se on!ary stu!ents& @n!er the allo ation %or training programmes# RM*&= -illion or 81&> per ent is pro$i!e! %or the esta-lishment o% ne0 s"ill training institutes as 0ell as upgra!e an! expan! existing ones& The allo ation %or s"ill training 0hi h is !ou-le that o% the pre$ious Plan# is in line 0ith the national training strategy to in rease the output o% s"ille! manpo0er# parti ularly at the a!$an e! le$el in ne0 s"ill areas& ,&=8 /is-ursement tren!s %or primary an! se on!ary e!u ation %rom *++> to *+++ may -e o-ser$e! in Figure ,&2%& There is an o$erall in rease in !e$elopment expen!iture %or -oth primary an! se on!ary se tors o$er the perio!& Physi al !e$elopment o% pro<e ts at primary an! se on!ary e!u ation ha$e -een %o usse! on ne0 a ti$ities %or example s hools# hostels# tea her training# polyte hni s# tea her a ommo!ation an! uni$ersities& Emphasis has -een pla e! to0ar!s impro$ing the 9uality o% these pro<e ts to ensure stan!ar! 9uality !eli$ery o% tea hing an! on!u i$e learning&

.our e: Finan e /i$ision# M4E Tea!her %erti+i!ation ,&=1 3ra!uates o% tea her training olleges 0ith a erti%i ate or !iploma or post-!iploma in tea hing are 9uali%ie! to tea h -oth in primary or

se on!ary s hools& @ni$ersity gra!uates 0ith a post-gra!uate !iploma in tea hing are appointe! to ser$e in the se on!ary s hools only& ,&=+ Currently there are t0o ategories o% tea hers in primary s hools# untraine! tea hers in ategory one an! traine! tea hers in ategory t0o& For the purpose o% this exer ise# tea hers 0ith a a!emi 9uali%i ations are those 0ho are appointe! to tea h -ut ha$e not un!ergone any tea hertraining programme& They are re%erre! to as untraine! tea hers& Tea hers 0ith a a!emi 9uali%i ation an! 0ho ha$e atten!e! tea her training 0ill -e re%erre! to as traine! tea hers& ,&>0 Certi%i ation o% primary s hool tea hers is through the tea her training entres that are un!er the responsi-ility o% the TE/ o% the M4E& 6o0e$er# the appointment o% untraine! tea hers is -y the .tate E!u ation /epartment (.E/s)& The .E/s apply a stringent $etting o% a a!emi 9uali%i ations o% untraine! tea hers to ensure 9uality o% !eli$ery is maintaine! at all times& ,&>* @ntraine! tea hers 0ho are employe! to tea h in primary s hools -elong to = ategories& The %irst is tea hers 0ho ha$e the a a!emi 9uali%i ation an! ha$e un!ergone tea her training -ut are 0aiting to -e ommissione! into the tea hing pro%ession& The se on! are those 0ho are employe! to %ill up temporary $a an ies reate! -y tea hers on maternity lea$e or are me!i ally -oar!e! out# an! the thir!# -eing the group %illing up $a an ies in the remote areas or har!-to-a ess areas 0here traine! tea hers are not a$aila-le& ,&>2 /ata on tea her erti%i ation as presente! in in!i ators + K *0 atta he! o$ers the perio! -et0een *++* through *++1& Figure ,&2g sho0s the %lu tuating tren! in the per entage o% untraine! primary s hool tea hers&

I Per entage o% @ntraine! Primary . hool Tea hers against All @ntraine! Primary . hool Tea hers II Per entage o% @ntraine! Primary . hool Tea hers (Male) against All @ntraine! Primary . hool Tea hers (Male) III Per entage o% @ntraine! Primary . hool Tea hers (Female) against All @ntraine! Primary . hool Tea hers (Female) Sour!e( -du!ational Management 3n+ormation System* M.,&>= Figure ,&2g also sho0s that the per entage o% untraine! primary s hool tea hers in Malaysia is 9uite minimal& Per entage le$el is aroun! =0 per ent at the high en! !e reasing gra!ually o$er the years to 7 per ent in *++1& This is -e ause traine! tea hers or those that are erti%ie! to tea h are gra!ually repla ing untraine! tea hers in primary s hools& This statement 0ill -e atteste! 0hen a omparison -et0een Figure ,&2g an! Figure ,&2h is !one& ,&>> Figure ,&2h sho0s a stea!y in rease in the per entage o% traine! tea hers in primary s hools in the ountry o$er the perio! -et0een *++* through *++1& ;y *++1# the le$el has rea he! almost *00 per ent in!i ating the high le$el o% ommitment un!erta"en -y the M4E to pro$i!e 9uality !eli$ery system at the primary le$el&

I Per entage o% Traine! Primary . hool Tea hers Against All Primary . hool Tea hers II Per entage o% Traine! Primary . hool Tea hers (Male) Against All Primary . hool Tea hers(Male) III Per entage o% Traine! Primary . hool Tea hers (Female) Against All Primary . hool Tea hers (Female) Sour!e( -du!ational Management 3n+ormation System* M.,&>7 4-ser$e! %rom %igure ,&2h is the high per entage o% %emale tea hers as against their male ounterparts& This tren! apparently exists in most ountries aroun! the 0orl!& Ne$ertheless# the M4E is stepping up e%%orts to ma"e the tea hing pro%ession more attra ti$e to en ourage more male an!i!ates to ta"e up tea hing as a areer& ,&>, Figure ,&2i sho0s per entage o% untraine! tea hers as oppose! to traine! tea hers a ross pro$in es (states) in Malaysia in *++1& .a-ah re or!e! the highest num-er o% untraine! tea hers that is aroun! 20 per ent %ollo0e! -y Felantan# 0hi h re or!e! -et0een 7 to *0 per ent o% untraine! tea hers& These t0o states are $ast an! as su h a large num-er o% s hools are lo ate! in har!-to-rea h areas an! unpopular pla es& Ne$ertheless# e%%orts are un!er0ay in getting more traine! tea hers to ser$e in these t0o states su h as pro$i!ing tea hers 0ith sta%%-9uarters&

Sour!e( -du!ational Management 3n+ormation System* M.,&>8 Dilayah Perse"utuan %ollo0s next in ha$ing re or!e! slightly more than 7 per ent o% primary tea hers 0ho are untraine!& This situation is 9uite similar to Felantan ex ept that Dilayah Perse"utuan# 0hi h is the apital ity o% Malaysia# is note! %or its high ost o% li$ing& This a ounts %or it -eing unpopular postings among ne0 gra!uates %rom tea her training olleges an! uni$ersities& A sharp ontrast to this situation is o-ser$e! in Figure ,&2<&

