Franois de Chateaubriand Mmoires doutre-tombe Index

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Aargau, Switzerland Ancient Argovia, it is one of the more northerly cantons of Switzerland. It comprises the lower course of the River Aare. The Canton of Lucerne lies to the south. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Aaron He was the brother of Moses according to the Bible. BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 For the miracles of Aarons rod see Exodus VII, and as Chateaubriand cites Numbers XVII. Aaron, Saint d. after 552. The Briton Saint Aaron crossed into Armorica (Brittany) and lived as a hermit on the island of Cesambre, called Saint Aaron until 1150 and now part of Saint Malo. The island was separated from Aleth by an arm of the sea, which the tide at low water left dry twice daily. Eventually Aaron was joined by a group of disciples and became their abbot. Among the disciples was Saint Malo, who arrived from Wales about the middle of the 6th century and was warmly welcomed. A parish church in the diocese of Saint Brieuc bears Aarons name (Benedictines, Husenbeth). BkI:Chap4:Sec3 BkIX:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. BkI:Chap4:Sec8 His chapel. BkI:Chap5:Sec2 He drove out the pirates. Abaillard, Pierre (Peter Abelard) 1079-1142. A French philosopher and churchman, he was born near Nantes. His ill-fated marriage to Hlose, niece of a canon of Paris, led to his castration in 1118. He retired to a Breton monastery, and she became a nun. Noted as a logician he sought to reconcile faith and reason, his Sic et Non (Yes and No, or For and Against) listed points on which authorities differed and so caused outrage. BkIII:Chap14:Sec2 BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Attacked by Saint Bernard at the Council held in Sens in 1140. Abbatucci, Jacques-Pierre 1723-1813. One of the major Corsican leaders, and the principal opponent of Paoli, from 1769 he served the French as an officer in the army. After the Revolution, when Paoli returned and took the island over to the English, Abbatucci led the pro-French faction. They were unsuccessful, and

Abbatucci had to retire to Toulon. The Committee of Public Safety had him appointed to the Army of the Rhine and Moselle as a general of division in April 1795. He did not take up the post due to a reorganisation, and was instead appointed to the Army of Italy on 17 December 1795 as general of brigade. He joined the army immediately, and was promoted general of division on 16 April 1796. He was not actively employed by Bonaparte during the 1796 campaign. His retirement was authorised on 7 December 1796, but he continued to draw the pay of an active officer until 23 September 1800, when he was given a pension. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleons early opinion of him. Abbeville, Comtesse d She was an unknown Countess of the dAbbeville family. BkI:Chap4:Sec7 Guilty of marital infidelity: a ballad penned regarding her that was sung in Saint-Malo. Abbo c859-922. Abbo Cernuus (The Crooked) was a French Benedictine monk of Saint-Germain-des-Prs in Paris, sometimes called Abbo Parisiensis. He was born about the middle of the ninth century, was present at the siege of Paris by the Normans (885-86), and wrote a description of it in Latin verse, with an account of subsequent events to 896, De bellis Parisiacae urbis. He also left some sermons for the instructions of clerics in Paris and Poitiers. BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 His description of the siege. Abdalla-Aga He was the ex-Governor of Jaffa. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Defeated in the Siege of Jaffa, 1799. Abd-El-Ouad The Beni-Abd-el-Ouad were a Berber (ethnic group of North-west Africa) dynasty. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 Mentioned. Abel Murdered by his brother Cain, See Genesis IV:6-8. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Aben-Hamet

A character in Les Aventures du dernier Abencrages (1826) by Chateaubriand, Aben-Hamet the last of his Moorish tribe falls in love, in Granada, with the devout Christian girl, Blanca, an impossible liaison since they are fated to be eternally separated by their faith. Preface:Sect2. BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from the work. Abencrage, Les Aventures du dernier Chateaubriands story of 1826. See Aben-Hamet. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 The translator was Edvige de Battisti di San Giorgio de Solari (1808-1867). Abensberg In Bavaria, on the Abens, a tributary of the Danube, 18 miles south-west of Regensburg, the town is the Castra Abusina of the Romans, The Battle of Abensberg took place on April 20, 1809, between the French, Wrttembergers (VIII Corps) and Bavarians (VII Corps) under Napoleon numbering about 90,000 strong, and 80,000 Austrians under the Archduke Louis of Austria and Generaal Hiller. Napoleon succeeded in turning the Austrian flank, exposed by the defeat of their right, and Louis was forced to retreat. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Abercrombie or Abercromby, James 1706-1781. A British general in the French and Indian Wars, born in Scotland, he arrived in America in 1756 and in 1758 replaced the Earl of Loudon as supreme British commander. After failing to take Ticonderoga from General Montcalm, Abercrombie was replaced (1758) by Jeffery Amherst. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Abigail She was the Jewish widow whose voice David hearkened to, and whom he married. See 1st Samuel:XXV.35 BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Abou-Gosh A Bedouin chief controlling the mountains of Judea, he escorted Chateaubriand in 1806, Lamartine in 1832.

BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 A letter from him. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Aboukir (Abu Quir), Egypt A village on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, 14.5 miles northeast of Alexandria, containing a castle used as a state prison by Muhammad Ali of Egypt. Near the village are many remains of ancient buildings, Egyptian, Greek and Roman. About two miles southeast of the village are ruins supposed to mark the site of Canopus. A little farther east the Canopic branch of the Nile (now dry) entered the Mediterranean. Stretching eastward as far as the Rosetta mouth of the Nile is spacious Abu Qir Bay (KhalIj AbJ QIr), where on 1 August 1798, Horatio Nelson fought the Battle of the Nile, often referred to as the Battle of Aboukir Bay. The latter title is applied more properly to an engagement between the French expeditionary army and the Turks fought on 25 July 1799. Near AbJ QIr, on 8 March 1801, the British army commanded by Sir Ralph Abercromby landed from its transports in the face of a strenuous opposition from a French force entrenched on the beach. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 The battle of July 1799. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 The naval battle of 1798. Abraham The patriarch and founder of the Hebrew nation according to the Bible, he was supposedly born at Ur in Chaldea c2000BC. He travelled to Haran (Mesopotamia), Canaan, and Egypt and returned to Canaan where he settled. His grandson Jacob had twelve sons the origin of the twelve tribes of Israel. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 Mentioned. Abrants, Laure-Adelade de Saint-Martin-Permon, Laure Junot, Duchesse d 1784-1838. After her father died in 1795, Laure lived with her mother, Panonia de Comnne, Madame Permon, who was a friend of Napoleons mother, and established a distinguished Parisian salon that was frequented by Napoleon. It was Napoleon who arranged the marriage in 1800 between Laure and his aide-de-camp Andoche Junot. Laure accompanied her husband to Portugal, where he was ambassador (180405). The marriage was unhappy, and Laure had affairs with Prince Metternich, Austrian ambassador to Paris (180609), and, later, with a Royalist aristocrat,

Maurice de Balincourt. Always generous to the Junots, Napoleon became annoyed with Laures entertaining former migrs and ordered her to leave Paris after her husbands death (1813). Though she persuaded the minister of police to let her return, the Second Restoration (1815) saw the final collapse of her fortunes. After many years in Rome, she returned to Paris, where she completed her Mmoires sur Napolon, la Rvolution, le Consulat, l'Empire et la Restauration, (183135). Noted as a vehicle of caustic wit and extravagance, her memoirs, which are often incorrect, are also often malicious, especially with regard to Napoleon. BkXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Her speculations regarding Napoleons family. The Comnne family name derived from the Greek. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 The Comnne family was resident in Corsica as head of a Greek colony in the 17th century. The Permon family had a house on the Quai Conti in Paris according to Chateaubriand. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 See her Memoirs of Napoleon, Chapter 13. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 A friend of Napoleon in Paris in 1795. Her salon was held at the Htel de la Tranquillit, on the Rue des Filles-Saint-Thomas (off the Rue Vivienne, in the 2eme arondissement). See her Memoirs of Napoleon, Chapter 14. Abruzzo A region of central Italy it borders Marche to the north, Lazio to the west and south-west, Molise to the south-east and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Until 1963 it was part of the Abruzzi e Molise region (with Molise). The term Abruzzi is an obsolete plural denomination from a time when the Bourbons administered the territory as Nearer Abruzzo (Abruzzo Citeriore) and Farther Abruzzo (Abruzzo Ulteriore). The Apennine mountain chain runs through it. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Acadia The former French colony in Eastern Canada centred on Nova Scotia. The original French settlement was destroyed by the British in 1613. Conflict continued until 1763 when the whole region fell to the British. Many Acadians were deported and settled in Louisiana, where their descendants the Cajuns still live. Longfellows poem Evangeline tells their story. Note that old charts take Canada to mean the Saint-Lawrence and the Upper Mississippi while Louisiana or the Floridas means everything south of the Ohio. BkVII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned.

Achard de Villerai, Comte An officer in the Navarre Regiment, he was second lieutenant in 1787, first lieutenant in 1789. BkIV:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand encountered him in 1786. BkIX:Chap6:Sec1 They met again in Paris in 1792 and indulged in gambling. Achelos The River god in Greek mythology was in some tales father of the Sirens by Calliope the Muse or by Phorcys. The Sirens were depicted as birds with the heads of women, or as mermaids with tails like fish as here. BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 See also Horace: Ars Poetica: line 4. Achilles The Greek hero of the Trojan War, he was the son of Peleus, king of Thessaly, and the sea-goddess Thetis (See Homers Iliad). BkI:Chap3:Sec4 His grave at the entrance to the Hellespont. BkIII:Chap1:Sec3 A painting of him killing Hector displayed at Combourg. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 A scene on a Greek vase, of his dragging Hectors corpse behind his chariot. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 He was wounded in the heel by the Trojan Paris. BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 The anger of Achilles over the girl Briseis opens Homers account of the Trojan War in Iliad:I BkXXVIII:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriand uses an etymology for the name Achilles of a-chylos, khylos in Greek meaning pap, from the legend that he never suckled at his mothers breast. It is normally derived as a-kheilos, meaning lipless, since he never put his lips to her breast. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 Priam goes to his tent to beg for the body of Hector. See Homers Iliad XXIV. BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 A noted charioteer. ACourt, Sir William 1779-1860. He was extraordinary envoy to Spain in 1822, he was then Ambassador to Portugal in 1824, and Russia (1828-1832). BkXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Acre, Saint-Jean d The port in north-west Israel, on the Bay of Haifa (an arm of the Mediterranean Sea), the city was captured (638) by the Arabs, who

developed its natural harbour. In 1104 it was captured in the First Crusade and was held by Christians until 1187, when it was taken by Saladin. In the Third Crusade it was won back (1191) by Guy of Lusignan, Richard I of England, and Philip II of France, who gave it to the Knights Hospitalers (the Knights of St. John, hence its French name). For the next century it was the centre of the Christian possessions in the Holy Land. Its surrender and virtual destruction by the Saracens in 1291 marked the decline of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and the effective end of the Crusades. Akko was taken by the Ottoman Turks in 1517 and was revived in the late 18th century under Dahir al-Umar, the local Ottoman ruler. In 1799, Ottoman forces, with the aid of Great Britain, withstood a 61-day siege by Napoleon I. The city was taken in 1832 by Ibrahim Pasha for Muhammad Ali of Egypt, but European and Ottoman forces won it back for the Ottoman Empire in 1840. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleons siege of the town in 1799. It was also named Ptolemais in the third century BC by Ptolemy II. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 An example of French influence. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 The Pactum Warmundi was a treaty of alliance established in 1123 between the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Republic of Venice, it gave the Venetians special rights in Acre which they had captured, and in Ascalon and Tyre which they had agreed to attack. The Venetian communes in Acre and Tyre were particularly powerful and influential in the 13th century after the Kingdom lost Jerusalem and was reduced to a coastal state. They resisted Emperor Frederick IIs attempts to claim the Kingdom, and virtually ignored the authority the Lord of Tyre, conducting affairs instead as if they controlled their own independent lordship. Actes des Aptres A satirical Royalist newspaper, filled with verse anagrams, acrostics, etc. edited by Jean Gabriel Peltier (1770-1825). BkV:Chap14:Sec1 BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Adalbron d. 998 Archbishop of Rheims, he was Chancellor of Kings Lothair and Louis V of France. He was a seventh generation descendant of Charlemagne. On Louis death, in 987, Adalberon and Gerbert of Aurillac addressed the elctoral assembly at Senlis in favour of Hugh Capet, to replace the Carolingian monarch. Adalbron pleaded: Crown the Duke. He is most illustrious by his exploits, his nobility, his forces. The throne is not acquired

by hereditary right; no one should be raised to it unless distinguished not only for nobility of birth, but for the goodness of his soul Capet was elected and crowned at Noyon, 3 July in that year by Adalbron. BkXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Quoted. Adam The first man according to Genesis 1-4, he committed original sin by eating of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, and was expelled from the Garden of Eden. BkIII:Chap14:Sec2 Chateaubriand slightly alters his quote from the final lines of Miltons Paradise Lost, XII: The World was all before them BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mankind as the children of Adam. BkXV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes Genesis 3:22. BkXXV:Chap12:Sec1 See Genesis 3:24 for the flaming sword. BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 As portrayed by Tasso. BkXLII:Chap12:Sec1 See Genesis 3:19. Adamastor BkXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 The giant of the tempests invented by Camons. Addison, Joseph 1672-1719. The Essayist, poet and Whig statesman, he was elected to Parliament in 1708. Contributed to Steeles journal the Tatler, and in 1771 founded the Spectator with him, for which he contributed his elegant and witty essays. He also wrote a tragedy Cato (1713). BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 The Spectator mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 He published his Remarks on Several Parts of Italy in 1705, having travelled on the Continent between 1699 and late 1703. Adlade dOrlans, Eugene Adlade Louise 1777-1847. The daughter of Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orlans, and the sister of King Louis-Philippe of France. She moved to the United States in 1801 and married George Casper von Schroeppel, a Prussian-born tea merchant who was a naturalized American citizen and lived in New York City. In 1814, when her brother Louis-Philippe returned to France to later become King, she left her family and returned to live in his household. Now known as Madame Adlade, she became his loyal advisor. She died two months before the overthrow of Louis-Philippes regime.

BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Chateaubriand refers to her as Mademoiselle to deny her Royal legitimacy. Adlade de France (Marie-Adlade) 1732-1800 The third daughter of Louis XV, she emigrated with her sister Victoire in 1791, and after sojourns in Rome and Naples settled in Trieste. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 She remained with the King Louis XVI after the fall of the Bastille. BkV:Chap15:Sec1 She and her sister, as aunts of the King, were referred to as Mesdames. They left for Rome in February 1791. BkXXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 The sisters deaths in Trieste. Admetus King of Pherae in Thessaly, he was famed for his hospitality. BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 Apollo, God of the Arts and the Lyre, served as his shepherd when he was banned for nine years from Oylmpus. Admetus 5th century BC. King of Molossus, he is remembered for his hospitable reception of the banished Themistocles, in spite of the fact that the great Athenian had persuaded his countrymen to refuse the alliance tardily offered by the Molossians when victory against the Persians was already secured. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 Themistocles sought sanctuary with him. Adrian I, Pope d. 795. Pope 772-795. In his contest with the Eastern Roman Empire and the Lombard dukes of Benevento, Adrian remained faithful to the Frankish alliance. BkII:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned. Adrianople (Edirne), Turkey A city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. The city was known as Adrianople, named after its Roman re-founder. The area around Edirne has been the site of no fewer than 15 major battles or sieges, since the days of the ancient Greeks. In particular, the catastrophic defeat of the Roman Emperor Valens by the Visigoths took place nearby. The city was, occupied by Imperial Russian troops in 1829, during the war of Greek independence. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Mentioned.

Aeneid, Aeneas The epic by Virgil concerns the story of Aeneas, the Trojan Prince. BkII:Chap3:Sec4 Chateaubriand refers to Book IV of the Aeneid, which describes the love of Dido for Aeneas. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 A reference to Book I. BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Virgil frequently uses the epithet pious of Aeneas. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Aeneas mentioned in Voltaires Candide. (All the names from Aeneas to Lavinia are from the Aeneid.) BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 A fanciful derivation. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 For Aeneas meeting with Dido in the Underworld see Aeneid VI:450-476. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 A reference to Book IV. Aeschylus c525-456BC. The Greek tragic dramatist wrote over 80 plays of which 7 survive. He introduced a second actor, and allowed dialogue and action independent of the Chorus, and innovated in costume and scenery. BkIII:Chap5:Sec1 His play Agamemnon in the Oresteian Trilogy. Chateaubriand describes the opening scene, and quotes line 82. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Aesculapius (Asclepius) The Graeco-Roman god of medicine was the son of Apollo (god of healing, truth, and prophecy) and the nymph Coronis. The Centaur Chiron taught him the art of healing. At length Zeus (the king of the gods), afraid that Asclepius might render all men immortal, slew him with a thunderbolt. Homer, in the Iliad, mentions him only as a skillful physician; in later times, however, he was honoured as a hero and eventually worshiped as a god. The cult began in Thessaly but spread to many parts of Greece. Asclepius was frequently represented standing, dressed in a long cloak, with bare breast; his usual attribute was a staff with a serpent coiled around it. This staff is the only true symbol of medicine. A similar but unrelated emblem, the caduceus, with its winged staff and intertwined serpents, is frequently used as a medical emblem but is without medical relevance since it represents the magic wand of Hermes, or Mercury, the messenger of the gods and the patron of trade. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Agamemnon

The king of Mycenae, son of Atreus, brother of Menelas, husband of Clytaemnestra, father of Orestes, Iphigenia, and Electra. He was the leader of the Greek army in the Trojan War. See Homers Iliad. Aeschylus play is the first part of his Oresteian Trilogy concerning Agamemnon and the aftermath of his murder. BkIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Agha or Aga Aga was the name for a Turk of high rank or social position, especially during the Ottoman Empire. BkXXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Agincourt, Battle of The battle at Agincourt (now in the Pas-de-Calais) on the 25th of October 1415, during the Hundred Years War, saw the French defeated by an English army under Henry V. The victory was attributed to the English archers. BkXXIII:Chap16:Sec1 A French defeat, compared to Waterloo Agincourt, Jean-Baptiste Seroux d 1730-1814. An art historian, with a prior fortune, he settled in Rome in 1779 and lived there till his death, one of the well-known members of the French colony there. Chateaubriand referred to him as the French Winckelmann, He published his vast encyclopaedia of the art of the Middle Ages between 1810 and 1824. BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 Visited Madame de Beaumont in Rome in 1803. Agnadello, Italy A Lombard village, between Milan and Bergamo, near which Louis XII defeated the Venetians on May 14th 1509, one of his rare victories in Italy. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Agoult, Anne-Charlotte de Choisy, Vicomtesse d 1760-1841. She emigrated to Vienna and then accompanied the Dauphine to Mittau. She married Antoine-Jean dAgoult (1750-1828) who became Governor of Saint-Cloud. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 In Prague in May 1833. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 At dinner with the Dauphine in Carlsbad in May 1833.

Agricola 40-93 AD. Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Britain. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Tacitus life of Agricola mentioned. Agrippina the Younger 15-59AD. Her uncle the Emperor Claudius was also her third husband. The mother of Nero, she possibly murdered Claudius to make way for a son who ultimately murdered her. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 Her trained thrush that could utter Greek words. See Pliny: Natural History X.73. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Murdered by her son Nero. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 The mother of Nero. Aguesseau, Henri Franois d Chancellor of France. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Example of parliamentary magistrate. Aguesseau, Marquis d 1752-1826. Son of Henri Franois dAguesseau. Academician and and deputy to the Constitutional Assembly. Under the Empire he became a senator in 1805 and a Peer of France in 1814. Aguesseau, Marie-Catherine de Lamoignon. Marquise d 1759-1843. The wife (married 1775) of the Marquis dAguesseau, and sister of Auguste and Christian de Lamoignon. She returned from emigration with Chateaubriand. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Travelled to France with Chateaubriand in May1800. The young relative was her daughter, Georgina Howard, born in 1796, from her relationship with George Howard. She brought her to France as her adopted daughter and Chateaubriand acted as legal guardian until her marriage, at the start of the Restoration. Aigues-Mortes, France An impressive and beautiful walled medieval town it lies in the marshes of the Camargue. Saint-Louis commissioned the building of the town as a port in 1246, and left for Tunis (where he died shortly afterwards) from there in 1270. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 Chateaubriand visited in July 1838.

