LWT 40 (2007) 292299

www.elsevier.com/locate/lwt

Rheological properties of l!e err" p!ree for processi#g applicatio#s

$.%. &i#'oa( ). Ta#ga( ( ).R. *owers ( *.+. Ta,harc
a

-epartme#t of .ios"stems /#gi#eeri#g( Washi#gto# +tate 0#iversit"( *!llma#( W1 99234( 0+1 -epartme#t of 4oo' +cie#ce 5 6!ma# &!tritio#( Washi#gto# +tate 0#iversit"( *!llma#( W1 99234( 0+1 c -epartme#t of 1#imal 5 4oo' +cie#ces( Te7as Tech 0#iversit"( L! oc,( T8 7940992242( 0+1
Receive' 23 :a" 200;< receive' i# revise' form = >cto er 200;< accepte' 20 >cto er 200;

1 stract Rheological properties of p!rees ma'e from small fr!its li,e l!e erries are importa#t for applicatio# i# ha#'li#g a#' thermal processi#g where their ph"sical a#'/or chemical attri !tes ca# e altere'. 4low of p!rees ma'e from high !sh l!e err" (?acci#i!m cor"m os!m L.) was i#vestigate' i# the 202000 s 2 shear rate ra#ge with the o @ective of 'etermi#i#g the i#A!e#ce

of temperat!re a#' soli's co#te#t o# the rheological properties. The rheological ehavior was well 'escri e' " the three9parameter +is,o mo'el. The activatio# e#erg" of Aow (/ a ) calc!late' with respect to appare#t viscosit" at 200 s 2 i#crease' from 22.4 to 27.2 ,)/mol for p!ree with
20B a#' 2;B total sol! le soli's( respectivel". Whe# eval!ate' i# terms of co#siste#c" coefCcie#t( the activatio# e#erg" varie' etwee# 20.7 a#' 22.7 ,)/mol withi# the same ra#ge of soli' co#te#ts. 4or the co#'itio#s i#vestigate'( a mathematical mo'el that is s!ita le for 'escri i#g the i#A!e#ce of temperat!re a#' 'issolve' soli's o# the appare#t viscosit" of l!e err" p!ree was o tai#e'. The rheological ehavior of 2020 .ri7 l!e err" p!ree was well pre'icte' (R2

D 0E99). 4!rther i#vestigatio# is #ee'e' to improve the

mo'el to cover a wi'er .ri7 ra#ge.

r 200; *! lishe' " /lsevier Lt'. o# ehalf of +wiss +ociet" of 4oo' +cie#ce a#' Tech#olog".
Fe"wor'sE /vaporatio#< Refracta#ce Wi#'ow< 1ctivatio# e#erg"< ?iscosit" mo'el

2. %#tro'!ctio# 6igh !sh l!e err" (?acci#i!m cor"m os!m L.) is o#e of the most importa#t small fr!its grow# i# the *aciCc &orthwest regio# of the 0+1. .l!e erries have ecome ver" pop!lar with co#s!mers eca!se of research C#'i#gs that li#, their co#s!mptio# with improveme#ts i# h!ma# health. The" are o#e of the richest so!rces of a#tio7i'a#t ph"to#!trie#ts( co#tai#i#g a o!t three times the total phe#olic compo!#'s fo!#' i# re' rasp err" (Falt( 4or#e"( :arti#( 5 *rior( 2999). Therefore( to mi#imiGe the loss of ph"sical a#' chemical H!alit" attri !tes of p!rees a#' @!ices ma'e from l!e erries( caref!l 'esig# of eH!ipme#t for processi#g a#' ha#'li#g is #ecessar". 1ltho!gh most l!e err" fr!its are mar,ete' fresh( s! sta#tial H!a#tities are processe' i#to p!rees or @!ice to a'' val!e( e7te#' shelf9life( a#' ma,e the processe' pro'!cts availa le to co#s!mers all "ear ro!#'. T"pical metho's for processi#g

$orrespo#'i#g a!thor. 4a7E I2 ;09 JJ; 2722.

/9mail a''ressE @ta#gKmail.ws!.e'! (). Ta#g).

erries for @am a#' @!ice ca# affect their overall H!alit"( i#cl!'i#g co#te#t a#' activit" of health promoti#g pol"9 phe#ol compo!#'s (+,re'e( Wrolste'( 5 -!rst( 2000). 1pplicatio# of heat over e7te#'e' perio's of time co!ple' with co#ti#!al ch!r#i#g '!ri#g p!mpi#g ca# ca!se irreversi le str!ct!ral rea,'ow# of A!i' foo's a#' ma,e them !#appeali#g to co#s!mers eve# if the ioactive compo!#'s ma" #ot have ee# affecte'. Therefore( esi'es the previo!sl" st!'ie' Aow properties of l!e err" @!ice (&i#'o( Ta#g( *owers( 5 +i#gh( 200;)( it is importa#t to !#'ersta#' the rheological ehavior of l!e err" p!rees( especiall" for processi#g a#' ha#'li#g applicatio#s i#vol9 vi#g p!mpi#g a#' mi7i#g. The effect of soli' co#ce#tratio# o# viscosit" has ee# st!'ie' " sampli#g pro'!cts '!ri#g evaporatio# (6er9 #a#'eG( $he#( )oh#so#( 5 $arter( 299;)( 'il!tio# of the p!rees with 'e9io#iGe' water (*ero#a( 200J)( or " a''itio# of gl!cose (L!errero 5 1lGamora( 299=). The apple a#' pear p!rees i#vestigate' " *ero#a (200J) te#'e' to rea,'ow# easil" '!ri#g Aow i# pipes( partic!larl" whe# Aow patter# cha#ge' from lami#ar to t!r !le#t. 6a#'li#g

002J934J=/MJ0.00 r 200; *! lishe' 'oiE20.2023/@.lwt.200;.20.00J

" /lsevier Lt'. o# ehalf of +wiss +ociet" of 4oo' +cie#ce a#' Tech#olog".

