NIGER DELTA UNIVERSITY WILBERFORCE ISLAND BAYELSA STATE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

A PROJECT ON SCISSOR LIFT DESIGN FOR USE IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PRESENTED BY MACAULAY OLETU STANLEY UG/07/0898

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.Engr.) DEGREE.

SUPERVISOR: Engr. Dr. E.M. ADIGIO AUGUST 2012

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CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project work was carried out and successfully completed by MACAULAY OLETU STANLEY of the department of mechanical engineering, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa state, during the 2011/2012 Academic session.

Sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Engr. Dr. E.M. ADIGIO project supervisor

. . . . .25/08/2012 . . . . . Date

Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Engr. Dr. E.M. ADIGIO Head of Department

. . . . . 25/08/2012. . . . Date

Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prof. C. J. IGBEKA Dean, Faculty of Engineering

. ..................... Date

Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Name of External Examiner

................... Date

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DEDICATION
This project work is dedicated to all Nigerian Student who are working endlessly to make the Nation Great, and also not forgetting all Nigeria youths who are willing to be educated but does not have the opportunity to go to school. This work is also dedicated to my parents, my uncles whose financial help, prayers, love and care, has been a source of encouragement all this years. And above all to God almighty.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am indeed grateful to God Almighty for his grace and enduring mercies, guidance, protection, favour throughout this programme. I also express my gratitude to my project supervisor, Dr. E. M. Adigio for his support and word of encouragement to me in course of my research. I also wish to express my gratitude to all the lecturers of the department of mechanical engineering who took me one course or the other in course of my training, Dr. E.M. Adigio, Prof. L.A. Salami, Prof. O.O. Oyeameobi, Dr. E.E. Jumbo, Dr. Charles, Dr. OkahAvae, Engr. N.A. Yousuo, Engr. M.G. Anomeidei, Engr. A.R.S. Dienagha, Mr. P.Y. Olisa, Mr. Eremasi, Mr.Amakiri, Mr. ThankGod, Ms. Amos, and many others too numerous to mention who have imparted me in one way or the other, may God almighty bless you all. I also acknowledge my parent Mr. and Mrs. MACAULAY OKOLOSI for their prayer and support. Also to all my friends,; Ikue Hope, Eviano Felix, Afriki Preye, Uwazor Moses, Akpekpe Jirius, William Kenneth, Pena Blaise, my roommate; Michael Obaro, and to all my entire course mate and others too numerous to mention.

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CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION ........................................................................................................................................ i DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.0 1.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 PROBLEM STATEMENT .............................................................................................................. 2 1.1.1 PROPOSED SOLUTION .......................................................................................................... 2 1.2 CHALLENGES/DEFICIENCY FACED WITH THE USE OF VARIOUS LIFTING PLATFORM ................................................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.1 HYDRAULIC LIFTING PLATFORM: .................................................................................... 3 1.2 2 ELECTRIC LIFTING PLATFORM .......................................................................................... 5 1.2.3 PNEUMATIC SYSTEM/AIRBAG .......................................................................................... 6 1.2.4 SCISSOR LIFT................................................................................................................................. 6 1.3 AIMS/OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................................................... 8 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 LIMITING DEFLECTION IN SCISSOR LIFT ............................................................................ 11 2.3 SUMMARY OF DEFLECTION ........................................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................... 14 3.0 METHODOLOGY, DESIGN ANALYSIS .......................................................................................14 3.1 CONCEPT SELECTION ....................................................................................................................14 3.1.1 LIFT FRAME ................................................................................................................................14 3.1.2 SCREW SELECTION ..................................................................................................................14 3.1.3 BEARING SELECTION .............................................................................................................. 14 3.1.4 LOCKING WHEEL .....................................................................................................................15 3.1.5 SYSTEM ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................15 3.1.6 FRAME ......................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 SCISSOR LIFT FRAME EQUATION...............................................................................................17 3.2.1 EQUATION OF THE SCISSOR LIFT FRAME ........................................................................ 18 v

3.2.2 EQUATION FOR THE POWER SCREW DESIGN ................................................................24 3.2.3 NUT DESIGN ..............................................................................................................................27 3.2.4 BEARING SELECTION .............................................................................................................. 28 3.2.5 SCREW SHAFT STRESS............................................................................................................. 28 3.2.5.1 CRITICAL LOCATIONS ..................................................................................................... 28 3.2.5.2 FATIQUE FAILURE OF THE SHAFT ...............................................................................29 3.3 WHEELS .............................................................................................................................................. 29 CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................................................... 31 4.0 INPUT SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................................................................31 4.1 STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY OF THE SYSTEM ........................................................................... 36 4.2 RESULT AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 5 .............................................................................................................................................. 39 5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................. 39 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 41 APPENDIX ....................................................................................................................................................43 DRAWINGS ..................................................................................................................................................43