Sour!e( -du!ational Management 3n+ormation System* M.,&>1 The num-er o% traine! tea hers rose stea!ily %rom *++> 0ith an o$erall per entage o% 11&> through +>&+ in *++1& This is !ue to a0areness o% the nee! %or a 9uali%ie! tea hing 0or"%or e i% the ountry's aim o% a 0orl!- lass e!u ation is to -e realise!& The serious e%%ort o% the M4E in pro$i!ing 9uality in the !eli$ery system at the primary le$el is e$i!ent %rom Figure ,&2h 0ith the per entage o% traine! tea hers sta-le at 10 per ent an! a-o$e& ,&>+ An issue to onten! 0ith in the tea hing pro%ession is gen!er !isparity& The im-alan e in the ratio o% male to %emale tea hers in Malaysia is -rought a-out -y a relati$ely lo0er num-er o% males intereste! to ta"e up tea hing as a areer& The !isparity is e$i!ent in tea her trainee inta"es %or ourses su h as Chinese an! Tamil Banguages 0here the num-er o% male appli ants to %emale is remar"a-ly lo0& ,&70 To a!!ress this im-alan e# the TE/ is on!u ting a promotion !ri$e to attra t more male appli ants into the ser$i e& This programme 0ill in lu!e explaining the -roa! sel%-!e$elopment opportunities a$aila-le in the tea hing pro%ession& Student'Tea!her Ratio ,&7* The implementation o% the ,MP an! 8MP sa0 e%%orts un!erta"en -y the go$ernment to impro$e an! expan! -asi %a ilities ne essary %or

9uality !eli$ery o% e!u ation& Among the o-<e ti$es o% this strategy is to impro$e on the stu!ent-tea her ratio& ,&72 Figure ,&2" presents stu!ent-tea her ratio in pu-li primary s hools in Malaysia& At the national le$el# e%%orts ha$e -een un!erta"en to maintain the ratio at 2*:*& In *++1# there 0as a slight !ip 0ith a le$el re or!e! at *+& ,&7= 6o0e$er# this ratio may not -e representati$e o% the real situation throughout the lassrooms in the ountry to!ay& There still exist s hools# 0hi h are un!er-enrolle! small s hools an! those in -igger to0ns# 0hi h ha$e high on entration o% stu!ents& As su h stu!ent-tea her ratios in these t0o !i%%ering on!itions $ary&

Sour!e( -du!ational Management 3n+ormation System* M.,&7> The expansion o% physi al in%rastru ture arrie! out 0ith su-stantial -u!get allo ation un!er the $arious 7 year !e$elopment programmes an! the mi!-term !e$elopment programmes has le! to an in rease in enrolment in primary s hools& It is not un ommon to still %in! lass -si2es o% o$er >0 an! !ou-le session s hools in high-!ensity areas su h as in the ur-an areas& ,&77 Poli y hanges ha$e ta"en pla e in that a!!itional posts ha$e -een reate! o$er an! a-o$e the norms& The existing norms 0ith regar!s to lass tea her ratio are *: *&7& Dith the a!!itional ne0 posts su h as s hool ounsellors# reme!ial tea hers an! me!ia tea hers# to name a %e0# stu!ent-tea her ratio is impro$e!&

Retention* &ttrition and Transition Rate in Primary -du!ation ,&7, It may -e o-ser$e! %rom the template atta he! as in!i ator *2 that repetition rates are 2ero (0)& This is -rought a-out -y the %a t that Malaysia pra ti es the poli y o% automati promotion at the primary le$el o% s hooling& ,&78 The template on in!i ator *= re%le ts the per entage o% a stu!ent ohort a tually rea hing gra!e six in the primary s hool le$el& The analysis o% !ata %or ohorts *+1+ through *++= on the in!i ator is represente! in Figures ,&2l& The %igure sho0s a high per entage in retention rate at the primary e!u ation le$el& ,&71 A %a tor to a ount %or the high retention rate is the pro$ision o% %ree primary e!u ation %or hil!ren -et0een the ages o% ,? through **? years& @n!er the programme# a ess to an! e9ual opportunity %or %ree e!u ation is pro$i!e! to e$ery hil!# regar!less o% gen!er an! lo ality& In a!!ition# the M4E has exten!e! support ser$i es su h as s holarships# text-oo" loan s heme# -oar!ing %a ilities# an! supplementary mil" an! meal programmes %or un!erpri$ilege! stu!ents&

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Figure 6.2l Indicator 13 and 1 !Retention and Attrition Rate in Pri"ar# Sc$ools % &o$orts 1'(' ) 1''3*+ot Availa,le ,&7+ The high per entage also -ears a signi%i ant impli ation to0ar!s a high le$el o% litera y rate a hie$e! as a result o% relia-le primary e!u ation system& ,&,0 Dastage in terms o% stu!ent !ropping out o% the system o urs -ut at a minimum le$el& Figure ,&2l also sho0s the attrition rate o% ohorts *+1+

through *++= at the primary e!u ation le$el& 6o0e$er it !oes not ne essarily mean that the num-er in!i ates hil!ren a tually !ropping out o% the e!u ation system& In Malaysia !ue to the %lexi-ility o% the e!u ation system# stu!ents are %ree to enter an! exit pu-li e!u ation an! enter pri$ate esta-lishments to pursue e!u ation& A num-er o% pri$ate e!u ation enterprises o%%er $arie! %a ilities to ater to the !i%%erent nee!s o% parents& Parents play a ma<or role in !etermining 0here their hil!ren 0oul! -e e!u ate!& 6en e# it may -e assume! that 0astage appearing in the !ata is an in!i ation that# a ertain portion o% stu!ents ha$e opte! out o% the pu-li e!u ation system an! <oine! the pri$ate system& ,&,* Per entage in retention rates $aries -et0een states an! some may exten! -eyon! *00 per ent& This is apparent in a num-er o% states an! is the result o% the high mo-ility inter-states ta"ing pla e& People see"ing -etter prospe ts in other states ontri-ute to the %lu tuating per entage rates& ,&,2 At the national le$el# a high oe%%i ient o% e%%i ien y in primary e!u ation 0as re or!e!& For -oth sexes# in *++,# e%%i ien y 0as at +1&7 per ent# 0ith the male stu!ents re or!ing a per entage o% +7&8 per ent an! %emale# +1&> per ent& A small per entage o% stu!ents !ropping in an! out o% the system are the ma<or ontri-utor o% e%%i ien y not re or!e! at *00 per ent& ,&,= The M4E's poli y o% exten!ing a ess to -asi e!u ation has seen stu!ents assure! o% ** years %ree -asi e!u ation& Although e!u ation is not ompulsory# this poli y ena-les all stu!ents 0ho 0ish to !o so remain in s hool up to gra!e **& Currently e$ery pupil in the primary s hools is assure! o% a pla e in se on!ary s hools& As su h# high transition rates %rom primary to se on!ary e!u ation may -e o-ser$e! in Ta-le ,&2e& A high transition rate is a "ey in!i ator o% the e!u ation system's internal e%%i ien y& Ta/)e <.#e Tran'ition (ro, .ri,ar* to Lo2er Secondar* Education Tran'ition Rate Fro, Year .ri,ar* Grade < To Lo2er Secondar* Grade C ( B$ *++0 1,&,1