eH!ipme#t a#' processi#g co#'itio#s for co#ce#trati#g 2.2. Rheological meas!reme#ts fr!it p!rees #ee' caref!l selectio# to avoi' the 'amage that ma" arise heat( or et al. Rheological meas!reme#ts were carrie' o!t !si#g a# $.%. &i#'o &i#'o et al. / LWT / LWT 40 40 (2007) (2007) 292 292 J from Aow tra#sitio#s( applicatio# of $.%. high shear stresses (-e Fee( $o'e( 5 T!rcotte( 29=J< 1R2000 rheometer (T1 %#str!me#ts( &ew $astle( -/) &i#'o et al.( 200;). co#trolle' with commercial comp!ter software (Rheolog" &ew metho's of ha#'li#g a#' processi#g A!i' foo's are co#sta#tl" ei#g st!'ie' i# or'er to improve e#erg" efCcie#c" a#' pro'!ct H!alit". >#e s!ch tech#olog" is Refracta#ce Wi#'ows evaporatio# that !ses a

!#iH!e metho' to 'eliver thermal e#erg" to co#ce#trate liH!i' foo's. %# this process( a 'il!te liH!i' pro'!ct with or witho!t s!spe#'e' particles ca# e co#ce#trate' to high soli' co#te#ts " passi#g the pro'!ct over a# i#cli#e' Aat plastic Clm heate' o# other si'e " hot water (&i#'o( Ta#g( *owers( 5 .olla#'( 2004). Rheological properties of fr!it p!rees processe' " this a#' other relate' metho's are of co#si'era le i#terest for 'esig# improveme#ts a#' co#trol of pro'!ct H!alit". The 'etermi#e' rheological parameters are a powerf!l tool i# !#'ersta#'i#g cha#ges i# foo' str!ct!re '!ri#g processi#g (L!errero 5 1lGamora(
299=< 6ol'sworth( 299J< :iGrahi( 2979). $o#ce#tratio# of 'issolve' soli's( particle siGe 'istri !tio# a#' shape( a#' mo'e of i#teractio# of s!spe#'e' particles ca# have remar,a le effect o# the Aow ehavior of fr!it p!rees (-itchCel'( Ta'i#i( +i#gh( 5 Tole'o( 2004< L!errero 5 1lGamora( 2997< :iGrahi( 2979). $o#si'eri#g the co#s!mer 'ema#' for processe' foo's with high H!alit"( there is a #ee' to 'eC#e cha#ges i# rheological properties of foo's i# processi#g operatio#s that ma" affect their overall accepta ilit". The o @ective of this st!'" was to 'etermi#e the rheological ehavior of l!e err" p!ree as affecte' " total 'issolve' soli's a#' temperat!re( with partic!lar refere#ce to co#'itio#s '!ri#g Refracta#ce Wi#'ows evaporatio#. The mo'els

'evelope' wo!l' e !sef!l i# the ha#'li#g a#' evaporatio# of l!e err" a#' other p!rees with similar rheological properties thro!gh simple meas!reme#t of .ri7 a#' pro'!ct temperat!re.
2. :aterials a#' metho's 2.2. +ample preparatio# .l!e err" p!ree !se' i# the st!'" co#tai#e' a o!t 2=B total 'issolve' sol! le soli's a#' was s!pplie' " >verla,e 4oo's %#c. (>l"mpia( W1). The p!ree was 'il!te' with appropriate amo!#ts of 'e9io#iGe' water to o tai# fo!r sta#'ar'iGe' atches with 2;( 20( 2; a#' 20 g of 'issolve' soli's per 200 g of sample. The 'il!te' samples were a'eH!atel" mi7e' !si#g a mag#etic stirrer to achieve !#iform co#siste#c" efore loa'i#g i#to the rheometer.

1'va#tage -ata 1#al"sis +oftware v4.2.2( T1 %#str!9 -!ri#g p!mpi#g( i#9pipe Aow( mi7i#g a#' me#ts( &ew $astle( -/). The e7perime#ts were carrie' o!t stirri#g of liH!i'9li,e foo's( shear rates i# the i# the co#trolle' stress mo'e !si#g a co#ce#tric c"li#'er ra#ge of 202000 s 2 ma" e e7perie#ce'. geometr"4 co#sisti#g of a rotati#g i##er c"li#'er with a# $.%. $.%. &i#'o &i#'o et al. et al. / LWT / LWT 40 40 (2007) (2007) 292 292 Therefore( rheological e7perime#ts sho!l' o!ter ra'i!s of 24 a#' 42 mm immerse' height. The o!ter prefera l" e 'o#e withi# the shear rate ra#ge that statio#ar" c!p ha' a# i##er ra'i!s of 2; mm givi#g a gap of 2.0 mm. The co#ce#tric c"li#'er C7t!re was preferre' over e#compasses most applicatio#s (+teffe( 2993). the co#e a#' plate set!p eca!se the p!lp i# the p!ree te#'s to separate easil" whe# teste' with the latter co#Cg!ratio#. J. +electio# of rheolog" mo'els The i#str!me#t was cali rate' with sta#'ar' oil N +30 ($a##o# %#str!me#ts $o.( +tate $ollege( *1) followi#g the The choice of a# appropriate mo'el to relate pro'!ct proce'!re recomme#'e' " the ma#!fact!rer. ?iscosit" of viscosit" to .ri7 #!m er a#' shear rate 'epe#'s esse#tiall" l!e err" p!rees with 20B( 2;B( 20B a#' 2;B total o# the i#te#'e' applicatio# a#' !se of a s!ita le sol! le soli's was meas!re' at 2;( 40( ;0 a#' 30 2$ i#str!me#t to 'etermi#e the mo'el parameters. -!ri#g (70.2 2$). This temperat!re ra#ge was chose# for i#ves9 e7perime#ts( lami#ar Aow co#'itio#s are #ecessar" for tigatio# eca!se A!i' foo's e7perie#ce similar tempera9 acc!rate meas!reme#ts< a#' for fr!it p!rees co#tai#i#g t!res '!ri#g processi#g i# the #ewl" 'evelope' Refracta#ce particles with #o#!#iform siGes a#' shapes( sta ilit" ma" Wi#'ows evaporator that we !se' as a mo'el sometimes e 'ifCc!lt to achieve at either ver" low or high shear rates. 1t high shear rates( t!r !le#t Aow co#'itio#s s"stem. The 'ata o tai#e' are e7pecte' to e are li,el" to e i#'!ce' " the 'isperse' particles( res!lti#g eH!all" applica le to other !#it operatio#s s!ch i# str!ct!ral rea,'ow# of the sample. /ve# with these as mi7i#g( Clli#g( a#' empt"i#g that !s!all" ta,e comple7ities( most p!rees ge#erall" e7hi it #o#9&ewto#ia# place #ear these temperat!res. Three e7perime#tal Aow patter#s. Therefore( the #o#9&ewto#ia# mo'els i# replicatio#s were co#'!cte' for each .ri7 #!m er( /Hs. (2)(J) were co#si'ere' for their s!ita ilit" i# 'escri i#g the Aow of l!e err" p!rees. a#' ever" time a #ew sample was loa'e' i#to the 2 The >stwal' 'e Waelle mo'el( commo#l" referre' to as meas!ri#g c"li#'er s"stem. 1 200 s the *ower Law mo'el O/H. (2)P( has ee# !se' e7te#sivel" i# co#'itio#i#g step that laste' 2 mi# was applie' st!'ies o# ha#'li#g a#' heati#g/cooli#g of foo's eca!se it to the p!ree. The i#str!me#t was programme' to gives goo' 'escriptio# of A!i' Aow ehavior i# the shear allow eH!ili ratio# of the sample to a set rate ra#ge that is easil" meas!re' " most rheological temperat!re efore starti#g the 'ata collectio#. i#str!me#ts. 6owever( it e7hi its poor Ctti#g for 'ata o tai#e' at a wi'e ra#ge of shear rates. This mo'el