Aiguillon, Emmanuel-Armand-Dsir de Vignerot du Plessis de Richelieu, Duc d 1750-1800. A French Statesman he was a nephew of the Marechal de Richelieu. In 1789, as a member of the National Assembly, he became one of the first to ally himself with the Third Estate and to renounce the privileges of the nobility. He became a general in the Republican Army, but had to flee during the Reign of Terror of 1793-1794. He died in 1800 in Hamburg. BkV:Chap10:Sec1 He attacked aristocratic privileges in the National Assembly on 4th August 1789. Aiguillon, Jeanne-Victoire Henriette de Navailles, Vicomtesse de SaintMartin, Baronne dOssat, Duchesse d d.1818. The wife of the Duke of Aiguillon (married 1785). BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Aix-en-Provence, France A city in southern France in the Bouches-du-Rhne department, it was the capital of Provence in the Middle Ages. Its university was founded in 1409. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 Napoleon nearby on his journey to Elba in 1814.. Aix-la-Chapelle, Aachen The city in West Germany, in North-Rhine Westphalia is near the Belgian and Dutch borders. It was the northern capital of Charlemagnes empire and many Holy Roman Emperors were crowned in the cathedral (built 796). It was annexed by France in 1801 and passed to Prussia in 1815. BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 Louis XI instituted a cult of Charlemagne and in 1483 offered a reliquary and a cover of cloth of gold to re-clothe his tomb, as well as an annual offering paid until 1775. Louis XVI offered his predecessors mortuary robe for the tomb. BkXXVII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 The Congress or Conference of Aix-la-Chapelle held in the autumn of 1818, was primarily a meeting of the four allied powers Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia to decide the question of the withdrawal of the army of occupation from France, and the nature of any modifications to the relations of the four powers towards each other, and collectively towards France. The map on which the Prussians had outlined unacceptable French borders was drawn up for the Second Treaty of Paris in 1815, but later handed over in 1818 as evidence of Alexanders goodwill towards France.

Ajaccio The French capital of Corsica, Ajaccio is located on the west coast of the island, 210 nautical miles southeast of Marseille. It occupies a sheltered position at the foot of wooded hills on the northern shore of the Gulf of Ajaccio. The Sanguinaire (Sanguinire) Islands 12km west take their name from their reddening at sunset. BkXIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Bonapartes birthplace. BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 Napoleon first asked to be buried in the Cathedral but altered his will. Akerman, Convention of Signed on October 7th 1826 it forced the Sultan to recognise Russian power in the Balkans, in accord with the Treaty of Bucharest of 1812. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 Mentioned. Alain III, Duke of Brittany, Comte de Rennes Born about 997, died 1 October 1040. The son of Geofroi (Godfrey) I Duc de Bretagne (980-1008), he was the brother of Eudes de Porhoet, Comte de Penthivre, the father of Thiern. BkI:Chap1:Sec4 Claimed as Thierns grandfather by Chateaubriand. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Chateaubriand asserts his ancestry. Alain I le Roux, Alan Rufus, Duke of Brittany ?1040-1093 Commander of the Breton contingent at Hastings in 1066. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Presented with substantial lands by William the Conqueror in Yorkshire and built the castle at Richmond in Yorkshire in 1071. Alaric I, King of the Visigoths c370-410. Alaric stormed and sacked Rome (410) and then marched south to attack Sicily and Africa. A storm destroyed his fleet, and Alaric, having turned back, died of illness. His brother Ataulf was elected his successor. It is said that Alaric was buried with his treasures near Cosenza in the bed of the Busento River, which was temporarily diverted from its course. That the secret of his burial place might be kept, the slaves employed were killed. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 Entered Rome through the Porta Pia. BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 His sack of Rome. BkXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 His burial beneath the Busento. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 The Huns crossed the Danube in numbers under Alaric c396.

Alaric II, King of the Visigoths d. 507. Visigothic king of Spain and of S Gaul (c.484-507), son and successor of Euric, he issued (506) at Toulouse the Breviary of Alaric for his Roman subjects. Alarics adherence to Arianism gave Clovis I, king of the Franks, an easy pretext for attacking him in the name of orthodoxy. Alaric was defeated and slain at Vouill (507), and the Visigoths lost all their possessions in Gaul except Septimania. BkI:Chap4:Sec3 Mentioned. Albani, Giuseppe, Cardinal 1750-1834. His uncle Gianfresco had been Dean of the Sacred College and the leader of the Austrian faction in the Conclave of Venice in 1800. He himself was at the Court of Vienna 1794-1801. From 1825 he was CardinalLegate in Bologna. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 He exercised the veto (exclusion) on behalf of Austria in the Conclave of 1823. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Appointed Secretary of State in 1829. Albani (LAlbane), Francesco 1578-1660. An Italian painter of the Bolognese School, he often painted devotional pictures in oil on copper, for example his extant Annunciation of the Virgin in Private Collection. BkIII:Chap1:Sec3 A Holy Family of his on copper, owned by Chateaubriand. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Napoleon shipped artworks back to France. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 His use of chiaroscuro, with obscured figures at the edges of his paintings. Albano, Italy Albano (derived from the ancient Alba Longa) is situated ten miles from Rome, on the Appian Way. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Albany, Count of, See Charles-Edward Stuart

Albany, Caroline de Stolberg, Countess of She was the wife of the Count of Albany. Albany, United States The capital of New York State on the Hudson River, it was founded by the Dutch in 1614. At that time it had Dutch community, and was a small town with three or four thousand inhabitants. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand visited in 1791, sometime in August. He left to visit Niagara. Albric des Trois Fontaines d.c.1252. A Cistercian monk and chronicler who produced c.1241 a chronicle of remarkable events from the Creation to his own times. BkIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. Alberoni, Guilio, Cardinal 1664-1752. Bishop Emeritus of Mlaga at his death, he was a Cardinal from 1717. He was premier Minister of Philip V of Spain, but retired to Rome after the failure of the Cellamare conspiracy. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 A pen portrait of him by de Brosses. He did not participate in the Conclave of 1740. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 His instigation of the Cellamare conspiracy. Albert Le Grand, Albertus Magnus (1193? 1280), also known as Saint Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, was a Dominican friar who became famous for his universal knowledge and advocacy for the peaceful coexistence of science and religion. He is considered to be the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages. He was the first medieval scholar to apply Aristotles philosophy to Christian thought at the time. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 Mentioned. Albigensians (Albigeois) Literally, the inhabitants of Albi, the city in southern France. However, the term was used to refer to the followers of Catharism, a Gnostic-like religious movement of southern France in the 12th and 13th century. The name is somewhat misleading as the centre of the religious movement was Toulouse. They believed that the principles of good and evil continually oppose each other in the world. The Albigenses opposed marriage, bearing children (because they thought bringing life into the world to be a sin), and eating

meat. They advocated suicide, especially by starvation (so that when they died, they would have little taint on them and be free of Earthly desires). In the 14th century the church declared them heretics. Following the Crusades against them the movement had all but vanished by the 15th century. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Mentioned. Albitte, Antoine-Louise 1761-1812. A lawyer, and Member of the National Convention, he was a Montagnard. He returned to Dieppe and became mayor (1796). He served in the army under the Consulate and First Empire and died on the retreat from Moscow. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec2 After 9th Thermidor (27th July 1794) he sat in the Thermidorean Convention. Albrizzi, Isabella Teotochi Marini, Contessa 1760-1836. The beautiful Isabella conducted a noted salon in Venice, and was the dazzling Muse of Denon, Byron, Walter Scott and others. BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Her Ritratti (1807) were a series of literary portraits. Alcaeus 6th century BC. The Greek lyric poet, he was a member of the aristocracy of Lesbos and a friend of Sappho, he went into exile when the tyrant Pittacus gained power. His work, only fragments of which survive, was greatly admired by Horace. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 The precise cadences in the classical pronunciation of his work are unknown today. Alcea A courtesan, she was a previous incarnation of Pythagoras, according to Aulus Gellius (Attic Nights, IV.11.14.) BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Alcestis The daughter of Pelias, she was the wife of King Admetus in Greek mythology, and voluntarily gave up her life for his. In some variants of the myth she is subsequently rescued from the underworld. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand considers himself bound for ruin.

Alcibiades 450-404BC. Athenian politician and general during the Peloponnesian War, in 415 Alcibiades was appointed one of the commanders of an Athenian expedition against Sicily, but was recalled to answer charges of sacrilege and fled to Sparta. Further scandal led to his flight to Persia, but he rehabilitated himself with the Athenians and played a leading part at Cyzicus in 410. He was given command of Athenian forces in Asia Minor but was replaced after his lieutenant's defeat off Notium in 407. He was murdered shortly after the war ended. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 His Napoleonic rise and fall. The analogy is rather weak. BkXXII:Chap 22:Sec1 As a famous Athenian, charged with public affairs. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 See the reference in Plutarchs Life of Alcibiades, to his lisp. BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 See the tale in Plutarchs Life of Alcibiades:VII BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 Thucydides says nothing of Socrates when talking about Alcibiades. Alcinous The King of the Phaeacians, in Homers Odyssey, his island has been identified with Corfu. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 See Odyssey VII. Alembert, Jean Le Rond d 1717-1783. He was a French mathematician and philosopher who wrote the influential Treatise of Dynamics (1743). He also contributed to Diderots Encyclopdie. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 A major European name. Alderney The third largest of the Channel Islands in the English Channel, separated from France by the dangerous race of Alderney Channel. BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand nearly shipwrecked there early in 1792. BkX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrives on nearby Guernsey in late 1792. Aldus Manutius (Aldo Manuzio, born Teobaldo Manucci) 1449-1515. Called Aldus Manutius, the Elder to distinguish him from his grandson, Aldus Manutius the Younger, he was an Italian printer, founder of the Aldine Press. He was born at Bassiano (Latium), part of the Papal States. He settled in Venice in 1490.

BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Alessandria, Italy Alessandria (Italian: Provincia di Alessandria) is a province in the Piedmont region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Alessandria. BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 Mentioned. Alexander, Fredrick Augustus, Captain 1806-1863. An English captain in the Royal Engineers at St Helena. BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 He supervised the exhumation of Napoleons remains on St Helena on the 15th October 1840. Alexander the Great 356-323BC. The Macedonian general, son of Philip II, he conquered most of the world known to antiquity. He was a pupil of Aristotle. He invaded Persia and defeated Darius at the Issus in 333. In 332 he reduced Tyre. He conquered Egypt and Babylon in 331, and entered India 327-325. Forced to turn back by a reluctant army he died in Babylon. He adopted a novel political philosophy of appointing subject races to posts of responsibility. BkVI:Chap3:Sec1 BkVII:Chap8:Sec1 BkIX:Chap15:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1His royal birth. His famous horse was Bucephalus, see Plutarch, Alexander 6.1. The kings stallion died of battle wounds in June of 326 BC in Alexanders last great battle on the left bank of the Hydaspes. He founded two cities there, Alexandria Nicaea (to celebrate his victory) and Bucephala (modern Jhelum), named after Bucephalus. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 The Casket Homer was an edition edited by Aristotle, which Alexander always carried about with him, and laid under his pillow at night with his sword. After the battle of Arbela, a golden casket richly studded with gems was found in the tent of Darius; and Alexander being asked to what purpose it should be assigned, replied, There is but one thing in the world worthy of so costly a depository, saying which he placed in it his edition of Homer. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Considered himself a messenger of the gods. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 His conquest of Palestine in 333BC. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 Women not his priority. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 See Strabo III.5, Alexander set up altars, at the limits of his Indian Expedition. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec4 A saying of his. See Plutarch, Alexander, CI.

BkXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 His legacy of conquest and glory. BkXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 An almost mythical figure of medieval epic. BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 Alexander defeated the Persians at the Strymon River estuary in 479BC and was there at other times. BkXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 The quotation from Maccabees refers to his successors, the Diadochs. BkXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 His burial site was in Memphis, Egypt, according to Diodorus. The coffin (see Diodorus 18.26.3) on its way to Aigai was probably lost during transport and interception by Ptolemy. BkXXVIII:Chap20:Sec1 His greatness of spirit lacking in Napoleon. BkXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 The civilising influence of the Greeks on Asia. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 On being told that whoever undid the knot (tied by a peasant Gordius in dedicating his wagon to Jupiter) would reign over the East, Alexander cut it in two with his sword, thus it represents any action taken to resolve a difficult situation by a decisive stroke. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 His death supposedly from drinking too much wine (which was possibly poisoned) in Babylon in 323BC. BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 His breastplate, with a design of the plan of Alexandria. Suetonius claims Caligula stole a breastplate from Alexanders tomb at Alexandria, the tomb itself is now lost. Alexander I of Russia 1777-1825. Emperor of Russia 1801-1825. Frances defeat of Russia at Friedland in 1807 forced him to agree to the Treaty of Tilsit which lasted until Napoleons invasion of Russia in 1812. After Napoleons defeat Russia controlled the Congress Kingdom of Poland. He turned to religious mysticism and entered into a Holy Alliance with Austria and Prussia in 1815, later withdrawing into seclusion. Preface:Sect1 BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1 BkXX:Chap5:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 His entry into Paris in 1814. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 Jomini his aide-de-camp. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 Became Emperor in March 1801 after his fathers assassination. BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 His meeting with Frederick William III at Potsdam in October 1805. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Napoleons mistrust of him. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 His religious faith.

BkXXI:Chap4:Sec1 His silence regarding the burning of Moscow. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 Correspondence between him and Napoleon. BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 In Warsaw in 1813. His proclamation. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 In Dresden in 1813. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 Saw Moreau in Prague in 1813. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 His proclamation from Kalisz, 25th March 1813. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Part of the victorious Coalition at Leipzig. BkXXII:Chap12:Sec1 His speech in Paris in 1814. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec1 His hesitation regarding the French succession. BkXXII:Chap17:Sec1 He stayed with Talleyrand in Paris in 1814. BkXXII:Chap19:Sec1 Napoleons attempts to negotiate with him in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 Visited Louis XVIII at Compigne in 1814. Celebrated mass in the Place de la Concorde on April 10th 1814, and left Paris on 2nd June. BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 His interest in intellectual matters. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec2 At the Congress of Vienna. BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 His anger at the death of the Duc dEnghien. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 His meeting with Napoleon at Erfurt in 1810. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 His moderation avoided war with Turkey in 1822. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec3 He had died on the 1st December 1825, and should have been succeeded by his brother Constantin (1779-1831) who renounced the throne in favour of his younger brother Nicholas. BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 His espousal of liberal institutions. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1825. Alexander VI, Rodrigo Borgia 1431-1503. Pope 1492-1503. The most controversial of the secular popes of the Renaissance and one whose surname became a byword for the debased standards of the papacy of that era. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Alexander VII, Fabio Chigi 1599-1667. Pope from 1655, his nepotism disappointed those who had elected him to reform the Papacy. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Alexandra Feodorovna

Frederica Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina, known as Charlotte of Prussia (1798-1860), the fourth child of Frederick William III, became the Grand Duchess Nicholas (1821) and then Empress of Russia (1825), as the wife of her second cousin Nicholas I. She took the name Alexandra Fedorovna BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 Their marriage took place in July 1817. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand met them in Berlin in 1821. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Her fathers love for her. Alexandria, Egypt The chief seaport and second largest city in Egypt, founded in 322BC by Alexander the Great, partly on the island of Pharos, linked to the mainland by a mole. It remained the Egyptian capital for over a thousand years. It was a Greek and Jewish cultural centre with a famous library. In 30BC it fell to the Romans. It declined following the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope passage, and the removal of the capital to Cairo. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1806. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 A letter dated from there. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec2 Napoleon took the city on July the 2nd 1798. Eudore in Les Martyrs (Book IX) calls the great library at Alexandria le dpt des remdes de lme, following Bossuet (Discours sur lhistoire universelle, III.3) BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Julius Caesar fighting there in 48BC. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 The Convention of Alexandria was signed on the 15th of June 1800. It accorded France control of Italy as far as Mincio. The Republic was saved and Bonaparte was back in Paris on July 2. Alfieri, Vittorio 1749-1803. A major Italian tragic poet and dramatist, author of Antigone, Oreste, Saul etc. He wrote a colourful autobiography, entitled Vita. Preface:Sect3. He is mentioned by Chateaubriand. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 The memoirs were published in 1804 (translated into French 1809). Chateaubriand quotes from Vita III.4 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 A quote from his Rime I:24 (dated 31st March 1783) BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 He secretly married the Pretenders ex-wife, Caroline of Stolberg-Goedern. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes from Vita IV:13. Alfred the Great

849-899. King of Wessex (871-899), and styled himself King of England. Born at Wantage, he prevented the Danish conquest of England, defeating the invaders at the key battle of Ethandun, a site probably identified with Edington in Wiltshire (878). BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Any direct association with Oxford and the claims that he founded the university are possible but unsubstantiated. Probably the oldest surviving college, University College was founded by William of Durham in 1249. Algiers The capital of Algeria, an important Mediterranean port, it was originally founded by the Phoenicians. It was re-established by the Arabs in the 10th century. It became a base for Barbary pirates until taken by the French in 1830. On the pretext of a slight to their consul, the French invaded Algiers in 1830; however, intense resistance from such personalities as Emir Abdelkader, Ahmed Bey and Fatma N'Soumer made for a slow conquest of Algeria, not technically completed until the early 1900s when the last Tuareg were overcome. Meanwhile, however, the French made Algeria an integral part of France, a status that would end only with the collapse of the Fourth Republic. BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 A pirates haven. BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 The French expedition there in 1830. Alhambra A castle on a hilly terrace outside Granada in Spain built between 1238 and 1358, and the last stronghold of the Muslim Kings of Granada. It is an outstanding example of Moorish architecture, the name deriving from the Arabic al-hamra, the red, an allusion to the red stucco used on the walls. BkVII:Chap8:Sec1 The setting for Les Aventures du dernier Abencrages. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807. Part of the Alhambra complex, the 13th century Generalife occupies the slopes of the Hill of the Sun (Cerro del Sol), from which there is a complete view over the city and the valleys of the rivers Genil and Darro. There are different interpretations of the meaning of its name: the Governors Garden, the Architects (alarife) Garden, etc. The Generalife became a pleasure palace for the kings of Granada. The Sacromonte is a hill next to the Albaicn which is the old Arabic quarter of Granada. The Albayzn is situated in directly in front of the Alhambra. To the right of the Albayzn is a large hill which forms the

neighbourhood of the Sacromonte. For many centuries it has been populated by the gypsy community, in dwellings carved from the soft rock. Ali, Mehemet 1769-1849. Viceroy of Egypt for the Ottoman Empire (1805-1848). An Albanian in the Ottoman army, he seized power in Cairo. He has been seen as the founder of modern Egypt. He was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Pasha, and the dynasty survived until 1952. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec3 Mentioned. BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 The obelisk in the Place de la Concorde which he gave to Charles X in 1829 had left Luxor. It arrived in Paris in December 1833. Alix-Pearce See Catherine of Salisbury Allart de Meritens, Hortense 1801-1879. A French authoress, her Novum Organum, ou Saintete Philosophique, published in 1857 in Paris, contained her theories on religious knowledge. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Alleghanies, United States The Allegheny Mountains (also spelled Alleghany and Allegany) are a part of the Appalachian mountain range of the eastern United States. The Alleghenies have a northeast-southwest orientiation and run through WestCentral Pennsylvania, western Maryland and eastern West Virginia. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned. Almacks, London Almacks Assembly Rooms, named after the founder William Almack, opened for business on February 13, 1765 in King's Street, St. James, London. There, for a subscription fee of 10 guineas, the fashionable men and women of London could attend a weekly Wednesday night ball with supper during the 3 months that comprised the London social season (The Season).The members of the committee took it in turns to be the official Patroness of Almacks. In the height of the Regency period the ladies acting as Patroness were Lady Sarah Jersey, Lady Castlereagh, Lady Cowper, Lady Sefton, Princess Esterhazy, and the Countess of Lieven. Members of