*++* *++2 *++= *++> *++7 *++, *++8

18&0= 1+&0> 1+&>> +0&*, +*&=* *00&+1 *0=&00

Sour!e( -du!ational Management 3n+ormation System* M.,&,> The high le$el in transition rate re or!e! %or *++, an! *++8 may -e tra e! to a high num-er o% pupils else0here entering the pu-li e!u ation system espe ially !uring the e onomi risis& Basi! )earning %ompeten!ies ,&,7 Bearning a hie$ement at the national le$el is measure! through the Primary . hool A hie$ement Test (P.AT) a!ministere! in Aear .ix# the en! o% the primary s hool e!u ation& The P.AT or 2jian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah (2PSR) assesses pupils' a a!emi a hie$ement in %our main su-<e ts namely# ;ahasa Malaysia (National Banguage)# English Banguage# Mathemati s an! . ien e& The o-<e ti$e o% P.AT is to e$aluate the a hie$ement o% primary stu!ents in rea!ing# 0riting# s ienti%i an! numera y s"ills in Malay an! in the stu!ents' o0n language (Chinese or Tamil)& ,&,, The P.AT is a Norm Re%eren e A hie$ement Test& There%ore the !ata %or Rea!ing an! Driting 'hou)d not -e e9uate! 0ith the le$el o% litera y# as an!i!ates 0ho /I/ N4T meet the le$el o% a hie$ement set %or a parti ular year may still -e literate& ,&,8 Results o% the P.AT 0ere use! to measure learning a hie$ement in three -asi !e%ine! areas that is rea!ing# mathemati s an! 0riting %rom *++> through *++8& As in the other in!i ators# !ata ma!e a$aila-le

o$ere! only those in the pu-li e!u ation only& The %irst o% the three areas is !is usse! as %ollo0s& ,&,1 4-ser$e! in Figure ,&=a is the high per entage o% pupils 0ho ha$e mastere! rea!ing ( omprehension) -y the en! o% their sixth years o% primary s hooling& The per entage a hie$e! has not -een re or!e! to -e -elo0 +0& It is interesting to note that the per entage %emale a hie$ers in rea!ing ha$e surpasse! that o% their male peers throughout the perio!& This oul! -e attri-ute! to the -iologi al an! early ogniti$e !e$elopment apparent in girls&

E Tota) &ercenta0e o( &u&i)' 2ho ha+e ,a'tered readin0 a0ain't tota) enro),ent in Grade < EE Total per entage o% male stu!ents 0ho ha$e mastere! rea!ing against total enrolment o% male pupils in 3ra!e , III Total per entage o% %emale pupils 0ho ha$e mastere! rea!ing against total enrolment o% %emale pupils in 3ra!e , Sour!e( -7amination Syndi!ate* M.,&,+ More than 10 per ent o% the pupils surpasse! the national minimum a hie$ement le$el in rea!ing ( omprehension)& There 0as ho0e$er a slight re!u tion in per entage in *++7& For the year *++># a-out +7 per

ent o% the total enrolment ex ee!e! the minimum le$el o% a hie$ement# a-out += per ent in *++7# +, per ent in *++, an! a-out +, per ent in *++8& ,&80 In the 0riting !omain# the 7-year tren! as presente! in Figure ,&=sho0s an up0ar! mo$ement in pupils' per%orman e e$en though there is a !rop in per entage %or the year *++1& In *++># the per entage 0as 81&= per ent# *++7 0as 81&8 per ent# an! *++, 0as 10&> per ent# 1*&> per ent in *++8 an! 8+&= per ent in *++1&

I Total per entage o% pupils 0ho ha$e mastere! 0riting against total enrolment in 3ra!e , II Total per entage o% male pupils 0ho ha$e mastere! 0riting against total enrolment o% male pupils in 3ra!e , III Total per entage o% %emale pupils 0ho ha$e mastere! 0riting against total enrolment o% %emale pupils in 3ra!e , Sour!e( -7amination Syndi!ate* M.,&8* The P.AT also measures numera y s"ills in mathemati s& Figure ,&= sho0s an up0ar! tren! in mastering numera y s"ills %or the %irst three years -eginning *++> -ut sees a slight !rop in *++8& In *++> a-out 11 per ent o% the total enrolment a hie$e! the minimum le$el o% mastery in the sai! !omain# gaining an in rease o% more than +2 per ent in *++7& A similar per entage 0as re or!e! in *++, a%ter 0hi h a hie$ement !roppe! to +2 per ent& Again# the %emale pupils re or!e! impressi$e

per%orman e !uring the %our years in re or!# in omparison to their male peers&

I Total per entage o% pupils 0ho ha$e mastere! mathemati s against total enrolment in 3ra!e , II Total per entage o% male pupils 0ho ha$e mastere! mathemati s against total enrolment in 3ra!e , III Total per entage o% stu!ents 0ho ha$e mastere! mathemati s against total enrolment in 3ra!e , Sour!e( -7amination Syndi!ate* M.,&82 Gust as in other s"ills# pupils' per%orman e in Mathemati s (numera y s"ills) has also sho0n an up0ar! tren!& In *++># ,1&+ per ent o% the total num-er o% pupils manage! to per%orm impressi$ely ex ee!ing the minimum a hie$ement le$el& This per%orman e impro$e! %urther to 8*&+ per ent in *++7# 88&7 per ent in *++,# 88&+ per ent in *++8 an! 8+&+ per ent in *++1& The per entage o% a hie$ers in rease! -y more than *0 per ent sin e *++>&

,&8= Pupils' per%orman e in s ien e 0as %irst assesse! in P.AT in *++8 a%ter its intro!u tion in the national urri ulum& /ata sho0e! that %or the t0o years (*++8 an! *++1)# a 0&2 per ent in rease! 0as attaine!# 8,&= per ent o% the stu!ents ex ee!e! the minimum le$el in *++8 an! 8,&7 per ent in *++1& ,&8> National norms as per ei$e! 0ithin the %rame0or" o% E!u ational Testing are not present in the Malaysian s hool system& This is -e ause the Malaysian s hool system a!heres to a ommon# national urri ulum an! as su h national norms are impli itly state! as urri ular o-<e ti$es in the urri ular !o uments& The assessment system is -ase! on the national urri ulum thus all assessments arrie! out 0ithin the system re%le ts the nee!s an! realisation o% the urri ular o-<e ti$es& There%ore# National norms in the Malaysian ontext 0oul! -e em-e!!e! in the learning out omes stipulate! in the national urri ulum& ,&87 Also ma!e a$aila-le in the templates atta he! 0ere the -rea"!o0n o% the num-er o% a hie$ers a or!ing to the %ourteen states& It may -e o-ser$e! in ertain instan es that the per entage o% a hie$ers in any one !omain is more than *00 per ent in states su h as Fe!ah& An explanation %or this is the apparent high inter-state mo-ility or trans%ers in the parti ular year& &dult )itera!y ,&8, Figure ,&>a points to the in reasingly high le$el o% litera y among those age! *7? in the ountry& The %igure represents the atta he! template %or in!i ators *,# *8 an! *1 that 0as !eri$e! %rom !ata in relation to litera y ma!e a$aila-le -y the /epartment o% .tatisti s (/4.) an! the E onomi Planning @nit (EP@) o% the Prime Minister's /epartment&