is i# the form Q s D F g #(

(2)
where s (*a) is shear stress( F (*a s#) Q

is co#siste#c"

The followi#g sta#'ar' error (+/) form!la was !se' to 'etermi#e how goo' the mo'els Ct the 'ataE 2 * R"m "c S +/ D ( (4a) # 2

i#'e7( g

is shear rate (s

i#'e7. :ost fr!it p!rees show shear9thi##i#g ehavior (0o#o2)( a sit!atio# that ma" e regar'e' as a# i#'icatio# of rea,'ow# of str!ct!ral !#its i# a foo' '!e to the h"'ro'"#amic forces ge#erate' '!ri#g shear (Rao( 2999). T!a#tiCcatio# of Aow parameters withi# some 'eC#e' shear rate ra#ges ma" e a goo' wa" of st!'"i#g these cha#ges i# pro'!ct str!ct!re. %f the foo'st!ff has a

ehavior

) a#' # is the 'ime#sio#less Aow

where "m is the meas!re' val!e( "c is calc!late' val!e for each 'ata poi#t( a#' # is the #!m er of o servatio#s. The ias factor (.f ) form!la i# /H. (4 ) was !se' to

f!rther eval!ate the overall agreeme#t etwee# pre'icte' a#' o serve' val!es( a#' whether s!ch pre'ictio#s lie a ove or elow the li#e of eH!ivale#ce. 1 perfect agreeme#t etwee# o serve' a#' pre'icte' val!es wo!l' give a .f of 2.0 (.etts
5 Wal,er( 2004)E * R" U" SU# .f D c m

C#ite "iel' stress( the "iel' term ca# e i#cl!'e' i# the *ower Law mo'el to "iel' the 6erschel9.!l,le" (6.) mo'elE s D s0

20

log

(4 )

RgQS

#6

(2a) is "iel' stress (*a)( Q F6 is co#siste#c" i#'e7 R*a s#6 S< g is shear rate (s 2 )( a#' #6 is a 'ime#sio#less Aow ehavior i#'e7. The "iel' stress ca# e 'etermi#e' e7perime#tall"( graphicall" as e7plai#e' " +teffe (2993)( or calc!late' " a separate mo'el. The $asso# mo'el O/H. (2 )P gives the "iel' stress (as sH!are of the i#tercept( F 0c ) Q whe# the sH!are roots of s a#' g are
where s is shear stress (*a)( s0 plotte' agai#st each other o# li#ear coor'i#ates (Rao( 2999)E s0E;

.ase' o# statistical eval!atio# a#' overall s!ita ilit" of the mo'els co#si'ere'( the +is,o mo'el was selecte' to 'escri e the rheological ehavior of l!e err" p!rees. 4. Res!lts a#' 'isc!ssio# 4.2. $ompariso# of selecte' rheological mo'els +hear stress a#' shear rate 'ata were collecte' for l!e err" p!ree with 20( 2;( 20 a#' 2; g of 'issolve' soli's per 200 g of sample at temperat!res etwee# 2; a#' 30 2$. The three mo'els( #amel"( *ower Law O/H. (2)P( 6. O/H. (2)( a#' +is,o O/H. (J)P were !se' to Ct the meas!re' 'ata to 'etermi#e the o#e that est 'escri e' the Aow ehavior of l!e err" p!ree over the st!'ie' temperat!re a#' co#ce#tratio# ra#ges. The most appropriate mathe9 matical mo'el for 'escri i#g the Aow characteristics of l!e err" p!rees was selecte' ase' o# the coefCcie#t of 'etermi#atio# (R2 )( +/s( the e7iste#ce of "iel'

0c

Rg S0E;

