Optimum Design of Cryogenic Pipe Supports

Hyun-Joo, Chang General Manager Seung-Nam, Shin Piping Stress Engineer Hyundai Engineering Co., Ltd Abstract Cold insulation pipe supports have een !idely used in a num er o" #hemi#al plants in#luding LNG re#eiving terminal. $his paper presents a theoreti#al and pra#ti#al study o" optimum design o" #ryogeni# pipe supports re%uired to design LNG re#eiving terminal. & solution "or optimum design o" #ryogeni# pipe supports is o tained and pra#ti#al results are presented. 't is sho!n that !hen !e design #ryogeni# pipe supports, !e have to #onsider stru#tural #hara#teristi#s, design load, re%uirement "rom the o!ner and e#onomi# aspe#t "or ea#h type o" supports su#h as shoe, guide, stop and trunnion. So, it is very important to #lari"y the ehavior o" #ryogeni# piping system in#luding pipe support during normal operation o" LNG re#eiving terminal. (or this purpose, not only theoreti#al ut also pra#ti#al approa#hes have een used to #lari"y the ehavior o" #ryogeni# piping system during normal operation and initial start-up. $his design o" #ryogeni# pipe supports has een validated y #omparison !ith other type o" #ryogeni# pipe supports, and #on"irmed y applying to 'n#hon LNG re#eiving terminal. 't is noted that this design is e""i#ient and appli#a le to "uture LNG re#eiving terminal pro)e#t. $he "ollo!ing issues are presented in this paper. *ehavior o" #ryogeni# piping system during initial start-up *ehavior o" #ryogeni# piping system during normal operation Chara#teristi#s o" #ryogeni# piping system and pipe supports

+e%uirements "or #ryogeni# pipe supports ,ptimi-ation o" #ryogeni# pipe supports Comparison !ith other type o" #ryogeni# pipe supports Con"irmation o" #ryogeni# pipe supports

1. Introduction LNG .Li%ue"ied Natural Gas/ has een !idely used as a #lean energy

no!adays, and there are so many large LNG re#eiving terminals under #onstru#tion a##ordingly. &mong these large LNG re#eiving terminals, 'n#hon LNG terminal in 0orea is one o" the largest LNG re#eiving terminals. 1e, Hyundai Engineering Company, parti#ipated in design o" 'n#hon LNG terminal over 23 years. 1e have mu#h e4perien#e in designing #ryogeni# piping, and !e !ould li5e to share this e4perien#e on this su )e#t. &s a matter o" "a#t, sin#e the oiling point o" LNG is su#h a lo! temperature, !hat is so #alled #ryogeni#, as under -267 that e4tremely superior insulation property, dura ility and also sta le "un#tion are re%uired "or supporting devi#es su#h as shoe, stop, and an#hor to e used at LNG re#eiving terminal. $he pro lems en#ountered in #ryogeni# piping system are as "ollo!s8 em rittlement o" materials, i#ing around9 et!een the #ryogeni# pipe support, pipe insulation and steel!or5, large displa#ements .due to the thermal e4pansion and #ontra#tion/, rapid #hange o" phase due to large heat "lu4es . ig delta $/, and small latent heats o" the "luids involved. $hus, e4tremely high relia ility is re%uired to design #ryogeni# pipe support system. (rom the general point o" vie!, supports must e designed to meet all stati# as !ell as dynami# operational #onditions to !hi#h the piping may e su )e#ted. $he support system must provide "or and #ontrol, su )e#t to the re%uirements o" the piping #on"iguration, the movement due to the thermal e4pansion and #ontra#tion o" the piping and the #onne#ted e%uipment. (urthermore, the #orre#t and e#onomi#al sele#tion o" the pipe supports "or #ryogeni# piping system usually presents di""i#ulties o" varying degree, some
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relatively minor and others o" a more #riti#al nature. Proper sele#tion o" #ryogeni# pipe support should pipe support pro lems may $here"ore, e the o )e#tive o" this paper. & good pipe support design egins !ith good piping design and layout. $hat means many e minimi-ed or avoided i" proper attention is given to the means o" support during the piping layout design phase. ehavior and re%uirements o" #ryogeni# piping system during normal operation and initial start-up are presented here. $his paper also provides guidelines "or the design and layout o" #ryogeni# piping and pipe supports "ound in LNG re#eiving terminal and related pro#essing plant. 2. Features of Cryogenic Piping System Heat is #ontinuously entering the piping through the insulation and supports. $his heat !ill ma5e the li%uid #ontents oil. (or this reason heat lea5 must e minimi-ed. (rom an e#onomi# point o" vie!, the thermal e""i#ien#y o" the piping system must e #are"ully #onsidered sin#e the heat addition to the system !ill ordinarily result in loss o" produ#t. So there must e the need "or understanding #ryogeni# piping system. 'n order to o tain a etter appre#iation o" the spe#ial #onsideration involved in #ryogeni# pipe support system appli#ation, it !as "elt that it !ould e ne#essary to revie! the ehavior o" materials at #ryogeni# temperature and the physi#al and thermodynami# property o" #ryogeni# piping and pipe support system. $hese #onsiderations are presented in this se#tion. 2.1 Materials used in Cryogenic Piping Systems 'mportant #onsideration in the sele#tion o" materials "or #ryogeni# piping systems in#lude suita le me#hani#al and physi#al properties, #ompati ility !ith pro#ess "luids, "a ri#a ility, #ost, and #omplian#e !ith regulatory #odes su#h as &SME *:2.:. 't is re#ogni-ed that #ertain materials tend to e#ome rittle at lo! temperature and may e su )e#t to "ailure !hi#h !ould not usually o##ur at normal temperature or at elevated temperature. $he transition temperature at !hi#h #ertain materials
:

