Cibulka Presentation PDF

Mitigating the Impacts of Electric Transmission Lines
presented to:
The UC Center Sacramento Sacramento, CA

November 1, 2012
by:
Lloyd Cibulka Electric Grid Research

This presentation is based in part on work sponsored by the California Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program administered by the California Energy Commission; it does not necessarily represent the views of, nor has it been approved or disapproved by, the Energy Commission.
Background
Transmission lines in California (and elsewhere) are becoming increasingly constrained, while load continues to grow. Californias RPS goals will put added demands on the existing transmission system, and will almost certainly require new lines and corridors. Transmission lines are difficult to site and permit, and the process can take 810 years, far longer than it takes for renewable generation to be ready. Public opposition to lines tends to focus on their visual and environmental impacts.
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Impacts of Transmission Lines

Physical Right of way (ROW) requirements, construction, etc. Pollution Ozone, heat, RFI, corona Electric and magnetic fields Hazards to humans and wildlife Visual
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Objectives and Benefits of Using New Transmission Technologies

Increase power-carrying capacity within existing (constrained) ROWs. Reduce/minimize impacts of transmission lines: environmental, visual, footprint, etc. Maximize the use of valuable corridors and transmission assets. Facilitate the siting and permitting processes for both new lines and upgrades.
while maintaining system reliability and keeping additional costs to a minimum.
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Candidate Transmission Technologies

Re-rating (static) Real-time (dynamic) rating Sagging Line Mitigator (SLiM) Reconductoring Bundled conductors Single-circuit to double-circuit conversion High-temperature, low-sag conductors Compact lines Voltage uprating Advanced and creative towers & conductors High phase order design Underground cables (AC) HVDC (conventional) HVDC (new VSC-based) Superconducting cables
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Cost & Complexity

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Re-rating of Transmission Lines

Re-evaluate line rating assumptions to determine new static rating: ambient temperature, wind speed, solar insolation, emissivity of conductor, line clearance, etc., according to acceptable level of overloading risk. The static rating of a transmission line is defined as the maximum sustained current the line can carry and not exceed its limiting temperature or violate its minimum clearance, under the assumed limiting environmental conditions. IEEE Standard 738 provides recommended procedures and default parameters for performing line rating calculations.
Static Rating of Transmission Lines
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Re-rating of T/Ls: Pros and Cons

Pro: capacity increase ~2530% over static rating with minimal increase of risk can be used for both continuous and emergency (contingency) situations no modifications to ROW required least expensive option (no hardware upgrades or monitoring systems) no additional operating requirements no additional visual impacts Con: need environmental studies or other analyses to support new assumptions some physical work may be needed: splice replacement, re-tensioning, clearance assessment, relay/transformer/CB upgrades, etc. slight increase in line losses possible slight increase in line overloading risk possible reduction in conductor life increase in EMFs, RFI, corona
Re-rating of T/Ls: Other Constraints

Loading limits on adjacent lines Stability constraints: transient (disturbances), dynamic (low-level oscillations, etc.), N1 limitations (RAS & SPS) Voltage profile Maintenance and age (loss-of-life) issues
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Dynamic Rating of Transmission Lines

Use of real-time line and ambient environmental data to produce line ratings closer to actual thermal and clearance limits than static ratings. Also called real-time rating.
Graphic courtesy of The Valley Group 11 2012 UC/CIEE uc-ciee.org
Dynamic Rating of T/Ls: Pros and Cons

Pro: capacity increase up to 100%, depending on conditions and time frame enables contingency (emergency) management: takes advantage of shortterm overload capability of the conductor if on-line monitors are used, some (very minimal) visual impacts Con: may require meteorological or on-line monitors: cost & maintenance issues, communications, etc. relay upgrade/re-calibration increased transformer loading increased line losses increased overloading risk reduced conductor life increased EMFs, RFI, corona implementation problematic with MRTU
Dynamic Rating of Transmission Lines
Schematic Showing Two Possible Attachment Locations For Conductor Ground Clearance/Sag Monitoring Sensors
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SLiM (Sagging Line Mitigator)*

