How To...

10 Bit HPWM 10 Bit HPWM by Les Johnson Explanation Using the hardware PWM on the 16F8XX range of PIC There are two PWM outputs on the PIC 16F8XX range of PIC. We are Demonstrating PWM on CCP1 otherwise known as PortC.2 Step 1 In order to use the Hardware PWM. A certain sequence of registers have to be set Firstly the Pin CCP1, has to be set as an output, ( TRISC.2 = 0 ). Step 2 Then the Timer 2 prescaler has to be initialised, this register is called T2CON. The prescaler is set by the first two bits of register T2CON 00 will give a prescaler ratio of 1:1 (timer2 will tick on every instruction cycle). 01 will give a prescaler ratio of 1:4 (timer2 will tick on every 4th instruction cycle). 10 will give a prescaler ratio of 1:16 (timer2 will tick on every 16th instruction cycle). Remember the instruction timer is (Fosc/4). And bit-2 is set to 1, this turns on timer2, resetting the bit will turn timer2 off. Step 3 The period for timer2 is placed in the register PR2, see the calculations below for the value to place into it. Step 4 The MSB of the 10-bit duty cycle has to be loaded into the CCPRL1 register, and the lowest significant 2-bits (i.e bits-0 and 1) are placed into bits-4 and 5 of the CCP1CON register. Place bit-0 of the 10-bit duty into the CCP1CON register bit-4 Place bit-1 of the 10-bit duty into the CCP1CON register bit-5 Step 5 And finally we turn on the PWM by setting bits-2 and 3 of the CCP1CON register to 1's, resetting these two bits will turn off PWM, but only for CCP1. __________________________________________________ ____________________

In order to calculate the value that will be placed into PR2 (the period) use:Period in us = (PR2+1)* 4 *(1/OSC) * (TMR2 prescaler value) The '(1/OSC)' will always be a fraction i.e. 0.25, therefore we are actually dividing each time we multiply by that number i.e 100*0.25 = 25, which is the same as 100/4 Therefore the '* (1/OSC)' can be replaced with '/OSC'. This makes our formula: Period = (((PR2+1)* 4) /OSC) * (TMR2 prescaler value) So, for a 4MHz crystal, prescaler set to 1 and PR2 = 255 ((256 * 4) /4) * 1 == a period of 256us __________________________________________________ ____________________ To calculate the Frequency (in KHz), use: 1000/Period (in microseconds) This means our frequency is 1/256 which equals 3.90625KHz __________________________________________________ ____________________ As the frequency of the PWM increases the resolution decreases. To calculate the resolution for a given frequency use: (log( Fosc/Fpwm )) / log(2) Where Fosc is the crystal frequency, and Fpwm is the frequency of the PWM, see above calculations. The log of 2 is a constant, with a value of 0.301 Therefore our formula now looks like this: (log( Fosc/Fpwm )) / 0.301 So, for a frequency of 3.9kHz, and a 4MHz crystal our formula is now: (log( 4000000/3900)) / 0.301 == 10.003 Which means that we have a resolution of 10-bits. PHEEEEEEWWWWWW!!!!!!!! __________________________________________________ ____________________ Example code Include "proton_4.inc" Device 16F877 Remarks On All_Digital = TRUE PortB_Pullups = On ' Enable PORTB pull-ups Cls ' ** Setup the Crystal Frequency in MHz ** ' ** Declare Variables ** Dim X As Word Dim Duty As Word Dim Vout As Word

Dim Duty_R As Byte Symbol Quanta = 49 '-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------' ** The main program starts here! ** TRISC.2 = 0 ' Enable PORTC.2 (CCP1) as output for PWM T2CON = %00000100 ' Set the Prescaler for 1:1, and turn on TMR2 PR2 = 255 ' See above calculation in notes for the output period Vout = 2500 ' We require 2.5Volts PWM output GoSub Make_pwm Print At 1 , 1 , #vout , 32 , 32 Stop Make_pwm: Duty = (Vout*10) / Quanta Duty_R = (Vout) // Quanta Duty = Duty + Duty_R X=Duty CCP1CON.4 = X.0 ' Place bit-0 of the duty in the LSB register(bit-4) CCP1CON.5 = X.1 ' Place bit-1 of the duty in the LSB register(bit-5) X = X >> 2 ' Shift the duty value down 2 places CCPR1L = X ' MSB of the 10-bit duty value CCP1CON.2 = 1 ' Turn on PWM Module one, CCP1CON.3 = 1 ' by setting bits 2 and 3 of CCP1CON Return Stop