Case Study: Gujarat Earthquake 2001 Bhuj Earthquake: Preliminary Report from

! "anpur

A Powerful Earthquake of magnitude 6.9 on Richter-Scale rocked the Western Indian State of u!arat on the "6th of #anuar$% "&&'. It caused e(tensi)e damage to life * +ro+ert$. ,his earthquake was so de)astating in its scale and suffering that the likes of it had not -een e(+erienced in +ast .& $ears. /ea)ing thousands seriousl$ in!ured% -ruised and handica++ed0 -oth +h$sicall$% +s$chologicall$ and economicall$. ,he e+icenter of the quake was located at "1.6 north /atitude and 69.2 east /ongitude% a-out 20 km Northeast of Bhuj Town of the 3utch district in Western u!arat. At a de+th of onl$ "1 kms -elow surface this quake generated intense shaking which was felt in 4&5 region of India and far -e$ond in neigh-ouring Pakistan and 6e+al too. ,his was followed -$ intense after shocks that -ecame a continued source of an(iet$ for the +o+ulace. ,he Seismicit$ of the affected Area of 3utch is a known fact with a high incidence of earthquakes in recent times and in historical +ast. It falls in Seismic 7one 8. ,he onl$ such 9one outside the :imala$an Seismic ;elt. In last "&& $ears im+ortant damaging earthquakes occurred in '2'9% '2<<% '2<.% '2.6% '269%'9.6 in the same )icinit$ as "&&' earthquake. ,went$-one of the total ". districts of the state was affected in this quake. Around '2 towns% '2" talukas and 49&< )illages in the affected districts ha)e seen large-scale de)astation. ,he affected areas e)en s+read u+ to 1&& km from the e+icentre. In the 3utch =istrict% four ma!or ur-an areas > ;hu!% An!ar% ;achau and Ra+ar suffered near total destruction. ,he rural areas in the region are also )er$ -adl$ affected with o)er <.& )illages almost totall$ destro$ed. In addition% wide s+read damages also occurred in Ra!kot% #amnagar% Surendranagar% Patan and Ahmeda-ad districts. ?ther @r-an areas such as anhidham% Aor)i% Ra!kot and #amnagar ha)e also suffered damage to ma!or structures% infrastructure and industrial facilities. Ahmeda-ad the ca+ital was also se)erel$ affected. u!arat Earthquake is )er$ significant from the +oint of )iew of earthquake disaster mitigation in India. ,he +ro-lems o-ser)ed in this disaster are no different from other ma!or recent earthquakes in the world. ,he issues in the reco)er$ and reconstruction +hase areB the +ro+er understanding risk among different stakeholders% training and confidence -uilding among the +rofessionals and masons with a++ro+riate de)elo+ment +lanning strategies. ,his quake has +ro)ided numerous e(am+les of geo-technical and structural failures. ,he traditional wisdom of design and construction +ractises of engineered -uildings +re)alent in this countr$ came under criticism for the first time. It has triggered com+rehensi)e understanding on what needs to -e done in this regard. A common site of destruction of the )illages in the mei9oseismal area. Ru--le of colla+sed -uildings -eing cleared at An!aar. 6arrow lanes caused significant casualties and made rescue and relief )er$ difficult. 3udos to the rescueCrelief workers for their daring effortsDD 8irtuall$ nothing could -e reco)ered from most RE frame -uildings that colla+sed. Elearing of de-ris from colla+se of numerous multistore$ RE frame -uildings was an e)en -igger challenge. Relief distri-ution after the earthquake. ,em+orar$ shelters in the town of Aor-i.

