Name:-

98-Civ-BS (May 2002): WATER

SUPPL Y AND W ASTEW A TER TREATMENT

3 Hours Duration

NOTES:

1 If doubt exists as to the interpretation of any question, the candidate is urged to submit with
the answer paper, a clear statementof any assumption(s)made. 2. This is an open book exam although sufficient information is provided to answer all questions without additional referencematerial. 3. Candidatesmay use one of two calculators, the Casio or Sharp approved models. 4. There are five sections to this exam (parts A, B, C, D and E) with percentage weightings as indicated. All questionswithin eachrespective section are worth equal marks but may not be of equal difficulty .The following is a suggested time allocation for the exam parts:
Part Part Part Part Part A: B: C: D: E: 15 minutes 15 minutes 45 minutes 60 minutes 45 minutes
Page

5. The exam table of contentsis as follows:

Part A: General Knowledge -Water Part B: General Knowledge -Water Part D: Numerical Problems Part E: Treatment Process Design Equations and Useful Information Table of Atomic Weights Dissociation Constants at 25C . . . Quality and Treatment I Quality and Treatment n (10% Weight) (20% Weight) (25 % Weight) (25 % Weight) (20% Weight)

2 3 4 6 7 11 12 13 13

Part C: Measurement and Mass Balance Theory

Inorganic carbon species as a function ofpH at 0.005 M TIC 6. Indicate what you are solving for in any intennediate steps to a solution.

7. Neat well-annotated answerswill tend to collect more marks.

8. Clearly define your notation and method of approach. 9. Clearly work through ideas, conceptsand specify applied formulae before substituting in any numbers. 10. Do !!Q! erase"false starts", instead strike a line acrossthe section of the page that still permits the work to be read and continue on.

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Part A: General Knowledge -Water

Quality and Treatment

(10% Weight)

In three short points indicate your understanding of any 4 out of the 10 terms listed below by: a. Defming the term (or acronym), and b. Indicating how it relates to or impacts on water/wastewater treatment design, monitoring and/or operation. Be brief and to the point. Note that a lengthy verbose answer is not better and will work against you in time and marking -point form is preferred.

1. BODs
2. Colifonns

6. Trihalomethane
7. Nitrate

3. Flocculation

8. Hardness

4.
5.

SVI
pH

9. voc 10. GAC

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Part B: General Knowledge -Water

Quality and Treatment

II

(20% Weight)

Answer the following 7 questions. Be brief and to the point -a correct answer requires only a couple of short statements and/or sketch. Note that a lengthy verbose answer is not better and will work against you in time and marking -point form is preferred.

1. Give two distinct interpretations for the organic content in a water sample if you were to measurezero BOD for that water sample?
2. You have injected a dye at the inlet to a water treatment reactor. You would like to know if the mixing conditions are plug flow or completely mixed. What do you measure and illustrate what are you looking for in the data from those measureinents? 3. State two distinct methods for ammonia removal from wastewater? 4. State two distinct methods for phosphorus removal from wastewater? 5. How might water turbidity affect the performance of both a UV disinfection unit process? a chlorine disinfection unit process?

6. What is the purpose of increasing the number of media types in a rapid filter? 7. Algae in stabilization ponds or reservoirs may cause hardnessremoval during daylight hours on hot summer days when their metabolic activities are high. Explain how this may happen?

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Part c: Measurement and Mass Balance Theory

Answer questions 1 and 2.
I.

(25

Weight)

The municipal biological wastewater treatment plant shown below (Figure I) consists ofunit processes labelled (a) to (i). The certificate of approval specifies effluent water quality objectives of (I) BODs, (2) total suspendedsolids, (3) TKN (total Kjedal1 nitrogen), (4) TP (total phosphorus), and (5) coliform counts. Alum (A12(SO4)3 .I8H20) is dosed at the location shown.
a.

With respect to the 5 water quality objectives indicate where and how the treatment plant reduces the levels of these parameters in the wastewater.

b. What are the residual(s) that are being produced in treating the wastewater?
c.

The unit process(e) is not performing well. You suspectthis"might involve unanticipated denitrification within (e). What would you measureto test whether or not your suspicions are well founded?

Figure I. Activated sludge plant for domestic wastewater treatment.

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vss measurements can be used to make an assessment of the biomass levels in an activated sludge treatment system. However, measurements of similar VSS levels may consist of quite different levels of ~ microorganisms and Monod kinetics relate to these active microorganisms. Therefore VSS measurements(Xv) from the aeration basin of an activated sludge process should really be divided into active microorganisms (Xa) and inanimate volatile suspended solids (Xu:
Xv =Xa +Xi Assuming no influent VSS, the inanimate VSS (Xi) is produced as a result of endogenous decay:
rj =(l-!d)Xakd

where
rj

= specific = fraction

production of the active decay

rate ofXj biomass

(mg VSS/L/d) that is biodegradable (typically -0.8)

fd ~

= endogenous

rate (l/d).

a. For the bioreactor system shown in Figure 2, and from mass balance consideration, determine the effect of increasing HRT on the fraction of active biomass in a VSS measurement(i.e. find an expressionfor "XaIXy").
b.