(2 )
The 6. mo'el is co#ve#ie#t eca!se &ewto#ia#( *ower law a#' .i#gham 4l!i's ca# e co#si'ere' as special cases o e"i#g this ge#eraliGe' mo'el (-itchCel' et al.( 2004). 6owever( the "iel' stress o tai#e' " Ctti#g the three9 parameter 6. mo'el is stro#gl" 'epe#'e#t o# the selecte' shear rate ra#ge (+teffe( 2993). 4or high shear rates( the three9parameter +is,o mo'el( which e7plicitl" relates the appare#t viscosit" with shear rate( has ee# !se' (6ol'sworth( 299J< Rao( 2999). %t gives 2 ( co#siste#c" coefCcie#t F ( i#C#ite9shear a#' Aow ehavior i#'e7 # the rate viscosit" W for shear9thi##i#g A!i' (whe# #o2)E W D W V F s #s 2 ( gQ a 2
s s

stress( a#' overall ias factors o tai#e' " Ctti#g the meas!re' viscosit" 'ata !si#g /Hs. (2)(J). /ve# tho!gh the R2 val!es for the three mo'els are all close to o#e whe# the appare#t viscosit" is Ctte' for all com i#atio#s of .ri7 #!m er a#' temperat!re treatme#ts( the +/ ta !latio# a#' ias factor c!rves show that 6. a#' +is,o mo'els perform
etter tha# the *ower Law mo'el (4igs. 2(a) a#' ( )). The Aow c!rves for l!e err" p!ree all showe' "iel' stress( i#'icati#g that the *ower Law mo'el is #ot s!ita le for 'escri i#g their rheological ehavior. The i#a'eH!ac" of the *ower Law mo'el to 'escri e the rheological ehavior

(J)

where Wa

D RsUg S is the appare#t viscosit"

(*a s).

This mo'el ma" e applie' to p!mpi#g of A!i' foo's a#' mi7i#g processes i#volvi#g high shear rates. The +is,o mo'el ca# e co#si'ere' as a ge#eraliGe' *ower Law mo'el that i#cl!'es a &ewto#ia# compo#e#t. 1 A!i' that o e"s the +is,o mo'el will approach &ewto#ia# ehavior if either #s D 2 or F s D 0. +i#ce fr!it p!ree is

of these p!rees is f!rther show# " the m!ch lower ias factor at low 'issolve' soli's co#ce#tratio# (20 .ri7) where Aow i#sta ilities are li,el" a#' e more pro#o!#ce' (&i#'o et al.( 200;). 4.2. /ffect of temperat!re a#' soli's co#te#t o# "iel' stress (s0) Represe#tative c!rves of shear stress vers!s shear rate for l!e err" p!ree at 2;30 2$ a#' 202; .ri7 all i#'icate shear9thi##i#g ehavior (4igs. 2(a)(')). The co#ti#!o!s

ma'e !p of ser!m (which is !s!all" more &ewto#ia#) a#' particles of vario!s siGes a#' shapes 'isperse' withi# it( the# the p!lp with associate' pecti# ma" e the compo#e#t co#tri !ti#g to #o#&ewto#ia# ehavior (6er#a#'eG et al.( 299;).

;.0 4.0 J.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 * r e ' i c t e

stro#gl" 'epe#'e#t o# the shear rate ra#ge( t"pe of mo'el( a#' shape a#' siGe of particles formi#g the p!rees. The 'epe#'e#c" of s0 o# mo'el t"pe is #oticea le from

:o'el 69.E +is,oE *LE 2.0 2.0 J.0 :eas!re' viscosit"( *a.s

R2 0.999= 0.999; 0.99J3 4.0

+/
0.009 0.02J 0.044 ;.0

val!es calc!late' !si#g the 6. a#' $asso# mo'els( oth of which i#'icate that s0 i#crease' with soli's co#te#t (Ta le 2). The "iel' stress s0 vers!s co#ce#tratio# of 'issolve' soli's
ge#erall" followe' a# e7po#e#tial relatio#ship with R2 val!es etwee# 0.930 a#' 0.99=( while there appears to e #o simple mathematical e7pressio# that ca# 'escri e the temperat!re 'epe#'e#ce of "iel' stress. This was #ot the case with the i#C#ite9shear rate viscosit" W& i# the

(a)
2.02 2.02 2.00 0.99 0.9= 0.97 0.93 0.9; 0.94 20 .ri7 2; 40 ;0 30 2;

+is,o mo'el which Ctte' the 'ata well over the e#tire ra#ge of soli's co#te#t a#' temperat!res i#vestigate'.
. i a s

*lotti#g appare#t viscosities vers!s shear stress a#' #oti#g the shear stress val!e at i#C#ite viscosit" is a goo' alter#ative if s0 is #ot o tai#e' e7perime#tall"

(+teffe(

40

;0

30

2;

40

;0

30

2;

40

;0

30

( )

Temperat!re( X$

2993). The i#C#ite viscosit" correspo#'s to Gero9shear rate. This metho' is ill!strate' i# 4igs. J(a) a#' ( ) for 20 a#' 2; .ri7 p!rees at 'iffere#t temperat!res. 1ltho!gh the e7trapolatio# metho' merel" gives a# appro7imatio# of the "iel' stress( it provi'es a mea#s of ,#owi#g the i#A!e#ce of soli's a#' temperat!re o# the shear stress that m!st e overcome efore the p!ree starts to Aow. 4or the ra#ge of temperat!res i#vestigate'( the 2; .ri7 l!e err" p!ree showe' "iel' stress val!es that are 2=20 times more tha# the 20 .ri7 p!ree. 1gai# as temperat!re of p!ree was cha#ge' from 2; to 30 2$( the "iel' stress 'ecrease' " #earl" ;0B. These o servatio#s have practical implicatio#s res!lts from the Ctti#g of shear stress vers!s shear rate 'ata o# loglog coor'i#ates. 1part from the 6. mo'el( the other mo'el that has ee# !se' to o tai# the "iel' stress is the $asso# mo'el which pro'!ces a straight li#e whe# the sH!are root of shear rate is plotte' agai#st the sH!are root of shear stress (Rao( 2999). Ta le 2 shows "iel' stress val!es o tai#e' whe# the 6. a#' $asso# mo'els were Ctte' to the meas!re' 'ata. %# all cases( "iel' stress 'ecreases with temperat!re. 1s 'emo#strate' " +teffe (2993) a#' :iGrahi (2979)( the "iel' stress val!es are

4ig. 2.