Case studies: ndonesia !sunami sur#i#ors rene$ their spirit for learnin%
Almost "&& children ha)e a safe% comforta-le learning en)ironment after a new school and kindergarten were handed o)er to local officials at a ceremon$ in /amno% Aceh #a$a district in 6o)em-er "&&4. Students% teachers and +arents were delighted when the head of their local education de+artment formall$ acce+ted the -uildings from World 8ision. F,his new school is reall$ -eautiful and I like the )iew and the classroom. ,he floor is tiled which we ne)er had -efore. IGm so ha++$ and I canGt wait to stud$ in this classroom tomorrow morningDH said eight-$ear-old Safriani% as her friends squealed in delighted agreement. World 8ision constructed si( classrooms% a staff room and modern toilet facilities with disa-led access for the '&2 +rimar$ students who attend the school. ,he smart new kindergarten% located in a neigh-ouring )illage% has two classrooms% toilets and a staff room. ,he kindergarten +rinci+al recentl$ initiated a communit$ education cam+aign to encourage +arents to send their children along and is o)erwhelmed -$ the success > 4. children ha)e enrolled. ,he earthquake and tsunami com+letel$ destro$ed the old school and kindergarten% lea)ing onl$ their foundations as reminders of the +re)ious -uildings. ,he tsunami also claimed the li)es of "&& of the schoolGs students and three from the old kindergarten. FAan$ children ha)e -een traumatised -$ the conflict and the tsunami -ut% at this kindergarten% the$ are a-le to share and stud$ together again%H kindergarten +rinci+al :arnanunsa Emma Aut$a e(+lained. World 8ision @3 raised funds for the -uildings% furniture% learning materials and +la$ground equi+ment for -oth the school and the kindergarten. World 8ision has made a significant contri-ution to the reconstruction and reha-ilitation of the education sector in Aceh. ,he hando)er of these schools and one further school marks the com+letion of the construction or ma!or reha-ilitation of '< schools and two kindergartens. In addition to constructing schools% World 8ision has +ro)ided ""%<&& Acehnese children from '4' schools with stationer$% furniture% uniforms and te(t-ooks. =uring the earl$ emergenc$ and reco)er$ +hase% the organisation set u+ ". tem+orar$ schools using tents and +refa-ricated -uildings. World 8ision has also trained more than .&& teachers as +art of an education +rogramme. ,he FEreating /earning Eommunities for EhildrenG +rogramme% su++orted -$ the national Ainistr$ of Education% seeks to acti)el$ engage communities in their childrenGs education and trains educators in child-centred teaching.

Case Studies: ndia & 'han'e for 'han%e in $omen(s status

Women are welcoming increased leadershi+ roles and li)elihood o++ortunities 1 $ears after the tsunami% according to a recent sur)e$ of World 8isionGs tsunami reco)er$ +ro!ects. ,he inde+endent sur)e$ -$ ,ango International found that womenGs +artici+ation in li)elihood grou+s% communit$ acti)ities% meetings and de)elo+ment +ro!ects is ena-ling them to +la$ a more +i)otal role in their communitiesI de)elo+ment. In India% where communities struggle with issues of education for girls% earl$ marriage% lack of inheritance rights and an unequal -alance of decision-making% recognition of the need for gender equalit$ is one of the cornerstones of World 8ision +rogramming. World 8isionGs in)ol)ement of women as ke$ +artners in the design% im+lementation and monitoring of +ro!ects hel+ed to identif$ gender issues in tsunami-affected areas. /eaders of womenGs grou+s were among the communit$ grou+s consulted to select -eneficiaries. Jor homes reconstructed -$ World 8ision womenGs names were included on the home and land ownershi+ certificates alongside their hus-andsI. ,his was the first time man$ women ha)e -een legall$ recognised as !oint owners of their +ro+ert$. In addition% the +resence of -athrooms in new homes has ensured increased +rotection of women% as man$ feared -athing in o+en areas at night in their +re-tsunami dwellings. In the stud$% women e(+ressed great relief at this im+ro)ed securit$. Aan$ women are now conducting financial transactions for themsel)es and their families. WomenIs access to -usiness de)elo+ment and skills training in areas such as tailoring% information technolog$% -ookkee+ing and dri)ing has increased. Women ha)e -een linked to small -usiness grants and introduced to +otential em+lo$ers to secure -etter !o-s and sustaina-le income for the future. According to ,ango International% FWorld 8ision IndiaIs tsunami res+onse has done a great ser)ice to the households and communities reco)ering from the terri-le e)ents of =ecem-er "&&<. ,hat World 8ision remained in communities well -e$ond the relief +hase allowed them to undertake im+ortant medium-term actions to accelerate the reco)er$ +rocess and ensure that communities came awa$ from the traged$ stronger than the$ met it. ,he attention the$ +aid to communit$ consultation and articulation of needs at )arious +oints during the +rogramme design was clearl$ reflected in the qualit$ of the +rogramming and the a++reciation that was e(+ressed -$ communit$ mem-ers.H