Almacks were permitted to bring a guest into the rooms, but only after that guest, too, had passed the scrutiny of the Patronesses. The members had to bring the guest in person, to meet the Patroness, who granted a Strangers Ticket if she approved of the guest. The Assembly Rooms were opened for gambling, supper, and dancing which lasted all night. Supper was served at 11 PM, and at that time the doors were firmly shut, as the Duke of Wellington once discovered to his chagrin. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 The Almacks orchestra played at Chateaubriands reception. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Lady Lieven frequented Almacks in 1822. Alost (Aalst) A city and municipality on the Dender River, 19 miles northwest of Brussels. Aalst was taken by France in the War of Devolution and was held by the French from 1667 to 1706. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriands nephews encamped there in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap16:Sec1 The Duc de Berrys courier coming from there with news of the prelude to Waterloo. Almenach des Muses 1765-1833. A literary Almanac, produced in Paris, offering collections of verse and prose, and often publishing new authors. BkIV:Chap9:Sec4 Chateaubriands idyll entitled Lamour de la campagne, by the Chevalier C***, appeared in the Almanach of 1790, page 205. It was his first printed work. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Being published in it created a degree of instant fame. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Alopeus (Alopaeus), David Maximovich (Franz David), Graf von 1769-1831. Born in Sweden, he was Russian Ambassador to Berlin from 1813. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 His family described. Alopeus, Comtesse d The wife of the Comte dAlopeus. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Alopeus, Alexandrine d

1808-1848. The daughter of the Comte dAlopeus, she was a maid in waiting to the Empress of Russia, and married Albert de la Ferronnays in 1834. He was the French Ambassador to St Petersburg from 1819. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Alphonse dAragon, King of Aragon BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Father of Jeanne. Alfonso II, dEste, Duke of Ferrara 1533-1597. Duke of Ferrara 1559-1597, he was the son of Ercole II d'Este and Rene de France, the daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne of Brittany. As a young man, he fought in the service of Henry II of France, fighting against the Habsburgs. Soon after his accession to the throne, he was forced by Pope Pius II to send his mother back to France, due to her Calvinist beliefs. In 1583 he allied himself with Emperor Maximilian II in the war against the Turks in Hungary. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Altdorf (Altorf), Switzerland The capital of the Swiss canton of Uri lies a little above the right bank of the Reuss, not far above the point where this river is joined on the right by the Schchen torrent. Altdorf is best known as the place where, according to the legend, William Tell shot the apple from his sons head. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand there 16th August 1832. Flelen is at the southern end of Lake Lucerne. The Bannberg is a mountain near Altdorf, see Schillers Wilhelm Tell. Chateaubriand returned on the 20th of August. Altenkirchen, Germany Altenkirchen is a town and a municipality in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, capital of the district of Altenkirchen. It is located approx. 40 km east of Bonn and 40 km north of Koblenz. The battle of Altenkirchen took place on 4th June 1796, when the Austrians were beaten by Hoche. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Altieri, Madame She was a member of the Roman nobility in 1828. BkXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Altkirch

A commune situated in the dpartement of Haut-Rhin in the Alsace rgion, between Mulhouse and Basel. BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in May 1833. Amadis de Galle, Amadis of Gaul A famous prose romance of chivalry composed in Spain or Portugal and probably based on French sources. Entirely fictional, it dates from the 13th or 14th cent., but the first extant version in Spanish, a revision by Garca de Rodrguez de Montalvo, was published in 1508. The original inspired innumerable variations and continuations, as well as several translations. It was immensely popular in France and Spain until superseded by Don Quixote, and it was, indeed, a sign of inelegance not to be acquainted with its code of honour and knightly perfection. Its influence is apparent in Sir Philip Sidneys Arcadia. The story became the subject of a lyric tragedy by Philippe Quinault (1684), with music by Lully, and it inspired the opera Amadigi (1715) by Handel. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Galaor was the brother of Amadis, and the model of a courtly paladin always ready with his sword to avenge the wrongs of widows and orphans. Amalasuntha d535. Ostrogothic queen in Italy (53435), she was the daughter of Theodoric the Great. After her fathers death (526) she was Regent for her son Athalaric. He died in 534, and she and her husband, Theodahad, became joint rulers of Italy. Her friendly relations with the Byzantine emperor Justinian I alienated her people. In 535 the Ostrogoths revolted; Amalasuntha was exiled and later murdered by order of her husband. Justinian used her murder as his pretext for attacking and re-conquering Italy. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 The daughter of Theodoric, she was exiled to the island of Martana in Lake Bolsena. Amar, Jean-Pierre or Jean-Baptiste, Andr 1755-1816. A lawyer from Grenoble, he was a Member of the National Convention who voted for the death of the king. Arrested but acquitted after the fall of Robespierre. He died in Parisian obscurity. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Amata (Amate), Queen

The wife of King Latinus is a character in Virgils Aeneid. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Ambon, Amboine An island in the Moluccas (Indonesia) it lies south-west of Ceram. It is the name also of the capital of the Moluccas Province. One of the Spice Islands. BkIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Ambrugeac, Louis-Alexandre-Marie de Valon de Boucheron, Comte d 1771-1844. Ex-Colonel in the Grand Army, Deputy for the Corrze 18151823, Peer of France. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Amlie Character in a Work by Chateaubriand. A personification of Chateaubriand himself, Ren appears in Atala and its Romantic sequel Ren (1802), where he tells the story of his youth and his sister Amlie who alarmed by too deep a love for her brother enters a convent. Amlie is based on the English girl Charlotte Ives whom Chateaubriand met during his exile in London. Preface:Sect2. Mentioned by Chateaubriand. Amlie-Marianne de Hesse-Hombourg Princess of Prussia, see Princess Guillaume Amherst, William Pitt, 1st Earl 1773-1857. A diplomat, in 1816 he was sent as ambassador extraordinary to the court of China's Qing Dynasty, with a view of establishing more satisfactory commercial relations between that country and the United Kingdom, though the mission was a failure. His ship, the Alceste, was totally wrecked on a sunken rock in Caspar Strait. Lord Amherst and part of his shipwrecked companions escaped in the ships boats to Batavia, whence relief was sent to the rest. The ship in which he returned to England in 1817 having touched at St Helena, he had several interviews with the Emperor Napoleon. He later held the office of Governor-General of British India from August 1823 to February 1828. The principal event of his government was the first Burmese war of 1824. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 He met Napoleon on the 27th of June 1817. Amiens

The city and commune in the north of France, 120 km north of Paris, is the capital of the Somme Department. The Treaty of Amiens was signed on March 25, 1802 (Germinal 4, year) by Joseph Bonaparte and the Marquis Cornwallis as a Definitive Treaty of Peace between France and the United Kingdom. Most significantly, Britain recognised the French Republic. BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 The Siege of Amiens April-September 1597 led to the re-capture of the city from the Spanish. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 The Treaty of Amiens, see above. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand there while quitting France in March 1815. It was the city where Du Cange was born. Ampre, Jean-Jacques 1800-1864. The son of a celebrated physician from Lyons, he became a literary historian, an author, a Professor at the Collge de France, and a close and adoring friend of Madame Rcamier. In 1837 Chateaubriand chose him to be his literary executor. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 Mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 He visits Chateaubriand under house arrest in 1832. BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 In 1828, he published an article in the Globe on Hankas poetic discoveries. BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Quoted. Amphion He was the founder of the Greek Thebes, the son of Zeus and Antiope, who built it with the use of his magic lyre. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Amphitrite A sea-goddess, she was the daughter of Nereus and wife of Neptune. As the Nereid whom Neptune married, she represents the sea. BkVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Amsteg, Switzerland A town in the Canton of Uri, it is in Central Switzerland. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand there 17th of August 1832. An der Halden, see Melchtal

Anacreon 6th century BC. Born on Teos, he fled to Samos before the Persian invasion, and then went to Athens, under the patronage of Hipparchus. His work survives in fragments, mainly love lyrics and drinking songs. BkXXXV:Chap5:Sec1 See Odes XX:5-6, To A Young Girl: If only I were a mirror so that youd gaze at me endlessly. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 See Odes XII:2. Anchises He was the legendary father of Aeneas by Venus. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Ancestor of the Julian House. Ancillon, Johann-Peter-Friedrich 1766-1837. A French-born Prussian statesman, foreign minister, historian, and political philosopher he worked with the Austrian statesman Metternich to preserve the reactionary European political settlement of 1815. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand seeks him out in Berlin in 1821. BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand on news of his resignation of July 1821. BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand mentions him in 1824. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 His view of the July 1830 decrees. Ancona, Italy A city and a seaport in the Marche of north-eastern Italy, it is situated on the Adriatic Sea and is the capital of the region. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleon took Ancona in February 1797. In 1814 it reverted to the Papal States. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand was there in October 1828. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 Prier initiated a French expeditionary force to go to Ancona in February 1832 in protest against Austrian occupation. Andilly, Robert dArnauld d 1589-1674. A French writer, born in Paris, France, he was the eldest brother of Antoine Arnauld. He left the court in 1643 and retired to Port-Royal until his death. He grew trees, wrote poetry, and translated Josephus, St Theresa and, most notably, the Confessions of St Augustine. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned.

Androssy or Androssi, Antoine-Francois, Comte 1761-1828. The French soldier and diplomatist, was of Italian extraction, and his ancestor Francois Androssy (1633-1688) had been concerned with Riquet in the construction of the Languedoc Canal in 1669. He saw active service on the Rhine 1794, in Italy 1795, and in the campaign of 1796-97 was employed in engineer duties with the Army of Italy. He became chef de brigade in December 1796 and general of brigade in 1798, in which year he accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt. He took part in the coup detat of the 18th Brumaire. Of particular importance was his term of office as ambassador to England during the short peace which followed the treaties of Amiens and Luneville. He repeatedly warned Napoleon that the British government desired to maintain peace but must be treated with consideration. His advice, however, was disregarded. When Napoleon became emperor he made him inspector-general of artillery and a Count of the Empire. From 1808 to 1809 he was French ambassador at Vienna, where he displayed hostility to Austria which was in marked contrast to his friendliness to England in 1802-1803. In the war of 1809, he was military governor of Vienna during the French occupation. In 1812 he was sent by Napoleon as ambassador to Constantinople, where he carried on the policy initiated by Sebastiani. In 1814 he was recalled by Louis XVIII. He now retired into private life, till the escape of Napoleon from Elba. In 1826 he was elected to the Academy of Sciences, and in the following year was deputy for the department of the Aude. His numerous works included scientific memoirs on the mouth of the Black Sea (1818-1819); on certain Egyptian lakes (during his stay in Egypt); and in particular the history of the Languedoc Canal (Histoire du canal du Midi, 1804), the chief credit of which he claimed for his ancestor. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Returned to France with Napoleon in 1799. Andrezel, Christophe-Franois-Thrse-lisabeth Piconi, Comte d An officer in the Navarre Regiment, he was nominated as sub-prefect of Saint-Di in 1815. BkIV:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand first encountered him in 1786. BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 Appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Picardy Regiment, and thus leaving Cambrai. Andrew, St d.70AD. A disciple of John the Baptist, he was said to have suffered martyrdom in Patrae.

BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 The St Andrews cross, a decorative variant of the cross. Angelica A character in the Orlando Furioso, she is Queen of the Kingdom of Cathay. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Angelo Malipieri 16th century. He was The Tyrant of Padua, about whom Victor Hugo created a play set in 1549 (Staged 1835). BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Angers, France A city in France in the dpartement of Maine-et-Loire, 191 miles south-west of Paris. (The area surrounding Angers is more popularly known by its prerevolutionary, provincial name, Anjou.) The ancient and massive Chteau dAngers overlooks the city and the River Maine. BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned in Vidals poem cited. Angerville, France Angerville (Angerville la Gate) a small town in the le de France between Etampes andOrlans, crossed by the roads from Paris to Orlans. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807. Angevine An autumn fair held on the 7th of September (not the 4th). BkII:Chap2:Sec1 Described. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriands father died on the eve of the Fair in 1786. Angls, Jules, Comte 1778-1828. A member of the Provisional Government, he followed Louis XVIII to Ghent. He left an interesting journal. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Prefect of Police, April-May 1814. Angoulme, France Angoulme is located 134 kilometres from Bordeaux, between Bordeaux and Poitiers. It suffered much during the French Wars of Religion, especially in 1568 after its capture by the Protestants under Coligny.

BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807. BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 Berryer writes from there on the 7th of June 1832. Angoulme, Louis-Antoine de France, Duc d 1775-1844. Louis-Antoine de Bourbon was the elder son of Charles X, and subsequently Monsieur le Dauphin. Brother of the Duc de Berry. When Charles X abdicated on August 2, 1830, Louis-Antoine technically became Louis XIX, King of France and of Navarre. His reign lasted only 20 minutes and he abdicated in favor of his nephew, the Duc de Bordeaux. BkX:Chap3:Sec2 Anticipates the Restoration. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 In Warsaw when the Duc dEnghien was abducted. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec1 In 1814, the year his uncle Louis XVIII acceded to the throne of France, Angoulme fought alongside Wellington to restore his cousin Ferdinand VII to the throne of Spain. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 In the Midi in 1815. His military command. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 He punished Victor in 1823 for supposed neglect of duty, and he was dismissed. BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 A conversation with Louis XVIII. BkXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Under him, in 1823, French troops, the 100,000 Sons of Saint Louis, invaded Spain, captured Madrid, and drove the revolutionaries south to Cdiz and Seville. On August 31, 1823, rebel forces were routed in a battle near Cdiz, and soon after, the French freed Ferdinand VII, who had been taken from Madrid as a captive, and re-placed him on the throne. Unexpectedly, he took ruthless revenge on his opponents, revoked the 1812 constitution and restored absolute monarchy to Spain. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 His activities in Spain in 1823. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 Mentioned as an exile from the throne in 1828. BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 He reviewed the fleet on 5th May 1830 at Toulon, after which it sailed 25th-27th May for Algiers. It consisted of 103 warships, 350 transports, 27000 marines, and 37000 troops. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 His wish to save the monarchy in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 At Saint-Cloud on the 27th of July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Given command of the troops on the 29th of July. BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 He receives the troops in the Bois de Boulogne. His scene with Marmont. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 At the Pont du Svres on the morning of the 31st of July 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap2:Sec1 At Trianon on the 31st of July 1830.

BkXXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 His abdication of his right of succession. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand is received by him in Prague in May 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 At dinner in the Hradschin Palace on the 25th of May 1833. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 He would have been Louis XIX if he had become king. BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand sees him briefly in Prague in late September 1833. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 At Bustehrad, Prague, 27th of September 1833. Chateaubriand completes his portrait of the man. Angoulme, Marie-Thrse, Duchesse d 1778-1851. Daughter of Louis XVI, she was the wife of Louis-Antoine, and therefore known as Madame la Dauphine. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand saw her as a child at Versailles in 1789. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 In the Midi in 1815. The troops at Bordeaux were potentially loyal to her. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 At Ghent in 1815, having travelled via England. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 Madame de Chateaubriand mistaken for her. BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 She followed the King in exile to Hartwell. BkXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Her delight at her husbands success in Spain in 1823. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Insulted on the way to the review of the National Guard on 29th April 1827 on the Champ-de-Mars. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned on the 29th of July 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 At Trianon on the 31st of July 1830. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 At the Marie-Thrse Infirmary. BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand carries a letter to Prague for her from the Duchess de Berry. BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 She acted as guardian to Henri V in Prague. BkXXXVII:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand is commanded to see her in 1833, in Carlsbad, where she is taking the waters. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1

BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 At Carlsbad in May/June 1833. She used the title Comtesse de la Marne as an incognito, deriving it from her estate at Marne-la-Coquette. BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand takes farewell of her. BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Anio The Anio River (also formerly called the Teverone) flows down from the mountains at Trevi in Lazio and runs westward past Subiaco, Vicovaro, and Tivoli into the Tiber River. In antiquity, most of the Roman aqueducts had their sources either from the Anio or from streams flowing into it. BkVII:Chap8:Sec2 Mentioned. Anjou, Charles I, Duc d, Duc de Maine and Comte de Provence 1227-1285. The brother of Saint Louis, he married Raymond Brengers daughter Batrice of Provence in 1246. He participated in the 7th Crusade. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Connected with Marseilles. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Manfred was defeated by Charles near Benevento on the plain of Grandella in 1266 ending Hohenstaufen rule in Italy. Anne of Austria 1601-1666. The wife (1615-1643) of Louis XIII, whose antipathy towards her was aggravated by Richelieu. She was Regent after her husbands death from 1643 to 1651 for her son Louis XIV, and chose her lover Mazarin to succeed Richelieu. BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Her presence in Dieppe. Anne of Brittany 14771514, queen of France as consort of Charles VIII from 1491 to 1498 and consort of Louis XII from 1499 until her death. The daughter of Duke Francis II of Brittany, she was heiress to his duchy. Shortly before her fathers death (1488), a French army under Louis de La Trmoille successfully invaded Brittany and secured the dukes promise that Anne would marry only with the consent of the French crown. Upon becoming duchess, the young Annes hand and her duchy were eagerly sought. To prevent France from swallowing up the duchy, a coalition including Archduke Maximilian of Austria (later Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I), King Henry VII of England, and King Ferdinand II of Aragn sent forces to Annes aid. Nevertheless, Annes situation was perilous and she appealed (1489) directly to Maximilian for protection. In 1490, Maximilian married

Anne by proxy but failed to assist her with armed strength. Besieged at Rennes in 1491, Anne was forced by the French to annul her marriage and was quickly married to Charles VIII. It was agreed that if Charles died before Anne without issue, she was to marry his successor. Accordingly, in 1499, she married Louis XII, who had previously obtained a divorce from his first wife. The marriage (1514) of Claude, Annes daughter by Louis XII, to Francis of Angoulme (later Francis I of France) led to the eventual incorporation (1532) by France of Brittany, which had previously remained theoretically separate. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 She fortified Saint-Malo. BkV:Chap2:Sec1 Brittany was part of her dowry. Anne Stuart, Queen 1665-1714. Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland from March 1702. On 1 May 1707, when England and Scotland became a single kingdom Anne became the first sovereign of the Kingdom of Great Britain. She continued to reign until her death. Anne was the last monarch of the House of Stuart; she was succeeded by a second-cousin, George I, of the House of Hanover. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Anselme, Pre Pre de Guibourg (d.1694) was a historian. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 A source of information regarding Chateaubriands family. Anson, Admiral George, Baron 1697-1762. A British Admiral, during the War of the Austrian Succession, he commanded six ships in attacks on the Spanish possessions in South America. BkI:Chap4:Sec4 During the Seven Years War, on June 112 1758, an English expedition was mounted against Saint-Malo. An English force of 13000 men commanded by the Duke of Marlborough and a squadron of ships under Admiral Lord Anson landed at the town of Cancale, near SaintMalo. Preparations to besiege the port were interrupted by the advance of French reinforcements, and the English troops were evacuated. See Lord Chesterfields Letters to his Son (June 13th 1758). Ansseville, Monsieur d Governor of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon according to the Royal Almanach of 1791. BkVI:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand met him in 1791.