How would this change of "XalXv" be reflected in measurements of specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) as HRT increased for this system?

Figure 2. A completely mixed bioreactor with influent flow (Q), influent biodegradable dissolved organic matter (Si), effluent biodegradable dissolved organic matter (S), reactor biomass (Xv), reactor volume (V) and effluent dissolved organic matter (S).

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Part D: Numerical Problems

Answer 2 out of the 4 following problems.

(25% Weight)

1 Sludge digestion is a process that can reduce only the volatile component of solids. Solids
analysis on influent and effluent sludge from a digestion process revealed that 70 percent of the influent suspendedsolids were volatile, while 10 percent of the effluent suspendedsolids were volatile. Determine the percent total susDended solids (TSS) reduction for the sludge digestion process.
2. A 100 m3 completely mixed aeration basin in a biological treatment process is receiving an influent flow of 1000 m3/d. The influent dissolved oxygen concentration is 0 mg O2/L and the effluent is 2 mg O2/L. Bacterial metabolism consumes oxygen at a rate of 100 kg 02/d. The wastewater temperature is 15 C. At 15 C, the tap water saturation dissolved oxygen concentration is 10 mg O2/L. Given a and J3are both 0.90 and the Arrhenius constant (eA) is 1.02, what is the estimated 20 C tapwapter KLa for the aeration system.
3,

Determine the total hardness, alkalinity , Cl-, and HCO3- concentrations for the following water, analyzedat 25 C. The pH of the water is 7.9.

4. A wastewatertreatment plant owner is considering an upgrade to meet new effluent discharge regulations on phosphorus. The thought is to add an anaerobic pre-stage to the existing activated sludge treatment process (Figure 3) to promote enhanced biological phosphorus removal. If the biomass will accumulate phosphorus at 3.5 % of its weight (as VSS), if the COD change (Si-Se) across the bioreactor is 300 mg COD/L, and if the biomass yield coefficient (Y) is 0.30 mg VSS/mg COD, estimate the maximum influent phosphorus concentration for a 1 mg P/L phosphorus discharge limit. (Note: Assume steady state operation, an ideal clarifier and neglect endogenousdecay).

Figure 3. Modified treatment system for phosphorus removal.

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Part E: Treatment Process Design

Answer lout of the following 2 problems.

(20 % Weight)

1. Clarifier Design Problem A cylindrical clarifier is to be designed for hindered settling based on ideal plug flow and the observed settling characteristics of activated sludge solids sampled from a conventional secondarybiological wastewater treatment process (Figure 4).
Solids settling characteristics were detennined experimentally and the data are provided in Figure 5. An aeration basin with an HRT of 8 hours and a solids concentration of 2 9 VSS/L is to be maintained. The design wastewater influent flow rate (QJ is 125,000 m3/d. The biosolids cannot typically compress to more than approximately 17 9 VSS/L in the clarifier . Assuming that the sludge waste flow rate is zero and that the clarifier perfonnance is ideal, estimate a possible clarifier design area along with the respective recycle ratio (QrlQi) that would be required to maintain the treatment process as specified.

Figure 4.

Schematic of the activated sludge process with notation for biomass concentration

(X),

dissolved organic matter concentration (S), flow rate (Q), and volume V. Subscripts distinguish values of quantities between influent (i), effluent (e), underflow (u), wastage (w) and recycle (r) lines.

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250
'0

Ne 00 00 > cn ~ ~ = ~ rIJ
'0 .Q 00

200

150

100

50
o~

0 0
5 Biosolids 10 concentration 15 20

25

X (g VSS/L)

Figure 5. Graph from experimental data and best-fitted trend line for the gravity flux (Kg VSS/m2-d) for the settling characteristics of the activated sludge solids (g VSS/L) for problem 111-1.

2. Disinfection Unit ProcessDesign: A chlorination disinfection process is to be designed according to the schematic diagram represented in Figure 6. From the influent water supply, a breakpoint curve was generated (Figure 7). Further, an experiment of coliform survivability with chlorination was performed (Figure 8).
For this disinfection process, a free chlorine residual of 0.25 mg/L is required. The supply water flow rate is Q = 20 Lis and the plug flow reactor is just a Y2filled 1.2 meter diameter sewer pipe. There is no chlorine in the water supply.
a.

Select a chlorine dosage (CD) for a free residual chlorine level (CR) of 0.25 mg/L.

b. What is the chlorine supply line concentration (Cs) necessaryto achieve your required dosage(CD) if the chlorine supply flow (q) is equal to 0.1 percent of the wastewaterflow Q? c. What should be the liquid volume of the plug flow reactor for 99% coliform removal?
d.

What length of sewer pipe is required for the plug flow reactor?

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Figure

6.

Schematic

of the disinfection

process, where: residual

C = chlorine concentration,

concentration,

Cs = chlorine

supply

concentration, chlorine

CD = chlorine

dosage, CR = chlorine

Q = wastewater

flow (LIs), and q =

supply flow (LIs).