Case Studies: Sri )anka !hirst for pea'e *rin%s 2+000 tsunami sur#i#ors to%ether
Some "%&&& +eo+le from fi)e )illages across the southern district of Sri /anka took +art in +eace-uilding acti)ities earlier this $ear. Ehildren led the wa$ in games such as tug of war and Kguess the num-er of seeds in the +a+a$aG as a wa$ of -ringing together multi-ethnic% multi-religious and multi-caste grou+s of +eo+le. After the Asian tsunami killed more than 1&%&&& +eo+le and destro$ed some <'%&&& homes along Sri /ankaGs coastline% communities find themsel)es still learning to gel together. Peace--uilding acti)ities ha)e taken +lace in thirteen +ermanent housing sites across eight tsunamiaffected districts to hel+ communities identif$ their own +ro-lems% seek solutions and make decisions a-out how to im+lement them. In some coastal areas% entire communities had to mo)e and relocate. Singhalese and Auslim +eo+le were finding themsel)es li)ing side -$ side in wa$s the$ had ne)er done -efore. ,he o++ortunit$ for tension and conflict was great. Let the o++ortunities for -uilding relationshi+s and trust +ro)ed to -e e)en greater. After watching the children +la$ tug of war% Sarif =ean =inah% "1% asked if the women could +la$. F,his is the first time since the tsunami that Auslims and Singhalese ha)e mi(ed together for a +rogramme like this%H she said. =inahGs uncle% who lost his wife in the tsunami% said that the +rogramme -rought a-out a sense of unit$ amongst the +eo+le. FWe +la$ed the games without worr$ing a-out ethnicit$ or caste.H #o-:annah /a)e$% a conflict sensiti)it$ and +eace--uilding ad)isor for World 8ision% e(+lained that there are a num-er of KconnectorsG that can -uild u+ strong communities% e)en in the +resence of large Kdi)idersG. MWorld 8ision recognises the +otential for conflict when +eo+le integrate into new communities%H she said. F,here is a general feeling of unease. ?ur +eace--uilding acti)ities focus on -ringing +eo+le together to -uild relationshi+s and trust. ,he games we +la$ are intended to hel+ +eo+le interact and -reak down -arriers and stereot$+es.H