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CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION

According to Tredgold (1827), engineering is the act of directing the great source of power in nature for the use and convenience of man. Engineers, like artist start with blank sheet of paper on which ideas develop and take conceptualized shapes. In the ancient time, man applied engineering knowledge to reduce difficult and complex task to easy and simplified task. Before the invention of weight lifting device such as screw jack, hydraulic jack, crane, etc., the early man apply a crude way of lifting objects to great heights through the use of ropes and rollers, which was mostly applied in the construction industry, where, it was used to raise mortar (cement, sand & water). After the industrial revolution, with the advent of automobile, the automotive industry was also faced with the challenge of load lifting, because of the bulkiness of some automotive parts. The automotive industry deals with various components made of metal, rubber, ceramics, etc., assembled mechanically to move people and goods from one place to the other. Because of the interface between the automobile and human lives, there is need for standardization of its component parts to improve its performance and efficiency and to reduce failure. For this reason care has to be taken during production and assembly of its component parts. Many tools and equipment used in the automotive industry are designed to help the personnel working in a production facility. Other tools are produced to help the operators of the machine. Such

tools include the lifting device, generally called jack. This report presents the study of a scissors lift for the automotive industry.

1.1

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Automotive parts are mostly made of metal, which is a major reason for its large weight, and as such requires devices of lifting and displacement of same. In an automobile production and assembly facility, components have to be raised to certain heights which could be more convenient to the personnel working on it. When such device is not available workers are often forced to bend from the waist to access the components which can lead to strains and major discomforts or even serious injuries that could affect productivity Consequently, an assembly table that will be adjustable will be required for use in the automotive industry to improve the efficiency of personnel working in a production or assembly facility. In order to do this, a mechanism is recommended to be incorporated into a table platform where the height is adjustable. 1.1.1 PROPOSED SOLUTION In recent years, various platforms or devices with various means of application have been produced for use in the automotive industry. The automotive industry have also experience the influx of various lifting platform, some of which are;

Electrically operated lifting device which is operated by the turning effect of electric motor to drive the gear which will eventually turn a screw shaft to raise or lower load.

Hydraulic operated lifting platform which utilize the pressure power developed from hydraulic oil to raise or lower a load.

Pneumatic lifting device which make use of air to create pressure or vacuum to raise or lower load.

Recent research also shows the use of air bag for raising or lowering load. (Michael Adel, PE (2008): Understanding Scissors Lift Deflection).

All this lifting devices have contributed greatly to the advancement recently being experienced in the automotive industry, but most of them are still faced with various challenges. This report presents a scissors mechanism with a table platform that will be horizontal at every level. The proposed mechanism is a double scissors for stability.

1.2

CHALLENGES/DEFICIENCY FACED WITH THE USE OF VARIOUS LIFTING PLATFORM

1.2.1 HYDRAULIC LIFTING PLATFORM: The hydraulic lift makes use of fluid pressure to produce smooth movement during lifting. It has some benefits when compared to other lifting device; firstly, its dependency on power supply is eliminated. Secondly, it allows smooth movement without jerking due to steady increase in fluid pressure, majority of lift platform in market make use of hydraulic. Above all it has a high capacity in terms of load lifting.
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In conclusion, hydraulic lifts are heavier because of the amount of fluid in circulation in the system, in extreme cold conditions, the fluid can falter or get frozen which might leads to leakage in hydraulic lines or pipes. The challenges of this system are; a) It is not economical to the common technician or artesian. b) It requires trained personnel to operate it. c) Since it make use of oil, it require a temperature range for it proper storage. d) It is very difficult to move from place to place due to its complex design. e) Studies have shown that hydraulic lift that operates on two cylinders at most time experience delay in one of the cylinder to actuate due to poor cross feeding between cylinders. f) Sometime debris from improperly preserved oil block oil tubes and at times disrupts proper functioning of the system. g) There is always problem of valve failure. h) Hydraulic system requires too many accessories to function efficiently. i) There is risk of slipping while working with hydraulic system, due to leakage that might emanate from the system. j) Hydraulic system is not flexible for usage because its component parts are not fully attach as a whole. k) There is frequent problem of seal leakage. l) Aging problem of oil leads to failure in valves and shorter life of pumps. m) There is problem of accumulation of debris in oil tank.