A device that uses a reverse-temperature tensioning material to increase transmission line tension, and hence ground clearance and ampacity, with increased current (and power).
Photo: Material Integrity Solutions, Inc.
*Developed with support from the California Energy Commission PIER Program.
Reconductoring of T/Ls
Replace existing conductors with ones of greater size and current-carrying capacity.
Pro: capacity increase ~2X or more in same ROW no tower mods needed least expensive hardware option (~$200K/mi for conductors) reduced line losses minimal additional visual impacts
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Graphic courtesy of 3M Corp.
Con: some line hardware costs: new clamps, connectors, etc. relaying system upgrades &/or re-calibration transformer replacement (?)
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Bundling Conductors
Add another conductor to an existing conductor (1 or more per phase).
A B C A B C
Pro: capacity increase ~200% or more in same ROW may be able to use existing insulators and crossarms; if so, costs are similar to reconductoring increase in visual impacts is not great
Con: relay upgrade/re-calibration transformer replacement or addition possible insulator, tower & crossarm upgrades new hardware: clamps, connectors, spacers increase in EMFs, RFI, and corona
High-Temperature, Low-Sag Conductors

Conductors in which the inner core material carries all the tension, and the aluminum wires carry almost all the current. Consequently, the conductor can carry more current while sagging less at higher operating temperatures.
Developed with support from the California Energy Commission PIER Program.
High-Temperature, Low-Sag Conductors
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High-Temperature, Low-Sag Conductors: Pros and Cons

Pro: capacity increase of 2X5X on existing structures and ROWs appearance almost identical to conventional conductors minimal upgrades to towers, crossarms or other hardware installation techniques very similar to conventional conductors Con: conductors about 5X more costly per foot than ACSR (but can be used for limited lengths critical spans) protection systems will need upgrade/re-calibration splices need special attention increased transformer & adjacent circuit loading increased line losses (%) increased EMFs
Compact Transmission Lines

More or less conventional lattice-tower design, but with reduced spacing between conductors. Typically accomplished with tighter tensioning on more and closer towers, and high-dielectric insulators. Pro: smaller ROWs for reduced visual impacts existing towers, conductors and insulators can sometimes be used as is Con: may require new insulators and line hardware, e.g., spacers, crossarms, etc. maintenance more difficult and expensive, with possible safety implications somewhat increased capacitive effects
Single-Circuit to Double-Circuit Line Conversion

Rebuild towers to put two circuits in the same space as one line.
Conventional Single Circuit Structure

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Conventional Double Circuit Structure

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Single-Circuit to Double-Circuit Line Conversion: Pros and Cons

Pro: capacity increase ~200% or more in same ROW EMFs can be lower with proper phasing configuration Con: relay upgrade/recalibration transformer addition significant costs for tower upgrades and hardware higher visual impacts, RFI, corona increased maintenance costs
Voltage Uprating
Convert the transmission line from the existing voltage level to a new, higher voltage level, e.g., from 115 kV to 230 kV. Pro: increases capacity by the ratio Vnew/Vold existing towers, conductors and insulators can sometimes be used as is decreased losses voltage levels up to 1100 kV in use today
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Con: may require new insulators and line hardware transformer replacement required additional visual impacts reactive compensation an important factor, increases costs
High Phase Order Design

Three conventional phases plus three additional phases spaced 60 degrees (electrically) between the original phases, in a compact tower arrangement.
Pro: capacity increase ~2X4X (over single-circuit line) feasibility proven at NYSEG in 1997 cost-effective at longer distances Con: little actual experience with this design in US expensive tower design conductor spacers or limited span lengths required maintenance issues due to tight clearances between phases special phase-shifting transformers required at substations
Photo: Siemens Corp. and NYSEG
High Phase Order Design: Spacing

B
Original 3 Phases: A-B-C 120 apart f = 60 Hz New 3 Phases @ 60: A'-B' -C'
C'
Phase-to-Phase Spacing (New)
A'
A
Phase-to-Phase Spacing (Original)
C
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B'
Underground Cables (AC)
High-pressure gas or oil filled pipe-type cable system [ ]. Pro: visual impacts are zero less susceptible to damage EMFs lower than O/H from storms lines lower risk of sparking fires generally more no hazard to wildlife, acceptable in urban and especially migratory birds congested areas
Underground Cables (AC)
Con: costs are typically 5X10X that for overhead lines construction is difficult, costly and has environmental impacts maintenance & corrosion issues thermal considerations limit operation
Solid dielectric cable system [ ].
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outages generally more difficult and expensive to repair potential leakage of SF6 gas or oil expensive to upgrade lengths limited to ~40 miles due to capacitance effects splices are a maintenance and reliability issue
High Voltage DC Lines

A transmission line with high-power thyristor-based AC/DC converters at the terminals.
Conventional Single-Circuit Overhead AC Structure

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Conventional Overhead HVDC Structure