Sour!e( #epartment o+ Statisti! and -!onomi! Planning 2nit ,&88 Bitera y rate %or the *7 through 2>-year age group is not a$aila-le& Ne$ertheless# it oul! -e in%erre! that the high litera y rate a hie$e! has -een the result o% the existen e o% a high parti ipation rate an! retention in the primary e!u ation system in the ountry& ,&81 The general ensus# in lu!ing a sur$ey on litera y# arrie! out in *+10 sho0e! the litera y rate is 82 per ent# an in rease o% *> per ent %rom 71 per ent in *+80& ,&8+ The last general ensus 0as arrie! out in *++*& A re$ie0 o% the hara teristi s o% e!u ation amongst the population as re$eale! -y the Population Census in *+10 an! *++* re$eals some interesting %eatures& The %ollo0ing summarises the highlights:
o

The population is -e oming more e!u ate! as -y *++*# 1> per ent o% the total population age! , years an! a-o$e# or *2&> million persons# ha! e$er -een to s hool ompare! to *+10& The litera y rate# i&e& the a-ility to rea! a letter or ne0spaper an! 0rite a simple letter# ha! rea he! 17 per ent %or Malaysian o$er *0 years o% age&

The le$el o% e!u ational attainment has in rease! 0ith mu h more o% the population -eing e!u ate! -eyon! the primary le$el& ;y *++*# =1 per ent o% the population age! six years an! a-o$e ha! attaine! a se on!ary le$el o% e!u ation ompare! 0ith 2+ per ent in *+10& Tertiary e!u ation# gro0ing at *0 per ent per annum# surpasse! the gro0th %or the se on!ary an! primary le$el& More Malaysians ha! higher e!u ational 9uali%i ations 0ith gro0th rate in ex ee!ing *0 per ent per annum !uring the inter- ensus perio! %or .TPM# !iplomaJ erti%i ate# an! !egree hol!ers&

,&10 A stu!y relating to rea!ing ha-its in Malaysia un!erta"en -y Fran" .mall K Asso iates (.&E Asia) .!n& ;h!& in *++, an! pu-lishe! in CPro%il Mem-a a Ra"yat Malaysia# *++,C sho0e! that %or the ategory o% population o% *0? an! a-o$e# += per ent is a-le to rea! an! no signi%i ant !i%%eren es in the a-ility to rea! is apparent a ross gen!er& ,&1* .ampling o% the stu!y 0as targete! at 22#>00 respon!ents age! *0?& The stu!y 0as not spe i%i ally to !etermine litera y# ho0e$er sin e litera y has a high !egree o% in%luen e upon rea!ing# su-<e ti$e !ata 0as olle te! as a proxy in!i ator to0ar!s litera y& The term 'Bitera y' as use! -y @NE.C4 re%ers to the Ca-ility to rea! an! 0rite 0ith un!erstan!ingC& 6o0e$er# %or the purpose o% the stu!y the proxy in!i ator %or litera y 0as use! an! this in lu!es 'has rea!ing a-ility or an rea!: has %ormal e!u ation an! has at least some %orm o% in%ormal e!u ation& ,&12 The $arious programmes to era!i ate illitera y arrie! out -y the go$ernment ha$e a hie$e! !esira-le results& Among the programmes that 0oul! -e ontinue! an! expan!e! are the initiati$es o% the National Bi-rary in promoting rea!ing ha-its& ,&1= Among the initiati$es ta"en -y the National Bi-rary are# it has in rease! olle tion 0ith the a 9uisition o% *7#+20 ne0 titles an! pu-li ations an! 870 rare olle tions omprising pre-*+ th entury pu-li ations an! *20 Malay manus ripts& ,&1> A ess to li-rary ser$i es 0as %urther impro$e! 0ith the ompletion o% three ne0 state li-raries# t0o -ran h li-raries lo ate! in mos9ues# an in rease o% a-out => per ent %rom *+= in *++,& A ess to li-rary %a ilities in rural areas also impro$e! 0ith the pro$ision o% **2 units o% mo-ile li-raries in *++1& ,&17 The omputerisation an! appli ation o% IT at the national an! state li-raries 0as %urther enhan e! 0ith all state li-raries ha$ing reate! their

homepage on the internet -y the en! o% *++8& This has %a ilitate! a ess to a 0i!er net0or" o% li-rary ser$i es an! in rease! mem-ership %rom t0o million in *++, to 2&> million in *++8 o% 0hom 70 per ent o% the total are hil!ren& Basi! -du!ation and Skill Training Re;uired By /ouths and &dults ,&1, The youth population omprising those in the *7? through 2> age group in rease! -y 2&2 per ent per annum %rom >&0> million in *++7 to >&= million in *++1& The %o us o% the youth !e$elopment programme 0as aime! at in ul ating positi$e $alues an! pro$i!ing s"ills !e$elopment to ena-le them to ontri-ute to nation -uil!ing& In this regar!# the National Aouth Poli y 0as re$ie0e! in *++8 to gi$e emphasis on the a 9uisition o% "no0le!ge# !e$elopment o% s"ills an! entrepreneurship# healthy li%estyle# hara ter--uil!ing# so ial intera tion# !e$elopment o% smart partnership as 0ell as international net0or"ing& ,&18 ."ill training programmes %or out-o%-s hool-youths 0ill ontinue to -e on!u te! -y $arious pu-li an! pri$ate s"ill-training institutes& Currently# un!er the 8MP# a total o% >#082 youths 0ere traine! in $arious %iel!s in lu!ing hospitality an! IT at the national youth s"ill training institutes or the Institut Femahiran ;elia Negara (IF;N)& Another *2#000 youths un!er0ent short training ourses in $arious tra!es on!u te! -y the M4A.& 11& The M4A. operates t0o types o% training entres o%%ering a 0i!e range o% employa-ility s"ills training& The Ministry is -uil!ing another eight IF;Ns un!er the 8MP& Ta-le ,&>a sho0s the num-er o% entres run -y the M4A.& Ta/)e <.9a Enro),ent at S3i))' Trainin0 Centre' Run 1* MOYS (1 $

In'titution' Institut Femahiran Tinggi ;elia Negara (IFT;N) Institut Femahiran ;elia Negara (IF;N))

Nu,/er o( Centre' * ,

Enro),ent

207 trainees =#882 trainees

Sour!e( Ministry o+ /outh and Sports

,&1+ MARA# un!er the Ministry o% Entrepreneurial /e$elopment (M4E/)# esta-lishe! se$eral institutes in olla-oration 0ith %oreign agen ies as liste! in Ta-le ,&>-& These institutes o%%er ourses at !iploma le$el& In a!!ition# the M4E/ manages ele$en Institut Femahiran MARA (IFM) an! *20 Pusat 3iat MARA 0hi h are lo ate! throughout the ountry to pro$i!e -asi s"ill training# espe ially %or rural youths& Ta/)e <.9/ Enro),ent In S3i))' Trainin0 Centre' Run 1* MOED (1 $

