Wing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing

Wing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A wing is a type of fin with a surface that produces aerodynamic force for flight or propulsion through the atmosphere, or through another gaseous or liquid fluid. As such, wings have an airfoil shape, a streamlined cross-sectional shape producing a useful lift to drag ratio. The word "wing" from the Old Norse vngr[1] for many centuries referred mainly to the foremost limbs of birds (in addition to the architectural aisle.) But in recent centuries the words meaning has extended to include lift producing appendages of insects, bats, pterosaurs, boomerangs, some sail boats and aircraft, or the inverted airfoil on a race car that generates a downward force to increase traction. Various species of penguins and other flighted or flightless water birds such as auks, cormorants, guillemots, shearwaters, eider and scoter ducks and diving petrels are avid swimmers, and use their wings to propel through water.[2] A wings aerodynamic quality is expressed as its lift-to-drag ratio. The lift a wing generates at a given speed and angle of attack can be one to two orders of magnitude greater than the total drag on the wing. A high lift-to-drag ratio requires a significantly smaller thrust to propel the wings through the air at sufficient lift.

A laughing gull with its wings extended in the gull wing profile

Contents
1 Aerodynamics of wings 1.1 Devices to change the shape of a wing 1.2 A common misconception 1.3 Other examples 2 Design features 3 See also 4 References 5 External links
Several aircraft wing planform shapes: a swept wing KC-10 Extender (top) refuels a trapezoidal-wing F-22 Raptor fighter plane

Aerodynamics of wings
The design and analysis of the wings of aircraft is one of the principal applications of the science of aerodynamics, which is a branch of fluid mechanics. The properties of the airflow around any moving object can in principle - be found by solving the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid dynamics. However, except for simple geometries these equations are notoriously difficult to solve.[3] Fortunately, simpler explanations can be described.

For a wing to produce "lift", it must be oriented at a suitable angle of attack relative to the flow of air past the wing. When this occurs the wing deflects the airflow downwards, "turning" the air as it passes the wing. Since the wing exerts a force on the air to change its direction, the air must exert a force on the wing, equal in size but opposite in direction. This force manifests itself as differing air pressures at different points on the surface of the wing.[4][5][6]

The wing of a landing BMI Airbus A319-100. The slats at its leading edge and the flaps at its trailing edge are extended.

A region of lower-than-normal air pressure is generated over the top surface of the wing, with a higher pressure existing on the bottom of the wing. (See: airfoil) These air pressure differences can be either measured directly using instrumentation, or they can be calculated from the airspeed distribution using basic physical principles, including Bernoullis Principle which relates changes in air speed to changes in air pressure. The lower air pressure on the top of the wing generates a smaller downward force on the top of the wing than

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Wing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing

the upward force generated by the higher air pressure on the bottom of the wing. Hence, a net upward force acts on the wing. This force is called the "lift" generated by the wing. The different velocities of the air passing by the wing, the air pressure differences, the change in direction of the airflow, and the lift on the wing are intrinsically one phenomenon. It is, therefore, possible to calculate lift from any of the other three. For example, the lift can be calculated from the pressure differences, or from different velocities of the air above and below the wing, or from the total momentum change of the deflected air. There are other approaches in fluid dynamics to solving these problems. All of these approaches will result in the same answers if done correctly. Given a particular wing and its velocity through the air, debates over which mathematical approach is the most convenient to use can be misperceived by novices as differences of opinion about the basic principles of flight. For a more detailed coverage see lift (force).

The low pressure region over the wing of this A340 is clearly shown by the condensation it causes in the humid air

Devices to change the shape of a wing

Usually, aircraft wings have various devices, such as flaps or slats that the pilot uses to modify the shape and surface area of the wing to change its operating characteristics in flight. In 1948, Francis Rogallo invented the fully limp flexible wing, which ushered new possibilities for aircraft. Near in time, Domina Jalbert invented flexible un-sparred ram-air airfoiled thick wings. These two new branches of wings have been since extensively studied and applied in new branches of aircraft, especially altering the personal recreational aviation landscape.

A common misconception
A common misconception is that in order to generate lift it is essential for the wing to have a longer path on the topside compared with the underside.[7] Wings with this shape are the norm in subsonic flight, but symmetrically shaped wings (above and below) can generate lift by using a positive angle of attack to deflect air downward. Symmetrical airfoils have higher stalling speeds than cambered airfoils of the same wing area[8] but are used in aerobatic aircraft as they provide practical performance whether the aircraft is upright or inverted. Another example comes from sailboats, where the sail is a thin membrane with no path-length difference between one side and the other.[9] For flight speeds near the speed of sound (transonic flight), airfoils with complex asymmetrical shapes are used to minimize the drastic increase in drag associated with airflow near the speed of sound.[10] Such airfoils, called supercritical airfoils, are flat on top and curved on the bottom.[11]
Flaps (green) are used in various configurations to increase the wing area and to increase the lift. In conjunction with spoilers (red), flaps maximize drag and minimize lift during the landing roll.

