Protocol : Human intercommunication (in pairs or larger groups) requires rules of conversation (do not speak if someone else

is speaking) to function effectively.If the two people talk at the same time then we get what is known (in networking terms) as data collision. Computers are no different. Therefore, we need regulations and rules to how we communicate over a computer network. or e!ample to remote login (telnet), T" or email. The set of rules and regulations is called a Protocol. protocol is a standard procedure and format that two data communication devices must understand, accept and use to #e a#le to talk to each other.. $. %ey &lements of a "rotocol '. (ynta! a. )ata formats #. (ignal levels *. (emantics a. Control information #. &rror handling +. Timing a. (peed matching #. (equencing "rotocol Characteristics ,-eeds . )ata ormate for )ate &!change . )ata e!change is the process of taking data structured under a source schema and actually transforming it into data structured under a target schema, so that the target data is an accurate representation of the source data.

/ne of the most popular protocol suites is TC",I" , which is the heart of Internetworking communications. IP - the Internet "rotocol, is responsi#le for e!changing information #etween routers so that the routers can select the proper path for network traffic.

Internet "rotocol (I") The Internet "rotocol is a network0layer protocol that contains addressing information and some control information that ena#les packets to #e routed . 1long with the Transmission Control "rotocol (TC"), I" represents the heart of the Internet protocols. providing connectionless, #est0effort delivery of data through an internetwork.

TC" 0 is responsi#le to ensure the data packets are transmitted across the network relia#ly and error free. 21- and 31- protocols are also critical protocols in the network communications. 21- protocols suite is for the physical and data link layers communications over various 21- media such as &thernet wires and wireless waves. 31- protocol suite is for the lowest three layers and defines communication over various wide0area media such as fi#er optic and ca#le. Hard ware "rotocol are specifically used to configure and maintain hard ware devices.&ach manufacturer has developed #ased on I&&& standard.. 4order gateway "rotocol . 5 4order 6ateway "rotocol (46") is the protocolwhich is #acking the core routing decisions onthe Internet. It maintains a ta#le of I" networksor prefi!es which designate network reach0a#ility among autonomous systems (1().It is descri#ed as a path vector protocol (which maintains the path information that getsupdated dynamically) 46" is one of the most important protocols of the Internet.Count7 46" was created to replace the &!terior 6ateway "rotocol (&6") to allow 46" is used internally #etween thefully decentrali8ed routing. gateways to determine which gateway offers the #est route to a given destination network. Cisco )iscovery "rotocol .

3hen a Cisco device #oots up, C)" starts up automatically and allows the device to detect neigh#or devices that use C)".C)" allows two systems to learn a#out each other, even if they use different network layer protocols.

Connection less network service . (hort for ConnectionLess Network Service, CLNS was developed #y I(/ and is part of /(I at 2ayer *, and does not require a circuit #efore transmitting the packet. (packet is a segment of data sent from one computer or network device to another computer or network device over a network. 1 packet contains the source, destination, si8e, type, data, and other useful information that helps packet get to its destination and then read).. Connectionless means does not set up connection with destination #efore sending packet.. Hot stand by router Protocol : "rovides fault tolerance and 4ackup and load sharing.. The protocol esta#lishes a framework #etween network routers in order to achieve default gateway failover if the primary gateway #ecomes inaccessi#le,:$; in close association with a rapid0converging routing protocol GRP/ IGRP : n!anced interior "ateway /Routin" Protocol IGRP is an advanced distance-vector routin" protocol t!at relies on #eatures co$$only associated wit! link-state protocols% &so$eti$es called a !ybrid routin" protocol'% (ased on IGRP and developed to allow easy transition #ro$ IGRP to IGRP Note: )!e Hybrid ter$ so$eti$es $isleads people into t!inkin" IGRP !as t!e topolo"y bene#its o# a link state routin" protocol% It does not% IGRP is a distance vector routin" protocol and su##ers #ro$ all o# t!e sa$e disadvanta"es o# any ot!er distance vector routin" protocol* i%e% routin" loops

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) :

<ultiprotocol 2a#el (witching (<"2() is a standards0approved technology for speeding up network traffic flow and making it easier to manage. <"2( involves setting up a specific path for a given sequence of packets, identified #y a la#el put in each packet, thus saving the time needed for a router to look up the address to the ne!t node to forward the packet to. <"2( is called multiprotocol #ecause it works with the Internet "rotocol (I"), 1synchronous Transport <ode (1T<), and frame relay network protocols. 3ith reference to the standard model for a network (the /pen (ystems Interconnection, or /(I model), <"2( allows most packets to #e forwarded at the 2ayer ' (switching) level rather than at the 2ayer * (routing) level. In addition to moving traffic faster overall, <"2( makes it easy to manage a network for quality

