Cobalt

Appearance hard lustrous gray metal

General properties Name, symbol, number Element category Group, period, block Standard atomic weight Electron configuration Electrons per shell cobalt, Co, 27 transition metal 9, 4, d 58.933195(5)g mol!1

"#r$ 4s2 3d7 2, 8, 15, 2 Physical properties Color metallic gray Density near r!t!" 8.9% g cm!3 #i$uid density at m!p! 7.75 g cm!3 %elting point 17&8 '1495 (,C2723 (,) &oiling point 32%% '2927 (,C53%1 (,) Atomic properties 5, 4 , ), *, 1 "1$, *1 '(idation states (am+hoteric o,ide) Electronegati+ity 1.88 (-auling scale) Crystal structure he,agonal %agnetic ordering .erromagnetic

Cobalt is a hard, lustrous, gray metal, a chemical element /ith symbol Co and atomic number 27. #lthough cobalt*based colors and +igments ha0e been used since ancient times .or ma1ing 2e/elry and +aints, and miners ha0e long used the name 1obold ore .or some minerals, the .ree metallic cobalt /as not +re+ared and disco0ered until 1735 by 3eorg 4randt. Cobalt occurs in 0arious metallic*lustered ores, .or e,am+le cobaltite (Co#s5), but is mainly +roduced as a by*+roduct o. co++er and nic1ell mining..

Cobalt is used in the +re+aration o. magnetic, /ear*resistant, and high*strength alloys. 5malte (coblat silicate glass) and Cobalt blue (cobalt(66) aluminate, Co#l274) gi0es a distincti0e dee+ blue color to glass, ceramics, in1s, +aints, and 0arnishes. Cobalt*&% is a commercially im+ortant radioisoto+e, used as a tracer and in the +roduction o. gamma rays .or industrial use. Cobalt is an essential trace element .or all multicellular organisms as the acti0e center o. coen8ymes called cobalamins. 9hese include 0itamin 4*12 /hich is essential .or mammals. Cobalt is also an acti0e nutrient .or bacteria, algae, and .ungi, and may be a necessary nutrient .or all li.e. Characteristics 1. Cobalt is a .erromagnetic metal /ith a s+eci.ic gra0ity o. 8.9 (2%(C). 2. -ure cobalt is not .ound in nature, but com+ounds o. cobalt are common. 3. 5mall amounts o. it are .ound in most roc1s, soil, +lants, and animals. 4. 6n nature, it is .re:uently associated /ith nic1el, and both are characteristic minor com+onents o. meteoric iron. ;ammals re:uire small amounts o. cobalt /hich is the basis o. 0itamin 412. Cobalt*&%, an arti.icially +roduced radioacti0e isoto+e o. cobalt, is an im+ortant radioacti0e tracer and cancer*treatment agent. 5. Cobalt has a relati0e +ermeability t/o thirds that o. iron. ;etallic cobalt occurs as t/o crystallogra+hic structures< hc+ and .cc. 9he ideal transition tem+erature bet/een hc+ and .cc structures is 45% (C, but in +ractice, the energy di..erence is so small that random intergro/th o. the t/o is common. '(idation state and stereochemistry of cobalt

Compounds Common o,idation states o. cobalt include =2 and =3, although com+ounds /ith o,idation state =1 are also 1no/n. 9he most stable o,idation state .or sim+le com+ounds is =2. Cobalt(66) salts .orm the red*+in1 "Co(> 27)&$2= com+le, in a:ueous solution. #dding e,cess chloride /ill change the color .rom +in1 to blue, due to the .ormation o. "CoCl4$2!. Oxygen and chalcogen compounds 1. 3reen cobalt(66) o,ide (Co7) has roc1salt crystal structure and is readily o,idi8ed /ith /ater and o,ygen to bro/n cobalt(666) hydro,ide (Co(7>)3). 2. #t tem+eratures o. 4%%?5%% (C, the Co7 is o,idi8ed to the blue cobalt(66,666) o,ide (Co374), /hich has s+inel structure. 3. 9he bro/n cobalt(666) o,ide (Co273) is the least stable o. the o,ides. Cobalt o,ides are anti.erromagnetic at lo/ tem+erature< Co7 (@eel tem+erature 291 ') and Co374 (@eel tem+erature< 4% '), /hich is analogous to magnetite ()e 374), /ith a mi,ture o. =2 and =3 o,idation states. 9he o,ide Co273 is +robably unstable as it has not been re+orted yet. 4. 9he chalcogenides o. cobalt include t/o blac1 cobalt(66) sul.ide, Co5 2 and Co253. 7range* colored Cobalt(66) sul.ate (Co574) is an e,am+le o. cobalt com+ound containing both sul.ur and o,ygen. Halogen compounds 1. 9he halogen com+ounds o. cobalt are cobalt(66) .luoride (Co) 2), cobalt(66) chloride (CoCl2), cobalt(66) bromide (Co4r2), cobalt(66) iodide (Co62), and cobalt(666) .luoride (Co)3). 2. Cobalt(66) chloride is commonly .ound as an indicator o. dryness in silica gel beads used as a desiccant. #nhydrous cobalt(66) chloride is blue, /hile the he,ahydrate is red.