HVDC Lines: Pros and Cons

Pro: need only one conductor, with earth return, to transmit power can achieve at least 2X-3X the power density as AC in the same size ROW lower costs than AC for distances over ~400 miles no AC no EMFs lower line losses better control of power flow no practical limit on line length can use U/G cables as well as O/H lines
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Con: high costs of converter equipment need lots of substation space for converters need lots of reactive support in the form of filter capacitors more expensive than O/H AC for distances under ~400 miles (but the economics are getting better)
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Conversion of AC Line to DC
A 3-phase AC line can be converted to two HVDC lines with a metallic return, or three HVDC lines with earth return, without modifying the towers, insulators or conductors. Only the terminal equipment changes: AC/DC converters replace the transformers.
Pro: typically ~3X-5X increase in corridor capacity is feasible, over single-circuit AC no EMFs no change in visual impacts increased control of power flow no limit on line length
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Con: high costs of converter equipment increased footprint of substation additional reactive support required at the converters (substations)
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VSC-based HVDC
An HVDC technology using voltage-source converter (VSC) power electronics instead of line-commutated high-power thyristors.
Pro: all the benefits of conventional HVDC, but with lower costs and reactive requirements can use existing AC lines for conversions can use solid-dielectric, directburied or submarine cables, with lower environmental impacts 4-quadrant operation for enhanced control of power flow cables can easily be directburied under existing AC lines or in other ROWs (highway medians, railroads, etc.)
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Con: at present, voltage limited to 300 kV, power to ~500 MW per circuit fairly new technology with relatively positive, albeit limited, operating experience still relatively expensive, compared to conventional overhead AC
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HVDC Lines in Highways
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HVDC Lines in Electric Rail ROWs
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High-Temperature Superconducting Cables

Transmission cables constructed of second-generation (2G) superconducting wire in a liquid nitrogen bath.
Pro: ~10X the power capacity of much larger conventional cable systems no EMFs, even with AC operation zero losses, except for cryogenics niche market applications being demonstrated today
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Con: very expensive at present still a developing technology limited to runs of < 1 mile splices are very tricky for longer runs cryogenics improvements needed
Tower Structures
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Blending In
Shiny vs. weathered conductors; lattice vs. pole; bare metal pole vs. painted.
Topographic Background Integration
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Foreground Landscape Screening
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Landscape Background Integration
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Big & Bold Designs
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Anti-Camouflage Tower
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Other Creative Tower Designs
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Towers That Look Like Us
Choi + Shine Design for Iceland Design Competition

Towers That Look Like Us
Choi + Shine Design for Iceland Design Competition

Questions?
Lloyd Cibulka California Institute for Energy & Environment Electric Grid Research 510-290-3875 Lloyd.Cibulka@uc-ciee.org
SAIC

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Mitigating the Impacts of Electric Transmission Lines

The UC Center Sacramento Sacramento, CA

Lloyd Cibulka Electric Grid Research

Impacts of Transmission Lines

Objectives and Benefits of Using New Transmission Technologies

Candidate Transmission Technologies

Cost & Complexity

Re-rating of Transmission Lines

Static Rating of Transmission Lines

Re-rating of T/Ls: Pros and Cons

Re-rating of T/Ls: Other Constraints

Dynamic Rating of Transmission Lines

Graphic courtesy of The Valley Group 11 2012 UC/CIEE uc-ciee.org

Dynamic Rating of T/Ls: Pros and Cons

Dynamic Rating of Transmission Lines

SLiM (Sagging Line Mitigator)*

Photo: Material Integrity Solutions, Inc.

Graphic courtesy of 3M Corp.

High-Temperature, Low-Sag Conductors

High-Temperature, Low-Sag Conductors

High-Temperature, Low-Sag Conductors: Pros and Cons

Compact Transmission Lines

Single-Circuit to Double-Circuit Line Conversion

Conventional Single Circuit Structure

Conventional Double Circuit Structure

Single-Circuit to Double-Circuit Line Conversion: Pros and Cons

High Phase Order Design

Photo: Siemens Corp. and NYSEG

High Phase Order Design: Spacing

Underground Cables (AC)

Underground Cables (AC)

Solid dielectric cable system [ ].

High Voltage DC Lines

Conventional Single-Circuit Overhead AC Structure

Conventional Overhead HVDC Structure

HVDC Lines: Pros and Cons

HVDC Lines in Highways

HVDC Lines in Electric Rail ROWs

High-Temperature Superconducting Cables

Topographic Background Integration

Foreground Landscape Screening

Landscape Background Integration

Big & Bold Designs

Other Creative Tower Designs

Towers That Look Like Us

Choi + Shine Design for Iceland Design Competition

Towers That Look Like Us

Choi + Shine Design for Iceland Design Competition

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