In'titution' 3erman-Malaysian Institute (3MI) ;ritish-Malaysia Institute (;MI)

Nu,/er o( Centre' * *

Enro),ent

228 trainees =,0 trainees 710 trainees na na

Malaysia-Fran e Institute (MFI) * Pusat 3iat Mara (P3M) *20 Institut Femahiran Mara (IFM) ** Sour!e( Ministry o+ -ntrepreneurial #e elopment ,&+0 @n!er the M46R# there are nine In!ustrial Training Institutes (ITIs) an! a Centre %or Instru tor an! A!$an e! ."ills Training (CIA.T) as o-ser$e! in Ta-le ,&> & Fi$e ne0 ITIs# %i$e A!$an e! Te hnology Centres (A/TEC) in lu!ing the Gapan-Malaysia Te hni al Institute (GMTI) are -eing -uilt un!er the 8MP& These ne0 %a ilities# 0hi h 0ill -e rea!y -y the year 2000# ha$e a higher apa ity in terms o% stu!ent inta"e an! are e9uippe! 0ith sophisti ate! %a ilities& The M46R is also expan!ing the apa ity an! upgra!ing the %a ilities at the existing ITIs& ;y the year 2000# the M46R alone 0ill ha$e a total om-ine! 0or"shop an! training apa ity %or *8#000 %ull-time trainees# ompare! to the present apa ity o% 7000 %ull-time trainees& Ta-le ,&> sho0s the enrolment in training entres run -y the M46R& Ta/)e <.9c Enro),ent in Trainin0 Centre' Run /* MOAR (1 !"1 $

ITI (+ entres) Aear *++0 *++* *++2 *++= *++> *++7 *++, *++8 *++1 *+++ 2=80 2*77 27,2 2=1* 21,+ =,*, 2172 =2+7

CIA.T (* entre)

GMTI (* entre)

2>*7 2711 ==+1 27,1 21+0 *781 =000

81

Sour!e( Ministry o+ 4uman Resour!e C. EFFECTI6ENESS OF TAE EFA STRATEGY- .LAN AND .ROGRAMS 8&* Throughout the perio! -et0een *++0 through 2000# EFA programmes ha$e -een %ormulate! -ase! on the thrust o% in reasing a essi-ility an! impro$ing 9uality o% e!u ation at all le$els& The a ompanying in!i ators ha$e pointe! out e%%e ti$eness o% the programmes planne! an! implemente!& Although %a e! 0ith %inan ial onstraints# o-<e ti$es o% the programmes 0ere realise! -y exer ising ost-e%%e ti$e measures an! prioritising pro<e ts 0ithout ompromising on a essi-ility an! e9uity& 8&2 The gro0th o% early hil!hoo! !e$elopment programmes in Malaysia is in reasingly signi%i ant as the enrolment %or the hil! are entres an! the pre-s hool programmes are in reasing e$ery year& Close monitoring an! en%or ement -y the M4E ha$e su ee!e! in in reasing a0areness an!

on%i!en e among parents that EC/ is important in the %ormati$e years o% their hil!ren& 8&= At the primary le$el o% e!u ation# %a ilities ha$e -een expan!e! at lo0er ost 0hile $arious measures aime! at impro$ing the tea hing an! learning pro ess 0ere arrie! out& This in lu!e! re!u tion o% lass -si2e in o$er ro0!e! lasses# amalgamation o% small s hools 0here$er %easi-le an! impro$ing lass-tea her ratio& ;esi!es re!u ing o$er ro0!ing in s hools# the expansion o% %a ilities has su ee!e! in impro$ing a essi-ility in the rural areas# in lu!ing estates an! ne0 $illages& 8&> .tu!ents %rom the lo0er in ome group an! !isa!$antage! areas ha$e in rease! a ess to -asi e!u ation an! -ene%it %rom the %inan ial assistan e an! stu!ent-ai! pro$i!e! -y the M4E through programmes su h as the text--oo" loan s heme# supplementary %ee!ing an! inta"e into spe ial s hools %or the physi ally hallenge!& In or!er to ensure sa%ety o% stu!ents in the interiors tra$elling to an! %rom s hool -y -oats# li%e <a "ets ha$e -een supplie! as o% *+++& 8&7 E%%orts in !e$eloping programmes initiate! -y the M4E ha$e -een 0ell re ei$e! -y the pri$ate se tor& Pri$ate se tor parti ipation in e!u ation an! training has %lourishe! in pro$i!ing EC/ programmes# primary an! se on!ary e!u ation# an! e$en tertiary e!u ation& Ne$ertheless# these omplementing e%%orts ha$e -een su-<e te! to lose monitoring to ensure goo! 9uality e!u ation is a hie$e! in line 0ith national aspirations& ?. MAIN .RO1LEMS ENCOUNTERED AND ANTICI.ATED 1&* E!u ational !e$elopment programmes ha$e -een e%%e ti$ely implemente! 0ith support %rom su-stantial -u!get allo ations& Total annual e!u ational (operating an! !e$elopment) expen!iture in urrent pri es in rease! %rom RM,# 0=2 million in *++0 to RM+#8=> million in *++7& 6o0e$er# a ma<or hi up that <olte! smooth implementation o% EFA programmes 0as experien e! almost to0ar!s the en! o% the !e a!e& The %inan ial risis o% *++8 has resulte! in a sharp re!u tion in expen!iture a ross the -oar!: the e!u ation se tor in lu!e!& 1&2 The s hool onstru tion programmes i!enti%ie! un!er the 8MP has -een interrupte! to a ertain extent resulting in the !elay in the onstru tion o% ne0 lassrooms# hostel %a ilities %or rural stu!ents an! housing %or tea hers in rural areas 0here pri$ate a ommo!ation is una$aila-le& Ne$ertheless# a ess to -asi e!u ation has not -een seriously a%%e te! as esta-lishe! in the Pro<e t Implementation Plan# Dorl! ;an" E!u ation .e tor .upport Pro<e t# *+++&