cobalt(66) chloride he,ahydrate 9he reduction +otential .or the reaction< Co3= = e! A Co2= is =1.92 B, .ar beyond the one .or chlorine. 3. #s a conse:uence cobalt(666) .luoride is one o. the .e/ sim+le stable cobalt(666) com+ounds. Cobalt(666) .luoride reacts 0igorous /ith /ater.

Coordination compounds #ll com+ounds containing cobalt in the =3 o,idation state are stabili8ed by com+le, ion .ormation, e,ce+t Cobalt(66,666) o,ide (Co374) and the bro/n cobalt(666) .luoride (Co) 3), /hich is instantly hydroly8ed in /ater. C,am+les .or the more e,otic o,idation states =1, =4 and =5 are the com+ounds tris(tri+henyl+hos+hine)cobalt(6) chloride ((-(C &>5)3)3CoCl), caesium he,a.luorocobaltate (Cs2Co)&)) and +otassium +ercobaltate ('3Co74). Bitamin 412 com+ounds are coordination com+le,es o. elaborated corrin rings /ith a central cobalt atom. #l.red Derner, a +ioneer in coordination chemistry, /or1ed /ith com+ounds o. em+irical .ormula CoCl3(@>3)&E one o. the isomers determined /as cobalt(666) he,ammine chloride. 9his coordination com+le,, a Fty+icalF Derner*ty+e com+le,, consists o. a central cobalt atom coordinated by si, ammine ligands orthogonal to each other, and three chloride counteranions. Gsing chelating ethylenediamine ligands in +lace o. ammonia gi0es tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(666) chloride ("Co(en)3$Cl), /hich /as one o. the .irst coordination com+le,es sho/ing stereochemistry. 9he com+le, can ta1e either right* or le.t* handed .orms o. a three*bladed +ro+eller. 9his com+le, /as .irst isolated by Derner as yello/*gold needle*li1e crystals. Cobaltocene is a stable cobalt analog to .errocene. C'&A#, C'%P'-NDS 1. './DE Cobalt (66) o,ide is com+ound has green color that made by metal heating, cobalt carbonate, or nitrate in tem+erature 11%%%C. Cobalt (66) o,ide has @aCl structure. 6n 4%% ? 5%%%C heating in air that +roduced Co374 com+ound. 5ome o. another o,ide is Co273, Co72 and o1so1obaltat (66) red @a1%"Co479$. *! 0A#/DE. >alide anhydrate CoH2 can made /ith dehydration by hydrate halide and .or Co) 2 made /ith react bet/een >) /ith CoCl2. >alide chlor is bright blue color. Ieaction by .luoride or another .luoride com+ounds in cobalt halide at tem+erature 3%% ? 4%% %C +roduce cobalt (666) .luoride that is bro/n com+ound that similarity used as .luorination substance. Cobalt (666) .luoride can reduced by /ater. )! S-#1/DE )ormed by Co2= solution that reacted /ith >25 ma1e Co5 +reci+itate /ith blac1 color. 2! SA#, )orm salt o. cobalt (66) is the sim+le and hydrate salt. #ll hydrate salt o. cobalt colored is red or +in1 by ion "Co(>27)&$2= that is coordinate ions octahedral. #ddition o. hydro,ide ion in Co2= solution +roduce cobalt (66) hydro,ide /ith +in1 color or blue de+end on that condition. 7nly +in1 color that is stable .orm. Cobalt (66) hydro,ide is am+hoter i. solute in strong hydro,ide .orming solution /ith blue color that contain ion "Co(7>) 4$2*. )orm salt o. cobalt (666) is smale, salt o. .luoride hydrate is green Co) 3.5>27 and sul+hate hydrate is blue Co2(574)3.18>27 can be se+arated on o,idation electro.ilic .rom Co 2= in 4%J >) solution dan >2574 8;.