e#ome

rittle is not !ell de"ined.

Some "errous materials may pass through the transition range at normal temperature, !hile others may not e#ome rittle until it rea#hes lo! temperatures. *e#ause o" em rittlement o" materials, #ar on steel #an not e used "or #ryogeni# piping systems. $here"ore, !e have to use "errous alloys. $a le 2 - $ypi#al (errous &lloys used in Cryogeni# piping Minimum $emperature -<6 ->: -232 -2?6 -7A< -7A< -2?6 -2?6 -7A< &SME ;esignation & ::: Gr.2 & ::: Gr.> & ::: Gr.: & ::: Gr.@ &:27 &:27 &:27 &:27 &:27

&lloy C-Mn steel 7 29<= Ni steel : 297= Ni steel ?= Ni steel :3< Stainless steel :3<L steel :26 steel :26L steel :<> steel Stainless Stainless Stainless Stainless

+emar5

(errous alloys most o"ten en#ountered in #ryogeni# piping appli#ations are usually #lassi"ied as "erriti# or austeniti# types. .Please re"er to $a le 2./ $he terms austeniti# and "erriti# re"er to the predominant #rystallographi# phases "errite or austeniti#, !hi#h are ody #entered #u i# .*CC/ and "a#e #entered #u i# .(CC/, respe#tively. Most o" the austeniti# alloy steels used in #ryogeni# piping are #hromium-ni#5el stainless steels o" the &'S' :33 type, su#h as :3<, :3<L, :26, and :26L. ,ther stainless steels #lassi"ied as martensiti#, duple4, and pre#ipitation hardening also e4ists8 ho!ever, the pre#eding alloys are most #ommonly used in #ryogeni# piping "or LNG re#eiving terminal and distri ution appli#ations. ," the :33 Series alloys, the &'S' :3< #omposition is the most popular as measure y tonnage. &s #an e seen in $a le 7, thermal e4pansion "or austeniti# alloy steels used in #ryogeni# piping is mu#h larger than that o" #ar on steel. $his large thermal
<

e4pansion ma5es large displa#ements .e4pansion and #ontra#tion/ o" material. $his ma5es it more di""i#ult to design #ryogeni# piping system than to design hot insulated piping system.