Figure 7. An experimentally derived breakpoint chlorination curve for the water, showing chlorine residuals resulting from respective doses.

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Chlorine Residual (mg/L)

time {min) for 99% Colilorm Removal

Figure chlorine

8. Data from batch tests for coliform residual.

removal

from

the wastewater,

given either

a combined

or free

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Equations and Useful Information Conversion factors

Generalized Reactor Mass Balance

1 m3

= 103L

1 cm3 = 1 mL = 10-3L

Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT or e) ( v= volume, Q = flow rat~)Critical Settling Velocity (9-=- flow rate, A = surface area)-

Solids Retention Time (SRT or ex) N=Cu

velocity) QX ~ NLA

Solids Flux JC = conc.,~~

Clarifier design (Q = clarifier influent flow, X clarifier influent solids concentration, NL = limiting flux, A = surfacearea)_1 st Order Reaction Kinetics

(r = -kC): ~
c. I = exp(-ke)

Plug Flow
=~ 1 Completely Mixed 1
~ ) n Series of n CM Reactors

Ce Ci

C -!-=
C. I

1+=-Yrs -kdX

Biomass growth kinetic with endogenous decay:

rx

Monod kinetics Gas Transfer Arrhenius TemperatureRelationship

Grain size distribution
ra =aKLa(f3Cs -0)

kT

k 20

e A

(T-20)

ES = PIO .U = P6o1Pl0
d _9_0--=-1.!)d U 1.67

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Table of Atomic Weights ~

Elements by Name, Symbol, Atomic Number, and Atomic Weight (Atomic weights are given to four significant figures for elements below atomic number 104.SeeA~dix
Atomic

D.)
Atomic

Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium BeIyllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium CaIifomium Carbon Cerium Cesium OUorlne O\romium Cobalt Coppex: Curium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium F1uorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hahnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead U thi um Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium

Mercw'Y Molybdenum N eod ymi um Neon NeptU11ium Nickel Nielsbohrium Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium

...

Ph(?8phorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgiuml Selenium Silicon Silver . Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum TeChnetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium T1I1 1itanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon . Ytterbium Yttrium. Zinc Zin:onium

aNames or elements 104.105. and 107 to 109 have been endorsed by a committee or the American OJemical Society. The IUPAC recommends different names ror elements 104 to 108. 'Proposed symbol and name

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Dissociation

Constants at 25C

CH3COOH

~ H+ + CB3~O-

4.7
1.8 X 10-' 5.8 X 10-10. 1.5 X 10-' , 4.3 x 10-7 4.7 x 10-11 Strong 7.2 X 10-10 6.75 X 10-::4 9.1 X 10-8
--3 .9.1 3~2 7.0 4.7 9.2 4.8 6.4 10.3

NH3 + H1O ~ NH:

Ammonia Boric Butyric Carbonic acid acid acid

+ OH- .

Hydrochloric acid Hydrocyanic add Hydrofluoric acid Hydrosulfuric acid:

H3B~ ~ H+ + H1BO3 CJH7COqfl ~ H~ + c,H7COOH2CO: ~ H+ + IitO3 HCO3 ~ H+ + cot Ha ~ H+ + aHCN ~H+ + CN. ( HF ~ H++ FH2S ~ H+ + HS~ ..

.(hydrogen sUlfide)
Hypochlorous Nitric acid . Nitrous acid Perchloric acid' Phenol Phospboricacid acid

Analyses Toxicity Fluoridation Odor, corrosion, anaerobic digestion. toxicity Disinfection Nitrification, Nitrification

Potassium hydroxide Propionic acid Sodium hydroxide Sulfuric acid

. Sulfurous acid

HS- ~ H+ + S2HOCl~:H+ + oaHNO3 ~ H+ + NO3 HN~ ~ H+ + NOi HaO4 ~ H+ + aO4 ~H,OH ~ H+ + ~H,OH3PO4 ~ H+ + H2PO4 H2PO4 ~ H+ + In>>O1HPO1- ~ H+ + p9t KOH ~ K+ + ol:l~HjCOOH NaOH ~ H2504 ~ HS04 ~ HzSOJ ~ HSOj" ~ ~ H.. + ~H5COO:: Na.. + OHH.. + HSO. H.. + 501H+ + H503 H.. + 50J.

1.3 X 10-13 2.9 X .10-1 0.10 5.1. x ~o~ .Strong 1..2 x 10-1 7.5 X 10-3 6.2 x 10-8 4.8 X 10-13 Strong (base)
1.3:>< 10-$ Strong (base)

12.9 7.5 -1.0 3.29 --7 9.9. 2.1 7.2 12.3

analyses

Analyses Tastes, odors Buffer, nutrient

Ana1ys~

4.9
--3 1.9 1.8 7.2

.Anaerobic digestion Analyses, neutralization Coagulation,pH Conqol, analyses Dechlorination

Strong' 1.2 X 10-2 1.7 X 10-2 6.3 X 10-8

Inorganic

carbon species as a function of pH at 0.005 M TIC

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