Antar, Antarah ibn Shaddad 525-615. A pre-Islamic black Arab desert poet and warrior. The Romance of Antar is a later work, possibly 9th century, celebrating him. He was popularised by Lamartine in his Voyage en Orient of 1835. BkVII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Ante, Antaeus A Libyan giant killed by Hercules. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 He regained his strength by touching the earth from which he was born. See Ovids Metamorphoses, Book IX:159-210. Antibes, France A resort town of southeastern France, on the Mediterranean Sea in the Cte d'Azur, located between Cannes and Nice. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Napoleons family were installed there in 1794, when he took responsibility for the coastal defences. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Napoleon landed between Cannes and Antibes on the 1st of March 1815 during his return from Elba. Antigone A prose poem by Ballanche, it is a Christianised version of the Greek story which Ballanche dedicated to the Duchess of Angoulme, his French Antigone. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Antigonus 382-301BC. Antigonus I Cyclops or Monophthalmus (the One-eyed) was a Macedonian nobleman, general, and satrap under Alexander the Great. He was a major figure in the Wars of the Diadochi after Alexanders death. He established the Antigonid dynasty and declared himself King in 306 BC. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Antigonus A character in Shakespeares The Winters Tale, he is a Sicilian lord. BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Antinous c110-132. Hadrians lover (from around 125-8) born in Bithynia. He drowned in the Nile.

BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Frederick the Great collected statues of him. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 The Vatican contains a number of busts of Antinous. Antioch The Principality of Antioch, including parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria, was created during the First Crusade. The city of Antioch was taken in 1098. The fall of Acre in 1291 marked the end of the crusader states. BkXIX:Chap15:Sec1 The Princess of Antioch. There were a number of famous princesses including Constance (1127-1163) the daughter of Bohemund II, who herself was titular ruler of Antioch from 1130-1163, and Sibylla an Armenian princess who married Bohemund VI in 1254. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 An example of French influence. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 A crusader principality. Antiochus I Soter 324-262 BC. The son of Seleuceus I, whom Seleuceus made co-regent, he was not one of the Diadochoi, Alexanders successors. (Alternatively Seleuceus father, one of Philips generals, was also called Antiochus). BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Antipater c397-319BC. A Macedonian general and a supporter of kings Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great. In 320 BC, he became Regent of all of Alexanders empire. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Antoine, milie She was Carrels lover, a married woman, whom he refused to renounce, despite it affecting his career. After his death she retired to Verdun. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. Anthony of Padua, Saint 1195-1251. A Portuguese Franciscan he devoted his efforts to converting heretics in Northern Italy and the Albigenses in Southern France, until his appointment as Professor of Theology to the Franciscan Order in 1223. BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 The Basilica di SantAntonio in Padua with its Byzantine domes was begun in 1232, the high altar has Donatello reliefs (1444-1445), St Anthonys tomb is in the north transept. Its architect was Andrea Briosco a Paduan.

Anthony the Anchorite, Saint 251-356. The outstanding leader among the Desert Fathers, Christian monks in the Egyptian desert in the 3rd and 4th centuries. According to Athanasius, the devil fought St Anthony by afflicting him with boredom, laziness, and the phantoms of women, which he overcame by the power of prayer, providing a theme for Christian art. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned. BkXXXVII:Chap8:Sec1 The Golden Legend (The Aurea Legenda of 1275) has St Anthony and others being brought food by a crow. Antomarchi, Francesco 1780-1838. A physician who attended Napoleon at St Helena 1819-21, Antomarchi, was a native of Corsica, and a professor of anatomy at Florence. At the request of Cardinal Fesch, and with the consent of the British government, he went to Saint Helena in 1819 as physician to the exiled Emperor. He closed his masters eyes in death; and immediately before the official post-mortem examination, held the next day, he made a death-mask. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2 On St Helena. Antonelli, Marquis, called Antonelle 1747-1817. The former Marquess Antonelli died in exile. He was deputy for the Bouches-du-Rhone in the Legislature, having been a free-thinking terrorist presiding over the Revolutionary Tribunal during the Queens trial, and pronouncing sentence on the Girondins. He later participated in the infernal machine plot against Bonaparte. BkXXV:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Antonine Itinerary The Antonine Itinerary is usually attributed to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, though it contains material which may have been produced under Julius Caesar and Mark Antony and is updated to the period of Diocletian (285-305AD). It provides an itinerary of the Empire in which the principal and cross-roads are described by a list of the places and stations along them and the Roman mileages between. BkX:Chap3:Sec2 Jersey, is understood to be the Caesarea of the manuscript. Antonio

He was Chateaubriands guide (cicerone) in Venice in 1833. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Antwerp (Anvers), Belgium Capital of Antwerp province, in Northern Belgium, on the Scheldt River. It is one of the busiest ports in Europe. Under the Peace of Westphalia (1648), the Scheldt was closed to navigation (as a means of favouring Amsterdam), and Antwerp declined rapidly. The city revived with the opening of the Scheldt by the French in 1795, and with the expansion of its port facilities by Napoleon. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Troops from the Army against England stationed there. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Madame de Chateaubriand there in 1815. Apelles 4th century BC. The court painter to Alexander the Great, he specialized in portraits and allegories. His pictures included Aphrodite rising from the Waves and Alexander as Zeus. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Aphyes Two sisters, they were both courtesans. Aphyes in Classical Greek meant a small fish (small fry), probably the sardine or anchovy. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Apollodorus of Damascus Early 2nd century. Supposedly born in Damascus Apollodorus was the chief architect for the Emperor Trajan. He was a master engineer, a bridge builder and sculptor, as well as the author of technical treatises. BkXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Apollo Son of Jupiter and Latona (Leto), brother of Diana (Artemis), he was born on Delos. He was the Greek and Roman God of poetry, art, medicine, prophecy, and of the sun. (See the Apollo Belvedere, sculpted by Leochares?, Vatican: the Piombino Apollo, Paris Louvre: the Tiber Apollo, Rome, National Museum of the Terme: the fountain sculpture by Tuby at Versailles The Chariot of Apollo: and the sculpture by Girardon and

Regnaudin at Versailles Apollo Tended by the Nymphs derived from the Apollo Belvedere, and once part of the now demolished Grotto of Thetis ) BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 His skill with the lyre. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 The Apollo Belvedere mentioned, see above. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 His name used to refer to any handsome youth. BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 God of the arts. Apponyi von Nagy-Appony, Count Antal 1782-1852. He began his career as Austrian ambassador in Toscana in 1815, became ambassador to Rome, then between 1826 and 1848 he was ambassador in Paris. He married Countess Theresia Nogorolla. BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 Austrian Ambassador in Rome in 1823. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Austrian Ambassador to Paris in 1830. Chateaubriand confuses him with Prince Esterhazy in the French text. Aquaviva or Acquaviva dAragona, Troiano, Cardinal 1696-1747. Camerlengo from 1744, he was a Cardinal from 1732. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 A pen portrait of him by de Brosses. Aquitaine, Grand Priory of A Priory of the Knights of Saint John, founded at Poitiers. BkI:Chap1:Sec5 Chateaubriand applies to be enrolled in the Order of Malta. Arago, Franois Jean Dominique 1786-1853. A French mathematician, physicist, astronomer, and politician, he was a Deputy for the Pyrenees in 1830. He is particularly known for his scientific work on magnetism and optics, and for his support of other scientists work. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 His Republican intervention in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriands neighbour in 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Makes an approach to Chateaubriand. BkXXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 Dined with Chateaubriand in Paris on the 13th of September 1831. Chateaubriand left for Paris on the 2nd and returned on the 14th. The Caf de Paris was on the Boulevard des Italiens. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 At Carrels funeral in 1836. Aranjuez, Spain The royal city south of Madrid is on the River Tajo. The Spanish kings had their summer palace there in the eighteenth century. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807.

Arbela, Battle of 331BC. Alexander the Great defeated Darius at the decisive battle of Arbela, or Gaugamela, east of the Tigris. He then went on to capture Babylon, Susa and Persepolis. BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Archangel, Russia Arkhangelsk formerly called Archangel in English, is a city in the administrative centre of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on the Northern Dvina River near its exit into the White Sea in the far north of European Russia. Arkhangelsk was the chief sea port of medieval Russia. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 Mentioned. Archilochus c680-c645BC. A Greek poet and mercenary, his satires were one of the mainstays of itinerant rhapsodes, who made a living declaiming poetry at both religious festivals and private homes. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Arcadia A region of Greece in the Peloponnesus, it takes its name from the mythological character Arcas. Arcadia possessed temples of Zeus and Hera, and Olympia where the Olympic Games were held in Classical times. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Arcis-Sur-Aube The town is on the River Aube north of Troyes. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 The engagement there on 20th March 1814. Arcola, Battle of Arcola is a village of northern Italy, 16 miles east-south-east of Verona, on the Alpone stream, near its confluence with the Adige below Verona. The village gave its name to the three-day battle of Arcola (15th-17th November 1796), in which the French, under Napoleon Bonaparte, defeated the Austrians commanded by Allvintzy. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 The reference is to images such as Antoine-Jean Gros painting Napoleon at Arcola (1796). BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 The taking of the bridge.

BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Muiron killed there.

BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1

Arcon, Jean-Claude Eleonor le Michaud d 1733-1800. A French general who worked with Lazare Carnot, and designed a number of military innovations. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Mentioned. Arenenberg, Switzerland At Salenstein in the Canto of Thurgau, situated in a small park overlooking the western end of Lake Constance, Arenenberg was purchased by Queen Hortense, wife of Louis Bonaparte. He was installed as governor of the Kingdom of Holland by his brother, Napoleon, adopted the title of king, and refused to introduce the reforms recommended by his brother. This prompted Napoleon to invade Holland forcing his brother to abdicate. Louis son, who was brought up at Arenenberg, later succeeded as Napoleon III. After his death in England in 1873, his widow, ex-Empress Eugenie, used Arenenberg as her residence. It is now a museum. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Chateaubriand there. BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 Queen Hortenses residence in 1831. Wolfberg is nearby. BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 Chateaubriand dines there 29th August 1832. The island in the lake is Reichenau. Arete She was the wife of Alcinous, King of the Phaeacians, in Homers Odyssey. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 See Odyssey VII. Arezzo, Tommaso, Cardinal 1756-1833. Formerly a diplomat, he was made a Cardinal in 1816, and was then Legate to the province of Ferrara. A politicanti candidate for the Papacy in 1823, he supported Albani in 1829. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in 1829. Argles-Gazost, France A commune of the Hautes-Pyrnes dpartement, Argeles Gazost is a traditional farmers market town but turned itself into a fashionable spa in the 18th century by rerouting the thermal waters from the far side of the valley.

BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Argentire, Chapter of L Located in the Lyonnais, the monastery founded in 1273 became a chapter of canonesses in the eighteenth century. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 BkII:Chap10:Sec1 BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 Lucile admitted as a Canoness in 1783. Argentr, Bertrand d Jurist (1519-1590). Author of a History of Brittany and its Maps (1586). BkI:Chap1:Sec3 A source of information regarding Chateaubriands family. Argo The ship of the Argonauts in Greek myth. BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. Argo Navis The ancient constellation of Argo Navis, the Ship of the Argonauts, was dismembered in 1763 by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, into the three modern constellations of Vela (the Sails), Puppis (the Stern) and Carina (the Keel). It lies in the southern sky not far from the Magellanic Clouds. BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Argos The capital of the Argolis, it lies in the Greek Peloponnese. BkIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Agamemnons city. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 Still a town in 1807. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 The royal tombs. Argout, Antoine Maurice Apollinaire, Comte d 1782-1858. French politician, Minister, and Governor of the Bank of France, he was made a Peer in 1819. He voted with the moderate right. See Daumiers classic caricature of him. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 At Saint-Cloud on the 29th of July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Rebuffed in Paris on the 29th. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Active in Paris on the 30th July 1830. BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Ariosto, Ludovico

1471-1533. The Italian epic and lyric poet, who as a youth was a favourite at the court of Ferrara; later he was in the service of Ippolito I, Cardinal dEste, and from 1517 until his death served Alfonso, Duke of Ferrara. He was never properly rewarded by his patrons. While in the service of the cardinal, he began writing his masterpiece, the Orlando Furioso, published in its final form in 1532. This epic treatment of the Roland story, theoretically a sequel to the unfinished poem of Boiardo, greatly influenced Shakespeare, Milton, and Byron. It was intended to glorify the Este family as Virgil had glorified the Julians. Ariosto also wrote lyric verse of unequal merit, and was among the first to write comedies in the vernacular. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 His familiarity with the Vatican buildings. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Napoleon preferred his work to that of Tasso. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 A festival for him mentioned. BkXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 He was as involved in politics as in poetry. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 He was an observer at the Battle of Ravenna in 1512, and wrote a sonnet on it. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Rodomont (Rodomonte) is a boastful hero of the Orlando Furioso, and also the Orlando Innamorato of Bojardo. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 The Portrait of a Man by Titian, possibly of Ariosto, of c1512, is in the National Gallery London. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born at Reggio. BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 Aquilant the Black is a character in the Orlando furioso. Aristaeus The son of Apollo and Cyrene, especially honoured as the inventor of beekeeping. He came to be widely worshiped as a beneficent deity. A Delphic prophecy counselled Aristaeus to sail to Ceos (Zea, now Kea). He did so and found the islanders suffering from sickness under the stifling and baneful effects of the Dog-Star Sirius. Aristaeus discerned that their troubles arose from murderers who were hiding in their midst, the murderers of Icarius in fact. When the miscreants were found out and executed, and a shrine erected to Zeus, the great god was propitiated and decreed that henceforth the Etesian Wind should blow and cool all the Aegean for forty days from the rising of Sirius. But the Ceans continued to propitiate the Dog-Star, just before its rising just to be sure. (Hyginus, Poetic Astronomy). BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 Mentioned, as connected with Zea. Aristarchus

c217-c145 The Greek scholar, successor to his teacher, Aristophanes of Byzantium, as librarian at Alexandria. He was an innovator of scientific scholarship, and his critical revision of Homer is responsible for the excellent texts of Homer that survive. Though only fragments of his works survive (he is said to have written more than 800 volumes of commentary and exegesis), frequent quotations by ancient critics provide an insight into his subjects and method. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 His name has passed into the French language, as an aristarque, a critic, the term Chateaubriand uses here. Aristophanes c450-c385BC. The Greek comic dramatist and political satirist was a master of Attic Comedy. Eleven of his plays survive including The Birds (414) and Lysistrata (411). BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 See The Clouds: 910, You speak to me of roses. Aristotle 384-322BC. He was a Greek philosopher and scientist whose father was court physician in Macedonia. He joined Platos Academy and later about 343BC became tutor to Alexander. After Alexanders accession in 336 he was able to found a research community, the Lyceum, in Athens. On Alexanders death he was forced to retire to Chalcis. He wrote over 400 books on every branch of learning, and was the philosopher par excellence for the Middle Ages. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Alexander the Great was his pupil. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 A reference to his History of Animals IV.9.536a where the partridges uttered various syllabic repetitions. Arlon, Aarlen, Belgium One of the oldest towns in Belgium, it possesses Belgiums oldest church. It lies at the crossroads of the road from Reims (France) to Trier (Germany) and the road from Tongeren (Belgium) to Metz (France). A Roman settlement it belonged to Luxembourg in the Middle Ages. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand retreated through there in 1792. BkX:Chap1:Sec1 He left Arlon to head for Ostend, about the 20th October 1792. Armand, Colonel, See Rourie

Armani, Jean-Baptiste 1768-1815. An Italian poet, dramatist and improvisator, he translated Le Gnie du Christianisme (1805) and Les Martyrs (1814). BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Armida The beautiful sorceress in Tassos Jerusalem Delivered, with whom Rinaldo fell in love, wasting his time in voluptuous pleasure. After his escape from her, unable to lure him back, she set fire to the palace, rushed into battle and was killed. BkIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap16:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned. BkIV:Chap8:Sec1 The subject of Glucks opera, and also a role in Sacchinis opera Le Renaud. BkVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Her talking parrot in Canto XVI of Jerusalem Delivered. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 A reference here to Nathalie de Noailles, the lady of the chteau of Mrville. Arminius 16BC-21AD. Arminius, or Hermann der Cherusker, was a war chief of the Germanic tribe of the Cherusci who defeated a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9AD. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Armorica Armorica was the Roman name for the Brittany region which was of strategic importance, providing naval control of the Atlantic coast and the English Channel. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 BkII:Chap8:Sec1 BkIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkIII:Chap10:Sec1 BkV:Chap15:Sec3 BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 The Brittany Peninsula. Armorican is a synonym for Breton. BkVII:Chap8:Sec1 The setting for Chateaubriands work Les Martyrs. Arnauld, Antoine, Abb 1612-1694. Called Le Grand Arnaud he was a French theologian, writer and philosopher. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 His Mmoires referred to.

Arndt, Ernst-Moritz 1769-1860. A German patriotic author and poet, Arndt played a key role in the early nationalist Burschenschaft movement and in the unification movement, and his song Was ist das Deutschen Vaterland? acted as an unofficial anthem. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Quotation from his anthem (1813). Arnott, Dr Archibald 1772-1855. The Scottish military surgeon of the 20th Regiment who attended Napoleon on St Helena. He wrote an account of Napoleons illness and post-mortem published in 1821. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2 At the death-bed. Arnouville-ls-Gonesse, France A town in the Val dOise, it is a place where Louis XVIII stopped on his return from exile. BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 Roye, where Louis held a council of Ministers, is in the Somme, Gonesse is in the ValdOise and also a stopping place during the return from exile in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Arona, Italy The major port of Lake Maggiore, it was a Roman resort, during the Middle Ages the domain of the Visconti, and later, from 1439 to 1797 of the Borromeo. It was the birthplace of St Charles Borromeo. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there in September 1828. Arques, Chteau d A mile and a half to the south-east of Dieppe, the castle was built between 1040 and 1045 by Guillaume dArques. BkI:Chap6:Sec1 Seen by Chateaubriand. Arras Capital of Pas-de-Calais department it is the historic capital of Artois, northern France, on the canalized Scarpe River. Of Gallo-Roman origin, it became an Episcopal See c.500. It was granted (1180) a commercial charter by the crown and enjoyed international importance in banking and trade. By the 14th century it had become a centre of wealth and culture, renowned particularly for tapestry. It was nearly destroyed during the wars between

Burgundy and France (15th century), which ended with the Treaty of Arras (1435). Occupied (1492) by the Spaniards, Arras was conquered (1630) by the French; French possession was confirmed (1659) in the Peace of the Pyrenees. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in March 1815. Robespierre was born there. Arrhidaeus Died 317BC. King of Macedonia (323-317BC) Arrhigetti A prominent Florentine family in the Renaissance. BkV:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Arrighi, Joseph-Philippe 1758-1836. Vicar-General of Elba. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 He welcomed Napoleon in 1814. Arsinoe Located on the Heeroopolite gulf of the Red Sea, and one of the principal harbours of ancient Egypt, it carried on an extensive trade with India in silks, spices, ivory, etc. It is mentioned in Exodus, xiv, 2,9, and Numbers, xxxiii, 7 and is said to be identical with Argueroud near Suez. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Mentioned. Artaud de Montor, Alexis-Franois 1772-1849. Diplomat, translator and historian, as an migr, he served in the Army of the Princes, and made a number of diplomatic missions to Rome. He was appointed First Secretary under Cacault, by Napoleon, and returned to the post after Chateaubriand left it. Made Censor during the last years of the Empire, under the Restoration he was Secretary of the embassy at Vienna, then again at Rome. In 1830 he retired on a pension to devote himself exclusively to literary works. His translation of Dantes Divine Comedy (1811-1813) was rated highly. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand replaced him in Rome in 1803. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 His cataloguing of Hauterives papers. BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 His translation of Dante. Artevelde, Jan van

c1290-1345. A Flemish statesman, of a wealthy family of Ghent, in 1337 the Flemish cloth industry underwent a severe crisis. The pro-French policy of the count of Flanders in the conflict between Edward III of England and Philip VI of France cut off English wool imports and thus ruined the Flemish merchants and weavers. Ghent rebelled, and Artevelde was given dictatorial powers as head of the city government. He negotiated (1338) a commercial treaty with England and obtained recognition of Flemish neutrality. The other towns of Flanders followed his lead, the count fled to France, and trade revived and prospered. In 1340, Artevelde had Edward III recognized as king of France (and thus suzerain of Flanders) by the Flemish towns. Arteveldes firm leadership and wealthy origin inevitably aroused resentment. Enemies accused him of proposing the lordship of Flanders to Edward the Black Prince (of England). In 1345 a riot broke out in Ghent, and Artevelde was killed by the mob. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Arthur II, of Dreux, Duke of Brittany 1262-1312. Duke of Brittany from 1305 to his death. He was the first son of Duke John II and Princess Beatrice of England, daughter of King Henry III. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 His sons embassy to Rome in 1309. Artois, Charles, Comte de The future Charles X. BkI:Chap5:Sec3 His visit to Saint-Malo at the age of twenty, 11th to 13th May 1777, just before Chateaubriand left for college at Dol. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 Emigrated in 1789 after the fall of the Bastille. BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 Had stayed with Monsieur de Lavigne during a visit to Lorient. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 Had previously employed Marat. BkXI:Chap2:Sec4 Influenced by religious leaders. BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 His charg daffaires in London, Monsieur du Theil. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 In London when the Duc dEnghien was abducted. BkXXII:Chap19:Sec1 His arrival in Paris in April 1814. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 At the time of Napoleons landing from Elba in 1815. BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Subject of a conversation between Chateaubriand and Louis XVIII. Artois, Louise Marie Thrse d 1819-1864. The daughter of the Duke and Duchess de Berry, she married Charles III of Palma in 1845.

BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Artus, Thomas, Sieur dEmbry 16th century. A classical scholar little is known about Artus, except that he came from a noble Parisian family. His Description de lIsle des Hermaphrodites Nouvellement Dcouverte (1605) is a virulent satire on European manners generally, and the French court of Henri III specifically, in which a vast array of evils are ironically depicted as admirable. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Quoted. Ascagne (Ascanius) Ascanius, the son of Aeneas, also called Iulus, is a character in Virgils Aeneid. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Ascalon, Ashkelon An ancient Philistine seaport on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea just north of Gaza, Ashkelon was the oldest and largest seaport in ancient Canaan, one of the five cities of the Philistines, north of Gaza and south of Jaffa (Yafa). BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 The Pactum Warmundi was a treaty of alliance established in 1123 between the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Republic of Venice, it gave the Venetians special rights in Acre which they had captured, and in Ascalon and Tyre which they had agreed to attack. The Venetian communes in Acre and Tyre were particularly powerful and influential in the 13th century after the Kingdom lost Jerusalem and was reduced to a coastal state. They resisted Emperor Frederick IIs attempts to claim the Kingdom, and virtually ignored the authority the Lord of Tyre, conducting affairs instead as if they controlled their own independent lordship. Asdrubal, See Hasdrubal Asgill, Sir Charles 1762-1823. A young English officer, captured at Yorktown, and sentenced by lot to death as a reprisal during the American War of Independence. He was reprieved, after intervention by Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, by Congress. After his return to England, he served in Flanders, and later was in command of the garrison in Dublin during the rebellion in Ireland. He

became colonel of the 11th regiment, and in 1807 was made general in the British army. On the death of his father he succeeded to the estate and the baronetcy. His story was made the ground-work of a tragic drama by Madame de Svign. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 A poem about him recited. Ashewd Possibly Askew or Ayscue? An English knight in Rome in 1740. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Asmodeus A devil in Le Sages Diable Boiteux. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 Mentioned. Aspasia c460-c410BC. Aspasia of Miletus, a learned hetaera, was the mistress of Pericles and philosopher to the philosophers, including Sophocles. BkVIII:Chap4:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. See Plutarchs Life of Pericles. Aspern-Essling, Battle 21-22 May 1809. Having succeeded in capturing Vienna on 13 May, Napoleon crossed the Danube to seek out and destroy Archduke Charles and his main Austrian army. While not a true defeat, Aspern-Essling marked the first serious reverse suffered by Bonaparte. More than 21,000 French soldiers were casualties and the army suffered the grievous loss of Marshal Lannes who died after losing a leg to a cannonball. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Aspremont, Comte d Chateaubriands diplomatic secretary in 1822. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Date of death before 1838. Assas, Louis, Chevalier d 1733-1760. A captain in the Regiment of the Auvergne, killed at the battle of Klosterkamp. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 He showed conspicuous bravery when surrounded, and died alerting his regiment to the enemy with the famous cry: A moi, Auvergne, ce sont les ennemis !

Assignats Interest bearing bonds with a face value of 1000 livres intended to be used in payment for the former properties of the Church (The Biens nationaux, or National land). Further issues were made from time to time to ensure a flow of money, becoming the new paper currency. They ceased bearing interest in May 1791, and by the time of the Directory were worth less than fifteen sous. BkIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Assisi, Italy A town in Italy in Perugia province, in Umbria, on the western flank of Mt. Subasio. It was the birthplace of St. Francis, who founded the Franciscan religious order there in 1208, and St. Clare (Chiara d'Offreducci), the founder of the Poor Clares. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 The Portioncula, the first oratory of the Franciscans, is now contained in the Basilica of St Mary of the Angels, Assisi. Assuerus (Ahasueras) King of Persia: see the Book of Esther. Possibly the Biblical text contains a reference to the historical Xerxes. BkXXXVII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Astolphus=Aistulf, King of the Lombards d 756. The duke of Friuli from 744, King of the Lombards from 749, and Duke of Spoleto from 751. Aistulf continued the policy of expansion and raids against the papacy and the Byzantine exarchate of Ravenna. In 751, he captured Ravenna itself and even threatened Rome, claiming a capitation tax. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Atala Atala is a leading character in the story Atala ou les amours de deux sauvages dans le dsert (April 1801) by Chateaubriand. Chactas is an old Natchez Indian who meets Ren and tells him the story of his youth. Rescued from captivity by the young Indian girl, Atala, who was consecrated to the Virgin, he meets a priest Pre Aubry who wishes to convert Chactas and unite him to Atala. She will not break her vow, and prefers to die. Preface:Sect2. BkV:Chap15:Sec3 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXI:Chap3:Sec1

BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec3 BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkIII:Chap7:Sec1 In the story Chateaubriand describes the dead Atala with a faded magnolia flower in her hair. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 Atala was devised in Kensington Gardens. BkVII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 A description of Niagara given there. BkVIII:Chap2:Sec1 A native of the Floridas. BkVIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 The original of the fictional character, a virgin who refuses Chactas. BkIX:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriands manuscript of Atala saved his life, he suggests. BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 Worked on in parallel with (and initially only as part of) Le Gnie du Christianisme. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Separated out of the manuscript of Les Natchez in 1800. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Atala was published separately in April 1801. Popular engravings of her. The two lines quoted probably from a popular song were no doubt inspired by Atala. BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Its success in 1801. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Pirated at Avignon in 1802. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Engravings of her at an inn on the Tauern Pass in 1833. Athanaeus He was a third century Alexandrian writer. BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Referred to. Athens The capital of Greece situated on a plain in the south east near the Saronic Gulf. It rose to fame under Pisistratus and his sons in the 6th century BC. Around 506 BC Cleisthenes founded a democracy for the free citizens. In the next century the Persians were defeated and it became the leading Greek city-state. Under Pericles it achieved intellectual brilliance in the arts and philosophy. Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War it recovered slowly, but was conquered by Philip of Macedon in 338 BC and subsequently came under Roman rule. It fell to the Crusaders in 1204 and was under Turkish occupation from 1456 until 1833 when it became the capital of the newly independent Greece.

BkIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. BkVII:Chap8:Sec1 The setting for incidents in Les Martyrs. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Athens, Ohio. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 The gynaeceums were womens apartments within a Greek or Roman house. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Marseilles as a rival for Athens. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 A letter dated from there. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 The Areopagus (The Hill of Ares=Mars) was the seat of the famous tribunal of Athens, so called from the tradition that the first trial there was that of Ares accused by Poseidon of the death of his son Halirrhothius. Saint Paul preached there, see Acts XVII.22 BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Caryatids are figures of women in Greek costume used in architecture to support entablatures. The name comes from Caryae in Laconia which sided with the Persians at Thermopylae. The Greeks destroyed their city and enslaved the women. Praxiteles used figures of these slave-women instead of columns to perpetuate the memory of their disgrace. Their most famous use is in the Caryatid Porch of the Erectheum on the Acropolis, which housed Persian battle spoils and the famous golden lamp of Callimachus. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Athens was sacred to the goddess Athene, the Roman Minerva. The temple of Neptune on Cape Sunium was formerly attributed to her. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 A Bavarian regime was established in Greece with Otto I (1815-1867) in 1832, He was deposed in 1862, and in 1863, George I (1845-1913), a Danish prince, was established as King of the Hellenes, and ownership of the Ionian Islands was transferred by Britain. BkXXX:Chap7:Sec1 The Erectheion is on the Acropolis. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 The olive-tree was sacred to Athene-Minerva. Attalus A senator in Rome (serving as Urban Prefect in 409), he was twice proclaimed emperor by the Visigoths, in an effort to impose their terms on the ineffectual Emperor Honorius, in Ravenna: he held the title of emperor in Rome, during 409, and later in Bordeaux in 414. His two reigns lasted only some months; the first one ended when Alaric believed it was hampering his negotiations with Honorius, and the second after he was abandoned by the Visigoths and eventually captured by Honorius men.

Attalus was obliged to participate in the triumph Honorius celebrated in the streets of Rome in 416, before finishing his days exiled in the Lipari Islands. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 Mentioned. Atticus, Titus Pomponius 110-32BC. He was a friend and correspondent of Cicero noted as an art collector and man of learning. His nickname Atticus Man of Athens was a tribute to Greek culture. BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Attila c406-453. King of the Huns (434-453), known as the Scourge of God. He murdered his brother and co-ruler Bleda, then overran central Europe and attacked the Romans eastern frontier. He invaded Gaul in 451 and suffered his only defeat at the battle of the Catalaunian Fields. His campaigns in Italy in 452 caused great destruction, and the Pope paid him to spare Rome. BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 The subject of Corneilles drama Attila. Chateaubriand quotes the second line of the play. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 An example of barbarian power in Europe. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes Corneilles Attila lines 1-2. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 An apocryphal quote. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 His retinue of subject princes. BkXXIII:Chap14:Sec1 The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, or Battle of Chalons (Chalns en Champagne), took place in AD 451 between the allied forces and foederati, led by the Roman general Flavius Atius and the Visigothic king Theodoric, on one side, and the Huns, led by Attila and his allies, on the other. This battle was the last major military operation of the Western Roman Empire, and resulted in the death of Theodoric and Attilas retreat. BkXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 His unknown birthplace in Hungary. BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 He agreed to spare Rome in 452. BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 Sacked Constance according to legend. BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 Venice (traditionally founded in 421) is said to have been developed by people of the Veneto who had fled the Goths. Aubeterre, Henri-Joseph Bouchard dEsparbs de Lussan, Marquis d, 1714-1788 He was a Marshal of France. BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.

Aubiac, Jean de Lart de Galard, Seigneur d He was the lover of Marguerite de Valois. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Executed by hanging in the Place de Grve. Aubigne, Franoise d, see Madame de Maintenon Aubry, le Pre A character in Atala and Ren, by Chateaubriand. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Popular engravings of him. Auch, France The city of Auch is situated in the region of Midi-Pyrenees and is the capital of the department of the Gers. The cathedral of St Marys has been drawing visitors since the 16h century. There are 113 flamboyant-style choir stalls, vividly sculpted in oak, as well as 18 stained glass windows (1507-1513) by the Gascon artist Arnaut de Moles. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriand there in July 1829. Audry de Puyraveau (Puyravault), Pierre Franois 1753-1852. Deputy for Rochefort from 1822, he lived on the Rue du Faubourg Poissonnire in 1830. A Member of the Provisional Government and the Municipal Commission, he had been in constant opposition to Charles X, and had signed the address of the 221. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 His arrest ordered but not carried out on 28th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Appointed a member of the Municipal Commission on the 29th July 1830. Auerstadt, Battle of Jena-Auerstadt The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt (older name: Auerstdt) were fought on October 14, 1806 on the plateau west of the river Saale in todays Germany, between the forces of Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia. The decisive defeat suffered by the Prussian army resulted in Prussias elimination from the anti-French coalition up until the liberation war of 1813. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Auerstadt, Duc d, See Davoust

Augereau, Pierre-Franois-Charles, Marshal, Duke of Castiglione 1757-1816. A Marshal of France, he fought in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars and was a principal in the coup of 18 Fructidor (September 4th, 1797). For his heroism in the Italian campaign he was made duke of Castiglione. After the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814, Augereau rallied to Louis XVIII. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleons early opinion of him. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 Meets Napoleon at Valence on the Emperors way to Elba in 1814. Augustus 63BC-14AD.The first Roman Emperor, he was Julius Caesars grandnephew, whom Caesar adopted and declared as his heir, Octavius Caesar (Octavian). (The honorary title Augustus was bestowed by the Senate 16th Jan 27BC). His wife was Livia. He secured the succession, defeating Antony, who had seized the inheritance, at Mutina: the conspirators Cassius and Brutus at the twin battles of Philippi: Antony again at Actium: and Pompeys son, Sextus, at Mylae and Naulochus off Sicily. (See the sculpture of Augustus, from Primaporta, in the Vatican). An outstanding administrator he extended and consolidated the Empire, encouraging a literary renaissance, beautifying Rome, and creating under the Pax Romana a durable financial and administrative system. BkII:Chap8:Sec2. His defeat of Sextus Pompey. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec2 Napoleon brooded on his noted clemency on the eve of the Duc dEnghiens execution. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 His road and bridge building in Italy. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Jesus supposedly born during his reign. Augustus of Prussia, Prince 1779-1843. Last surviving son of Frederick IIs younger brother. Wounded at Auerstadt on the 14th October 1806, he was taken prisoner and remained a prisoner in France for several months. He met Juliette Rcamier at Coppet in the summer of 1807 and proposed marriage to her, but she refused to divorce. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in Berlin in 1821. BkXXVIII:Chap19:Sec1 At Coppet in 1807. Augustine of Hippo, Aurelius Augustinus, Saint

354-430. Born in a Roman province and educated at Carthage, as a young man he became interested in philosophy, with little interest in Christianity until a religious experience in his early thirties. By 396 he had become bishop of Hippo (in modern Algeria), and his sermons and writings gained fame, notably his Confessions (397) and his treatise The City of God (413426). His notions of grace, free will and original sin had a strong influence on Christian theology. BkXIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes loosely from Augustines Letter 231,6 referring to the Confessions. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Referred to in Les Martyrs. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 See Tractates on the Gospel of John 26:4 (John 6:41-59) Augustule, Flavius Romulus Augustus c463-after476. Romulus Augustulus, was the last of the Western Roman Emperors (31 October 475 - 4 September 476). His father Orestes, the commander of the Roman army, installed Romulus on the throne after deposing the emperor Julius Nepos. Romulus was deposed by Odoacer. BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Aulnay The hamlet, now part of Chtenay, was where Chateaubriand owned a property and lived for about ten years, from 1807. BkI:Chap1:Sec1 BkIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 Comte Lenoir-Laroche a neighbour there. BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand living in retirement there. Aulnay, Madame d Comtesse Lepelletier dAulnay, was the daughter of President de Rosanbo, and granddaughter of Malesherbes, who had no daughter of that name. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Aulnoy, Marie-Catherine Le Jumel de Barnville, Madame d c1651-1705. A French writer, her most popular works were her fairy tales and adventure stories as told in Les Contes des Fes (Fairy Tales) and Contes Nouveaux ou Les Fes a la Mode (1698). BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 The latter collection includes the tale of Prince Marcassin.

Aumale, Henri dOrlans, Duc d He was the fifth son (1822-1897) of Louis-Philippe. Aurora Goddess of the Dawn, and wife of Tithonus, daughter of the Titan Pallas, hence called Pallantias or Pallantis, who fathered Zelus (zeal), Cratus (strength), Bia (force) and Nic (victory) on the River Styx. BkIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned in Luciles manuscript writings. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Her realm is, the East, the direction of the rising sun and the Holy Land. BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 She wished in myth to renew the youth of her husband Tithonus. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Goddess of the Dawn. Ausonius, Decimus Magnus d. c395 AD. A Roman poet born at Burdigala (Bordeaux), he was the tutor of Gratian, Emperor Valentinians son. Ausonius became governor of Gaul. His most famous poem is his Mosella, describing the River Moselle and its surrounding countryside. BkIX:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from Mosella (lines 21-22). Austerlitz, Battle on 2 December 1805, in which the French forces of the Emperor Napoleon defeated those of Alexander I of Russia and Francis II of Germany (Franci I of Austria) at a small town in the Czech Republic (formerly in Austria), 12 miles east of Brno. The battle was one of Napoleons greatest victories, resulting in the end of the coalition against France the Austrians signed the Treaty of Pressburg and the Russians retired to their own territory. BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap5:Sec2 The battle. Construction of the Austerlitz bridge in Paris was initiated by Napoleon to commemorate the victory over the Russians and the Austrians. A first iron bridge was inaugurated in 1807 but developed many cracks and was rebuilt in 1854. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Kutuzovs advice ignored there. Autancourt, Captain

He was a Major in the lite Gendarmerie. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 A member of the commission which tried the Duc dEnghien in 1804, he acted as Recording-Officer. Autun, France The town in the Sane-et-Loire dpartement in Burgundy. Autun, founded during the reign of the Roman emperor Augustus (Autun is from Augustodunum) became an early center of Christianity, and possesses Roman ruins. Talleyrand was Bishop of Autun from 1788 to 1790 BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Napoleon went to school there in 1778. Auxerre, France The town in central France, capital of the Yonne department on the River Yonne. The gothic cathedral has 13th century stained glass windows. BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Auxonne, France The main city of the Val de Sane (the upper valley of the river Sane, upstream from its confluence with the Doubs), Auxonne is located 40 km south-west of Dijon, on the border of Burgundy and Franche-Comt. It was a former border town between France and the German Empire; Auxonne was also famous for its Artillery College. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Napoleon Bonaparte posted there. Avaray, Claude Antoine de Besiade, 4th Marquis then Duc d 1740-1829. Cavalry Captain, wounded at Minden. Field Marshal in 1781, and subsequently a member of the Constituent Assembly. There he opposed his Duties of Man to the Rights of Man. He was arrested at the end of the Terror but escaped the guillotine due to the 9th Thermidor. He was confined during the Empire to his chteau. He was made a Duke in 1817. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Brother-in-law of Madame de Coislin. Avaray, Angelique-Adlade-Sophie de Mailly-Nesle c.1738-1823. Marquise, then Duchess, wife of Claude (from 1758). BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Sister of Madame de Coislin. Avaray, Antoine-Louis-Franois de Bsiade, Comte d 1759-1811. Eldest son of Claude, he was Master of the Wardrobe to Monsieur, and organised his emigration to Luxembourg in 1791. He was

subsequently made Captain of the kings Guards. He died in Madeira, his health having suffered in England. BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 A favourite of Louis XVIII. Avatar In Hindu philosophy, an avatar most commonly refers to the incarnation (bodily manifestation) of a higher being (deva), or the Supreme Being (God) onto planet Earth. The Sanskrit word avatDra- literally means descent and usually implies a deliberate descent into lower realms of existence for special purposes. BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Aventine The Mons Aventinus, one of the Seven Hills of Rome, was traditionally the territory of the plebeians, who had their main temples and sanctuaries there. During much of the Republic as well as the Empire the Aventine was a distinctly lower-class neighbourhood. Temples to Diana, Luna, and Juno stood on the hill, as well as Varros extensive library and the Armilustrium (where arms were ritually purified). The Aventines plebeian neighbourhood was thriving and prosperous, with the Circus Maximus situated at its base (between the Aventine and Palatine). BkXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand associates Napoleon with its plebeian nature, a sly dig. Avignon, France The town in south-east France, capital of the Vaucluse department, on the River Rhne, where the Papacy was established, under French control, from 1390-1377 by Clement V (The Babylonian Captivity), after which there were rival Popes in Rome and Avignon until 1417 (The Great Schism). The Papal Palace of the 14th century and the ruined 12th century bridge are notable. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 A pirated version of Le Gnie produced there in 1802. Chateaubriands visit there. In 1791 dozens of prisoners were massacred and buried in quicklime in the moat of the Tour de la Glacire, at the Papal Palace. BkXIX:Chap7:Sec1 The attack on the city by Carteaux in 1793 which sickened Napoleon who was involved in the fighting. BkXX:Chap8:Sec1 The Avignon Papacy. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 Pius VII there in 1809. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 Napoleon there on his journey to Elba in 1814.

BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 The Papal conclave there in 1394. Avrieury French soldier in 1798, present in Egypt. BkXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Azor The Beast in Andr Grtry's 1771 romantic comedy Zmire and Azor, which is a Beauty and the Beast tale, of 1756, libretto by Jean Franois Marmontel. BkX:Chap3:Sec3 Presumably the dog was amusingly named after him. Azores Three groups of volcanic islands in the Atlantic, belonging to Portugal, the chief islands are So Miguel, Terceira, Faial and Flores. They were settled by the Portuguese in the 15th century. They were the scene of naval engagements between the Sapnish and English in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Island of Pico contains the highest point of the islands. BkVI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriand touched there on the 6th May 1791. BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 The discovery of the Azores by the Portuguese is attributed to Goncalo Velho Cabral in 1432, rendered here as Gonzalo Villo. Babet, see Colin Babylon Babylon is the Greek variant of the Akkadian Babilu, an ancient city in Mesopotamia (modern Al Hillah, Iraq). It was the holy city of Babylonia from early times, and the seat of the Neo-Babylonian empire from 612 BC. In the Hebrew Bible, the name appears as Babel, interpreted by popular etymology to mean confusion. Akkadian bDb-il means Gate of God, translating the Sumerian Kadingirra. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 The reference is to Psalm 137 By the waters of Babylon. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 The abhorred city of Revelation. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 The tower of Babel is referred to in Genesis XI, where the languages of the world are confused. BkXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Alexander was in Babylon in 331BC and returned to die there in 323.

BkXXX:Chap9:Sec1 A reference to Daniel VI:16. Bacchiochi, Elisa Napoleone, Princess of Piombino 1806-1869. In 1825, she married Philippe, Comte Camerata-Passione de Mazzoleni. They separated in 1832. BkXXX:Chap8:Sec1 Her daughter in Rome in 1829. Bacchus Dionysus the Greek god of the vine, the Roman Bacchus, was the son of Semele by Zeus-Jupiter. BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 The Bacchantes or Maenads were the band of savage women followers who attended the god. Bacciochi, Maria-Anna (lisa) Bonaparte, Madame d 1777-1820. A younger sister of Napoleon. She married Pascal-Flix Bacciochi a Corsican officer, in 1797. She was established as a member of the Imperial family of the First French Empire in 1804. In 1805, Napoleon named her Duchess of Lucca and Princess of Pimbino. Her separation from her husband was seen favorably by Napoleon who named her Grand Duchess of Tuscany in 1809. The position had been previously vacant since the abdication of Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1801 and Tuscany had been incorporated to the Kingdom of Etruria until 1807. Her husband soon rejoined her however. Elisa remained Duchess of Tuscany until 1814. Then Ferdinand III was restored to his throne. She spent the later years of her life in seclusion and died in Trieste. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 She used her influence on Chateaubriands behalf in 1801. BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Reported on Napoleons satisfaction with his meeting with Chateaubriand. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Her letter introducing Chateaubriand to Murat. BkXV:Chap7:Sec2 Continued to use her influence on Chateaubriands behalf in 1803/4. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 She reproaches Chateaubriand for resigning in 1804. She placates Napoleon. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 She extends her protection to him following his resignation. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Duchess of Lucca from 1805. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 She was educated at Saint-Cyr until 1792 when the school was closed.

Bachaumont See Chapelle. Bacon, Sir Francis 1561-1626. English philosopher, essayist, courtier, jurist, and statesman, his writings include The Advancement of Learning (1605) and the Novum Organum (1620), in which he proposed a theory of scientific knowledge based on observation and experiment that came to be known as the inductive method.He was knighted in 1603, created Baron Verulam in 1618, and created Viscount St Albans in 1621; both peerage titles becoming extinct upon his death. BkX:Chap5:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Bad Berneck, Bavaria A town in the district of Bayreuth, in Bavaria, Germany it is situated on the river Weisser Main, in the Fichtelgebirge, 13 km northeast of Bayreuth. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand there 2nd June 1833. Baffin Bay An arm of the Arctic Ocean bounded by Baffin Island in the west, Greenland in the east, and Ellesmere Island in the north, it connects to the Atlantic through Davis Strait, and to the Arctic through several narrow channels of Nares Strait. It is a northwestern extension of the North-Atlantic and Labrador Sea. BkXXXV:Chap16:Sec1 It is normally filled with icebergs. Baghdad The capital of Iraq, on the River Tigris, built by the Caliph Mansur in the 8th century, was a centre of commerce, learning and religion until sacked by the Mongols in 1258. Part of the Ottoman Empire from 1534, and still so in Chateaubriands time. BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. A symbol of Eastern luxury. Bagration, Pyotr Ivanovich, Prince 1765-1812. A Russian General during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He fought under Field Marshal Suvorov in the Italian and Swiss campaigns of 179899 and at Austerlitz, Eylau, and Friedland. In 1808 he captured the Aland Islands from Sweden; in 1809 he fought against

the Turks in the Russo-Turkish War of 180612; and in 1812 he commanded an army against Napoleon and was mortally wounded at Borodino. BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 At Borodino. Bagration, Ekaterina Pavlovna Skavronksy, Princess 1783-1857. She was the wife of Prince Bagration (married 1800). She married Lord Hobart in 1830. BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 Her niece, Countess Samoilova. Baiae The modern Baia, opposite Pozzuoli on the Bay of Pozzuoli, once the fashionable bathing place of the Romans, owed its name, in legend, to Baios, the navigator of Odysseus. The Emperors built magnificent palaces there. There was a causeway attributed to Hercules. Part now lies beneath the sea due to subsidence. It was a notoriously loose place for sexual intrigue. BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 Caligulas building work there. BkXV:Chap7:Sec3 Chateaubriand visited in 1828. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Countess Walewska returned to nearby Naples after a three day visit to Elba in 1815. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 Madame Rcamier at Naples in 1814. BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Bail, Charles-Joseph 1777-1824. An impoverished military man who published various Bonapartist tracts, some opposing Chateaubriand, who nevertheless assisted him and his wife. BkXXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned indirectly. Bailn The Battle of Bailn (Andalucia) was a series of clashes between the Spanish regular army, operating in conjunction with guerrilla formation, under Generals Francisco Castaos and Theodor von Reding and the French commanded by General Pierre Dupont, between July 18 and July 22 1808, as a part of the Peninsular War.The Spanish victory at Bailn signalled to the armies of Europe that the French were not invincible - a fact that persuaded the Austrians to wage a new war against Napoleon. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. Bailly, Jean-Sylvain

1736-1793. French astronomer and politician, his works on astronomy and on the history of science (notably the Essai sur la thorie des satellites de Jupiter) were distinguished both for scientific interest and literary elegance and earned him membership in the French Academy, the Academy of Sciences, and the Academy of Inscriptions. He was elected (1789) from Paris to the States-General and was chosen president of the National Assembly. Mayor of Paris from 1789 to 1791, he lost favour with the popular element. He permitted the National Guard to fire on a demonstrating crowd (July 17, 1791). Bailly withdrew from Paris, but in 1793 he was seized, taken back to Paris, convicted of having contrived the July massacre, and guillotined. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 Elected as Mayor of Paris after the fall of the Bastille in July 1789. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 He was one of those who met and harangued the King at the Htel de Ville on the 17th July 1789. BkV:Chap10:Sec1 He again harangued the King, on the 6th October 1789, at the Htel de Ville after the invasion of Versailles on the 5th which resulted in the mob escorting the Royal family to Paris. Bajazet The reference is to Racines play Bajazet of 1672, which concerns Bajazet the brother of Sultan Murad IV (1612-1640) whom the Sultan had executed in 1635. The play is set in the Seraglio and involves complex intrigues, suicide and murder. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Mentioned. Balafr, see Duc de Guise Balagny (Balagni), Rene de Clermont dAmboise, Madame de d. 1595 She was the wife of Jean de Montluc (1560-1603), seigneur de Balagny, at first a zealous member of the League, who made his submission to Henri IV, and received from him the principality of Cambrai and the baton of a Marshal of France. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Balashov (Balashev, Balascheff), Alexander Dmitriyevich 1770-1837. A Russian general and statesman, from 1 January 1810 he was a member of the newly established State Council. In June the same year he became the Minister of Police. In 1812, during Napoleons Invasion of Russia, Balashov was present in the front-line army stationed in Vilnius

(Vilna). After La Grande Arme crossed the frontier on June 12, Balashov was dispatched to deliver the Emperor's letter to Napoleon. He participated in the organization of the People's Militia (GHIJKLJM JNJOPMLQM) and was a member of the extraordinary committee choosing the commander-in-chief of the Russian army. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 He met Napoleon in Vilna in June 1812. Balbi, Anne de Caumont-La Force, Comtesse d 1758-1842. Mistress of the Comte de Provence (Louis XVIII) before 1789, she shared the start of his exile at Coblentz then lived in England before returning to the south of France at the end of the Consulate. Returning to Paris under the Restoration she was granted a pension by Louis of 12,000 francs. BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 A favourite of Louis XVIII. Ballanche, Monsieur Father of Pierre-Simon. A printer BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Took over the printing rights to Le Gnie in 1802. Ballanche, Pierre Simon 1776-1847. A French philosopher, he was a frequenter of Mme Rcamiers salon. He was elected to the Acadmie franaise in 1842. He is regarded as the precursor of both liberal Catholicism and Romanticism. In Palingnsie (182732) he historically documented his belief in cyclical cultural rebirth. In addition to essays, Ballanche wrote didactic fiction, including a Christianized Antigone (1813) and LHomme sans nom (1820). BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 A printer in Lyons in 1802 in his fathers business. BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand met Ballanche again in Lyons in May 1803. BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 His letter (17th September 1803) announcing Madame de Beaumonts pending arrival in Rome. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Joined Chateaubriand on his trip to Mont-Blanc in 1805. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Travels to meet Madame de Chateaubriand in Venice in 1806. BkXXVIII:Chap19:Sec1 His comment on Madame Rcamiers bankruptcy in 1806. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 His comment on Madame Rcamiers portrait of 1802.

BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 His associations with Lyons and friendship with Chateaubriand. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 He arrives in Dieppe in July 1830. BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned in 1831. BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 A reference to his Essays on Social Palingenesis which was part-published but remained unfinished. Palingenesis was a term by which Ballanche referred to the successive regenerations of society, and he incorporated a progressive or evolutionary vision of Christianity in his work even as he insisted that Christianity was immutable. Baltimore, Maryland, USA The largest city in Maryland lies at the mouth of the Patapsco River. Established in 1729 it was named after the Barons Baltimore, one of whom George Calvert (c1580-1632) established Maryland. It contains the USAs first Roman Catholic cathedral (1806-1821). BkV:Chap15:Sec4 BkVI:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand sailed with a party of seminarists for there in April 1791. BkVI:Chap6:Sec3 Chateaubriand arrived on Saturday the 9th July, 1791. The Saint-Marie seminary of Baltimore, from which the first Catholic diocese in the U.S. was founded (entrusted to Mgr John Caroll, an English Jesuit) was founded a few weeks later. It was the root of the Catholic American clergy, for half a century, and gave it a French colouring. BkVI:Chap7:Sec1 Description of Baltimore. BkVII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand left Baltimore for New-York. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Balue, Jean c. 1421-1491. Correctly Cardinal La Balu, he was a French statesman, and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. A trusted adviser of the French king Louis XI, he saved Paris for the king during the revolt of the League of the Public Weal (1465). Subsequently he conspired with Charles the Bold of Burgundy against Louis and arranged the meeting of the two rulers at Pronne (1468), where Charles made Louis a prisoner. After his release Louis held Balue prisoner from 1469 to 1480, when the pope intervened. The legend that Balue was kept in an iron cage is unproved. Balue went to Rome, but in 1484 he returned temporarily to France as a papal legate. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. Bamberg

A town in Bavaria Germany, it is located in Upper Franconia on the river Regnitz, close to its confluence with the river Main. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand passed through on the night of 1st/2nd of June 1833. BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand passed through again in late September 1833. Ban and Arrire-ban In French and Medieval English, a proclamation, whereby all that held lands of the crown, (except some privileged officers and citizens,) were summoned to meet at a certain place in order to serve the king in his wars, either personally, or by proxy. Also the vassals so summoned. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 Napoleon uses an ancient and monarchical term for levying troops. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Baptiste, Nicolas Anselme 1761-1835. A famous French actor, he was one of a whole family of Baptistes who played all the parts. He was the elder son, but his father, younger brother, mother and wife all acted. Nicolas soon obtained public favour, especially in La Martellires Robert, chef de brigands, and as Count Almaviva in Baumarchais La Mere coupable. As he grew older his special fort lay in noble fathers. After a brilliant career of thirty-five years of uninterrupted service, he retired in 1828. But, after the revolution of 1830, when the Thtre Franais was in dire straits, the brothers Baptiste came to the rescue, reappeared on the stage and helped to restore its prosperity. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 Napoleon made his acquaintance. Baptiste He was valet de chambre and then plain valet to Chateaubriand. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 In Prague in late September 1833. Bar-sur-Aube, France The town is on the River Aube east of Troyes. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Napoleon fighting there in 1814. Barante, Csarine dHoudetot, Baronne de 1794-1877. The wife of Claude-Ignace (married 1811).

BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand met her when she was a child of seven. Barante, Claude-Ignace Brugire, Baron de 1745-1814. He was of a noble family of the Auvergne. Arrested March 1794 but survived the Terror. Prefect of the Aude under the Consulate, he was made prefect of Lman in 1803. He was charged with the surveillance of the Coppet group around Madame de Stal, a task he carried out with tact, and befriended the group. He was made a Baron by Napoleon in 1810 but his laxity caused its revocation the same year, and he retired to his chteau to avoid compromising his sons career. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Barante, Amable-Guillaume Prosper Brugire, Baron de 1782-1866. The son of Claude-Ignace. He had a long affair with Madame de Stal. On Napoleons return he held the prefecture of Nantes, which he immediately resigned. At the Second Restoration he was made Councillor of State and Secretary-General of the Ministry of the Interior. After becoming Director-General of Indirect Taxes, he was created in 1819 a Peer of France and was prominent among the Liberals. After the revolution of July 1830, he was appointed ambassador to Turin, and in 1835 to St Petersburg. Throughout Louis Philippes reign he supported the government; and after the fall of the monarchy, in February 1848, withdrew from political life and retired to his country seat in Auvergne. Shortly before his retirement he had been made grand cross of the Legion of Honour. Barante's Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne de la maison de Valois, which appeared in a series of volumes between 1824 and 1828, procured him immediate admission to the Acadmie Franaise. BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Barattieri, Nicol fl: 1170-1190. An architect, he designed the Grand Canal and early bridges (1181) in Venice and erected the two columns (1172) from Constantinople in the Piazzetta. BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 His work on the Campanile. The first tower was completed in 1173. It was rebuilt after its collapse in 1902. Barba, Gustave Fl: 1820-1860. He was a French bookseller and publisher. BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned in July 1830.

Barbarini or Barberini, La An Italian dancer, supposedly the only woman Frederick the Great ever showed an interest in (according to Voltaire and others). She was the wife of a minor court official. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Barbaroux, Charles 1767-1794. An advocate, born at Marseilles, of which he became townclerk, he came to Paris a young Spartan and became leader of the Girondins in the French Revolution; he represented Marseilles in the Constituent Assembly and the Convention; declared an enemy of the people, and forced to flee, he mistook an approaching company for Jacobins, drew his pistol and shot himself, but the shot miscarried; he was captured and guillotined. BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Barbauld, Anna Laetitia Aikin 1743-1825. Biographer, Childrens Writer, Dissenter, Editor, Educationalist, Essayist, Feminist, Literary Critic, Literary Historian, Poet, Prose Writer, Reformer, Teacher. BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned as a popular authoress. Barbara of Habsburg, Archduchess 1539-1572. She married Alfonso II dEste in December 1565. BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Barcarola, Nina She was an Italian singer, in Rome in 1647. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Barcelona, Spain The second largest city in Spain, it is the capital of Catalonia and the province with the same name. It is located in the comarca of Barcelons, along the Mediterranean coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Bess. BkXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 In October 1821 there was an outbreak of yellow fever there. The French sent medical aid but also used it as a pretext to deploy troops along the Rousillon frontier. The Spanish liberal party denounced this cordon sanitaire.