$a le 7 - $ypi#al me#hani#al and Physi#al properties o" (erriti# &lloys used in Cryogeni# piping
3.7= ,""set yield strength .MPa/ 73> 7<2 7>6 A2> A@6 672 ?:2 767 <@: 7AA <6? 767 <<@ 767 <6? <@: $hermal Condu#tivity .19mC0/ A7 :6 7> 2: 2A 3 Same as :3< Same as :3< 2A 3 Same as :26 Same as :26 2< 3

&lloy C-Mn steel 7 9<= Ni steel :297= Ni steel ?= Ni steel :3< Stainless steel :3<L Stainless steel :26 Stainless steel :26L Stainless steel :<> Stainless steel
2

&SME spe#. & ::: Grade 2 & ::: Grade > & ::: Grade : & ::: Grade @ & :27 $P:3< & :27 $P:3<L & :27 $P:26 & :27 $P:26L & :27 $P:<>

$emp. ./ +$ -<6 +$ ->: +$ -232 +$ -2?6 +$ -7A< +$ -7A< +$ -2?@ +$ -2?6 +$ -7A<

Bltimate $ensile Strength .MPa/ :>? <<@ A2> 6@? 22:>? >?: 22>7 A@6 2>7< AA7 2AA2 633 2:A@ A@6 672 2A@6

= Elong. in A.2#m .=/ 72 2@ 2@ 7A 7> <A : <A :2 <A A6 <A A3 :@

Charpy 'mpa#t Strength .Joules/ ?A 6@ >? 7> 2:3 :3 6< :< 2A6 237 @2 @2 @2 62

$hermal E4pansion .m9m90 4 23 22.> A.< 23.< @.6 23.< @.6 26.7 7.2 Same as :3< Same as :3< 26.7 27.< Same as :26 Same as :26 2A.6 27.?
6

2.2 Insulation for Piping System Most piping in li%uid #ryogeni# servi#e is insulated. $he reasons a line !ould not e insulated are that .2/ its use is very in"re%uent and rie"8 .7/ it is a temporary installation8or .:/ the re"rigeration losses are in#onse%uential. $he type o" insulation used "or #ryogeni# piping in#ludes .2/ e4panded "oams su#h as polyurethane and "oamglass, .7/ po!der insulations su#h as perlite, and .:/ va#uum-insulated pipe. (or an insulation system to remain e""e#tive, the vapor arrier system must 5eep atmospheri# moisture "rom entering the insulation spa#e and "ree-ing against the #ryogeni# line. 1hen this o##urs, the i#e that is "ormed !ill degrade or destroy the insulation system. 1hen the #ryogeni# li%uid is #older than the oiling point o" o4ygen .-7?> or -2@:/, o4ygen #an #ondensate out o" the air and #olle#t in the insulation spa#e. (or this situation, the insulation system should e non#om usti le in the presen#e o" o4ygen. Heat lea5 y #ondu#tion and radiation is redu#ed y the laminar radiation shielding. $he heat lea5 y #onve#tion is redu#ed y the va#uum. 1hen #old insulation is re%uired, the entire system shall e "ully insulated,

in#luding all piping #omponents, piping9tu ing o" insulated instruments, drains, e%uipment no--les and supports. &nd all metal parts !hi#h protrude through the insulation shall e insulated. $he typi#al values "or thermal #ondu#tivity are sho!n in $a le :. $he e4panded "oam insulation uses a #overing to provide the vapour more "re%uent maintenan#e is re%uired to maintain a tight vapour arrier. $a le : - $hermal Condu#tivity o" Pipe 'nsulation Materials at 'nsulation Mean $emperature o" -233 arrier prote#tion. $he initial #apital #ost is usually lo!er than the other system, ut