Comple(es of cobalt //" 6on a1uo (Co(>27)&$ is com+le,e cobalt (66) more sim+le. 5tructure .rom cobalt (66) com+le, that similarity is octahedral and tetrahedral. 7nly +resent small di..erent stability .rom both 1inds o. ligan that same, +robably di..erent in e:uilibrium.

#ddition Cl* in +in1 ion a1uo solution /ill +roduce tetrahedral com+ound that has blue color.

Chemistry properties of cobalt ///" Dithout another ligan, o,idation by ion Co(>27)&2= more unli1e and ion Co3= can reduced by /ater. 7,idation electrolytic or o,idation o. 73 in cold acid solution /ith Co(Cl74)2 +roduce ion a1uo"Co(>27)&$3= that +resent in e:uilibrium /ith "Co(7>)(>27)5$2=. Dith +resent another ligan li1e @>3 can re+airing stability o. ion cobalt (666).

Dith +resent ion 7>*, cobalt (66) hydro,ide easy to o,idate by air become o,ide hydrate /ith blac1 color.

6on cobalt (666) sho/ing certain a..inity to @ donor li1e @> 3, en, CK9#, @C5 and etc can .ormed com+le,es com+ound that medley. #ll o. ccbalt (666) com+le,es has octahedral structure. Cobalt (666) com+le,es can made by o,idation Co2= /ith +resent o. ligan, o,igen or hydrogen +ero,ide and catalysts carbon /ith reaction li1e<

4oth o. isomer cis and trans .rom "Coen 2Cl2$= i. heated in /ater /ill occur acuation reaction.

"Coen2Cl2$= com+ound i. reacted /ith another ligan /ill occur re+lace ligan.

Isotopes
59

Cobalt is the only stable cobalt isoto+e. 22 radioisoto+es ha0e been characteri8ed /ith the most stable being &%Co /ith a hal.*li.e o. 5.2714 years, 57Co /ith a hal.*li.e o. 271.79 days, 5& Co /ith a hal.*li.e o. 77.27 days, and 58Co /ith a hal.*li.e o. 7%.8& days. #ll o. the remaining radioacti0e isoto+es ha0e hal.*li0es that are less than 18 hours, and the ma2ority o. these are less than 1 second. 9his element also has 4 meta states, all o. /hich ha0e hal.*li0es less than 15 minutes. Cobalt radioisotopes in medicine * Cobalt*&% (Co*&% or &%Co) is a radioacti0e metal that is used in radiothera+y. 6t +roduces t/o gamma rays /ith energies o. 1.17 ;eB and 1.33 ;eB. * Cobalt*57 (Co*57 or 57Co) is a cobalt radioisoto+e most o.ten used in medical tests, as a radiolabel .or 0itamin 412 u+ta1e, and .or the 5chilling test. Industrial uses for radioactive isotopes * Cobalt*&% (Co*&% or &%Co) is use.ul as a gamma ray source because it can be +roduced in +redictable :uantity and high acti0ity by sim+ly e,+osing natural cobalt to neutrons in a reactor .or a +eriod. 6ts uses include sterili8ation o. medical su++lies and medical /aste, radiation treatment o. .oods .or sterili8ation (cold +asteuri8ation), industrial radiogra+hy (e.g., /eld integrity radiogra+hs), density measurements (e.g., concrete density measurements), and tan1 .ill height s/itches. * Cobalt*57 is used as a source in ;Lssbauer s+ectrosco+y and is one o. se0eral +ossible sources in HI) de0ices (Mead -aint 5+ectrum #naly8ers). Cobalt-60 as weapon @uclear /ea+on designs could intentionally incor+orate 59Co, some o. /hich /ould be acti0ated in a nuclear e,+losion to +roduce &%Co. 9he &%Co, dis+ersed as nuclear .allout, creates /hat is sometimes called a dirtybomb or cobalt bomb.