1.2 2 ELECTRIC LIFTING PLATFORM These lift devices make use of electromagnetic power to raise or lower through the use of electric motor. The device could be very expensive and there is high probability of jerking during startup of the device through the torque created by the electric motor. The device could be put to stand still during electricity/power outage, and there is potential of electrocution when electric cables are exposed. The challenges of this system are; a) Due to frequent raising and lowering of the lift, there is possibility of snapping in the electric cable which could lead to exposure of the cable and could lead to electrocution. b) It requires other accessories to be operated. c) Electric lift cannot be used where the electric power is fluctuation. d) It requires trained personnel to operate it successfully. e) It requires regular maintenance. f) The electrical control unit must not be exposed to water or higher temperature. g) Electrically operated solenoid valve could easily get damage during operation with irregular voltage supply. h) Over heating in electrical coil could damage the system. i) Fuses easily blow-out when they are used as safety device. j) Dirt in electrical system could also lead to malfunctioning of the system. k) It is expensive to acquire.

1.2.3 PNEUMATIC SYSTEM/AIRBAG This device also operates like the hydraulic device, but it acquires its driving force/pressure from the air. Testimonies from operators of this device show that the failure rate of the device is very high due to frequent air leakage during operation as a result of failure in valves. The challenges of this system are; a) There is high risk of air leakage. b) Pneumatic systems are frequent with valve leakage. c) The air bag is not flexible during usage. 1.2.4 SCISSOR LIFT A scissor lift is a device used for lifting purposes, its objectives is to make the table adjustable to desirable height. A scissor lift provide the most economic dependable and versatile methods of lifting loads, it has few moving parts, which may only require lubrication. This lift table raises the load smoothly to any desired height. The scissor lift can be used in combination with any of the previously mentioned application, i.e. hydraulic, pneumatic or electrical. In order to reduce the inadequacies of the devices mentioned above, a scissors mechanism is proposed. This mechanism is incorporated with a power screw and the top of the scissors is attached a table platform. This device will make use of the power generated from a power screw to raise or lower a platform manually.

1.3

AIMS/OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to design a scissors lifting device that can be used in the automobile sector. The design conditions are to meet the following specifications; a) The device is limited to an average load of 280 kg b) The device will have a maximum lift of 150 cm c) This objective is desirable to be achieved through the rotation of the screw to raise or lower the scissor platform. d) The system must be operated on a flat surface.

CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

A lifting device is a system that allows small force (effort) to overcome a large force or load (Alexander et al, 1978, Smith, 1981, Nelkon, 1985). There are practically hundreds of uses for lift tables in manufacturing, warehousing and distribution facilities. The addition of this device (lift table) makes job faster, safer and easier. Some typical applications include; machine feeding and off-loading, product assembly, inspection quality control repair, feeding and offloading conveyor levels. The commonest method for operating a scissors lift is the use of a power screw. According to Allens et al, (1980) power screws are devices that provide means for obtaining large mechanical advantage. Other researchers (Jain, 1988, Shigley and Mischke, 2001) define the power screw as a device used in converting rotary motion into uniform longitudinal motion The manually operated scissor lift is a device that makes use of a horizontally placed power screw to overcome large load through less effort applied on the power screw, by turning the power screw with the aid of a ratchet handle on one side of the device. The device is capable of lifting an average load with little effort applied. One of the most important factors of lift platform is its stability. Knowing that stability is a source of concern for a lift platform, its positioning should be on a flat surface and the load should be place or concentrated at the centre of gravity of the table. Other constraint to be considered is the deflection of the unit. Deflection in scissor lift can be
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defined as the resulting change in elevation of all parts of a scissor lift assembly, typically measured from the floor to the top of the platform deck, whenever load is applied to or removed from the lift (Michael-Adel, 2008). The ANSI MH29.1 safety requirement for industrial scissor lifts states that All industrial scissor lift will deflect under load. The industry standard goes on to outline the maximum allowable deflection base on platform size and number of scissor mechanism within the lift design (WBC Standards, 1989). Scissor lift deflection becomes more critical in material handling applications where the lift must interface with adjoining, fixed elevations, especially when transferring rolling load. In these cases, it is important that any difference in elevation between adjoining surfaces during material transfer be minimize or if not totally eliminated. Before attempting to discuss how to limit scissor lift deflection, it is important to understand the contributing factors to a lift total deflection. An open or raised scissor acts very much like a spring would apply a load and it compresses, remove a load and it expands. Such component within the scissor lift has the potential to store or release energy when loaded and unloaded (and therefore deflects). There are applicationspecific characteristics that may promote deflection, understanding these root causes helps to pin-point and apply effective measures to limit them