'nsulation Brethane (oam (oamglass Perlite .at atmospheri# pressure/ Perlite .va#uum at 2Gm/ Laminar shielding .va#uum at 2Gm/ radiation

$hermal #ondu#tivity D*tu9.hC"tC 2 /E 3.327 3.37< 3.32@

4 >.? 4 23

$hermal #ondu#tivity 19.mCF0/ .372 .3<7 .3:2

3 2.:> 4 23

5 7.2 4 23

5 :.6: 4 23

2. Fle!ibility Analysis for Cryogenic Piping System Piping "le4i ility analysis is an important design #onsideration large di""eren#e e#ause the

et!een am ient and #ryogeni# temperatures !ill result in

signi"i#ant thermal #ontra#tion. Moreover this piping "le4i ility analysis should e #arried out e"ore #ryogeni# pipe support design. 1hen the amount o" pipe movement e4#eeds the #apa#ity o" a pipe support system, a "i4ed support and more e4pansion loops should e designed in order to redu#e the amount o" pipe movement. $he "le4i ility analysis o" the #ryogeni# piping must #onsider the "ull temperature range as !ell as any other #onditions !ith severe temperature di""eren#e !hi#h may o##ur during upset, tha!, or #ool-do!n. &nd #ryogeni# pipe support must e designed a##ordingly. $he analysis methods used are similar to those re%uired "or #onventional piping system. $he one di""eren#e is that piping in #ryogeni# servi#es #ontra#ts rather than e4pands as it is the #ase !ith high temperature servi#es. Ho!ever, sin#e the analyst #an #al#ulate the resulting #ontra#tion, the analysis method systems. e#omes identi#al to those used "or #onventional piping

(or sa"e design, "le4i ility analysis "or #ryogeni# piping system is usually #arried out to meet the engineering re%uirements o" &SME *:2.:, Pro#ess Piping Code. 2." #e$uirements for Cryogenic Pipe Supports 1hen an un-insulated #ryogeni# piping is supported, a portion o" the pipe support !ill e at #ryogeni# temperature. Lo! temperature should e #onsidered !hen sele#ting the materials "or the pipe support and its hard!are. (or lo! temperature servi#e, in addition to heat loss and gain, the pro lem o" atmospheri# #ondensation must e #onsidered, and su#h lines are usually insulated !ith a material that has an outer #overing or seal #alled a vapour arrier. $his arrier prevents the insulation "rom a sor ing moisture. (or this reason it is not permissi le to penetrate the insulation !ith load#arrying mem ers su#h as the legs o" a #onventional high-temperature shoe9saddle or a pipe #lamp. Sin#e most lo!-temperature insulation has lo! #ompressive strength, it is ne#essary to provide shields to the line the piping insulation and to spread out the earing area su""i#iently to prevent #rushing o" the insulation. Su#h shields should "it the outer diameter o" the insulation and #over 2@3 degree o" ar#. (or #ryogeni# piping system, pipe support must !ithstand loads "rom the insulation material, must arrier must e outside the insulation, e du#tile at #ryogeni#

temperature, and has a relatively lo! thermal #ondu#tivity. &nd the vapour e le"t undistur ed. $here"ore, #ryogeni# pipe supports shall meet the "ollo!ing re%uirements as a minimum. a. Supports shall e lighter in !eight !hen #ompared !ith !ooden lo#5. . High relia ility in !ater and resistan#e to oil and #orrosion H Supports shall not need and preservative treatment su#h as #reosote impregnation. #. High !eather tightness H Supports resist !eathering and #orrosion in long term outdoor use. d. Supports shall e4#eed in physi#al strength against #ompression, ending and shearing.
?