1&= @ni$ersal Primary E!u ation has -een a reality sin e *++0 0ith the enrolment rate o% ++&1 per ent is a testimony to this %a t& . .U1LIC A=ARENESS- .OLITICAL =ILL AND NATIONAL CA.ACITIES +&* To0ar!s the en! o% *++7 an! *++8# a num-er o% legislati$e re%orms 0ere un!erta"en& The E!u ation A t# *++,# the National Coun il on 6igher E!u ation Institiution A t# *++,# the Pri$ate 6igher E!u ational Institutions A t# *++,# the National A re!itation ;oar! A t *++, an! the @ni$ersities an! @ni$ersities Colleges (Amen!ment) A t *++, an! the National 6igher E!u ation Fun! ;oar! A t# *++8 0ere passe! in Parliament& +&2 The A ts see" to intro!u e ne0 legislations to pro$i!e %or the implementation o% an e!u ation poli y to meet the nee!s o% rapi! !e$elopments in the ountry& The E!u ation A t *++, outlines a National .ystem o% E!u ation# 0hi h pro$i!es %or Bahasa Melayu as the main me!ium o% instru tion# a national urri ulum an! ommon examinations& It pro$i!es %or a $arie! an! omprehensi$e e!u ation that is expe te! to %ul%il Malaysia5s nee!s an! promote national unity through ultural# so ial# e onomi an! politi al !e$elopment& +&= A stan!ar!ise! pre-s hool urri ulum "no0n as <Peraturan'peraturan Pendidikan (Kurikulum Prasekolah 8996)< 0as ga2ette! on the =* /e em-er *++8& 4n 28 No$em-er *++1 the M4E issue! a ir ular on the usage o% the Pre-s hool Curri ulum 3ui!elines a gui!eline prepare! -y the C/C& +&> The re%orms# among others# also pro$i!es %or stu!ents to start primary e!u ation at the age o% six an! the ompulsory registration o% pre-s hools 0hi h 0ere %ormerly not go$erne! -y the regulations o% M4E& In a!!ition# emphasis is gi$en to te hni al e!u ation together 0ith greater go$ernment assistan e %or Islami s hools& +&7 In the higher e!u ation se tor# the most important ne0 !e$elopment is the pro$ision %or the setting up o% pri$ate uni$ersities in Malaysia& A num-er o% pu-li orporations ha$e -een in$ite! to esta-lish Institutes o% 6igher E!u ation o%%ering ourses in in%ormation te hnology an! engineering& They are:
o o o

@ni$ersiti Multime!ia (@MM) %ormerly "no0n as @ni$ersiti Tele"om# @ni$ersiti Tenaga Nasional (@NITEN)# @ni$ersiti Te"nologi Petronas (@NIPEN)#

o o o o o o o

@ni$ersiti .ains !an Te"nologi Malaysia (M@.T)# International an! Common0ealth @ni$ersity (TIC@M)# @ni$ersiti Tun A-!ul Ra2a" (@NITAR)# @ni$ersiti Monash Fampus .un0ay Malaysia (M@.M)# International Me!i al @ni$ersity (IM@)# @ni$ersiti Ter-u"a Malaysia (@NITEM)# an! @ni$ersiti .elangor (@NI.EB) Currently# three %oreign uni$ersities ha$e esta-lishe! ampuses in the ountry& They are:

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Monash @ni$ersity (M@.M)# Curtin @ni$ersity# Nottingham @ni$ersity (Malaysian Campus)

+&, In an e%%ort to enhan e the 9uality o% higher e!u ation# the Pri$ate Institutions o% 6igher Bearning A t pro$i!es %or the regulations o% the esta-lishment# registration# management an! super$ision an! ontrol o% pri$ate institutions -y the M4E& +&8 The go$ernment# parti ularly the M4E 0ill ontinue to pla e emphasis on enhan ing 9uality an! a ess to e!u ation -e ause e!u ation %orms the %oun!ation o% the long-term national !e$elopment& E!u ation plays an important role in pro!u ing spe ialists an! s"ille! 0or"ers nee!e! %or the nation to -e a-le to ompete internationally& The M4E has also implemente! -etter-organise! e!u ational programs %or the in!igenous people an! other marginal population groups in or!er to -ring them at par 0ith other stu!ents in the national e!u ation system& +&1 Dith the implementation o% the 8MP# e%%orts to expan! an! impro$e e!u ational in%rastru tional %a ilities# espe ially in the rural areas# 0ill ontinue& To onten! 0ith glo-alisation an! mo!ernisation# te hnologi al su ess an! the appli ation o% in%ormation te hnology# the M4E has intro!u e! the ele troni resour e entres in the s hools& The M4E has also parti ipate! in the %lagship appli ation %or the implementation o% the M.C 0ith the plan to esta-lish the .mart . hools& The implementation o% su h s hools is ongruous 0ith the NEP an! the national $ision&

+&+ To0ar!s this en!# e!u ation an! training e%%orts %or all are -eing ta"en an! intensi%ie!# not only to e9uip in!i$i!uals 0ith the appropriate "no0le!ge an! s"ills -ut also to pro!u e responsi-le iti2ens 0ith strong moral an! ethi al $alues& In a!!ition# su h e%%orts 0ill help !e$elop a te hni ally ompetent la-our %or e that 0ill -e essential %or the attainment o% Eision 2020 # in ma"ing Malaysia a %ully !e$elope! nation -y the year 2020& 1!. GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF TAE .ROGRESS *0&* .in e its in!epen!en e# Malaysia has a hie$e! mu h in e!u ation& The ountry an -oast o% an o%%i ial litera y rate o% += per ent& .tu!ent enrolment in primary s hools is higher than +0 per ent o% 0hi h aroun! +2 per ent go on to se on!ary s hools& Tremen!ous hanges an! !e$elopment ha$e ta"en pla e in e!u ation& A national system has e$ol$e! %rom a %ragmente! an! !i$ersi%ie! system o% s hooling& There is also a mani%ol! in rease in enrolment at all le$els& *0&2 At the pre-s hool e!u ation le$el# the urri ulum# %a ilities an! tea her training in the pu-li an! pri$ate se tors 0ere re9uire! to on%orm 0ith the stan!ar!s stipulate! in the E!u ation A t *++,& The num-er o% hil!ren enrolle! in pre-s hool entres in rease! %rom 27=#,87 in *++7 to 21*#=+8 in *++1& *0&= At the primary e!u ation le$el# the num-er o% stu!ents enrolle! at the primary le$el in rease! %rom 2&10 million in *++7 to 2&1+ million in *++1& Emphasis 0as also pla e! on apa ity expansion an! impro$ements in tea hing an! learning %a ilities& *0&> At the se on!ary e!u ation le$el# enrolment in go$ernment an! go$ernment-ai!e! s hools in rease! %rom *&,= million in *++7 to *&8> million in *++1& *0&7 In anti ipation o% !e$elopments there 0as a nee! to re$ie0 the E!u ation A t o% *+,*& The re$ie0e! A t ha! a 0i!er s ope in that there 0as an in lusion o% pri$ate institutions o% e!u ation at all le$els& *0&, In relation to that PE/# %ormerly "no0n as the Registrar o% . hools an! Tea hers /i$ision# 0as set up %or the purpose o% esta-lishing# registering an! monitoring all le$els o% pri$ate e!u ational institutions& The main on ern o% this !epartment is to ensure the extent to 0hi h the pri$ate se tor is ontri-uting to0ar!s pro$i!ing e!u ational opportunities& Its role is primarily that o% omplementing an! supplementing go$ernment e%%orts in the e!u ational !e$elopment in Malaysia&