(www.autoquip.com2011). Leg deflection due to bending is as a result of stress which is driven by the total weight supported by the legs, scissor leg length, and available leg cross section. The longer the
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scissors leg length, the more difficult it is to control the bending under load (www.autoquip.com). Other important component is the platform structure. Platform bending will increase as the load centre of gravity move away from the centre (unevenly distributed load) or at an edge (eccentric loading) of the platform. Also as the scissor open during rising of the lift, the rollers could roll back towards the platform hinges and create an increasingly unsupported overhung portion of the platform assembly. Increase platform strength via increase support structure material height does improve resistance to deflection, but also contributes to an increase collapsed height of the lift (www.autoquip.com). The lift base frame is usually placed on the floor and may not experience deflection. For cases where the scissor lift is mounted to an elevated or portable frame, the potential for deflection increases. To effectively resist deflection, the base frame must be rigidly supported from beneath to support the point loading created by the two scissor leg hinges(www.autoquip.com ). Scissors lifts are assembled with pins at all the hinge points and each pin has a running clearance the outer diameter of the pin and the inner diameter of its clearance hole or bushing. The more scissor pairs or pantographs, that are stack on top of each other, the more pinned connections there are to accommodate movement, or deflection, when compressing these running clearances under load.

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Load placement also plays a large role in scissor lift deflection. Off-centre load causes the scissor lift to deflect differently than with centre or evenly distributed loads. End load (in line with the scissor) are usually share well between the two scissor leg pairs. Side load (perpendicular to the scissor) however are not share as well between the scissor legs pairs, and must kept within acceptable design limits to prevent leg twist(unequal scissor leg deflection)which in addition to platform movement due to deflection, often result in poor roller tracking, unequal axle pin wear, and misalignment of cylinder mounts (www.autoquip.com). As mention above, degree of deflection is directly related to change in system pressure and change in component stress as a result of loading and unloading. Scissor lift typically experiences their highest system pressure and highest stress (and therefore the highest potential for deflection) with the first 20% of the total available vertical travel from the fully lowered position (www.autoquip.com). 2.1 LIMITING DEFLECTION IN SCISSOR LIFT Selecting a lift with design capacity greater than required for the application; most scissor lift design for duty at higher capacities will experience less stress in all structural components as well as lower system pressures, at lower, working capacities. Reduced stresses and pressure always result in reduced deflection. Avoid transfer of load within the first 20% of lift travel: To minimize stress and deflection, at transfer elevations, it is critical to design the conveyor or transfer system

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to ensure that these elevations are above the scissor lifts critical zone of the first 20% of the lift available travel. Transfer load over fixed end of the lift platform: First if possible, load should not be transfer over the sides of a raised scissor lift is much more difficult to control deflection when the load is not shared equally between the two scissor legs pairs. Load transfer should be made over the hinge or fixed end of the lift platform to avoid placing concentrated load on the less supported, over hung end of the platform, provided the platform is equipped with trapped roller or is otherwise capable of withstanding this edge loading without risk of platform tipping up or losing contact with the rollers. Ensure that the based frame is lagged down and fully supported: First, base frame should be adequately attached to the surface on which they are mounted. Base frame that are not bolted, welded or otherwise attached to withstand the upward force created by the eccentric loading of the platform will contribute to deflection by bending or moving while resisting such forces. Bases must also be rigidly supported beneath the entire perimeter of the frame in order to withstand without deflection on the four point loads imposed upon the frame from above by the four scissor-legs. Two moving roller and two fixed hinge points.

2.3 SUMMARY OF DEFLECTION

Although, there are few literatures on the design of scissors lift, this chapter has highlighted the features and constraints in the design and fabrication of a prototype
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unit. ANSI MH29.1 accurately points out that it is the responsibility of the user/purchaser to advise the manufacturer where deflection may be critical to the application. It has been noted that there are industrial best practices which can be applied to reduce the impact or amount of deflection being experienced.

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CHAPTER THREE 3.0 METHODOLOGY, DESIGN ANALYSIS

In this section all design concepts developed will be discussed and based on evaluation criteria and process developed followed by a design.

3.1 CONCEPT SELECTION

The design was selected from an already made product in the market with modification in various parts and section to further enhance the functionality of the design. 3.1.1 LIFT FRAME A scissor lift design was chosen because of its ergonomics as compared to other heavy lifting devices in the market. Scissor lift frame are very sturdy and strong with increase structural integrity. 3.1.2 SCREW SELECTION The horizontal spindle screw selection was selected from a variety of screw application, because of its important to the scissor lift, and after much consideration a final decision would be a square thread. 3.1.3 BEARING SELECTION The inclusion of a bearing is to reduce the effort required to turn the screw spindle, knowing that since the device is to be operated manually, it would not be an easy task