e. Supports shall e suita le "or mass produ#tion. ". (orming in#orporated !ith other material shall e possi le. e o tained in large %uantity at the same time. h. Lo! !ater a sorption H Supports shall not in#ur #ra#5s "rom i#ing during storage or operation. i. Heat and (lame resistan#e H (lamma ility o" material shall e4tinguished in a##ordan#e !ith &S$M ;26?7. 2.% Consideration of Cryogenic Pipe Supports High density #radle type o" #ryogeni# pipe supports shall in#orporate a molded heavy density layer onded !ith a stainless steel !eather shield and assem led !ith a steel #radle. $he high density layers shall e stepped and, together !ith the metal )a#5eting, su""i#iently e4tended to "a#ilitate in#orporation !ithin the ad)a#ent insulation system. &ll Joints "e! voids as possi le in order to avoid i#ing due to heat lea5age. Cryogeni# pipe supports shall meet the design re%uirements in respe#t o" #ompressive strength under sustained load, thermal #ondu#tivity, #oe""i#ient o" "ri#tion, servi#e temperature and "lamma ility. . Optimi&ation of Cryogenic Pipe Support &s revie!ed in the previous se#tion, an e4tremely high degree o" relia ility is re%uired in re#ent days in the "ield o" pipe supporting system design su#h as LNG re#eiving terminal. Conventionally, !ooden heat insulators have een used "or piping system supports in these plants. Ho!ever, these materials involve di""i#ulties o" availa ility and unsta le %uality. (urthermore, this material is very heavy and e4pensive. &nd o"ten delivery is very long. $here"ore, this 5ind o" !ooden lo#5 #an not meet the re%uirements mentioned a ove. So !e have to "ind and develop a etter one. Brethane lo#5 made o" high density polyurethane
23

g. (ree o" grains, homogeneous and standard %uality #radles shall

e sel"-

et!een

supports and insulation shall e tightly "itted together and staggered !ith as

"oam !hi#h has lo! thermal #ondu#tivity is a etter #ryogeni# pipe support among various 5inds o" materials. $hey have een already used, and !ell re#eived in various plants. &nd !e are going to present optimi-ed #ryogeni# pipe supports made o" high density polyurethane "oam. .1 Polyuret'ane Cradle Supports Shoe type o" support mainly #onsists o" polyurethane #radle and a steel loadearing plate. 't is used "or sliding supports, guide supports, hanger supports, stan#hion, trunnion and et# to avoid the #ondensate and "ormation o" i#e, around ea#h support, !hi#h !ould restri#t "ree movement o" the piping. &dditionally, under #ertain thermal #onditions, dire#t #onta#t et!een the pipe and the stru#ture #ould produ#e lo#al rittleness o" the stru#ture itsel". (igure 2 sho!s typi#al #ryogeni# pipe support detail dra!ing, !here * is #old insulation thi#5ness.

(ig. 2 Cryogeni# Pipe Support ;etail ;ra!ing

22

Cradles shall e high density polyurethane "oam !hi#h shall possess a uni%ue #ellular stru#ture. &nd ea#h #old insulated pipe supports shall have a vapour arrier. Easy assem ling and "inishing polyurethane #radle to the pipe line is also re%uired. ;esign strength shall e ased on ultimate #ompressive strength !ith a minimum sa"ety "a#tor o" A, or that !hi#h results in a 2= de"le#tion, !hi#hever is less, and shall have the "ollo!ing properties8 a. Polyurethane "oam shall satis"y the "lame spread re%uirements o" BL?<. $he minimum per#entage o" !eight retention o" the "oam !hen tested in a##ordan#e !ith &S$M ;:32< shall e >A=. . &verage density o" PB( #radle shall e veri"ied y dividing the !eight o" the #radle y itIs volume. &verage density shall e !ithin A= o" the spe#i"ied density, "or oth 77<5g9m: and "or :735g9m: PB( #radles.