(a) $ompariso# of 6. (5)( +is,o (#)( a#' *ower Law ())

mo'els for pre'icti#g the viscosit" of l!e err" p!ree. ( ) .ias factor compariso# of 6. (5)( +is,o (#)( a#' *ower Law ()) mo'els.
c!rves i# these Cg!res represe#t the +is,o mo'el Ctte' to the meas!re' 'ata. 4or the 02000 s 2 shear

rate ra#ge i#vestigate'( the ma7im!m shear stress impose' o# the l!e err" p!ree at 2; 2$ i#crease' from a o!t
22 *a for 20 .ri7 to almost 23; *a for the 2; .ri7. 4or all the co#ce#tratio#s of soli's i#vestigate'( there is also evi'e#ce of C#ite "iel' stress (s0)( which ca#

e estimate' at Aow co#'itio#s with the shear rate close to Gero (that is( as viscosit" approaches i#C#it" i# the case a shear9thi##i#g A!i'). The l!e err" @!ices i#vestigate' previo!sl" 'i' #ot show a#" 'etecta le "iel' stress (&i#'o et al.( 200;).
:iGrahi (2979) o serve' that fr!it p!rees are freH!e#tl" classiCe' erro#eo!sl" as shear thi##i#g with Gero "iel' stress p!rel" from o servatio#s ma'e whe# a straight li#e

i# the selectio# of p!mps that ca# provi'e the #ecessar" i#itial torH!e to ca!se Aow of p!ree( especiall" those with high co#ce#tratio# of total soli's. 4.J. %#fl!e#ce of temperat!re a#' soli's co#te#t o# viscosit" The i#A!e#ce of 'issolve' soli's co#ce#tratio# o# viscosit" of p!ree at two temperat!res( 2; a#' 30 2$( is ill!strate' i# 4ig. 4 for a shear rate of 200 s 2. 1t 2; 2$(

the viscosit" of l!e err" i#crease' " a o!t

p!ree at 200 s

0.32 *a s as the 'issolve' soli's co#te#t was i#crease' from 2; to 2; .ri7 (4ig. 4(a)). 4or the process occ!rri#g at 30 2$ with the same i#crease i# .ri7 #!m er( the viscosit" i#crease' " 0.29 *a s (4ig. 4( ))( which is #earl" half of what is o serve' at 2; 2$. Therefore( it is e7pecte' that the

loa' o# p!mpi#g a#' shear stresses impose' o# l!e err" p!ree will e re'!ce' at the higher process temperat!re of 30 2$. 6owever( the i#teractio# of other factors( s!ch as cha#ges i# particle9to9particle pro7imit" with temperat!re a#' .ri7 #!m er( m!st #ot e overloo,e'. 4or low9 temperat!re co#ce#tratio# processes( the viscosit" will cha#ge " a larger margi# efore the 'esire' .ri7 is reache'. These co#si'eratio#s help i# the selectio# of p!mps that will ,eep the A!i' Aowi#g thro!gho!t the e#tire viscosit" ra#ge. 1t i#C#ite shear rate( the shear9thi##i#g p!ree ecame more &ewto#ia# with a viscosit" represe#te' " W& i# the

+is,o mo'el O/H. (J)P. This viscosit" at i#C#ite shear rate varie' with oth the co#ce#tratio# of 'issolve' soli's

23 24 22 20 = 3 4 2 0 0 200 400 300 =00 +hear rate (2/s) 2000 2200 + h e a r

;0

40
J0

20
20 0 0

+ h e a r 200 400 300 =00 +hear rate (2/s) 2000 2200

(a)
200 90 =0 70 30 ;0 40 J0 20 20 0 0 200 400 + h e a r

( )

200 27; 2;0 22; 200 7; ;0 2; 300 =00 +hear rate (2/s) 2000 2200 0 0 200 400 300 =00 +hear rate (2/s) 2000 2200 + h e a r

(c)

(')

4ig. 2. +hear stress vers!s shear rate for (a) 20 .ri7 l!e err" p!ree at 2; 2$ ( )( 40 2$ (Y)( ;0 2$ (5)( 30 2$ (#) with respective sta#'ar' errors (+/) of 0.22( 0.22( 0.22( a#' 0.09< ( ) 2; .ri7 l!e err" p!ree at 2; 2$ ( )( 40 2$ (Y)( ;0 2$ (5)( 30 2$ (#) with respective +/ of 2.0( 0.=( 0.3( a#' 0.;< (c) 20 .ri7 l!e err" p!ree at 2; 2$ ( )( 40 2$ (Y)( ;0 2$(5)( 30 2$ (#) with respective +/ of 2.3( 2.;( 2.2( a#' 2.0. (') 2; .ri7 l!e err" p!ree at 2; 2$ ( )( 40 2$ (Y)( ;0 2$ (5)( a#' 30 2$ (#) with respective +/ of 2.9( 0.;( 2.2( a#' 2.0.