!he Septem*er 2,+ 1,,-+ ./01 "illari+ .aharashtra Earthquake in Central ndia0 Aost of the world seismicit$ is concentrated along the +late -oundaries. :owe)er% a significant num-er of arthquakes% including some large and damaging ones% do occur within the +lates. ?ur understanding of intracratonic seismogenesis and the ha9ard it entails is +oor% in +art -ecause data are scarce. ,he '991 3illari earthquake in central +eninsular India is the latest intracratonic e)ent to -e res+onsi-le for a large disaster. ,he +ositi)e side of this traged$ is that it will +ro)ide new insights into geologic% engineering and cultural factors that control the distri-ution and degree of damage% which will aid in turn the de)elo+ment of a more effecti)e ha9ard reduction +rogram for +eninsular India and similar intra+olate en)ironments. ,his re+ort summari9es our o-ser)ations during a ten-da$ in)estigation of the mesoseismal area of the '991 3illari earthquake. Se)eral as+ects of the earthquake were in)estigated% ranging from the surface ru+ture and related deformation to the +attern of damage to engineered and traditional structures. Jinall$% the rescue and reconstruction efforts following the earthquake -rought out im+ortant issues that are generall$ rele)ant to earthquake ha9ard reduction in traditional rural settings0 these are also -riefl$ discussed. Emergenc$ Res+onse ,he affected area does not suffer from floods and was considered Aseismic. ,he onl$ natural disaster known in the area is drought. :ence% the earthquake took the +eo+le and administration -$ sur+rise. It took the administration " to < da$s to effecti)el$ organi9e rescue and relief o+erations. What then followed a++eared to -e well-organi9ed and effecti)e. Ei)ilian as well as militar$ authorities coo+erated in the effort. Since the reconnaissance team did not )isit the affected areas of 3arnataka% the discussion here is -ased on the res+onse in the districts of /atur and ?smana-ad onl$. ?f all the )illages de)astated -$ the quake% onl$ the )illage of 3illari had a wireless connection with the district +olice headquarters at /atur. Within minutes% the information a-out the de)astation in 3illari was con)e$ed to /atur and from there to the state headquarters at ;om-a$. Immediatel$% a-out "& +olicemen stationed at Ausa N"2 kmO were rushed to 3illari% followed -$ district le)el administrators N=istrict Eollector% Su+erintendent of Police% etcO. A-out .& +olicemen were also dis+atched from /atur N<" kmO. Immediate search and rescue was conducted -$ the sur)i)ors and the limited +olice rescue teams. As the da$ +rogressed% information a-out equall$ se)ere de)astation from near-$ )illages started reaching 3illari. ;$ earl$ ne(t morning N?ct. 'O% the Indian arm$ took o)er the task of search and rescue. ;$ the afternoon of the da$ of the earthquake% man$ curious onlookers had arri)ed in the area. ,his led to traffic !ams and ham+ered the task of search and rescue. ;eginning ?ct. "% entr$ to the affected area was controlled to allow entrance onl$ to go)ernment +ersonnel and mem-ers of )olunteer organi9ations. ,he task of search and rescue -ecame e(tremel$ difficult due to the hea)$ rains% which immediatel$ followed the earthquake and the enormous quantities of the ru--le. In +laces "-1 m of ru--le has to -e remo)ed to e(tricate the -odies. ,he narrow )illage streets were choked -$ fallen ru--le% which further ham+ered rescue o+erations. Aass cremations that were held on the first two da$s after the earthquake were done without adequate record kee+ing. ,his led to confusion a-out the actual num-er of deaths. At one time% the news+a+ers were re+orting u+ to 1&&&& dead. /ater it was disco)ered that a-out 9&&& fatalities actuall$ occurred. Reco)er$ Medical Aid: ,he num-er of in!ured in Aaharashtra was a-out '..&&. A-out .& mo-ile teams of doctors were +ressed into ser)ice0 at least > doctor was made a)aila-le at each of the affected )illages. ,he '". -eds ci)il hos+ital at /atur had to con)ert the near-$ Ra!asthan School into a hos+ital ward to care for a-out 1&& indoor +atients. ?n the other hand% the rural medical college and hos+ital at Am-e #ogai% which is onl$ 6&km from /atur% had a .'&--ed ca+acit$ -ut onl$ had 26 +atients ma(imum at