&verage density "or 2635g9m: shall e !ithin -3= and J23=. #. Minimum value "or the ultimate #ompressive strength "or samples ta5en "rom the #ore i.e., !ithin the middle 63= o" the thi#5ness "or all densities shall e !ithin 23= o" the spe#i"ied values. d. $he thermal #ondu#tivity o" the polyurethane "oam at -263 , in a##ordan#e !ith &S$M C2>>, shall e !ithin J9-A= o" the values spe#i"ied in $a le <. Samples shall e ta5en "rom the #ore !ithin the middle 63= o" thi#5ness, !here it is pra#ti#al. $a le <. Me#hani#al Chara#teristi#s o" High density Polyurethane Stress at 2= de"le#tion :.7 5g9#m7 27.@ 5g9#m7 Minimum Compressive Strength 2@.A 5g9#m7 >3.< 5g9#m7 $hermal Condu#tivity .19m5/ 3.377 3.3:7

Pipe Si-e 297K to @K 23K to >7K - (inish

Core ;ensity 263 5g9m: :73 5g9m:

Cradle 8 Prote#tive #oating *earing Plate and Shoe 8 Painted a"ter pi#5ling or hot dip galvani-ed Mas5ing 8 $he ore o" the #radle is #ompletely #overed !ith mas5ing tape
27

*onding 8 $he earing plate is onded to the #radle at the shop and the #radle is onded to the pipe y "ield "a ri#ator. - Servi#e $emperature Limit 8 -2?6 to @3 - Si-e +ange 8 297K through >7K pipe si-e Pipe support type varies in a##ordan#e !ith insulation thi#5ness. (igure 7 sho!s type sele#tion "or pipe a##ording to insulation thi#5ness !hi#h has een adopted "or 'n#hon LNG re#eiving terminal in 0orea.

(ig. 7 $ype Sele#tion "or Pipe and 'nsulation $hi#5ness

2:

.2 (earing Plate $he material "or the earing plate !hi#h prevents #rushing o" the insulation shall e #ar on steel .&S$M &:6 or e%uivalent/ "ully 5illed open-hearth, ele#tri# "urna#e, or asi#-o4ygen steels. Steel and strapping seals are to e pusher type seal. . Ad'esi)e* Protecti)e Coating and Seal $he adhesive shall e applied to a thi#5ness o" 3.32Ain#h .3.:@mm/ !hen

(osterIs @2-@< is used. Su""i#ient adhesive shall e used to "ill any gaps or voids in the sur"a#es to e onded. $he ond adhesive shall e allo!ed to #ure overnight at room temperature. '" the adhesive material re#ommended y the PB( manu"a#turer is other than the spe#i"ied one, the su stituted adhesive material and applied thi#5ness must e properly tested prior to eing used. &ll sur"a#es o" the polyurethane !hi#h re%uires adhesive onding, prote#tive #oating o" seal shall provide an appropriate an#hor pro"ile. &ny !a4y, smooth sur"a#es su#h as mold release "ilm must e removed prior to the appli#ation o" adhesive or prote#tive #oating. a. &dhesive $he polyurethane #radles shall e onded to the earing plate9 earing plate assem lies y the polyurethane "oam .PB(/ manu"a#turer. Multilayer #radles are also onded together y the polyurethane "oam .PB(/ manu"a#turer. $he adhesive "or the a ove onding is normally (osterIs @2-@<, manu"a#tured y the (oster Produ#ts ;ivision o" the H.*. (uller Co. . Prote#tive Coating Monolar masti# 63-?2 .gray/ adhesive9#oating availa le "rom the (oster produ#ts ;ivision o" H.*. (uller Co. and H.*. (uller li#ensees to e applied to a dry thi#5ness o" 3.3:< in#h .3.@6mm/. $he manu"a#turer shall supply appro4imately 23= o" the %uantity o" prote#tive #oating used in the shop "a ri#ation o" #old insulated pipe shoe "or "ield repair o" minor rea5s in the prote#tive seal.
2<