Barcelonnette, France The headquarters of the Sous-Prefecture des Dpartements Alpes-de-HauteProvence, is situated some 44miles east of Gap in the Ubaye valley. The small town lies in mountain country, surrounded by fruit fields and meadows. The roads to the south lead over the well-known passes of Col dAllos, Col de la Cayolle and Col de la Bonnete; the latter, 9,196ft above sea-level, is the highest pass in the Alps. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec2 Napoleons arrest warrant was signed there, dated 6th August 1794. Barclay de Tolly, Prince Michael Andreas 1761-1818 A Russian field marshal, of Scottish descent, he gained prominence in the Napoleonic Wars, became minister of war in 1810, and commanded the Russian forces against Napoleon in 1812. His policy of continuous retreat into the heart of Russia and his defeat at Smolensk (August 1718) resulted in his being replaced by Kutuzov, but his successor, recognizing the soundness of the strategy, followed the same policy. After Kutuzovs death (1813) he again commanded the Russian forces and distinguished himself at Leipzig and in the capture of Paris. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleons comment on him in June 1812. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Toppled by Court intrigue. Barges, France A town in the Hautes-Pyrnes, known for its mineral waters. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807. Barentin, Charles-Louis-Franois de Paule de 1738-1819. Last Keeper of the Seals under Louis XVI. He emigrated in 1789. BkX:Chap6:Sec2 Chateaubriand wrote to him on behalf of Hingant in 1793. Barre (Barrre) De Vieuzac, Bertrand 1755-1841. A member of the Revolutionary National Assembly and of the Convention, he became a radical, voting for the execution of Louis XVI. He was a member of, and often the spokesman for, the Committee of Public Safety, the body that ruled France for a time during the Revolutionary Wars. When the moderates in the Convention turned against Maximilien Robespierre, one of the leaders of the committee and perpetrator of the Reign of Terror (June, 1794), Barre deserted his colleague. Nevertheless,

Barre was imprisoned for his role in the Terror. Escaping from prison, he remained in hiding for several years but reappeared as a secret agent of Emperor Napoleon I. Banished (1815) after the Bourbon restoration, he returned in the reign of Louis Philippe. He left memoirs. BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 His flippancy regarding the guillotine. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in 1792. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 His role as spokesman. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 His arrest in 1795. Barillon dAmoncourt, Paul, Marquis de Branges 1630-1691. French ambassador to England from 1677 to 1688, his dispatches to Louis XIV have been useful to historians of the period, though an expected bias may be present. With the conquest of England by William of Orange, Louis XIV's most implacable enemy, Barillon was expelled from England and war soon commenced between the two kingdoms. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 His despatches from England. Barnage, Monsieur He was a lawyer of Rheims, in 1825. BkXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 A pamphlet of his on the Coronation (unknown.) Barrande, Joachim 1797-1833. An engineer he was Henri Vs principal teacher. He remained in Bohemia when Baron Damas ceased to be the Princes tutor, and won a reputation as a mineralogist. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 In Prague in 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand takes his part. BkXXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 Fallen from grace in late 1833. Barras, Paul Franois Jean Nicholas, Vicomte de 1755-1829. A French revolutionary, of a noble family, he joined the Jacobins in the Revolution and was a member of the Convention. He participated in the reprisals against counter-revolutionaries in Toulon after the recapture of the city from the British (1793). Having turned against the revolutionary dictator Maximilien Robespierre, Barras was a leader of the coup against him on 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794). As commander of Paris, he suppressed a royalist uprising on 13 Vendmiaire (Oct. 5, 1795) by turning the troops over to a young officer, Napoleon Bonaparte. Subsequently, Barras became (1795) a member of the Directory. He was

notorious for his corruption and ostentation. During Napoleons coup of 18 Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799), Barras consented to resign from the Directory, thus contributing to Napoleons success. After the coup, he lost prominence. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 One of the Representatives who ordered the siege of Toulon in 1793. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 A friend of Josephine de Beauharnais in 1795. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Appointed Director of the Paris armed forces and the interior in 1795. He witnessed Napoleons marriage in 1796. He effectively gave Napoleon command in Italy as Josephines dowry. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Apparently opposed to Napoleon on the latters return to France from Egypt. Barrme A village in the Alpes de Haute Provence in the south of France, it is about 30 kilometres from Digne. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleon passed through in March 1815 during his return from Elba. . Barrois, Colonel Commander of the 96th Infantry Regiment (Line) BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 A member of the commission which tried the Duc dEnghien in 1804. Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odilon 1791-1873. French political leader. An opponent of the Bourbon restoration, he aided the July Revolution (1830), but he was disappointed in the bourgeois monarchy of Louis Philippe. He became a leader of the parliamentary opposition to the July Monarchy and participated in banquets used to spread propaganda against the conservative government. He was a moderate in the February Revolution of 1848, which deposed Louis Philippe and established a republic. During the presidency of Louis Napoleon (later Emperor Napoleon III), he briefly headed (1849) the cabinet but was dismissed when Louis Napoleon replaced his legislative advisers with a personal cabinet. Under the Third Republic he was (187273) president of the council of state. Some of his writings were collected as Mmoires posthumes (187576). BkXXIII:Chap2:Sec1 A Royalist at one time. BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Involved in the July Revolution of 1830. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Appointed secretary of the Municipal Commission on 29th July 1830.

BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Sent by Lafayette to the Chamber of Deputies. BkXXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Appointed as one of the three Commissioners charged with escorting Charles X to Cherbourg in 1830. Barry, Marie-Jeanne Bcu, Comtesse du 1743-1793. Last of the mistresses of Louis XV. Although she exercised little political influence at the French court, her unpopularity contributed to the decline of the prestige of the crown in the early 1770s. She was born the illegitimate daughter of lower-class parents. After a convent education, she worked as a shop assistant, under the name Jeanne Vaubernier, in a fashion house in Paris. While there she became the mistress of Jean du Barry, a Gascon nobleman who had made a fortune as a war contractor. He introduced her into Parisian high society, and her beauty captivated a succession of nobly born lovers before she attracted Louis XVs attention in 1768. She could not qualify as official royal mistress (matresse en titre), a position vacant since the death of Madame de Pompadour in 1764, unless she was married to a noble. Hence, Du Barry arranged a nominal marriage between Jeanne and his brother, Guillaume du Barry; in April 1769 she joined Louis XVs court. The Comtesse immediately joined the faction that brought about the downfall of Louis XVs powerful minister of foreign affairs, the Duke de Choiseul, in December 1770; and she then supported the drastic judicial reforms instituted by her friend the chancellor Ren-Nicolas de Maupeou, in 1771. She spent much of her time on the estates that Louis had given her near Louveciennes, where she earned a reputation as a generous patron of the arts. On the death of Louis XV (May 1774) and the accession of Louis XVI, Madame du Barry was banished to a nunnery; from 1776 until the outbreak of the Revolution she lived on her estates with the Duke de Brissac. In 1792 she made several trips to London, probably to give financial aid to French migrs. Condemned as a counter-revolutionary by the Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris in December 1793, she was guillotined. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Barthe, Flix 1795-1863. A liberal lawyer, he was Minister of Justice 1831-1834, a Peer of France, and a Senator of the Second Republic. BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 His advice sought in July 1830. BkXXXV:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 Justice Minister in 1832. Barthlemy, Auguste

1796-1867. A French poet from Marseilles he published a weekly verse satire (27th March 1831 to 31st April 1832), with his compatriot Mry, under the title Nemesis, prompted by a line of Chniers. It was directed at the Legitimists as well as those who profited from the new regime. The lines addressing Chateaubriand were from 6th November 1831. The 52 poems were published in 1832. Lamartine responded to them in July 1831, and the government. BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him. Barthlemy, Jean-Jacques, Abb 1716-1795. A French writer and numismatist who while studying for the priesthood, which he intended to join, devoted much attention to oriental languages, and the study of classical antiquities, particularly in the department of numismatics. In 1744 he went to Paris with a letter of introduction to M. Gros de Boze, perpetual secretary of the Acadmie des inscriptions et belles-lettres and keeper of the royal collection of medals. He became assistant to M. de Boze. In 1753, upon the death of de Boze, he succeeded to the post and remained in this position until the Revolution. In 1755 he accompanied the, French ambassador, M. de Stainville, afterwards duc de Choiseul, to Italy, where he spent three years in archaeological research. After the fall of his friend Choiseul (1770), Barthlemy followed him into exile at Chanteloup, near Amboise, where unlike the abbs de cour he was busily engaged in polishing his elaborate literary productions. In 1789, after the publication of his Voyage du jeune Anacharsis en Grce dans le milieu du IVe sicle, he was elected a member of the French Academy. During the Revolution Barthlemy was arrested (September, 1793) as an aristocrat and confined in a prison for a few days. The Committee of Public Safety, however, were no sooner informed by the duchess of Choiseul of the arrest than they gave orders for his immediate release, and in 1793 he was nominated librarian of the Bibliothque Nationale. He refused this post but resumed his old functions as keeper of medals, and enriched the national collection by many valuable accessions. Having been despoiled of his fortune by the Revolution, he died in poverty. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in Paris in1792. Bartholoni, Messieurs Two brothers, they were clerks to the Comte de La Panouse. Franois (17961881) financed the creation, from 1835, of the Conservatoire of Geneva, and was involved in industrial and financial projects during the July Monarchy and the Second Empire.

BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Bartoli, Daniele, le Pre 1635-1685. He was an Italian Jesuit. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born in Ferrara. Bartalozzi, Francesco 1727-1815. A Florentine engraver, he studied in Rome and then Venice under Joseph Wagner. After a visit to Rome he returned to Venice and started his own business, and in 1764 left for London to be the King's Engraver, after being contracted by the Keeper of the King's Drawings and Medals. This contract ended in 1767, which is also when he began publishing colour prints, and continued to work with the Keeper of the Kings Drawings. His reputation was such that he was one of the five foreign original members of the Royal Academy in 1768. In 1802 he went to Lisbon as the Director of the National Academy at the invitation of the Prince Regent and died there in 1815. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 His engraving of Madame Rcamier in 1802. Bartram, William 1739-1823. An American naturalist, born in Philadelphia he was the son of John Bartram. He is known chiefly for his Travels (1791), in which he describes his journey (1773-77) through the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida and areas to the west. His book vividly portrays the plants and wildlife of the country and lists 215 native birds, the most complete list of that time. His influence is seen in the works of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Chateaubriand, and other writers who found his book an unexcelled source of descriptions of the American wilderness and its inhabitants. BkVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His travels. Basil, Saint c330-379. A hermit before becoming Bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370, he was a leading opponent of the Arian heresy. BkIV:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to the Letters. Basil II, the Bulgar-Slayer 958-1025. Byzantine Emperor from 976. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Not Basil III as stated. Basiliscus, Saint

St. Basiliscus of Comana was from Asia Minor (Turkish), a bishop, he was martyred by beheading in 312. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 Mentioned. Basel, Switzerland The city and canton, of northern Switzerland, it borders on France and Germany. The canton is bounded in the north by the Rhine River (which becomes navigable in the canton) and in the south by the Jura Mountains. Its inhabitants are German-speaking and Protestant. The canton has been divided since 1833 into two independent half cantons, Basel-Land generally comprising the rural districts, with its capital at Liestal, and Basel-Stadt virtually coextensive with the city of Basel. BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Chateaubriand there in August 1832. He had previously passed through in July 1826 on his way from Lausanne to Paris. BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrived in Basel on the 17th of May 1833. The inn on the banks of the Rhine, the Drei Knige, the Three Kings, was first mentioned in 1681. The present building dares from 1844, when it re-opened as the French Les Trois Rois. BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand alludes to the schism in the Canton of Basel in 1833 whereby the Bourgeois opposed Regeneration while the countryside favoured the new constitution. Basle LErmite, Saint Basilus the Hermit c555-620 A hermit and miracles worker, born in Limoges, France. He became a monk in Reims, and then entered a hermitage. He spent forty years on a hill overlooking Reims. BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Basl, Jean Gardener at Saint-Servan in 1798. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Signed the death certificate of Chateaubriands mother. Bassano, Duc de, See Maret. Bassompierre, Franois Baron de, Marshal of France 1579-1646. Under Henry IV he distinguished himself in the army and as a courtier, and after Henrys death remained loyal to the queen, Marie de'

Medici, during her regency. Subsequently he was ambassador to Spain, England, and Switzerland, and fought against the Huguenots in 1621-22 and 1627-28. Because of his opposition to Cardinal Richelieu and his alleged part in an intrigue he was imprisoned (1631) in the Bastille until after the cardinal's death (1643). During his captivity he wrote his Mmoires. BkIV:Chap8:Sec2 BkIV:Chap8:Sec4 Chateaubriand quotes an edited extract from the Mmoires. BkXXXVII:Chap8:Sec1 See the Memoirs. The young widow was named Anna-Esther Percherstoris, the date was 1604. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Quoted. See the Memoirs. Bastide, Jules 1800-1870. He succeeded Carrel at the National in 1834, before becoming Foreign Minister under Cavaignac in 1848. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 At the Tuileries on 29th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 At the Palais-Royal on the 31st of July 1830. Bastille On May 5, 1789, the King convened the Estates General to hear their complaints, but the assembly of the Third Estate, representing the citizens of the town, soon broke away and formed the Constituent National Assembly. On June 20, the deputies of the Third Estate took the oath of the Jeu de Paume to not separate until the Constitution had been established. The Deputies opposition was echoed by public opinion. The people of Paris decided to march on the Bastille, a state prison that symbolized the absolutism and arbitrariness of the Ancien Regime. The storming of the Bastille, on July 14, 1789, immediately became a symbol of historical dimensions; it was proof that power no longer resided in the King or in God, but in the people, in accordance with the theories developed by the Philosophes of the 18th century. BkI:Chap1:Sec5. BkV:Chap10:Sec1 BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. BkV:Chap3:Sec1 BkV:Chap15:Sec3 Among the Bretons imprisoned in the Bastille in July 1788 and released in the September when Lomnie de Brienne was dismissed, were the Comte de Trmargat, the Chevalier de Guer, and the Marquis de la Rourie. BkV:Chap8:Sec2 Chateaubriand witnessed the taking of the Bastille on the 14th July 1789. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 The impact of the Bastilles fall on the Court. BkII:Chap7:Sec5 Washington showed his guests a key from the Bastille. BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 The cleared site in 1814.

BkXXII:Chap18:Sec1 On November 15, 1591, during the troubles of the League, the castle was surrendered to the forces of the Duke of Mayenne. It was returned to Royal hands on March 22, 1594, when Du Bourg, who had been given command of the castle, capitulated to Marshal de Matignon. Bathurst, Allen, 1st Lord 1684-1775. Member of Parliament for Cirencester, he was an opponent of Walpole. The earl associated with the poets and scholars of the time. He is described in Sternes Letters to Eliza; was the subject of a graceful reference on the part of Burke speaking in the House of Commons; and the letters which passed between him and Pope are published in Pope's Works, vol. viii. (London, 1872). BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 See Letters to Eliza: March 1767. Bathurst, Henry, 3rd Earl 1762-1834. A British statesman, he was Member of Parliament for Cirencester from 1783 until he succeeded to the earldom in 1794. Mainly as a result of his friendship with William Pitt, he was a lord of the Admiralty (1783-89), a lord of the Treasury (1789-91), and commissioner of the Board of Control for India (1793-1802). Returning to office with Pitt in May 1804, he became Master of the Mint and was President of the Board of Trade and Master of the Mint during the ministries of the Duke of Portland and Spencer Perceval, vacating these posts in June 1812 to become secretary for war and the colonies under the Earl of Liverpool, until Liverpool resigned in 1827 and he deserves some credit for improving the conduct of the Peninsular War. As Secretary for the Colonies, Bathurst was closely concerned with the abolition of the slave trade. He was Lord President of the council in the government of the Duke of Wellington from 1828 to 1830, favouring Roman Catholic emancipation but opposing the Reform Bill of 1832. It was he who took over as interim Foreign Secretary after Castlereaghs suicide. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 He spoke in the House of Lords on 18th May 1817 opposing a motion concerning Napoleons complaints about condition on St Helena. BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 A portrait of him. BkXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 Temporarily Foreign Secretary after Castlereaghs suicide. Bathurst, Rosa

d 1824 aged 16. The young Englishwoman mentioned was a daughter of Sir Benjamin Bathurst, (former Ambassador Extraordinary to Vienna, who vanished mysteriously at Perleberg in Prussia in November 1809, aged 26) who drowned in the Tiber in March 1824 when out riding. BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Baude, Jean-Jacques, Baron 1792-1862. Editor of Le Temps, Prefect of Police (1830), he was a Deputy (1830-139 and 1840-1846), Counsellor of State, and Director-General of Bridges, Roads and Mines briefly in 1830. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 He defended the freedom of the Press in 1830. When the Police commissioner arrived to seize the news-presses of Le Temps, he locked the doors and read the Penal Code, enshrining public freedoms, from the window to the crowd below. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Active on the 29th of July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Named as Commissioner for the Interior of the Municipal Commission, 29th July 1830. BkXXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 He drafted the original proposition regarding the banishment of Charles X and his family. Baudin (Baudain), Nicolas-Thomas, Captain 1754-1803. After a career in merchant shipping, and in the navy during the American War of Independence he captained ships taking Austrian botanists to the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In October 1800 he was selected to lead an expedition to map the coast of Australia. He had two ships, Le Gographe and Le Naturaliste (Captain Hamelin), and was accompanied by nine zoologists and botanists, including Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour. He reached Australia in May 1801, and in April 1802 met Matthew Flinders, also engaged in charting the coastline, in Encounter Bay. Baudin then stopped at the British colony at Sydney for supplies. In Sydney he bought a new ship Casurina named after the wood it was made from. From there he sent home Le Naturaliste, which had on board all of the specimens that had been discovered by Baudin and his crew. He then headed for Tasmania, before continuing north to Timor. Baudin then sailed for home, stopping at Mauritius, where he died of tuberculosis.t-two year-old in 1800. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Baudus, Marie-lie-Guillaume de

1786-1858. Lieutenant-Colonel, he was aide-de-camp to Soult. He was aidede-camp to Bessires in Moscow in 1812. Put on half-pay after Waterloo he was re-appointed in 1816. He wrote his tudes sur Napoleon (1841). BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 Quoted and referenced. Bauffremont-Courtenay, Thodore-Paul-Alexandre, Prince de 1793-1853. Aide du camp to the Duc de Berry, then the Duc de Bordeaux, he had been a Lieutenant-Colonbel of Cavalry, resigning in 1830. BkXXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 He married lisabeth de Montmorency in 1819. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 In Linz September 1833. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 At Bustehrad, Prague, 27th of September 1833. Bauffremont-Courtenay, Anne-lisabeth-Laurence de Montmorency, Princesse de 1802-1860. The wife of Thodore, and daughter of the Duc de Montmorency. BkXXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 She agreed to accompany the Duchess de Berry to Prague if her husband might join her. BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 Her arrival in Venice in September 1833. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 Travelling via Linz to Prague in September 1833. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 At Bustehrad, Prague, 27th of September 1833. Bautzen, Battle of The battle fought on May 21, 1813, resulted in a French victory by Napolon over Prussia under Blcher and Russia under Wittgenstein. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Bavaria, Maximilian I Joseph, Prince Elector, then King of 1756-1825. King of Bavaria 1895-1825, his second marriage, in 1797, was to Karoline von Baden (1776-1841). BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Bavaria, Ludwig I, King of 1786-1868. Son of Maximilian, he was King of Bavaria 1825-1848. Bavoux, Jacques-Franois-Nicholas 1774-1848. Professor at the Law Faculty and a Paris Deputy, he held the Police Post for only 48 hours in July 1830.

BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Appointed to the Police Department by the Municipal Commission, 29th July 1830. Bayard, Pierre du Terrail, Chevalier de 1475-1524. The French knight and national hero, was renowned for his bravery. He has become the outstanding type of chivalry and was known as the knight sans peur et sans reproche (without fear and without reproach). BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Page to the Duke of Savoy in his youth. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Quoted from the Memoirs of Martin Du Bellay. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 He was present at the Battle of Ravenna in 1512. His biography composed by Le Loyal Serviteur his secretary Jacques de Mailles is dated 1527. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 BkXXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 The reference is to Bayard as reported in Le Loyal Serviteur. His mother was Hlne Alleman, of a noble family, whose brother Laurent was the Bishop of Grenoble. Bayle, Pierre 1647-1706. The French philosopher and critic, is considered the progenitor of 18th-century rationalism, he compiled the famous Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697) and championed the cause of religious tolerance. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 His criticism of Spinozas pantheism Bayle, Mose 1755-c1811/13. Elected to the National Convention (1792-1795) as a deputy for the department of Bouches-du-Rhne; he served on the committees for commerce and legislation; and voted for the death sentence at the trial of Louis XVI, demanding that the king be executed within 24 hours; appointed a member of the Comit de sret gnrale (Committee of General Security) (14 Sep 1793 - 1 Sep 1794) he served as President of the National Convention (22 Oct 1793 - 6 Nov 1793). Proscribed after the assassination attempt on Napoleon (24 Dec 1800), he went into exile in Switzerland, returning in 1803 and died in obscurity. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Baylis, Thomas A London printer who lodged Chateaubriand and printed the Essai. Cox and Baylis were located at 75 Great Queen Street, in Holborn, near Lincoln Inns Fields. Edward Cox owned the printing press used by Benjamin Franklin when he worked for Watts, which was sold to Philadelphias Philosophical

Society in 1830. Cox and Baylis specialised in French works and the printing house was a meeting place for migrs. They also printed Cobbetts work, and were later printers to the Royal Asiatic Society. BkX:Chap5:Sec1 BkX:Chap6:Sec1 Contracted to print the Essai, subject to a promise of reimbursement for poor sales. BkX:Chap6:Sec2 Printing suspended, and Chateaubriand moves lodging. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Peltier suggests Chateaubriand continues writing the Essai. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 The Essai was printed in 1797 and appeared on the 18th of March. Bayonne (Bayona) A town in south-west France, at the confluence of the Rivers Adour and Nive, it is the chief port of the Basque country. (Formerly famous for it sword and knife making, the bayonet was developed there in the 17thcentury) BkI:Chap1:Sec9 Chateaubriands father in transit there. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 The Treaty of Bayonne of May 1808 sent the Spanish royal family into exile and brought Joseph to the throne of Spain. Bayreuth, Bavaria A town in northern Bavaria, Germany, on the Red Main River in a valley between the Frankish Alb and the Fichtelgebirge, it is the capital of Upper Franconia. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand there 2nd June 1833. Bazancourt, Colonel He was Commander of the 4th Regiment Light Infantry. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 A member of the commission which tried the Duc dEnghien in 1804. Bazouches-la-Prouse A small town near Combourg. BkIII:Chap13:Sec1 Doctor Cheftel lived there. Beatrice 1266-1290. Bice, or Beatrice Portinari was the daughter of Folco de Portinari, who died in 1288. She died young in June of 1290. Dante first saw her as a child of eight, in May 1274, when he was nine years old and she was

eight. His love for her inspired the Vita Nuova and the Divine Comedy. In his works she personifies Divine Philosphy. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Canova regarded Madame Rcamier as her embodiment. Beattie, James 1735-1803. A Scottish poet and essayist, he was educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen, and later became professor of moral philosophy there. His fame in his own lifetime rested on two works, Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth (1770), an attack on Hume, and The Minstrel, or the Progress of Genius (177174), an autobiographical poem in Spenserian stanzas. In describing the formation of a poets mind, The Minstrel emphasizes the effect of nature; the poem influenced the 19th-century romantics, particularly Byron. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. His health worsened after losing his younger son in 1796. Both his sons died of tuberculosis. BkXII:Chap4:Sec1 Influence of The Minstrel on Byron. Beaufort, Seigneury and Sires of BkI:Chap1:Sec4 BkI:Chap1:Sec8 A branch of the Chateaubriand Family. Note Briant de Chateaubriand (born about 1240), son of Geoffroy IV, married Jeanne de Beaufort (about 1257). Note also Jean de Chateaubriad (c1531) and Franois de Chateaubriand, both Seigneurs de Beaufort. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 The Lordship of Beaufort passed to the Goyon family. Beauharnais, Alexandre, Vicomte de 1760-1794. A French general, born in Martinique, he fought with the colonials in the American Revolution and, as a supporter of the French Revolution, was a commander in the French Revolutionary Wars. A moderate member of the National Assembly, he was guillotined in the Reign of Terror. His widow later became the empress Josephine. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Married to Josephine in 1779. Beauharnais, Marie-Josphe-Rose de Tascher, Vicomtesse de See Josphine. Beauharnais, Eugne de Son of Josephine. See Prince Eugne.