Ta le 2 Ziel' stress (*a) of graphical metho's :etho'

l!e err" p!ree estimate' from 6.( $asso# a#' Temperat!re (2$) .ri7 20 2; 4.;J 2.J2 2.22 2.0= 3.02 4.2; J.70 J.J0 7.;0 4.=0 4.20 J.70 20 2=.0J =.=J 7.;7 3.42 20.9= 2J.92 22.;4 9.=3 24.;0 2;.20 2J.00 22.00 2; 27.4; 2;.32 29.4= 23.;J J=.=7 27.92 2J.2= 20.3; 42.2; J0.00 24.00 22.;0

The i#A!e#ce of 'issolve' soli's o# appare#t viscosit" (Wa) at 200 s 2 a#' co#siste#c" i#'e7 Fs was also

6. mo'el

2; 40 ;0 30 2; 40 ;0 30 2; 40 ;0 30

2.J2 0.72 0.=J 0.=; 2.42 0.9; 0.92 0.=3 2.94 2.2; 2.29 2.2J

'escri e' " a power mo'el (6ol'sworth( 299J< :arcotte( Taheria# 6oshahili( 5 Ramaswam"( 2002)E Wa or F D a$ ( s (3) at 200 s 2 the mag#it!'e of parameter a average' 2.=7 20 ; ( while 'ecrease' slightl" from J.J to J.2 (mea# val!eE J.270.2) as tempera9 t!re was i#crease' from 2; to 30 2$. The correspo#'i#g
where a a#' are co#sta#ts. 4or Wa val!es of a a#' i#'e7 Fs a#'

$asso# mo'el

Lraphical metho'

*a s a#'

soli's co#te#t were 2.3;

for the relatio#ship

etwee# co#siste#c"

20

J.7J.J (mea# val!eE J.470.2)( respectivel". 1# 1rrhe#i!s relatio#ship O/H. (7)P was !se' to 'escri e the i#A!e#ce of temperat!re o# appare#t viscosit" Wa

(*a.s) at a shear rate of 200 s 2E

/a

($( g/200 g) a#' temperat!re (T( F)( a#' was mo'ele' !si#g the relatio#ship W
2

D fR;4

0E2493 T S$

20 ;g<
2

R2 D 0E97=.

(;)

e#erg" (,)/mol)( R is gas co#sta#t (=.J24 ,)/mol F) a#' T is temperat!re (F). The activatio# e#erg" (/ a ) for visco!s

( (7) RT where 1 is the pre9e7po#e#tial or freH!e#c" factor associate' with collisio# rates( / a is the activatio#

Wa D 1 e7p

20

;.0 4.0 J.0

0.2
2

2.0

2.0 0.0 0 ( ) 0.20

? i s c o 2; ;0 7; 200 22; +hear stress (*a) 2;0 27; 200 ( )

? i s c o

0.02 0.002 2 20 20 200 2(000 20(000

+hear rate( 2/s

0.2;

0.20

0.0;

? i s c o

0.2

0.02

? i s c o

0.00 0.0 (a)

2.;

;.0

7.; 20.0 +hear stress (*a)

22.;

2;.0 (a)

0.002 2 20 200 2(000 20(000

+hear rate( 2/s

4ig. J. 1ppro7imatio# of "iel' stress " e7trapolatio# of viscosit" vers!s shear stress c!rves for (a) 20 .ri7( a#' ( ) 2; .ri7 l!e err" p!rees at 2; 2$ ( )( 40 2$ (Y)( ;0 2$ (5)( 30 2$ (#).

shear rate (Fro,i'a( :aro!lis( 5 +aravacos( 2002< Rao( 2999)( was the# calc!late' for l!e err" p!ree with 20( 2;( 20 a#' 2; .ri7. The / a val!es correspo#'i#g to these .ri7 #!m ers were 22.J( 2J.7( 23.3( a#' 27.0 ,)/mol( respectivel". The freH!e#c" factor 1 also i#crease' with the co#ce#tratio# of 'issolve' soli's from J.39 20 4 to 7.J; 20 4 *a s for 20 a#' 2; .ri7 p!rees( respectivel". The / a val!e for the 2; .ri7 p!ree 'iffere' from that of the 20 .ri7 p!ree " 0.4 ,)/mol. +i#ce the p!lp particles withi# the p!ree are m!ch closer at higher .ri7( it is li,el" that i# a''itio# to the effect of 'issolve' soli's o# Aow( some irreversi le str!ct!ral rea,9 'ow# occ!rre' i# the p!ree matri7.
Aow( ase' o# the appare#t viscosit" at 200 s
2

20 .ri7( respectivel". %ts val!e the# 'roppe' s!''e#l" to 2J.J ,)/mol for the 2; .ri7. 1s #ote' " L!errero a#' 1lGamora (2997)( there are pro a l" some i#teractio#s promote' " high temperat!res that co!l' affect the temperat!re 'epe#'e#ce of the co#siste#c" i#'e7. Ta le 2 s!mmariGes literat!re val!es of rheological properties of

The i#A!e#ce of temperat!re o# co#siste#c" coefCcie#t F was also 'etermi#e'. .ase' o# the co#siste#c" i#'e7 Fs

calc!late' !si#g /H. (J)( the activatio# e#erg" (/ a, ) val!es of 20.7( 27.;( 22.7 ,)/mol were o tai#e' for 20( 2; a#'

4ig. 4. %#A!e#ce of 'issolve' soli's co#te#t o# viscosit" of l!e err" p!ree at (a) 2; 2$( a#' ( ) 30 2$. .ri7 levelsE 20 .ri7 (/)( 2; .ri7 (5)( 20 .ri7 ( )( 2; .ri7 (#).