#. Seal $he inter"a#e )oints et!een the #radle and earing plate shall e #ompletely sealed !ith *utyl ru er sealant, to prevent !ater ingress. Sealant is normally Childers CP->6, Childers Produ#ts Company, (osters ?A3<< .(uller Company, (oster Produ#ts ;ivision/ or e%uivalent. $he inter"a#e sur"a#es et!een upper and lo!er #radles shall e #ompletely sealed !ith ChilderIs CP->6, (oster ?A-<< or an e%ual sealant. d. Mas5ing $ape $he inside radius sur"a#es o" the #radle shall mas5ing tape. ." (eam +idt' and Allo,able Mo)ing $he anti#ipated movement at ea#h support point di#tates the support re%uired. Ea#h type o" support sele#ted must a##ommodating movements o tained longitudinal and hori-ontal movement must e evaluated. *e#ause o" large displa#ements .e4pansion and #ontra#tion/ o" material used "or #ryogeni# piping system, displa#ement #ontrol e#omes very important. $hese displa#ements due to thermal #ontra#tion #an e predi#ted y piping "le4i ility analysis. (or this reason supporting one line "rom another is "or idden "or #ryogeni# piping. $he (igure : sho!s re#ommended eam !idth and its allo!a le moving, !hi#h has een adopted "or 'n#hon LNG re#eiving terminal in 0orea. $here"ore, detail design should e applied in #onsideration o" pipe temperature under #ontra#tion and distan#e "rom an#hor point. &nd spe#ial length support is availa le upon re%uest "or need or more allo!a le moving. asi# type o" e #ompletely #overed !ith

e #apa le o"

y piping "le4i ility analysis. *oth

2A

(ig. : *eam 1idth and &llo!a le Movement 'n addition to displa#ement #ontrol, the #ryogeni# pipe supports has to slide smoothly in order to avoid i#ing around9 et!een the #ryogeni# pipe support and pipe insulation. $hus P$(E sliding plate shall e used to minimi-e hori-ontal "or#es #aused y "ri#tional resistan#e "or #ryogeni# piping system. .% Field installation C'ec- Point *ased on the e4perien#e, !e have the "ield installation #he#5 point as "ollo!s8 a. &s soon as the pa#5age is opened, #he#5 the support assem ly i" there is any damage. &nd i" the damage is small su#h as #oming o"" o" #oating, the damage should e repaired at the "ield. . Clean the sur"a#e o" pipe to remove all the "oreign o )e#tives adhered su#h as rust, vapour, oil, dust and et#. #. &s the supports are installed at the #enter o" e4isting eam or at o""-set position depending on the re%uirement, the installation position shall determined and #learly mar5ed.
26

d. +emove the mas5ing tape !hi#h is adhered on the #radle ore. e. &pply the adhesive uni"ormly on the #radle ore, then, press the support assem ly against the pipe and "asten "irmly together and until the adhesive harden. ". $he time to release the steel released a"ter 27 hour duration. g. $ou#h up the portion !ith prote#tive #oating agent !here the prote#tive #oating is #ome o"". .. /'ermal (o,ing o,ing to /,o P'ase Flo, Consideration o" the #ryogeni# "luid properties has an e""e#t on the piping arrangement. *e#ause the #ryogeni# "luid is #older than am ient air, the #ontinuous heat lea5 "rom am ient air to the piping system is a design #onsideration. *e#ause o" rapid #hange o" phase due to large heat "lu4es #aused y this 5ind o" heat lea5age, there is the temperature di""eren#e et!een top and ottom o" the pipe #ross se#tion and t!o phase "lo!. $he e""e#t o" t!o phase "lo! is mu#h more #ompli#ated than that o" single phase "lo!. $his is attri uted to the "lu#tuations o" "lo! rate, density and pressure gradients, as !ell as os#illations due to #ompressi ility o" the partial gas "luid. $his #ontinuous heat lea5age also #auses thermal o!ing, !hi#h should e avoided. 1hen a #ryogeni# li%uid line is initially put in servi#e, the !arm piping !ill #ause li%uid "lash-o"", !hi#h #ould restri#t the "lo! during the t!o-phase "lo! transient period. 1hen it is possi le to pre-#ool the lines, the piping #an e si-ed "or li%uid phase "lo!, !hi#h !ill result in small piping. '" rapid #ool-do!n is re%uired, the piping must e si-ed "or t!o-phase "lo!. $his rapid #ool-do!n also #auses thermal there"ore redu#ed. Considering une4pe#ted thermal o!ing and "lu#tuations o" "lo! rate, pipe e mu#h shorter than that o" hote lo#ated immediately support span "or #ryogeni# piping shall o!ing. Bndesira le heat trans"er and heat loss is and is depended on the open air temperature. 1hen the temperature is over 2@ , the steel and may e y using the steel