Other examples
The science of wings applies in other areas beyond conventional fixed-wing aircraft, including:

Hang gliders, which use wings from fully flexible (paragliders, gliding parachutes) wings, flexible wings (framed sail wings), to rigid wings Kites, which use a vast variety of wings. Flying model airplanes Helicopters, which use a rotating wing with a variable pitch angle to provide directional forces The NASA Space Shuttle, which uses its wings only to glide during its descent to a runway. These types of aircraft are called spaceplanes. Some racing cars, especially Formula One cars, which use upside-down wings (or airfoils) to provide greater traction at high speeds

Internal mechanical construction of a generic monospar wing. Black = solid, red = tube used for the spar, green = foam, wood, honeycomb, or sheet metal used for the ribs. The leading edge gives torsional stiffness. The trailing edge can either have a flexible skin, which does not break under wing bending (birdlike,) or have a stiff skin (made of carbon fiber, aluminum alloy, or titanium, aircraft-like), which is prevented from buckling by span-wise "stringers."

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Wing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Sailboats, which use sails as vertical wings with variable fullness and direction to move across water Structures with the same purpose as wings, but designed for use in liquid media, are generally called fins or hydroplanes, with hydrodynamics as the governing science, rather than aerodynamics. Applications of these arise in craft such as hydrofoils and submarines. Sailboats and sailing ships use both fins and wings.

Design features
Aircraft wings may feature some of the following: A rounded leading edge cross-section A sharp trailing edge cross-section Leading-edge devices such as slats, slots, or extensions Various trees such as maples have Trailing-edge devices such as flaps or flaperons (combination of flaps and ailerons) winged seeds that enable them to Ailerons (usually near the wingtips) to roll the aircraft clockwise disperse, some autorotating as they or counterclockwise about its long axis fall, often catching the autumn wind as Spoilers on the upper surface to disrupt the lift and to provide they do so. additional traction to an aircraft that has just landed but is still moving. Vortex generators to help prevent flow separation in transonic flow Wing fences to keep flow attached to the wing by stopping boundary layer separation from spreading Winglets to keep wingtip vortices from increasing drag and decreasing lift Dihedral, or a positive wing angle to the horizontal. This gives inherent stability in the roll direction. Anhedral, or a negative wing angle to the horizontal, has a destabilizing effect Folding wings allow more aircraft storage in the confined space of the hangar deck of an aircraft carrier Variable-sweep wing or "swing wings" that allow outstretched wings during low-speed flight (i.e., take-off and landing) and swept back wings for high-speed flight (including supersonic flight), such as in the F-111 Aardvark, the F-14 Tomcat, the Panavia Tornado, the MiG-23, the MiG-27 and the B-1B Lancer warplanes

See also
Flight Natural world: Bird flight Flight feather Flying and gliding animals Insect flight List of soaring birds Samara (winged seeds of trees) Aviation: FanWing and Flettner airplane (experimental wing types) Kite types Ornithopter - Flapping-wing aircraft (research prototypes, simple toys and models) Otto Lilienthal Planform Wing configuration Wing suit Sailing: Sails Forces on sails

References
1. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary" (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=wing). Etymonline.com. Retrieved

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing

2012-04-25. 2. ^ "Swimming" (http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Swimming.html). Stanford.edu. Retrieved 2012-04-25. 3. ^ ">"Navier-Stokes Equations" (http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/nseqs.html). Grc.nasa.gov. 2012-04-16. Retrieved 2012-04-25. 4. ^ "...the effect of the wing is to give the air stream a downward velocity component. The reaction force of the deflected air mass must then act on the wing to give it an equal and opposite upward component." In: Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert, Fundamentals of Physics 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, p. 378 5. ^ "If the body is shaped, moved, or inclined in such a way as to produce a net deflection or turning of the flow, the local velocity is changed in magnitude, direction, or both. Changing the velocity creates a net force on the body" "Lift from Flow Turning" (http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/right2.html). NASA Glenn Research Center. Retrieved 2011-06-29. 6. ^ "The cause of the aerodynamic lifting force is the downward acceleration of air by the airfoil..." Weltner, Klaus; Ingelman-Sundberg, Martin, Physics of Flight - reviewed (http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~weltner/Flight/PHYSIC4.htm) 7. ^ http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/wrong1.html 8. ^ E. V. Laitone, Wind tunnel tests of wings at Reynolds numbers below 70 000, Experiments in Fluids 23, 405 (1997). doi:10.1007/s003480050128 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003480050128) 9. ^ "...consider a sail that is nothing but a vertical wing (generating side-force to propel a yacht). ...it is obvious that the distance between the stagnation point and the trailing edge is more or less the same on both sides. This becomes exactly true in the absence of a mastand clearly the presence of the mast is of no consequence in the generation of lift. Thus, the generation of lift does not require different distances around the upper and lower surfaces. " Holger Babinsky How do Wings Work? Physics Education November 2003, PDF (http://iopscience.iop.org /0031-9120/38/6/001/pdf/pe3_6_001.pdf) 10. ^ John D. Anderson, Jr. Introduction to Flight 4th ed page 271. 11. ^ Supercritical wings have a flat-on-top "upside down" look. NASA Dryden Flight Research Center http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-13-DFRC.html

External links
How Wings Work - Holger Babinsky Physics Education 2003 (http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0031-9120 /38/6/001/pe3_6_001.pdf) How Airplanes Fly: A Physical Description of Lift (http://www.aviation-history.com/theory/lift.htm) Demystifying the Science of Flight (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3875411) Audio segment on NPRs Talk of the Nation Science Friday NASAs explanations and simulations (http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/short.html) Flight of the StyroHawk wing (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4E6M2VGQyk) See How It Flies (http://www.av8n.com/how/htm/airfoils.html) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wing&oldid=596582378" Categories: Aerodynamics Aerospace engineering Aircraft wing components Bird anatomy Bird flight This page was last modified on 22 February 2014 at 03:03. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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