(299=) o tai#e' activatio# e#erg" val!es etwee# 23 a#' 27 ,)/mol. The high co#ce#tratio# of 'issolve' soli's for those p!rees the" i#vestigate' was achieve' " a''itio# of gl!cose. %# a previo!s st!'" (Rao( 2999)( the activatio# e#erg" of g!ava p!ree was fo!#' to e 2;.2 ,)/mol. The activatio# e#erg" val!es of 20.722.7 ,)/mol that we o tai#e' for l!e err" p!ree are co#siste#t with val!es reporte' for other fr!it p!rees. 6owever( it is importa#t to #ote that most a!thors !se' either the *ower Law or 6. mo'els to 'etermi#e the rheological parameters. &o several selecte' fr!it p!rees. 4or peach( ma#go( a#' a#a#a p!rees with 23;2 .ri7( L!errero a#' 1lGamora

mathematical i#formatio# was fo!#' i# the literat!re that 'escri es the Aow ehavior of p!rees ma'e from small fr!its s!ch as l!e err". %# the prese#t st!'"( we show the mag#it!'e of these parameters for l!e err" p!ree !si#g the +is,o mo'el which resem les the 6. mo'el i# form !t e7plicitl" 'eC#es the appare#t viscosit" as a f!#ctio# of shear rate. 4rom /H. (J)( a mo'el 'escri i#g the co#siste#c" i#'e7 F s as a f!#ctio# of temperat!re (2;30 2$) a#'

'issolve' soli's co#ce#tratio# (2020 .ri7) was o tai#e' O/H. (=a)P. The activatio# e#erg" / a, (,)/mol) varie' li#earl" with the co#ce#tratio# of 'issolve' soli's $ (g/200 g) as i# /H. (= )E / 0E234$ Fs D F0 ( (=a) a e7p ,
RT

Ta le 2 Literat!re val!es of co#siste#c" coefCcie#t( Aow ehavior i#'e7( a#' activatio# e#erg" of selecte' fr!it p!rees *!ree .ri7 Temp (2$) +hear rate
2

F (*a s#)

/ a (,)/mol)
7.27.4 23 22.7 23;2 2=;2 22;2 22;2 22.2 202;

Ref.

(s ) L!ava *ear *each :a#go *apa"a .a#a#a .l!e err"

-ata
[

*ower Law< G?ariatio# of overall heat tra#sfer coefCcie#t a#' F< "6erschel9.!l,le" mo'el< +is,o mo'el.
ase' o#E
"

/ a,

D 2E2$ V

0E22<

R2

D 0E9=(

(= ) D 0E0;J (*a s#)< R D =EJ24 )Umol F( a#' T is temperat!re (F). The mathematical mo'el i# /H. (=a) pre'icte' the co#siste#c" i#'e7 F s for 2020 .ri7 p!rees with a# R2 val!e of 0.99. The Aow ehavior i#'e7 #s O/H. (J)P 'ecrease' li#earl" with the co#ce#tratio# of 'issolve' soli's i# l!e err" p!ree as give# i# /H. (9)( while its mag#it!'e was little affecte' " temperat!reE #s D 0E004= $ V 0EJ2J< R2 D 0E93.
where F
0

(9) ." s! stit!ti#g /Hs. (4 )( (=)( a#' (9) i#to /H. (J)( the
appare#t viscosit" of l!e err" p!ree was pre'icte' a#' compare' with the meas!re' val!es for all temperat!res a#' soli's co#te#t i#vestigate' (4ig. ;). %t is o serve' that the appare#t viscosit" of l!e err" p!ree with 2020B 'issolve' soli's is well 'escri e' " the 'evelope' mathematical mo'els that acco!#t for the effect of temperat!re a#' soli's co#te#t. The mo'el pre'icte' the viscosit" of l!e err" p!ree i# that .ri7 ra#ge with R2

matri7 str!ct!re li,el" occ!r i# p!rees with higher soli's co#te#t where particles are closer together( especiall" whe# the" are agitate' at elevate' temperat!res. The particles ca# separate a#' agglomerate o# the geometr" walls. This ehavior was #ot o serve' at low co#ce#tratio#s where particle9to9particle i#teractio# is ver" wea,( a#' so there is #o i#'icatio# of * str!ct!ral !#its ei#g 'isr!pte'. %t is r e importa#t to 'iffere#tiate etwee# this ' i str!ct!ral rea,9 'ow# a#' i#sta ilities '!e to Ta"lorc vortices. +i#ce Ta"lor vortices ca# e a t e ma@or pro lem for e7perime#ts co#'!cte' !si#g a coa7ial viscometer with rotati#g i##er c"li#'er(

val!e of 0.99;. -ata for p!ree with 2;B 'issolve' soli's were #ot i#cl!'e' i# the pre'ictio# of appare#t viscosit" eca!se of the 'eviatio# i# activatio# e#erg" that was #otice'. %t is possi le that some str!ct!ral tra#sformatio# occ!rre' i# the p!ree with high total soli's co#te#t '!ri#g the Aow tests( he#ce givi#g the variatio# i# co#siste#c" coefCcie#t that ca##ot e e7plai#e' solel" " the i#A!e#ce of temperat!re a#' soli's co#te#t. +ome cha#ges i#

20

0.2

The rheological ehavior of l!e err" p!rees with soli's co#te#t ra#gi#g from 20 to 2; .ri7 was i#vestigate'. 1s oppose' to l!e err" @!ice( which is more &ewto#ia# i# #at!re( the p!rees showe' shear9thi##i#g ehavior. The +is,o mo'el( which is a com i#atio# of &ewto#ia# a#' *ower Law mo'els( Ctte' the 'ata ver" well with a# overall R2 of more tha# 0.99( a#'( therefore( !se' to

0.02

0.002 0.002

0.02

0.2 :eas!re' viscosit"( *a.s

20

4ig. ;. *re'icte' vers!s meas!re' viscosities for 2020 .ri7 p!ree (R2

l!e err"

D 0E99;).

preca!tio# was ta,e# to e#s!re that meas!reme#t was 'o#e withi# a shear rate ra#ge that 'i' #ot ca!se Aow i#sta ilities i# the c"li#'er gap (:iGrahi( 2979< &i#'o et al.( 200;< +teffe( 2993). ;. $o#cl!sio#