an$ gi)en time. ?n the whole% in a few da$s% there were more go)ernment and +ri)ate doctors a)aila-le than could -e used. Food, water, Provisions: Eooked food was +ro)ided in the affected )illages during the first fortnight -$ large num-er of )oluntar$ agencies and the arm$. After '. da$s the communit$ kitchens were closed. Enough rations and other +ro)isions to last a month were +ro)ided to the +eo+le% requiring them to cook their own food. =rinking water was su++lied regularl$ -$ mo-ile water carr$ing units% generall$ one for each )illage% requisitioned from the neigh-ouring districts. Water storage tanks N.&&& lO% donated -$ @6IEEJCEARE% were -eing used for storing water in )illages. In some )illages% these tanks were l$ing u+side down while quite a few were still resting in storage $ards% indicating e(cess a)aila-ilit$ of the tanks. A total of ""4 water hand +um+s in the earthquake-affected areas of the /atur district were found o+erati)e. Simultaneousl$% a +rogram for installation of tu-e wells in the tem+orar$ settlements was initiated. In the /atur district% 21 dee+--ore wells at the tem+orar$ shelter sites needed to -e dug. <4 of these had -een com+leted -$ ?ct '9. Jor this task% ele)en dee+--ore rigs were mo-ili9ed from the other districts of Aaharashtra. ,he go)ernment and se)eral )oluntar$ agencies distri-uted clothes and household goods like utensils% sto)es% storage cans% and +ro)isions for dail$ needs% either through the administration or directl$. A team consisting of an officer from the administration% an officer from the +olice% and a local head of the )illage issued e)er$ affected famil$ a Ffamil$ cardH and e)er$ affected +erson an Findi)idual cardH to record and regulate the goods distri-uted as a relief aid. ,his% to a large e(tent% s$stemati9ed the relief distri-ution. S+ontaneous offers of aid were recei)ed from within the countr$ and outside. ;om-a$ International Air+ort made s+ecial arrangements to recei)e and clear +laneloads of clothes% medicine% tents and food. Within a-out 1 weeks% the relief material a)aila-le was somewhat in e(cess of the needs. Tem orar! "helter: Immediate shelter was +ro)ided -$ erecting tem+orar$ gal)ani9ed iron sheet houses. Each shelter consisted of . units of a-out '. m" areas each0 each affected famil$ was offered one such unit. Eommon toilets and hand o+erated -ore wells were +ro)ided. Some families chose to take tents and tin sheets instead and made their own shelters. #esettlement and $ousin%: A large num-er of )illages which were totall$ destro$ed are -eing relocated to +laces not far awa$. Aost of the sites for relocation ha)e -een identified. E)er$ affected famil$ will -e +ro)ided a housing unit with a co)ered area of "&% <& or 6& m" Nde+ending on the needs of the famil$O and an o+en area of '. to <. m" for animal shelters and future e(tensions. ,he go)ernment will -ear the cost of onl$ "& m" of the housing +er famil$. Jor houses with a larger constructed area% the remaining cost will -e treated as a long-term low-interest loan +a$a-le on terms similar to those for World ;ank loans. Trans ortation ,he +rimar$ mode of trans+ort in the area is -us. ,he affected area has no rail network. ,he nearest railwa$ stations are at /atur and Shola+ur. ,he nearest air+orts are at :$dera-ad and Auranga-ad. Since there was no damage to roads or -ridges% the -us ser)ices were not ad)ersel$ affected% e)en though the lanes inside the )illages were -locked with the ru--le of colla+sed houses. Aost of the )illages ha)e -een tem+oraril$ shifted to new locations to the main roads. &ommunications An e(cellent communication network was set u+ after the earthquake. Initiall$% a num-er of :AA sets were called in. /ater% solar +owered satellite communication towers were installed in most of the -igger )illages. ,he district collectors were +ro)ided with a hotline to the chief secretar$ at ;om-a$. ,his ena-led the state to take immediate action on the requests from the local administrations for men and materials.

'conomic activit! ,he econom$ of the area is +rimaril$ farm -ased with )er$ few industries. ,he onl$ ma!or industr$ in the region was a sugar factor$ at 3illari Pati% which had closed quite some time +rior to the earthquake. It suffered no a++arent damage and was -eing used as a relief distri-ution center. A large chicken farm a-out '.km north of the e+icentral area re+orted that egg +roduction fell su-stantiall$ after the quake. Production was still down a-out 45 three weeks later. N6o fluctuations in egg la$ing +receded the quake.O ,hough it is har)esting season for the 3harif cro+ and the sowing season the Ra-i cro+% the farmers ha)e -een una-le to resume regular farming acti)it$. ,his is due to incessant rains% une(+ected at this time of $ear% and the non-a)aila-ilit$ of farm la-orers% who do not seem concerned a-out dail$ wages due to the a)aila-ilit$ of free relief +ro)isions. ,here are re+orts that the go)ernment ma$ ha)e to hel+ in har)esting -$ -ringing in la-or from outside the area.