Physics

Course in Physics by Theta Education
Laws of Motion & Friction :

Review of Basic Concepts
Newtons First Law of Motion: A body acted on by no net force moves with constant velocity (which may be zero) and zero acceleration.
Inertial Frames of Reference: A frame of reference in which Newtons first law is valid is called an inertial frame of reference. Newtons first law of motion is not applicable to all frames of reference. It is often called the law of inertia and the reference frames in which it holds good are called inertial frames. Such frames are either fixed with respect to distant stars or are moving at a uniform velocity with respect to them. Thus, non-accelerating frames are called inertial frames. A frame of reference moving with a constant velocity with respect to an inertial frame is also an inertial frame. A non-inertial is defined as one which is accelerating with respect to an inertial frame. A rotating frame is also an accelerating frame. Inertial frames are non-rotating and non-accelerating frames.
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Newtons Second Law of Motion: The rate of change of linear momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied force and the change takes place in the direction in which the force acts. Linear momentum is defined as the product of the mass and the velocity of a body. p = m v
Newtons Third Law of Motion: Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first, or, to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum: When no external force acts on a system consisting of several particles, the total linear momentum of the system remains constant. The total linear momentum is the vector sum of the linear momentum of each particle of the system.
Friction: Friction is the force which comes into play when one body slides or rolls over the surface of another body and acts in a direction tangential to the surfaces in contact and opposite to the direction of motion of the body.

The maximum (or limiting) force of friction when a body just begins to slide over the surface of another body is called the limiting friction. The force of friction just before one body begins to slide over another is called the limiting static friction. The coefficient of limiting static friction (S) is defined as
where R is the normal reaction, i.e. the normal force pressing the two surfaces together. The force necessary to maintain a body in uniform motion over the surface of another body, after motion has started, is called the kinetic or sliding friction (fk). The coefficient of kinetic friction is defined as
k is always less than S.
Banking of Round Tracks When a car negotiates a curved level road, the centripetal force required to keep the car in motion around the curve is provided by the friction between the road and the tyres. The weight of the car is supported by the normal reaction due to the earth. If the surface of the road is very rough, it provides a large amount of friction and hence the car can successfully negotiate the bend with a fairly high speed. If F is the total frictional force between the tyres and the road, then
when m is the mass of the car, v is the speed around the curve and R is the radius of the curved track. Banking of Curves The large amount of friction between the tyres and the road would damage the tyres. To minimize the wearing out the tyres of road bed is banked, i.e. the outer part of the road is road is raised a little so that the road sloped towards the centre of the curved track.
Solving Problems in Mechanics by Free Body Diagram Method 1. Two masses tied to a string going over a frictionless pulley
2. Three masses in contact
3. Three masses connected by strings
4. Two masses connected by a string and suspended from a support

5. A block on an inclined plane
6. Two blocks connected by a string passing over a frictionless pulley fixed at the edge of a horizontal table
7. Two blocks connected by a string passing over a frictionless pulley fixed at the top of an inclined plane
8. Two blocks connected by a string passing over a frictionless pully fixed at the top of a double inclined plane

Work, Energy & Power
Review of Basic Concepts Work Work is given by the scalar product of the Force vector and the displacement vector, i.e.
The SI unit of work is called the Joule (J). One joule of work is said to be done when a force of 1 newton acting on a body moves it through a distance of 1 m in the direction of the force. Work Done by a Variable Force Suppose a variable force F acts on a body in the x-direction. The force F is a function of x, i.e. F = F(x). Then the work done in moving a body from a position x1 to a position x2 is given by
Energy Energy can be defined as the capacity or ability to do work and is measure by the amount of work a body can do. Like work, energy is a scalar quantity. Energy can exist in various forms, such as heat energy, electrical energy, sound energy, light energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy, mechanical energy, etc. Mechanical energy is of two types, kinetic and potential. Kinetic Energy: Energy due to Motion The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy.
This relation holds even if the force is variable, i.e. if the force varies both in magnitude and direction. Work-Energy Principle: Suppose a body of mass m moves with an initial velocity u. A force F acts on it, as a result of which it acquires a final velocity v. The work done by the force is given by
Thus, the work done by a force in displacing a body measures the change in its kinetic energy. This is the workenergy principle. When a force does work on a body, its kinetic energy increases; the increase in kinetic energy being equal to the amount of work done. The converse of this is also true. Potential Energy: Energy due to Position or Configuration The energy possessed by a body owing to its position or configuration is called potential energy. Gravitational PE = mgh Potential Energy of a Spring: Consider a perfectly elastic spring fixed to a rigid wall and the other end is fixed to a block which is a placed on a frictionless surface.
K is the force constant of a spring. To stretch a spring by a displacement x, we must exert a force F on it, equal but opposite to the force F exerted by the spring on us. Therefore, the applied force is
=>
Power The rate of doing work is called power, i.e.
The unit of power is the watt (W). Power is said to be 1 watt when 1 joule of work is done in 1 second.

Law of Conservation of Energy The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system of particles remains constant; the energy may change from one form to another.
Conservative and Non-Conservative Force A force is conservative if the work done by it on a particle that moves between two points depends only on these points and not on the path followed by the particle. Electrostatic force, elastic spring forces, and gravitational force are conservative. A force is non-conservative if the work done by that force on a particle that moves between two points depends on the path taken between those points. Frictional force is non-conservative.

Conservation of Linear Momentum and Collisions
Review of Basic Concepts Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum When no net external force acts on a system consisting of several particles, the total linear momentum of the system is conserved, the total linear momentum being the vector sum of the linear momentum of each particle in the system.
Collisions A collision between two particles is said to occur if they physically strike against each other or if the path of the motion of one is influenced by the other. Types of Collisions: (1) Elastic Collisions: If there is no loss of kinetic energy during a collision it is called an elastic collision. (2) Inelastic Collisions: If there is a loss of kinetic energy during a collision, it is called inelastic collision. The loss of kinetic energy usually results in heat or sound energy. The total momentum remains conserved in both elastic and inelastic collisions. Elastic Collision in One Dimension: If two bodies of masses m1 and m2, moving with speeds u1 and u2 (with u1 > u2) in the same straight line, collide with each other, then from the conservation of momentum and conservation of kinetic energy, we have
In an elastic one-dimensional collision, the relative velocity with which the two bodies approach each other before collision is equal to the relative velocity with which they recede from each other after the collision.

Elastic collision in two dimensions:
Coefficient of Restitution When two bodies collide head-on, the ratio of their relative velocity after collision and their relative velocity before collision is called the coefficient of restitution. Thus,

Physics

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Physics

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Course in Physics by Theta Education

Laws of Motion & Friction :

Course in Physics by Theta Education

Course in Physics by Theta Education

k is always less than S.

Course in Physics by Theta Education

2. Three masses in contact

3. Three masses connected by strings

4. Two masses connected by a string and suspended from a support

Course in Physics by Theta Education

Course in Physics by Theta Education

Course in Physics by Theta Education

Course in Physics by Theta Education

Power The rate of doing work is called power, i.e.

Course in Physics by Theta Education

Course in Physics by Theta Education

Course in Physics by Theta Education

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