Heriot-Watt University - Dubai Campus

Inviscid and Compressible ow through a Bell Shape Diverging Nozzle

Dr. Mehdi Nazarinia

Introduction

The ow through a bell shape diverging nozzle is one of the benchmark problems used for modeling the compressible ow through computational uid dynamics (CFD). Occurrence of shock waves in the ow eld displays one of the most prominent eects of compressibility over uid ow. Accurate shock wave predication is a challenge to the CFD community. In order to resolve the high pressure gradients we need to use some special numerical schemes along with ne grid. In some cases, local grid adaption can be helpful.

Problem Specication

Consider air owing at high-speed through a bell shape divergent nozzle having a circular cross-sectional area, A, that varies with axial distance from the inlet. Figure ?? shows a schematic of the longitudinal section of the bell shape diverging nozzle, symmetric about the x-axis. The length of the nozzle (L) is 0.1788 m. The inlet radius (r1 ) is 0.0214 m and the outlet radius (r2 ) is 0.0466 m. The stagnation pressure P0 at the inlet is 2 MPa. The stagnation temperature T0 at the inlet is 1578 K. Use 1162443 Pa (to start with) for the Supersonic/Initial Gauge pressure. The static gauge pressure P at the exit is approximately 64.5 kPa with stagnation temperature of 264 K. This computation laboratory has two sections. In the rst you will solve the problem using a inviscid model and in the second section you will use the following turbulent models:
Spalart-Allmaras k-omega Reynolds stress

You will calculate the Mach number, pressure and temperature (total and static) distributions in the nozzle using FLUENT (ANSYS) and compare the solutions to quasi-1D nozzle ow results, which you need to calculate yourself. 1

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Figure 1: Schematic of the bell shape divergent nozzle.

Procedures

For the procedures please refer to the document provided separately. The procedures skipped the mesh generation steps, and you can download the mesh by clicking on this link. You need to check Bellnozzle.msh has been saved in your working directory.

Discussions

You are expected to include the following information in your report or address the following questions in the report or answer them in detail in your report. 1. Follow the simulation procedure instructions to illustrate the turbulent ow. 2. Follow the simulation procedure instructions to illustrate the inviscid ow. 3. Compare the pressure ratio for the two ow types and discuss in detail what the dierences are and where they are coming from. 4. Comment on your results by comparing with theory. You need to calculate the ow properties using the isentropic ow relationships in a convergent divergent nozzle. 5. You need to have a separate section for your sample calculations in detail. Your theoretical sample calculation needs to be presented there. You should use graphs and table for your comparison discussions. 6. In order to further analyse the case, comment on the changes of exit pressure on the ow. For this consider the exit pressure is now changed to 1 kPa, 100 kPa and 200kPa. What are the dierences? Can you interpret the data 2

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and backup your analysis by calculations as well? You need to show the dierences in your hand calculations as well. 7. Compare the static pressure distribution along the nozzle for all the cases you calculated; including dierent turbulent methods as well as inviscid method. 8. Is there any shock wave formed in the nozzle? Could you predict it by your hand calculations as well? You need to show this in detail. If there is no shock wave formed in the nozzle with the properties mentioned above, what is the pressure ratio the rst shock wave forms in the nozzle? You will need to show it both in your calculation and numerical simulation.