insulated piping. 1hen pra#ti#al, a support should

2>

ad)a#ent to any #hange in dire#tion o" the piping. ". Conclusions $his paper has sho!n in su#h a !ay as to ensure proper support under all operating and environmental #onditions and to provide "or e4pansion 9 #ontra#tion, P$(E sliding plate, thermal o!ing, and insulation prote#tion "or #ryogeni# piping system. 'n #on#lusion, it appears that the "ollo!ing points represent a reasona le point o" #ryogeni# pipe support design "rom the theoreti#al and pra#ti#al study and y applying to 'n#hon LNG re#eiving terminal 2. Cryogeni# pipe supports shall surrounding stru#ture. 7. Cryogeni# supports shall e designed ta5ing into a##ount !arm-up and #ool-do!n #onditions. So piping "le4i ility analysis is ne#essary e"ore #ryogeni# pipe support design. &de%uate systems shall e used in order not to indu#e additional stresses on insulation material. :. &t support lo#ation, insulation material shall #radle shall e respe#ted. <. *e#ause o" large displa#ements .e4pansion and #ontra#tion/ o" material used "or #ryogeni# piping system, supports sele#ted must e #apa le o" a##ommodating movements. A. 6. P$(E sliding plate shall e used to minimi-e hori-ontal "or#es #aused y "ri#tional resistan#e "or #ryogeni# piping system. Considering une4pe#ted thermal hot-insulated piping. &ll o" the "oregoing topi#s are very important and must e studied to design #ryogeni# piping system "rom the support point o" vie! and to provide a general understanding and the asis "or #ryogeni# pipe support design guide.
2@

e designed to minimi-e thermal

#ondu#tion !hi#h #ould adversely a""e#t the "luid in the pipe and9or the

e high density "oam

.2635g9m: or higher/, and a ma4imum de"le#tion o" 2= on insulation

o!ing and "lu#tuations o" "lo! rate,

pipe support span "or #ryogeni# piping shall e mu#h shorter than that o"

(urther !or5 on this topi# in#ludes #ryogeni# pipe support su )e#t to surge "or#e and steady state vi ration li5e pulsation. #0F0#01C0 2. 7. :. <. A. 6. >. @. ?. Paul +. Smith and $homas J. Lan Laan 8 MPiping and Pipe Support Systems, ;esign and EngineeringK, M#Gra!-Hill *oo5 Company MPiping ;esign and EngineeringK, '$$ Grinnell 'ndustrial Piping, 'n#. Ernest Holmes 8 MHand oo5 o" 'ndustrial Pipe!or5 EngineeringK, M#Gra!-Hill *oo5 Company MSS SP-A@, Materials and ;esign o" Pipe Supports MSS SP-6?, Sele#tion and &ppli#ation o" Pipe Supports MSS SP-@?, (a ri#ation and 'nstallation o" pipe Supports *S :?><, Spe#i"i#ation "or Pipe Supports, Part 2, 7 and : &SME *:2.:, Pro#ess Piping M. 1. 0ellogg, Pipe Support Components and (a ri#ated &ssem lies M.1. 0ellogg $ype 22. Mohinder L. Nayyar 8 MPiping Hand oo5K, M#Gra!-Hill *oo5 Company

23. N.H.0 Spring Co., Ltd, 'nspe#tion +eport "or Cryogeni# Pipe Support,

2?