Ieaction
1. Ieaction Dith air >eating 3 Co (s) + 4 O2 (g) 2 Co3O4 (s)

>eating abo0e 9%% C

2 Co (s) + O2 (g) 2 CoO (s)

2. Ieaction /ith halogens

Co( s ) + F2 ( g ) CoF2 ( s ) Co( s ) + Cl2 ( g ) CoCl 2( s ) Co( s ) + Br2 ( g ) CoBr2( s ) Co( s ) + I 2( g ) CoI 2 ( s )

3. Ieaction Dith acids Co (s) = >2574 (a:) A Co2= (a:) = 574* (a:) = >2 (g) History Cobalt com+ounds ha0e been used .or centuries to im+art a rich blue color to glass, gla8es, and ceramics 5/edish chemist 3eorg 4randt (1&94?17&8) is credited /ith isolating cobalt circa 1735. >e /as able to sho/ that cobalt /as the source o. the blue color in glass, /hich +re0iously had been attributed to the bismuth .ound /ith cobalt. 9he /ord cobalt is deri0ed .rom the 3erman kobalt, .rom kobold meaning FgoblinF, a term used .or the ore o. cobalt by miners. 9he .irst attem+ts at smelting the cobalt ores to +roduce cobalt metal .ailed, yielding cobalt(66) o,ide instead. #lso, because the +rimary ores o. cobalt al/ays contain arsenic, smelting the ore o,idi8ed into the highly to,ic and 0olatile o,ide #s47&, /hich /as inhaled by /or1ers.. Occurrence Cobalt occurs in co++er and nic1el minerals and in combination /ith sul.ur and arsenic in the sul.idic cobaltite (Co#s5), sa..lorite (Co#s2) and s1utterudite (Co#s3) minerals. 9he mineral cattierite is similar to +yrite and occurs together 0aesite in the co++er de+osits in the 'atanga -ro0ince. 6. the sul.ides come in contact /ith the atmos+here /eathering starts trans.orming the minerals by o,idation. 9he +roducts o. the o,idation are .or e,am+le +in1 erythrite (Ncobalt glanceN< Co3(#s74)2 8>27) and s+haerocobaltite (CoC73).

Production

Cobalt ore Cobalt is not .ound as a nati0e metal but generally .ound in the .orm o. ores. Cobalt is usually not mined alone, and tends to be +roduced as a by*+roduct o. nic1el and co++er mining acti0ities. 9he main ores o. cobalt are cobaltite, erythrite, glaucodOt, and s1utterudite. 9here are se0eral methods /hich can be used to se+arate cobalt .rom co++er and nic1el. 9hey de+end on the concentration o. cobalt and the e,act com+osition o. the used ore. 9he .irst +ossible se+aration ste+ is the .roth .lotation o. the ore, in /hich s+ecial sur.actants yield in an enrichment o. cobalt. 9he .ollo/ing roasting o. the ores can be conducted in a /ay that the cobalt sul.ide is o,idi8ed to the cobalt sul.ate, /hile the co++er and the iron are o,idi8ed to the o,ide. 9he leaching /ith /ater e,tracts the sul.ate together /ith the arsenates. 9he residues are .urther leached /ith sul.uric acid yielding a solution o. co++er sul.ate. 9hey also +resent iron nic1el and cobalt salts can be +reci+itated by chlorine or hy+ochloride. 6. the co++er is not +roduced by leaching and electro/inning but by the +yrometallurgic +rocess, the cobalt can be leached .rom the slag o. the co++er smelter. #ll the abo0e*mentioned +rocesses yield co++er com+ounds /hich are trans.ormed into the cobalt o,ide Co 374. 9he reduction to the metal is done either by the aluminothermic reaction or reduction /ith carbon in a blast .urnace. 6n 2%%8, 9he Mondon ;etal C,change announced that Cobalt /ould be traded as a commodity on the Mondon ;etal C,change. Applications Alloys Cobalt*based su+eralloys consume most o. the +roduced cobalt. 9he tem+erature stability o. these alloys ma1es them suitable .or use in turbine blades .or gas turbines and 2et aircra.t engines, though nic1el*based single crystal alloys sur+ass them in this regard. Cobalt*based alloys are also corrosion and /ear*resistant. 5+ecial cobalt*chromium* molybdenum alloys are used .or +rosthetic +arts such as hi+ and 1nee re+lacements. Cobalt alloys are also used .or dental +rosthetics, /here they are use.ul to a0oid allergies to nic1el. 5ome high s+eed steels also use cobalt to increase heat and /ear*resistance. 9he s+ecial alloys o. aluminium, nic1el, cobalt and iron, 1no/n as #lnico, and o. samarium and cobalt (samarium*cobalt magnet) are used in +ermanent magnets.

