Adrenal Gland

Inner part is called: Adrenal Medulla secretes catecholamines:Epinephrine: Large less dense granules Norepinephrine: Small very dense granules Dopamine: Un no!n cells "uter part is called: Adrenal #orte$ %ona Glomerulosa: %ona Fasciculata: %ona Reticularis: Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Se$ steroids

D #/, | #/0 ,. | # D

A )
)asic steroid nucleus ,. *cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus+ ,# D

,A )

A )
# /, steroid Glucocorticoid 1 Mineralocorticoid activity

# ,- steroid Mainly androgenic activity

Regulation of Glucocorticoid synthesis

#ircadian rhythm

Stress 2ypothalamus 3egulation o6 cortisol synthesis

Factors controlling ACTH release are: #32 5ree plasma cortisol Stress #ircadian rhythm

#32

&ituitary

A#42

5ree #"34IS"L

&rovided 'y Dr( Sandeep )hattacharya

LDL

&rotein inase

cAM&

Gs
Adenyl cyclase

A#42

#holesterol ester hydrolase Cholesterol Mitochondria #holesterol Desmolase Pregnenolone Endoplasmic 3eticulum
8 2ydro$y steroid dehyrogenase

A4&

,7 - hydro$ylase

Progesterone

,7 hydro$y pregnenolone
8 2ydro$y steroid dehyrogenase

/,- 2ydro$ylase

,7 2ydro$y progesterone /,--"2

,,-Deo$ycorticosterone ,,-Deo$y cortisol

Testosterone

Mitochondria Aldosterone synthase

,,-hydro$ylase Aromatase in circulation Estradiol

Cortisol

Aldosterone Mechanism o6 Synthesis o6 Steroid

&rovided 'y Dr( Sandeep )hattacharya

Mechanism of Action of Glucocorticoids: 2 Glucocorticoid hormone

#ell Nucleus

H"P
3eceptor

2
3eceptor

4ranscription &rotein synthesis

2
3eceptor

Gene

H"P

ACTI !"

F C RTI" #

E66ect o6 #ar'ohydrate meta'olism( 4he primary e66ect is Increased Gluconeogenesis$ 4his is achieved 'y: Increased en9yme synthesis 'y the increased transcription process(
&rovided 'y Dr( Sandeep )hattacharya

 Increased mo'ili9ation o6 amino acids 6rom muscle to liver 6or gluconeogenesis( Increased activity o6 Glucose : &hosphatase activity leading to increased conversion o6 Glucose : &hosphatase to Glucose *thus decreased glucose entry into cell+ 4his causes: Increased 'lood glucose level ;Glucocorticoid is Dia'etogenic< Increased liver glycogen stores E66ect on &rotein Meta'olism %Cata&olic' Decreased protein synthesis Increased protein 'rea do!n causing increased amino acid in 'lood 6or utili9ation in gluconeogenesis( E66ect on 5at Meta'olism #auses 'rea do!n o6 6at in adipose tissues 5ree 6atty acid in 'lood utili9ed 6or energy production( Increased 6at mo'ili9ation ta es place and deposition occurs in 4run and 6ace *Moon 5acies+( 3esponse to stress Increased secretion o6 glucocorticoid ta es place in stress= due to increased activity o6 the hypothalamic-pituitary a$is( "ther actions o6 Glucocorticoids: Anti-in6lammatory e66ect Sta'ili9ation o6 Lysosome Decreased capillary permea'ility Decreased &rostaglandins= Leucotrienes Decreased >)# migration 4- cell suppression Decreased Interleu ins Increased 3)# production= platelet and neutrophils Decreased Eosinophils and Lymphocyte *4 cell+ and )asophils( Increases Glomerular 6ilteration rate(

"TER I( TRA!"P RT #ortisol circulates the plasma as 5ree cortisol: ?@A is 6ree( &rotein 'ound cortisol: &lasma has t!o cortisol 'inding systems:o #ortisol 'inding glo'ulin*#)G+ or 4ranscortin *&roduced in LiverB increases in high estrogen states li e &regnancy= oral contraceptive+ o Al'umin

&rovided 'y Dr( Sandeep )hattacharya