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turning the spindle to either raise or lower load on the platform. The bearing will be attached to one end of the spindle, while the other end will be attached to a handle. 3.1.4 LOCKING WHEEL A wheel is attached to the device to enable it to be movable from one place to the other, but a locking device would also be mounted for safety. With much attention on the above mentioned design considerations, the optimum aim is the manufacturability, functionality and the economic availability of the design, in general its ergonomic advantages. 3.1.5 SYSTEM ANALYSIS Mathematical model will be developed for all the components of the device and parts of the design to prove its performance in real sense. The system will be divided into the following for proper presentation of fact and figures to ease design effort: a) Frame b) Screw spindle c) Wheel 3.1.6 FRAME The frame is made up of the scissor arms which are acting as the support to the entire structure. A table bed platform will be at the top of the scissor link arm. Also a similar bed will be at the bottom of the frame to accommodate the scissor link mechanism when fully collapsed.
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Figure 3.1 shows a schematic drawing of a scissor frame with 2-tier and the forces. It has six possible ways of application of load, but for the scope of this study, only three of them will be discussed. The alphabet at any particular point is used to identify linear force but with a subscript to identify where the force is acting on. At each joint there is also six possible forces and moment, but only few will be taken into consideration because of the symmetry of various joint and parts of the structure, i.e. reaction forces at similar but opposite point will also be similar but might be of different direction when all conditions are met. M will stand for the moment about any point, while will be the weight inherent in the system (i.e. weight). Also W will be used to represent applied load i.e. , ,& in the X, Y, & Z directions.

Figure 3.1 A Schematic Drawing of a Scissors Lift Showing the Forces

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3.2 SCISSOR LIFT FRAME EQUATION

For a careful and proper calculation of the reacting force throughout the lift, it will be proper to begin at the top of the lift where a known magnitude of load is applied. Then using the principle of static equilibrium, reaction forces at the first level will be gotten. The forces at the top of the second level will also be known because it is equivalent to the reaction forces at the first tier, because they are equal and opposite forces. Also reaction forces at the bottom of the second tier can also be determined.

Figure 3.2 Schematic Drawing of Scissors Structure For easier calculations in order to reduce computations in the analysis, a number of assumptions were made. Calculations will be made without recourse to the weight or reaction force of the power screw spindle on the entire structure. It will also be assumed that all four joints at the bottom are pinned to the ground as in Figure 2. It will also be assumed that all frictional forces are negligible so that the principle of conservation of energy is applied so that power screw forces could be calculated directly. It is also assumed that at the top, the joint at either the front or the back are attached via roller, while the others via pins.
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3.2.1 EQUATION OF THE SCISSOR LIFT FRAME With various possible ways of loading; 1.) Load type 1: centered load in the negative y-direction(normal ,loading)

Figure 3.3 Schematic Drawing of Scissors Structure Showing Vertical Load Total load in the system will be the applied load plus the weight of the scissor lift. .. Total weight of the system in the negative Y-direction will be = + u 3.1

Since it is vertical and centered load, the reaction forces on the left side of the lift are identical to the right side. This implies that reaction forces are symmetrical about the yz plane. From Figure 3.4a below; , ,& = /4 = ; = 0, F =0.

The reaction forces from the first tier will be

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= 0.

3.2

Assuming that; 2 =
( )

; then

; where

=2

M=0

Figure 3.4 Schematic Drawing Showing Load Distributions

c d/2

Figure 3.5 Triangles of Forces

M = F .

cos +

sin +

cos

cos + =

sin (
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cos + I( ) sin )

cos

+ = tan (

= ).

sin (

).

= Let =

(Change in reaction force between the two tiers) , ,

= equal zero.

Since one part of the joint at the top is connected to a roller, 3.3 Solving for
(

,
)

=0, =

+ 3.4

In Summary

=
tan +

= .

= 0.

2 tan

= .

+ . 4

Load type 2; moment about the z-axis

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Figure 3.6 schematics of loading resulting in moment in z-direction

Figure 3.7 reacting forces due to moment in z-direction

Note; only the top joint that is connected with pin that will support load, the roller end will not support load in the x-direction. = cos (Force couple). = .

=0 (from fig 2b). cos + = . =0 cos =0 3.5

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+ =0 =

cos + Since = 0.

= 0.

cos +

sin

=0 + =0

3.6

= 0,

= 0. i.e.

The above equation shows that the forces at the 2nd tier are identical to the load at the 1st tier. this implies that reaction forces at 2nd level is the same as the 1st level and only the force at the 1st level need to be determined. Therefore the remaining equations are; =0 + =0

From figure 2c above = = 0. = = .

Summarily; = = = = = = = =

= 0,

=0

. . . =0
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Load type 3; moment about x-axis .

c
Figure 3.8 schematic of loading resulting in moment in x-direction and reacting forces in b and c above

Due to symmetry in the y-z plane,

Figure 1.7 schematic of loading resulting in moment in x-direction

Also since the applied has no z-component all reaction load in the z-direction are zero. I.e. the front half of the lift as in above in fig 3.8b. = 0. = .