atteries Mithium cobalt o,ide (MiCo72) is /idely used in Mithium ion battery electrodes. @ic1el* cadmium (@iCd) and nic1el metal hydride (@i;>) batteries also contain signi.icant amounts o. cobalt. Catalyst 5e0eral cobalt com+ounds are used in chemical reactions as catalysts. Cobalt acetate is used .or the +roduction o. tere+hthalic acid as /ell as dimethyl tere+hthalic acid, /hich are 1ey com+ounds in the +roduction o. -olyethylene tere+hthalate. 9he steam re.orming and hydrodesul.uration .or the +roduction o. +etroleum, /hich uses mi,ed cobalt molybdenum aluminium o,ides as a catalyst, is another im+ortant a++lication. Cobalt and its com+ounds, es+ecially cobalt carbo,ylates (1no/n as cobalt soa+s), are good o,idation catalysts. 9hey are used in +aints, 0arnishes, and in1s as drying agents through the o,idation o. certain com+ounds. 9he same carbo,ylates are used to im+ro0e the adhesion o. the steel to rubber in steel*belted radial tires. !igments and coloring

Cobalt blue glass 4e.ore the 19th century, the +redominant use o. cobalt /as as +igment. 5ince the midage the +roduction o. smalt a blue colored glas /as 1no/n. 5malt is +roduced by melting a mi,ture o. the roasted mineral smaltite, :uart8 and +otassium carbonate, yielding a dar1 blue silicate glass /hich is grinded a.ter the +roduction. 5malt /as /idely used .or the coloration o. glass and as +igment .or +aintings. 6n 178% 50en Iinman disco0ered cobalt green and in 18%2 Mouis Pac:ues 9hQnard disco0ered cobalt blue. 9he t/o colors cobalt blue, a cobalt aluminate, and cobalt green, a mi,ture o. cobalt(66) o,ide and 8inc o,ide, /ere used as +igments .or +aintings due to their su+erior stability. Cobalt has been used to color glass since the 4ron8e #ge. Other uses Clectro+lating due to its a++earance, hardness, and resistance to o,idation 3round coats .or +orcelain enamels -uri.ication o. histidine*tagged .usion +roteins in biotechnology a++lications

Biological role

Cobalamin Cobalt in small amounts is essential to many li0ing organisms including humans. >a0ing %.13 to %.3% mgR1g o. cobalt in soils mar1edly im+ro0es the health o. gra8ing animals. Cobalt is a central com+onent o. the 0itamin cobalamin, or 0itamin 41 #lthough cobalt +roteins are less common than +roteins containing metals li1e manganese, iron, or 8inc, se0eral are 1no/n. ;ost cobalt +roteins use a co.actor based on the corrin cobalt, deri0ed .rom 0itamin 412, but there are also a .e/ +roteins 1no/n in /hich cobalt is directly coordinated by the +rotein structureE ;ethionine amino+e+tidase 2 and @itrile hydratase are t/o e,am+les. Precautions #lthough cobalt is an essential element .or li.e in minute amounts, at higher le0els o. e,+osure it sho/s mutagenic and carcinogenic e..ects similar to nic1el (see Cobalt -oisoning). 6n 19&&, the addition o. cobalt com+ounds to stabili8e beer .oam in Canada led to cardiomyo+athy, /hich came to be 1no/n as beer drinker's cardiomyopathy. -o/dered cobalt in metal .orm is a .ire ha8ard. #.ter nic1el and chromium, cobalt is a ma2or cause o. contact dermatitis.