'escri e the appare#t viscosit" of p!rees at 2;( 40( ;0 a#' 30 2$. The activatio# e#erg" / a i#crease' with total soli's co#te#t e7cept for 2; .ri7 whe# it s!''e#l" 'ecrease'. With respect to appare#t viscosit" 'etermi#e' at a shear rate of 200 s 2( / a i#crease' from 22.4 to 27.2 ,)/mol for p!ree with 20B a#' 2;B total sol! le soli's( respectivel". The appare#t viscosit" was also e7presse' as a f!#ctio# of soli's co#te#t( a relatio#ship that is importa#t for mo#itori#g of viscosit" cha#ges '!ri#g evaporatio# processes. 4or a shear rate

teste' i# this st!'"( a !sef!l mathe9 matical mo'el e7pressi#g the viscosit" coefCcie#t as a f!#ctio# of soli's co#te#t a#' temperat!re was o tai#e' for l!e err" p!ree with 2020 .ri7. 4!rther i#vestigatio# is #ee'e' to wi'e# the applica ilit" of the mathematical mo'el for p!rees with co#siste#c" coefCcie#t a ove 20 *a s# where some !#e7plai#e' variatio# was o serve'.
ra#ge of 202000 s
2

1c,#owle'gme#ts This research was co#'!cte' with gra#t s!pport from Washi#gto# Tech#olog" $e#ter a#' Washi#gto# +tate 1gric!lt!ral Research $e#ter. :e#tio# of Refracta#ce Wi#'ows as mo'el evaporatio# eH!ipme#t for

this st!'" 'oes #ot impl" its e#'orseme#t " the a!thors over other eH!ipme#ts 'esig#e' to perform similar f!#ctio#s.
Refere#ces
.etts( L. -.( 5 Wal,er( +. ). (2004). ?eriCcatio# a#' vali'atio# of foo' spoilage mo'els. %# R. +teele (/'.)( 0#'ersta#'i#g a#' meas!ri#g shelf life of foo' (pp. 2=4227). .oca Rato#( 4LE $R$ *ress. -e Fee( -.( $o'e( R. F.( 5 T!rcotte( L. (29=J). 4low properties of time9 'epe#'e#t foo'st!ffs. )o!r#al of Rheolog"( 27( ;=2304. -itchCel'( $.( Ta'i#i( $. $.( +i#gh( R.( 5 Tole'o( R. T. (2004). Rheological properties of a#a#a p!ree at high temperat!res. %#ter#atio#al )o!r#al of 4oo' *roperties( 7( ;72;=4. L!errero( +. &.( 5 1lGamora( +. :. (2997). /ffect of p6( temperat!re a#' gl!cose a''itio# o# Aow ehavior of fr!it p!reesE %. .a#a#a p!ree. )o!r#al of 4oo' /#gi#eeri#g( J7( 77202. L!errero( +. &.( 5 1lGamora( +. :. (299=). /ffect of p6( temperat!re a#' gl!cose a''itio# o# Aow ehavior of fr!it p!reesE %%. *each( papa"a( a#' ma#go p!rees. )o!r#al of 4oo' /#gi#eeri#g( JJ( 2J92;3.

6er#a#'eG( /.( $he#( $. +.( )oh#so#( ).( 5 $arter( R. -. (299;). ?iscosit" cha#ges i# ora#ge @!ice after !ltraCltratio# a#' evaporatio#. )o!r#al of 4oo' /#gi#eeri#g( 2;( J=7J93. 6ol'sworth( +. -. (299J). Rheological mo'els !se' for the pre'ictio# of the Aow properties of foo' pro'!ctsE 1 literat!re review. Tra#sactio#s of the %#stit!tio# of $hemical /#gi#eers( 72$( 2J9279. Falt( W.( 4or#e"( $. 4.( :arti#( 1.( 5 *rior( R. L. (2999). 1#ti9 o7i'a#t capacit"( vitami# $( phe#olics( a#' a#thoc"a#i#s after fresh storage of small fr!its. )o!r#al of 1gric!lt!ral 4oo' $hemistr"( 47( 43J=4344. Fro,i'a( :. F.( :aro!lis( W. ..( 5 +aravacos( L. -. (2002). Rheo9 logical properties of A!i' fr!it a#' vegeta le p!ree pro'!ctsE $ompilatio# of literat!re 'ata. %#ter#atio#al )o!r#al of 4oo' *roper9 ties( 4( 279200. :arcotte( :.( Taheria# 6oshahili( 1. R.( 5 Ramaswam"( 6. +. (2002). Rheological properties of selecte' h"'rocolloi's as a f!#ctio# of co#ce#tratio# a#' temperat!re. 4oo' Research %#ter#atio#al( J4( 39;70J. :iGrahi( +. (2979). 1 review of the ph"sicochemical approach to the a#al"sis of the str!ct!ral viscosit" of A!i' fr!it pro'!cts. )o!r#al of Te7t!re +t!'ies( 20( 37=2. &i#'o( $. %.( Ta#g( ).( *owers( ). R.( 5 .olla#'( F. (2004). /#erg" co#s!mptio# '!ri#g Refracta#ce Wi#'ow evaporatio# of selecte' err" @!ices. %#ter#atio#al )o!r#al of /#erg" Research( 2=( 20=92200. &i#'o( $. %.( Ta#g( ).( *owers( ). R.( 5 +i#gh( *. (200;). ?iscosit" of l!e err" a#' rasp err" @!ices for processi#g applicatio#s. )o!r#al of 4oo' /#gi#eeri#g( 39( J4JJ;0. *ero#a( *. (200J). 1# e7perime#tal i#vestigatio# of lami#art!r !le#t tra#sitio# i# comple7 A!i's. )o!r#al of 4oo' /#gi#eeri#g( 30( 2J724;. Rao( :. 1. (2999). Rheolog" of fl!i's a#' semi9soli' foo's. Laithers !rgE 1spe# p! lishers. +,re'e( L.( Wrolste'( R. /.( 5 -!rst( R. W. (2000). $ha#ges i# a#thoc"a#i#s a#' pol"phe#olics '!ri#g @!ice processi#g of 6igh !sh l!e erries (?acci#i!m cor"m os!m L.). )o!r#al of 4oo' +cie#ce( 3;( J;7J34. +teffe( ). 4. (2993). Rheological metho's i# foo' process e#gi#eeri#g. /ast La#si#gE 4reema# *ress.