= 0.

= 0.
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=0

Summarily; =0 = = =

The fourth type of loading would be moment in the y-axis, but this type of loading do not have applied load (I.e. at the top of the lift) so therefore it will not be considered since it is unrealistic. N.B: this type of loading is statistically indeterminate. 3.2.2 EQUATION FOR THE POWER SCREW DESIGN In power screw application, effort is applied at the mean radius of the screw by one revolution and the load is lifted axially by the pitch p of the thread, for a single start thread, = tan ( NB: root diameter screw= ). (Jindal U.C. 2010). , thread thickness at root t= , shearing area per thread in =

=0

, number of thread in nut supporting the load n=

The choice of square thread was necessary because loss of motion could be tolerated but cant be tolerated in trapezoidal or acme thread. (Version 2ME, IIT Kharagpur).

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The minor diameter can be obtained from the formula Where

= axial stress in the body of the screw due to load F. also the helix angle of the

(shigley, 2008).

thread could be estimated assuming the load is concentrated at a point as below.

Figure 3.9a schematic of a screw

Figure 3.9b schematic of square thread

tan

( )

(Allens et al 1980).

Where =helix angle of the thread in degree, n=number of engaged threads. P=pitch of the thread, =mean diameter of the screw spindle.
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Coefficient of friction in the screw spindle thread, tan =

(smith 1981).

Where =coefficient of friction, =friction angle in degree. Effort required to raise the load = tan( + ) = =

where = tan

Turning moment of the screw to raise the load NB: if

tan( + )

moment on the nut. But if < , the load will remain in position after removal of the effort. i.e. (self locking). The effort required to lower the load will be = tan( ). = tan( )

> , after removal of effort P, the load will come down without any rotational

While the turning moment required to lower the load Shear stress develop in the screw = = =

Shear area per thread in nut is = Shear stress develop in the nut

Bearing area per thread = (

Bearing stress develop in screw and nut

) = (2

=
(

)
)

Maximum principal stress developed in the screw

+ ( ) +

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BEARING STRESS DEVELOPED( = (shigley 2008).

Where

The principal stresses are found as follows:

=no of engaged thread.

= , = ,
(

+4
) (

(Stephens 1979)

Maximum shear stress;

) (

Where

= 0, { = 0,

= = 0.

(Shiglet & Mischke 2001)

3.2.3 NUT DESIGN

The main item in the design of the nut is the height; it depends on the bearing pressure between thread of the screw and nut (Jain 1988). Bearing pressure = , where n =number of thread in contact with nut. (Jain 1988).

The height of the nut h will be h= Therefore the shear stress = (Jain 1988).

in the thread of the nut can be obtained by the formula

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Where t is the thickness or width of the thread. 3.2.4 BEARING SELECTION The type of bearing suitable for this type of loading will be the single-row-deep-groove roller bearing. It is selected because of its increased load capacity when force is applied radially

Figure 3.10 ball bearings

3.2.5 SCREW SHAFT STRESS 3.2.5.1 CRITICAL LOCATIONS There will be no normal stress due to bending at one end of the screw shaft spindle because it is attached to a bearing (Shigley 2008).

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Axial stress is also neglected because of the attachment of bearing. So therefore, only bending and torsion stress will be considered. [ = , = , = , = = ]. (shigley, 2008) = alternating =bending

Where

= alternating bending stress, = mid range shear stress,

=mid range bending stress, = alternating bending stress,

shear stress,

moment for mid range, Where = 1+ (

=alternating bending torque, & =1+ (

=mid range torque.

3.2.5.2 FATIQUE FAILURE OF THE SHAFT

1),

1) From chart of notch-sensitivity for steel.

Since the bending and torsion will be steady due to the stress distribution along the shaft (ST. VENANT. principle) because of equal geometry along the screw pitch, the expression for a suitable diameter of the screw spindle to withstand fatigue failure will be

d={

[ (4

+3

] +

[4(

) + 3(

) ]}

3.3 WHEELS
Wheels are made up of mild steel having diameters of 150mm and shaft diameter of 25 mm. the wheels are chosen on the base on the design load criteria which can sustain the external load and well as the equipment load during transpiration in industrial line. The main function of using wheels for this equipment is that machine
29

can be moved from corner to the other corner of the industry premises as per the requirement to lift the load.