*0&8 EFA in Malaysia o0es its su ess to the go$ernment5s emphasis on e!u ation an! its allo ation o% more than 20 per ent o% the national -u!get %or e!u ation# the single largest pu-li expen!iture allo ation& This is omplemente! -y a strong ommitment an! a0areness among parents generally o% the importan e o% e!u ation&

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The EFA 2000 Assessment: Country Reports

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Malaysia

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PART III 11. .OLICY DIRECTIONS FOR TAE FUTURE **&* Malaysia is %ully ommitte! in pro$i!ing EFA& It is also !etermine! to era!i ate illitera y -y the year 2000# i% not earlier& Malaysia5s ontinue! emphasis an! e%%orts to expan! an! impro$e e!u ation an! training %or its people augurs 0ell in meeting these goals& Priority gi$en to e!u ation an! training 0ill meet the ountry's !eman! %or human resour e 0ho are %un tional-literate an! 0ho are "no0le!gea-le# resilient an! !is ipline!& **&2 The $arious programmes arrie! out in meeting these !eman!s are also geare! to0ar!s %ul%illing the importan e an! goals o% li%e-long e!u ation& The multi-pronge! approa h ta"en to era!i ate illitera y# to exten! uni$ersal e!u ation to ** years o% s hooling an! the emphasis to0ar!s the a 9uisition o% "no0le!ge 0ill prepare Malaysia to0ar!s the realisation o% a literate an! a learning so iety& **&= In the remaining perio! o% the implementation o% the 8MP# programmes un!erta"en in pro$i!ing EFA an! om-ating illitera y through e!u ation an! training an! other relate! programmes ha$e -een i!enti%ie! as those to -e prioritise!& -arly %hildhood %are &nd #e elopment

**&> Dith respe t to EC/# the $arious ministries an! agen ies in$ol$e! 0ill ontinue to 0or" losely together an! to step up o-operation an! olla-oration& Among the e%%orts un!erta"en are i) stru turing o% the pres hool programmes# ii) !e$eloping e$aluation me hanisms# iii) pro!u ing gui!elines %or the tea hers an! helping tea hers to pro$i!e hil!ren 0ith $arie! experien es# an! i$) planning ampaigns that 0ill !ra0 inre rease! enrolment into hil! are entres an! pre-s hools& **&7 Dith the setting up o% the $arious EC/ entres# there is a nee! %or lose monitoring an! regulating so as to ensure 9uality o% su h programmes is not ompromise!& Further to that# there 0ill -e a nee! to enhan e o-or!ination an! o-operation among the agen ies in$ol$e! in su h programmes to ensure ontinue! progress %or the -ene%it o% young hil!ren& There is also %urther nee! %or EC/ programmes to -e %ormulate! to "eep a-reast 0ith the urrent a!$ent o% IT an! glo-al !e$elopments ta"ing pla e& **&, FEMA. 0ill ontinue its ommunity !e$elopment programmes that ha$e -een planne! an! this in lu!es in-ser$i e training %or pre-s hool tea hers& This is important so as to upgra!e the "no0le!ge an! s"ills in early hil!hoo! e!u ation o% these tea hers& **&8 Future plans %or pre-s hool e!u ation in lu!es its expansion to o$er at least ,7 per ent o% hil!ren in the >? through 7? age group -y the year 2000& The 9uality o% pre-s hool e!u ation 0ill %urther -e enhan e! 0ith the implementation o% the urri ulum gui!elines& Conse9uently# the en! o% the 8MP perio! 0ill see an in rease in the num-er o% traine! tea hers %rom *2#*>0 in *++1 to *7#=>0 in 2000& 2ni ersalisation o+ Primary -du!ation **&1 It is anti ipate! that enrolment in primary e!u ation 0ill see an in rease %rom a-out 2&1+ million in *++1 to 2&+> million stu!ents -y the year 2000& Dith this !e$elopment# there 0ill -e a nee! to expan! in%rastru ture to a ommo!ate the in rease& @p to the year 2000# ,#,17 ne0 lassrooms 0ill -e -uilt# impro$ing the lass- lassroom ratio %rom *:0&18 in *++1 to *:0&+0& Measures 0ill -e ta"en to re!u e the attrition rate# espe ially among stu!ents in rural areas& To0ar!s this en!# 7+ ne0 hostels 0ill -e pro$i!e! in small s hools in the rural areas to a ommo!ate **#*20 stu!ents& + At the se on!ary e!u ation le$el# there is an in rease %rom *&,= million in *++7 to *&8> million in *++1 an! is expe te! to in rease to *&1, million in the year 2000& In or!er to in rease the per%orman e o% stu!ents in s ien e an! mathemati s# the tea hing o% these su-<e ts 0ill -e strengthene! 0ith impro$e! tea hing an! learning materials an! metho!s&

In a!!ition# a-out 2#270 s ien e la-oratories 0ill -e -uilt 0hile =#870 traine! s ien e an! mathemati s tea hers 0ill -e re ruite!& **&*0 The on$ersion o% .E. into .T. 0ill also see an in rease in the num-er o% stu!ents in te hni al e!u ation& Apart %rom the te hni al ourses# the .T. 0ill also o%%er $o ational an! s"ill training# to a ommo!ate the less a a!emi ally in line! stu!ents& To impro$e the tea hing an! learning o% s ien e an! mathemati s in the .T. an! .E.# the ontextual learning metho! 0ill -e exten!e! to in lu!e te hni al su-<e ts& **&** The urrent e!u ation programmes 0ill -e ontinuously expan!e! an! re$ie0e! to impro$e the 9uality an! ex ellen e o% EFA& To that e%%e t# omputer e!u ation an! training programmes 0ill -e %urther intensi%ie! an! expan!e!& Initially# this in$ol$es pro$i!ing 222 primary s hools an! **0 se on!ary s hools 0ith omputers to ena-le them to on!u t the omputer litera y programme& **&*2 The use o% omputers in e!u ation 0as %urther expan!e! in e%%orts to enhan e omputer litera y in s hools& @n!er the omputer-in e!u ation programme# a total o% +0 se on!ary an! 20 primary s hools 0ere pro$i!e! 0ith omputer la-oratories& The implementation o% smart s hools 0ill enhan e these e%%orts& **&*= Re ognising the importan e o% e!u ation in the reation o% a "no0le!ge--ase! e onomy# the smart s hools initiati$e 0as laun he! !uring the Mi!-term Re$ie0 o% the 8MP perio!& The o-<e ti$e o% this initiati$e is to pro!u e a ne0 generation o% IT-literate Malaysians 0ho are reati$e an! inno$ati$e# a!ept 0ith ne0 te hnologies an! a-le to a ess an! manage in%ormation to enhan e the ompetiti$eness an! pro!u ti$ity o% the e onomy& **&*> The smart s hools pilot pro<e t in$ol$e! the onstru tion o% nine ne0 s hools an! the upgra!ing o% 1* existing s hools to pro$i!e a 'smart learning' en$ironment& This entails the pro$ision %or ne0 tea hing metho!s an! urri ulum as 0ell as the use o% omputers an! appli ations to a ess learning an! tea hing materials& "uality #eli ery System **&*7 To ensure 9uality o% the tea hing 0or"%or e is maintaine! an! enhan e!# the in-ser$i e training programmes 0ill -e intensi%ie!& 4pportunities %or tea hers to pursue %urther stu!ies at the !iploma an! !egree le$els 0ill also -e expan!e!& The relaxation o% the on!itions o% ser$i e su h as stu!y lea$e 0ill also allo0 tea hers see"ing higher 9uali%i ations to stu!y on a %ull- or part-time -asis&