of service (=o(). or these reasons, the technique is e!pected to #e readily adopted as networks #egin to carry more and different mi!tures of traffic. I(0I( . Intermediate (ystem to Intermediate (ystem (I(0I() is a routing protocol designed to move information efficiently within a computer network, a group of physically connected computers or similar devices. It accomplishes this #y determining the #est route for datagrams through a packet0switched network. The protocol was defined in I(/,I&C $>?@A.'>>' as an international standard within the /pen (ystems Interconnection (/(I) reference design. I(0I( (pronounced Bi0s i0sB) is an interior gateway protocol, designed for use within an administrative domain or network. This is in contrast to &!terior 6ateway "rotocols, primarily 4order 6ateway "rotocol (46"), which is used for routing #etween autonomous systems (C C $A*>).I(0I( is a link0state routing protocol, operating #y relia#ly flooding link state information throughout a network of routers. &ach I(0I( router independently #uilds a data#ase of the networkDs topology, aggregating the flooded network information. /(" E /pen (hortest "ath irst It is Interior 6ateway "rotocol It does Couts Information in an autonomous system Couters maintain data#ase with link state information, weights computed using link state, I" address etc. This data#ase in each router is updated #y transmitting 2ink (tate 1dvertisements throughout the autonomous system 1 shortest path tree is constructed #y each router with itself as the root node and #ased on weights in the data#ase.

Couting Information protocol . CI" is a routing protocol for e!changing routing ta#le information #etween routers. Couting updates must #e passed #etween routers so that they can make the proper choice on how to route a packet. &ach router sends all or part of its routing ta#le in routing updates. However, the updates are only sent to neigh#oring routers. The Couting Information "rotocol (CI") is a distance0vector routing protocol, which employs the hop count as a routing metric. CI" prevents routing loops #y implementing a limit on the num#er of hops allowed in a path from the source to a destination. The ma!imum num#er of hops allowed for CI" is $? =/( (=uality of (ervice ) .

 I&T groups are working on proposals to provide =/( control in I" networks, i.e., going #eyond #est effort to provide some assurance for =/(. In the field of computer networking and other packet0switched telecommunication networks, the traffic engineering term refers to resource reservation control mechanisms rather than the achieved service quality. =uality of service is the a#ility to provide different priority to different applications, users, or data flows, or to guarantee a certain level of performance to a data flow. or e!ample, a required #it rate, delay, Fitter, packet dropping pro#a#ility and,or #it error rate may #e guaranteed. =uality of service guarantees are important if the network capacity is insufficient, especially for real0time streaming multimedia applications such as voice over I", online games and I"0TG, since these often require fi!ed #it rate and are delay sensitive, and in networks where the capacity is a limited resource, for e!ample in cellular data communication. (oftware "rotocol. 1pplication 2ayer "rotocol .

The Hyperte+t )rans#er Protocol (H))P) is an application protocol for distri#uted, colla#orative, hypermedia information systems.:$; HTT" is the foundation of data communication for the 3orld 3ide 3e# .Hyperte!t is structured te!t that uses logical links (hyperlinks) #etween nodes containing te!t. HTT" is the protocol to e!change or transfer hyperte!t. HTT" functions as a request0response protocol in the client0server computing model. 1 we# #rowser, for e!ample, may #e the client and an application running on a computer hosting a we# site may #e the server. The client su#mits an HTT" request message to the server. The server, which provides resources such as HT<2 files and other content, or performs other functions on #ehalf of the client, returns a response message to the client. The response contains completion status information a#out the request and may also contain requested content in its message #ody. 1 we# #rowser is an e!ample of a user agent (H1). /ther types of user agent include the inde!ing software used #y search providers (we# crawlers), voice #rowsers, mo#ile apps and other software that accesses, consumes or displays we# content. HTT" is designed to permit intermediate network elements to improve or ena#le communications #etween clients and servers. High0traffic we#sites often #enefit from we# cache servers that deliver content on #ehalf of upstream servers to improve response time. 3e# #rowsers cache previously accessed we# resources and reuse them when possi#le to reduce network traffic. ,ile )rans#er Protocol (,)P) It is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another host over a TC"0#ased network, such as the Internet. T" is #uilt on a client0server architecture and uses separate control and data connections #etween the client and the server.:$; T" users may authenticate themselves using a clear0te!t sign0in protocol, normally in the form of a username and password, #ut can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. or

secure transmission that hides (encrypts) the username and password, and encrypts the content, T" is often secured with ((2,T2( (B T"(B). ((H ile Transfer "rotocol (B( T"B) is sometimes also used instead, #ut is technologically different. The first T" client applications were command0line applications developed #efore operating systems had graphical user interfaces, and are still shipped with most 3indows, Hni!, and 2inu! operating systems.:';:*; )o8ens of T" clients and automation utilities have since #een developed for desktops, servers, mo#ile devices, and hardware, and T" has #een incorporated into hundreds of productivity applications, such as 3e# page editors. Si$ple -ail )rans#er Protocol (S-)P) It is an Internet standard for electronic mail (e0mail) transmission across Internet "rotocol (I") networks. (<T" was first defined #y C C @'$. 3hile electronic mail servers and other mail transfer agents use (<T" to send and receive mail messages, user0level client mail applications typically use (<T" only for sending messages to a mail server for relaying. or receiving messages, client applications usually use either the "ost /ffice "rotocol ("/") or the Internet <essage 1ccess "rotocol (I<1") or a proprietary system (such as <icrosoft &!change or 2otus -otes,)omino) to access their mail #o! accounts on a mail server.