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 INPUT SPECIFICATIONS

Research carried out in the automobile industry reveals that one of the heaviest components of the automobile car is the car engine which is of average weight of 272 kg. By this factor, our control weight would be 280 kg for safer design of the scissor lift table platform for assembly purposes in the auto industry.
5cm 20cm 5cm

75cm

140cm

cm
75cm

Figure 4.1: schematics of scissor lift specification

31

Table 4.1 Input specifications S/N 1 2 3 4 5 COMPONENT Max allowable load Inherent weight in the system Length of each scissor arm Max. lift of the platform Table platform dimensions L D symbols W Value 280 150 140 150 (150 90) 30 P N 6 1 Unit kg kg Cm Cm Cm

SCREW SPINDLE SPECIFICATION 6 7 8 Mean diameter of screw spindle Pitch of the thread No of engaged thread

Mm Mm

20cm

5cm

5cm

140cm
75cm

Figure 4.2: force resolution in lift mechanism

From fig 4.1,

32

= cos

=31

Reaction forces along the horizontal direction at the end of the first tier. = = = = + 2 tan = = 280 + 150 = 357.82 2 tan 31 = = 715.6

Horizontal force at the middle of the first tier = For load type 2, force couple = 215 , = , = = = =

= 215

= 2 cos = =

= 2 1.40 cos 31 215 = 516 cos =0 =2 =

516 = 430 1.4 cos 31

= 51.600

= 0,

= 0,

For loading type (3). = 0, = 0, =0& = 0.

Where b=80cm=0.8m, due to the symmetry of the system, =2 = 2 0.8 215 = 344 .

&

NB: The effort required to raise the load will be equivalent to the from the power screw. Given n=1, p=6, = 0.15( & ) {Design & system mechanical

handbook 2nd edition, Mc Graw hill 1985}

33

handbook 2nd edition, Mc Graw hill 1985} = = 33 = 30 = 0.03,

L=np=1 6 = 6,

= 33

, (normal series square thread) {Design & system mechanical

= (280 + 150) =

= 430 =
( .

= tan (
)

) = tan

= 33 6 = 27

= 3.643(

= 0.027

).

Axial stress = tan

= 608.32 , > )

Effort required to raise the load

= tan (0.15) = 8.53(

Effort required lowering the load

= 430

0.03 tan 12.173 = 1.39 2 = 2 tan( + )

tan( + )= 430tan( 3.643 + 8.53)=92.75N

tan( ) = 430 tan(8.53 3.643) =36.76N

Turning moment of the screw to raise the load

Turning moment of screw to lower the load = tan( ) = 430

.

tan 4.887 = 0.551 =

( )

Efficiency of the screw (square thread) = = =

.

design by Judal. U. C.)

= 0.295 = 29.5% (

< 50%,

.)

(machine

The effort required at the handle;

34

From

From above,

= 1.39

= ,

Effort required at the handle=

= 9.27 = =

= 150

= 0.15 .

, =

Shear stress developed in the screw

Shear stress developed in the screw = = = 1.69

= 1.69 =(

Bearing stress developed in the screw and nut

=1.521

= 1.52

= + + =

Maximum principal stress developed in the screw

.

+ (1.69)

= 0.76 + 1.85 = 2.16

= 2610

35

Table 4.2 Results

S/N

LOAD TYPE

QUANTITY Max. lift of scissor arm Vertical force at the end of first tier Horizontal force at the end of first tier Horizontal force at middle of first tier Vertical force at the end of first tier Horizontal force at the end of first tier Moment in the z-direction in 1st tier Vertical force at the end of first tier Horizontal force at the end of first tier Moment in the x-direction in 1st tier Effort required to raise the load Effort required to lower the load Turning moment of screw to raise the load Turning moment of screw to lower the load Efficiency of the screw Effort at the handle of the screw

SYMBOLS

VALUE 31 107.5 357.82 715.6 215 0 516 215 0 344 92.75 36.76 1.39 0.55 29.5 9.27

UNIT Degree N N N N N Nm N N Nm N N %

1 2

Load type 1

, ,

, , ,

Load type 2

, , ,

, , , ,

Load type 3

, ,

5 6 7 8 9 10

4.1 STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY OF THE SYSTEM

The reaction force for load type 1 & 2 are all in the x-y, and are symmetric in the x-y plane. Because of this a cross bracing is recommended between left and right side of the lift to increase rigidity of the system. Reaction force from load type 1 & 2 will completely unstressed cross
36

bracing in the left and right side of the system. It may be used for buckling purpose. While load type 3 have a reaction force that may stress cross bracing. In most application the scissor lift operate on a level ground. In this application is the most important significant load, although load type 2 and 3 may also be present if the load at the top of the lift is not centered. While for a sloping ground other loading type which is beyond my scope may be present. The type of load determines the type and the amount of cross-bracing required. Load type 1 & 2 do not stress cross bracing as is not too small but load type 3 affect cross bracing. Another thing that also

add to the rigidity of the lift members is the property of the screw and nut, such as the efficiency of the nut, e.g. self locking of the nut.