**&*, The num-er o% gra!uate tea hers 0ill in rease %rom ,*#=+0 in *++1 to ,1#*70 in the year 2000# thus in reasing the proportion o% gra!uate tea hers at the se on!ary le$el %rom ,*&7 per ent in *++1 to ,7&7 per ent in the year 2000& **&*8 In or!er to attra t 9uali%ie! tea hers to ser$e in the rural areas# spe ial allo0an es an! a!!itional housing %a ilities 0ill ontinue to -e pro$i!e!& ;y the year 2000# a total o% 21#820 ne0 tea hers' 9uarters 0ill -e -uilt& )itera!y Programmes **&*1 Programmes aime! at in ul ating an! promoting the rea!ing ha-it o% the general pu-li 0ill -e ontinue!& The en! o% the 8MP 0ill pro$i!e a total o% RM1, million to -uil! an! e9uip *8 li-raries at state an! !istri t le$els an! to upgra!e existing li-rary %a ilities& .e$enty-eight a!!itional $illage li-raries 0ill -e esta-lishe! to promote rea!ing ha-it o% the rural population an! mo-ile li-raries in rease! to rea h areas 0ith no stati li-rary %a ilities& **&*+ To en ourage an! attra t more people# parti ularly youths to %re9uent li-raries# ser$i es 0ill -e impro$e! an! olle tion 0ill -e expan!e!& A ess to these %a ilities -y the general pu-li 0ill -e ma!e possi-le 0ith the upgra!ing o% in%ormation !issemination $ia ele troni means& To %a ilitate this# omputers 0ill ontinue to play a ma<or role an! programmes in$ol$ing the !igitalisation an! pa "aging o% in%ormation 0ill -e onsi!ere!& /ouths* &dults* &nd %ommunity #e elopment and Pri ate Se!tor Parti!ipation **&20 The youth population is expe te! to in rease -y *&7 per ent per annum %rom >&=* million to >&=+ million in the year 2000& 4n-going programmes !e$ise! 0ill -e expan!e! in or!er to moul! youths 0ith the prere9uisites %or positi$e ontri-ution to0ar!s nation -uil!ing& **&2* @n!er the PPRTs an! other s"ill training programmes# the $arious Ministries an! agen ies on erne! 0ith the !e$elopment o% youths an! a!ults 0ill %urther expan! an! impro$e their programmes to train them in employa-ility s"ills& **&22 E!u ational an! training opportunities 0ill -e also %o using on 0omen to ena-le them to parti ipate more e%%e ti$ely in the la-our mar"et& In or!er to in rease the enrolment o% %emale stu!ents in s ien e# engineering an! te hni al e!u ation# moti$ational an! ounselling programmes 0ill -e intensi%ie!& This is also aime! at en ouraging girls to

hoose areers in the s ien es an! te hni al %iel!s& Dith respe t to in$ol$ement in s"ills !e$elopment# the proportion o% %emale stu!ents 0ill -e in rease! %rom 20 to =0 per ent& **&2= The in reasing !ynami role playe! -y the pri$ate se tor in the pro$ision o% e!u ation an! training %a ilities 0ill -e enhan e! in $ie0 o% the ma<or ontri-ution these se tors play in nation -uil!ing an! pro!u ing a literate 0or"%or e& %on!lusion **&2> Programmes relate! to EFA in Malaysia 0ill -e ontinuously re$ise! an! expan!e! to impro$e the 9uality %or long term in$estment o% human resour e !e$elopment& Priority 0ill ontinue to -e pla e! on in reasing the a essi-ility to e!u ation an! training to enhan e in ome generation apa-ilities as 0ell as to impro$e the 9uality o% li%e o% Malaysians& Apart %rom expan!ing e!u ation an! training %a ilities# %inan ial assistan e 0ill also -e pro$i!e! to ena-le the lo0-in ome group to ha$e greater a ess to e!u ation an! training& The expansion o% e!u ation an! training opportunities 0ill also ma"e Malaysia a regional e!u ational hu-& EFA #!!! ASSESSMENT COMMITTEE Ad+i'or* 1oard /r& 6a<i A2mi La"aria/ire tor# E!u ational Planning an! Resear h /i$ision#Ministry o% E!u ation# Malaysia /r& Dan Chi" Rahmah Dan /in(/eputy /ire tor# Planning# EPR/ /r& 6a<i A-!ul 6alim Ahma!(Prin ipal Assistant /ire tor# Ma ro Planning) Nationa) EFA Coordinator;Ms .ahara Ahma!# EPR/ Technica) Coordinator;Ms Lal<iah A-u Chi"# EPR/ Data Contri/utor'

/ata @nit# EPR/

Mr& 6<& Mo"htar .ar-aini Mr& Ahma! Famel A-!ul Rahman

. hools /i$ision

Mr& Ahma! Lahari Mohama!

Curri ulum /e$elopment Center

/r& .hari%ah Nor Puteh Mr& Lainusham Ausu%

Examinations .yn!i ate

Ms& Marlin A-!ul Farim Mr& Fhi!ir La"aria

Finan e /i$ision Te hi al E!u ation /epartment& /epartment o% .tatisti s

Mr& Ra<agopalan Pillay /r& Dan A2lin!a Dan Mohame! Ms& Esah 6ussin Ms& 6a<ah A2i2ah Nor!in

Technica) Su&&ortMr& A20an A-!ul A2i2# EPR/ Mr& Moh! ;urhan I-rahim# EPR/ =or3in0 Grou& I; Ear)* Chi)dhood De+e)o&,ent /r& .hari%ah Nor Puteh Mr& Lainusham Ausu% Ms& Norhayati Mo"htar =or3in0 Grou& II; .ri,ar* Education Mr& Ahma! Lahari Mohama! Mr& Lainusham Ausu% Mr& Ra<agopalan Pillay =or3in0 Grou& III; Learnin0 Achie+e,ent and Outco,e' Mr& Rosli 3ha2ali

Ms& Marlin A-!& Farim Mr& Fhi!hir La"aria =or3in0 Grou& I6; Adu)t Literac* Ms& 6a<ah A2i2ah Nor!in Ms& Esah 6ussin Mr& Rosham A-!ul .hu"or =or3in0 Grou& 6; Trainin0 in E''entia) S3i))' and Education (or 1etter Li+in0 /r& Dan A2lin!a Dan Mohame! Mr& Moh! .ahar /arusman Ms Fau2ih AyoMs .amsuri Aaa oEND

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