4.2 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Table 4.3 Cost analysis of project QUANTITY 12 4 1 5 1 1 2 2 4 2 Litres 2 3 COST (N) 2400 2000 9000 400 200 2, 500 1,650 2,650 1,200 2,400 1,500 500 700 600 6,500
37

S/N PARTICULARS 1 Pins 2 Rollers 3 Screw spindle 4 Bolt and nuts 5 Spindle nut 6 Steel plates (half sheet) 7 Flat bars 8 Square pipe 9 Angle iron 10 Tyres 11 Paints 12 cutting disc 13 Electordes 14 Blades PROCESSING 15 Fabrication and welding

16

Transport TOTAL

3,500 35,600

38

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

The design of a portable work platform elevated by the turning effect of a horizontal screw spindle was carried out successfully meeting the required design standards. The portable work platform is operated by turning a handle attached to the horizontal spindle. The scissor lift is only for average load, because the higher the load the higher the effort required. The screw operated scissor lift is simple in use and does not require much maintenance. For the present dimension we get a lift of 150cm, the scissor lift can lift a load of 280kg. The main constraint of this device is its high initial cost, but has a low operating cost. The shearing tool should be heat treated to have high strength. The device affords plenty of scope for modifications for further improvements and operational efficiency, which should make it commercially available and attractive. Hence, it should have a wide application in engineering industries and not just automotive industry alone. Thus, it is recommended for the engineering industry and for commercial production. RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended that the screw and thread should be lubricated frequently so as to reduce the amount of effort required to operate the system. This also reduces the amount of wear between the screw and the nut. It is also suggested that the spindle and

39

nut should not be exposed to moisture so that it would not be susceptible to corrosion thereby reducing its strength and toughness.

40

REFERENCES

Alexander j., Kaman P., Jack P., and David S. (1978), Physic for Engineering Technology. John Willey and Sons Inc USA. Allens H. R., Alfred R. H. and Herman G. L. (1980): Theory and Problems of Machine Design. Schaums Outline Series. McGraw Hill Book Company ASTM F-1166, (2007) Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems Elevating work platform, retrieved online at www.Wikipedia, 21/04/2011. (Last accessed 15 July 2012). Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) (1870), Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. The Institution, pp 215 note 1. http://books.google.com/books?id=EwNRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA215. Retrieved 1 May 2012 Jain P. K. (1988): Machine/Mechanical Engineering Design Khanna Publishers. 5th Edition Jindal U.C. (2010). Machine Design Nelkon M. (1985): Principles of Physics. Collins International Textbook Dept. 8th Edition Shigley E. J. and Mischke R. C. (2001); Mechanical Engineering Design. McGraw Hill companies. Inc. New York, 6th Edition Shigleys Mechanical Engineering Design (2008). Design (2008). 8th Edition Richard G. B. and Nisbett J. K.

Smith K. (1981) Mechanical Engineering Principles. Vol. 1. Pitman Education Ltd.

41

Snook, Stover H., and Vincent M. Ciriello, (1991) "The Design of Manual Handling Tasks: Revised Tables of Maximum Acceptable Weights and Forces," Ergonomics, Volume 34, No. 9, Spackman H. M. (1989); NC Technical Document 1550 (Mathematical Analysis of Scissor Lifts) Stephens R. C. (1979): Strength of Material Theory and Examples. Edward Arnold publishers Ltd London. The NIOSH Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting (1981) Determining Acceptable Weights of Lift--Effective from March 1981 to July 1993-by Henry G. Wickes, Jr., P.E., CSP and Gary S. Nelson, Ph.D., CSP, Consultants Understanding Scissor Lift Deflection, retrieved online at www.Autoquip.com 21/04/2011 (Last accessed 15 July 2012). WCB Standards: A324 Forklift mounted work Platforms retrieved online 21/04/2011. (Last accessed 15 July 2012).

42

APPENDIX DRAWINGS

43

22

392

3 0

4 400 400

1 50 400

1 2

3
O

All dimensions in millimetres

0.05

Tolerance unless otherwise stated

400

2 1

Drawn by S. O. Macaulay

Course: B.Eng.

28/08/12

Niger Delta University

44

Bottom bed frame

Drawing No. BE100812

D E T A IL B
5,66
O

5 1
O 8

1 ,79 1 2

368

All dimensions in millimetres

Tolerance unless otherwise stated 0.05

D E T A ILA

Drawn by S. O. Macaulay

Course: B.Eng.

Niger Delta University

45

Screw Spindle

28/08/1 2

Drawing No. BE101812