Beauharnais, Hortense de Daughter of Josephine. See Queen Hortense. Beaujolais, Louis Charles, dOrlans, Comte de 1799-1808. The youngest brother of Louis-Philippe. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 Madame Rcamier meets him at the Opera in 1802. Beaulieu, Jean-Pierre, General de 1725-1819. Austrian general who retired in 1796 after a series of defeats in Italy against Bonaparte. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 The Italian Campaign of 1796. Beaulieu, Geoffroy de 13th century. He was Confessor to Saint Louis of France, and wrote a life of the King. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de 1732-1799. The French dramatist was the author of Le Mariage de Figaro (1778) which inspired operas by Mozart and Rossini. He undertook secret missions abroad for Louis XV and Louis XVI, supplied arms to the American revolutionaries and sponsored the first edition of Voltaires works. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 Mentioned. BkV:Chap3:Sec1 The stir caused by the Mariage de Figaro. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 The third part of his Figaro trilogy, La Mre coupable, or Lautre Tartuffe was first performed in June 1792. Beaumont, Christophe de 1703-1781. Archbishop of Paris from 1746 to 1781, he opposed the Encyclopedists, with little success. His pastoral letter against mile earned him a famous response from Rousseau in 1762. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Beaumont, Pauline-Marie-Michelle-Frdrique-Ulrique de MontmorinSaint-Hrem, Comtesse de 1768-4th November 1803. A close friend of Chateaubriand, she had married Comte Christophe de Beaumont, nephew of the Archbishop of Paris, in 1786 but had soon separated from him and they were formally divorced in 1800. During the Terror she took refuge in Burgundy, and met Joubert who probably introduced her to Chateaubriand in March 1801.

BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Description and relationship. BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Invited Chateaubriand to Savigny in 1801. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Monsieur Julien loaned her his box at the theatre. BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 She was moving towards death in the spring of 1803, which influenced Chateaubriands acceptance of the Rome appointment. BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1 Bertin witnessed her death with Chateaubriand. BkXV:Chap1:Sec1 Her will, dated 5th May 1802, opened the day after her death 5th December 1803. The circumstances surrounding her death. BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 Her journey to Italy in September 1803. BkXV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Her death. BkXV:Chap5:Sec1 Her funeral. Chateaubriand slightly misquotes an epitaph from the Palatine Anthology, VII:346, on Sabinus. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 Letters of regret concerning her. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Her cypress tree in Paris. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Her former circle. BkXVII:Chap6:Sec1 The effect of her death on Lucile. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 She lived in the Yonne valley in 1795. BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap9:Sec1 Her death recalled. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand visited her tomb which he had erected, in the church of San Luigi dei Francesi, on the 4th of November 1828. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Beaumont, Gustave-Auguste de, see Montmorin Beaumont, Baron de The Sub-Prefect of Calvi, he was the author of Observations on Corsica, 1822. BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Beausset-Roquefort, correctly Bausset, Louis Franois Joseph, Baron de 1770-1833. Prefect of the Imperial Palace, he wrote Mmoires anecdotiques sur lintrieur du palais et sur quelques vnemens de lempire depuis 1805, jusquau 1er Mai 1814 pour servir lhistoire de Napolon. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Visits Napoleon in Russia in 1812.

Beausset, for Bausset, Louis Franois, Cardinal de 1748-1824. The French cardinal, writer, and statesman, was born at Pondichery, where his father held an administrative position. He became Bishop of Alais, in Languedoc, in 1784. Although a prominent member of the Assembly of Notables of Languedoc in 1786 and in 1788, he was not delegated to the tats Gnraux of 1789. In 1791, Bausset was one of the first bishops who endorsed the Exposition of Principles on the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. He declined to take the oath and went to Switzerland. Returning to France in 1792, he was incarcerated, but set free when Robespierre fell (9 Thermidor). He then returned to Villemoison, where he began his literary career. After the Concordat of 1801 Bausset cheerfully resigned his see into the hands of Pius VII. Ill health prevented his appointment to one of the newly-formed sees, but Napoleon made him a canon of St. Denis (1806) and a member of the council of the University of France (1808). Under the Restoration, he became president of the University council and peer of the realm (1815); Member of the French Academy (1816); Cardinal (1817), and Minister of State (1821). His valuable library and manuscripts were bequeathed to St. Sulpice. He wrote Accounts of Fnelon (1808) and Bossuet (1815). BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 His letter to Chateaubriand of 1811. Beauvau, Charles-Juste, Duc de 1720-1793. Marshal of France, Member of the Academy, Minister of Louis XVI (1789). BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 The Kings hunting ground in the forest of Saint-Germain leased by him to the King. Beccles, England The market town is in eastern England, in Suffolk, south-east of Norwich. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 The parson, an antiquarian. Chateaubriand sets out to meet him, with the possibility of translation work to follow. Chateaubriand resided there for a few years. BkX:Chap9:Sec1 BkX:Chap9:Sec2 Six miles from Bungay. Bcherel A medieval fortress town in Brittany. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Once part of the Forest of Broceliande. BkI:Chap7:Sec3 Visible from Combourg. Becker, correctly Beker, Nicholas-Lonard Baget, Comte de Mons

1770-1840. A Revolutionary General, Desaixs brother-in-law, he was in 1809 the Governor of Belle-le. In 1815, he helped organize the defence of Paris after Waterloo and took command of the troops guarding the Chamber of Peers. On 25 June 1815, the Provisional Government appointed him to command of the troops assigned to escort Napoleon to the coast. Beker accompanied Napoleon to Rochefort and Aix before returning to Paris. BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Left Malmaison with Napoleon on 29th June 1815. Bede, Ange-Annibal de, Seigneur de la Boutardais 1696-1761. Maternal grandfather of Chateaubriand. Died January 1761. BkI:Chap1:Sec11 Mentioned. Bede, Bnigne-Jeanne-Marie de Ravenel du Boisteilleul 1698-1795 The wife of Ange-Annibal, she was born at Rennes 16th October 1698. She was the maternal grandmother of Chateaubriand. BkI:Chap1:Sec11 Educated at Saint-Cyr. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Her property around Corseul and Plancot. BkI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand went to stay with her, at the age of seven. Bede, Apolline-Jeanne-Suzanne de The daughter of Ange-Annibal, she was sister to Marie Ginguen. She was Chateaubriands mother. See Apolline Chateaubriand Bede, Caroline de 1762-1849 Daughter of Marie-Antoine-Bnigne de Bede, and cousin of Chateaubriand, who corresponded with her throughout his life. BkI:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXI:Chap6:Sec1 A description of her. Bede, Claude-Marie-Jeanne de 1765-1815. Daughter of Marie-Antoine-Bnigne de Bede, and cousin of Chateaubriand. BkI:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. Bede, Flore de, Dame de Blossac 1766-1851. Daughter of Marie-Antoine-Bnigne de Bede, and cousin of Chateaubriand, who corresponded with her throughout his life. BkI:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned.

Bede, Marie-Anglique-Fortune-Cecile-Rene Ginguen de Lvenire, Madame de 1729-1823 Wife of Marie-Antoine-Bnigne de Bede, and aunt of Chateaubriand. Married 17th November 1756. BkI:Chap4:Sec2 BkX:Chap3:Sec3 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Bede, Marie-Annibal-Joseph de, Comte de La Boutardais 1758-1809. Son of Marie-Antoine-Bnigne de Bede, and cousin of Chateaubriand. He was a councillor of the Parlement de Bretagne, and a colleague there of Jean-Baptiste de Chateaubriand, and later a companion in London, as an migr, of Chateaubriand himself. BkI:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. BkX:Chap4:Sec1 BkX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand shared lodgings with him in London in May 1793. He died in poverty, in London, but not till 1809. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Dragged off to dine with Peltier et al. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Married Agathe Gilart in London 25th March 1799. Bede, Marie-Antoine-Bnigne, Comte de 1727-1807 Son of Ange-Annibal, he was maternal uncle of Chateaubriand, emigrant, in Jersey, 1792-1804. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 He built the Chateau of Monchoix at Plancot, and settled there after the death of his father in January 1761. His mother and her sister Suzanne-milie lodged in what is now part of the village at 43 Rue de lAbbaye (the house is extant). BkI:Chap4:Sec2 Description of his establishment. BkII:Chap10:Sec2 Chateaubriand visits him in 1783-4. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 Present at the Brittany States in December 1788. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 With Chateaubriands mother at Saint-Malo in January 1792. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 Emigrated to Jersey in July 1792. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand decided to try and join him in Jersey. BkX:Chap3:Sec1 BkX:Chap3:Sec3 Chateaubriand joins him in Jersey in November 1792. BkX:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand lodges in London with his son, MarieAnnibal. BkX:Chap6:Sec2 He passes Chateaubriand a gift of money from his family. BkX:Chap8:Sec1 He informs Chateaubriand of his relatives suffering during the Terror. BkXI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriands farewell to his uncle.

Bedford, John Russell, 6th Duke of 1766-1839. Duke of Bedford (1802-1839), like most of the Russells, he was a Whig in politics, and served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the Whig government of 18061807. He became, as did many of his party, strong followers of Bonapartism, opposed the Peninsular War believing that it neither could nor should be won. He funded, along with his son, many antiwar publications. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 He fought a duel in Kensington Gardens with the Duke of Buckingham on the 2nd of May 1822. Neither was injured. Beethoven, Ludvig van 1770-1827. The great German composer, born in Bonn. He studied with Haydn in Vienna, and settled there in 1792. About 600 of his works survive, including symphonies, string quartets, piano sonatas and concertos. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to a letter of 2nd November 1793 to lonore de Breuning. Beguinage A House of Beguines. The Beguines are members of a Netherlands lay sisterhood not bound by vows, founded by Lambert Bgue in 1180. BkXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 The Old Great Beguinage of St. Elisabeth in Ghent was founded in 1234, thanks to a yearly interest donated by Countess Johanna of Constantinople. It grew into a Beguine city with a church, a chapel, a communal house, an infirmary, eighteen convents or houses, and 103 houses. There is still one street left with a couple of buildings, and the Church, dedicated to St. Elisabeth of Hungary (the oldest part of this church is from the 13th century). The Small Beguinage was founded a year after the Great one, in 1235, and it is situated in the Lange Violettenstraat, the long street of violets. Because it was built next to the hayfields of the abbey Nonnenbos (forest of the nuns), it was called Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-terHooie. Most of the buildings, still standing, were built between 1600 and 1700. Beker, see Becker Bekir A Mameluke. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Executed after the fall of Jaffa in 1799.

Belfort The town is in a strategic position in north-eastern France, on the Savoureuse, in the Belfort Gap. BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 The scene of the republican Belfort Conspiracy in the military in December 1821/January 1822 (in which Carrel was involved) and of further Carbonari insurrections in 1822. Belgiojoso, Maria Christina Trivulzio, Princess 1808-1871. A Princess by marriage (1824) she left Milan in December 1828, and reached Rome via Genoa in the spring of 1829. She moved to Paris in 1831. A protge of Lafayette and a friend of Thierry, she became a celebrated queen in exile of the Italian Risorgimento. BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap15:Sec1 The owner of the delightful villa which Chateaubriand had viewed but found too expensive. Bellart, Nicholas-Franois 1761-1826. An advocate in Paris from 1785 to 1815, he was Deputy for the Seine 1815 to 1820, and also from 1815 to 1826 Public Prosecutor to the Royal Court. An Ultra-Royalist he was involved in the trial of Ney. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Belle Poule The 26-gun frigate Belle-Poule (1765), famous for her duel against the English frigate HMS Arethusa on June 17, 1778, which initiated the French intervention in the American War of Independence. She was captured by the British in 1780. BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 A third Belle Poule (1828-1888), commanded by the Prince de Joinville, was used in 1840 to transport the remains of Napoleon from St. Helena. She had 60 cannon and was 54m long with a width of 15m. Bellerephon The first HMS Bellerophon of the Royal Navy was a 74-gun ship of the line launched 6 October 1786 on the River Medway near Chatham. She was built at the shipyard of Edward Greaves. The vessel was named for the Greek warrior who rode the winged horse Pegasus and slew the Chimera. She fought at the battle of The Glorious First of June the Battle of the Nile and the Battle of Trafalgar (with future Arctic explorer John Franklin as a midshipman), becoming one of the most famous British ships of the

Napoleonic Wars. Having difficulty pronouncing the ships classical name, her crew affectionately called her the Billy Ruffian. She achieved further fame on July 16, 1815 when Napoleon Bonaparte surrendered to Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland (later Rear Admiral Sir Frederick Maitland) and was transported to Torbay where the ship anchored off Brixham on July 24. There Maitland received orders from Admiral Lord Keith. He was ...most positively ordered to prevent every person whatever from coming on board the ship you command, except the officers and men who compose her crew. In response to his orders, Captain Maitland refused to allow the usual visits of the boats full of traders with supplies of fresh food. John Michelmore, aboard one of the boats hoping to sell bread, saw a sailor in one of the lower gun-ports who signalled to them and then set adrift a small bottle containing a message that Bonaparte was aboard. He and the baker rowed ashore and the news quickly spread. While Maitland still kept boats from actually coming alongside, there were no further attempts to conceal the Emperors presence. After two days, Bellerophon received orders to proceed to Plymouth harbour where Lord Keith was anchored aboard his flagship HMS Ville de Paris. Napoleon remained on board Bellerophon and the ship was still kept isolated from the throngs of curious sightseers by two guardships anchored close at hand. On August 4, Lord Keith ordered Bellerophon to go to sea and await the arrival of HMS Northumberland which had been designated to take Napoleon into exile on St Helena. On August 7, Napoleon left the Bellerophon where he had spent over three weeks without ever landing in England and boarded Northumberland which then sailed for St Helena. Bellerophon continued in use as a prison ship. She was renamed Captivity in 1824, and sold 12 January 1836. BkXXIV:Chap3:Sec1 Napoleon sends a letter to the Prince Regent via her. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Napoleon conveyed to her by the pervier. Belleville A hill-top traditionally working-class district it is situated in north-east Paris. BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Fighting there in 1814. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 The earliest roller coasters descended from Russian winter sled rides held on specially constructed hills of ice, especially around St Petersburg. By the late 1700s entrepreneurs elsewhere began copying the idea, using wheeled cars built on tracks. Les Montagnes Russes Belleville constructed and operated a gravity track in Paris from 1812. The first loop track was probably also built in Paris from an English design in 1846. A number of languages (Danish, French, Portuguese, Spanish) use the equivalent of Russian mountains to refer to them.

Bellevue, France The Chteau de Bellevue near Svres was the home of Madame de Pompadour. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Belliard et de lEmpire, Augustin-Daniel, Comte de 1769-1832. A French general, he fought in Italy in 1796 and 1797. On the Egyptian expedition, he fought in the Battle of the Pyramids, became governor of Upper Egypt, and advanced with his troops into Nubia. He also pushed back the enemy cavalry at the battle of Heliopolis, and played a major role in the taking of Bulal and Cairo. In 1805, he fought against Austria, Prussia and Russia under Joachim Murat, and eventually was awarded the position of governor of Madrid. During the Russian campaign in 1812, he fought at Dresden, Leipzig and Hanau, again under Murat. He was severely wounded in the battle of Craonne. Louis XVIII awarded him the title Peer of France. After the Return of Napoleon from Elba, he became commander of the Mosel forces. After Waterloo, he surrendered to Louis XVIII, had his title taken away, was imprisoned for a month, but then released and reinstated as a Peer in 1819. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 At Smolensk in 1812. Bellini, Giovanni c1430-1516. He was a noted Venetian Renaissance painter. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Bellinzona The capital city of the Ticino canton in Switzerland, it is famous for its three castles (Castelgrande, Montebello, and Sasso Corbaro). BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Bellocq, Louis Secretary to the Rome Embassy in 1829, a career diplomat, he had been posted to Madrid at the start of the Restoration. He was sent to Rome in the spring of 1828. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap10:Sec1 Charg dAffaires in May 1829. Belloy, Henriette Picault, Vicomtesse de

1769-1838. Born in San Domingo, she took refuge in England at the start of the Revolution. After living with Malout, she married him in 1810. It is suggested she may have had a close relationship with Chateaubriand in London. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand met her at Mrs Lindsays. Bellune, see Victor Belsunce (or Belzunce), Viscomte Henri de 1765-1789 Major in the Bourbon Infantry, assassinated by the crowd at Caen on the 12th August 1789. His body was torn apart and a woman is supposed to have eaten his heart. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Belzunce (or Belsunce), Henri-Franois-Xavier de Belsunce de Castelmoron 1671-1755. Bishop of Marseilles from 1709, he was a hero of the plague of 1720-1721. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 His connection with Marseilles. BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 Quotation from a letter of 3rd September 1720. Bembo, Pietro, Cardinal 1470-1547. An Italian scholar, he was secretary to Pope Leo X from 15131521, and was made Cardinal in 1539. His most important work was Prose della vulgar lingua (1525). Rime (1530) is a collection of his Italian poetry. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born in Venice. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 His tomb in Padua. Benavente, Spain In Zamora province, it marks the crossing point of routes from Madrid to Santiago de Compostela and from France to Pontevedra, Tui and Vigo. BkXX:Chap8:Sec1 The Battle of Benavente was fought on the 29th of December 1808. Henry Paget covering Sir John Moores retreat to Corunna, drove the French back over the Cea river. Bnvent (Benevento), Prince de, see Talleyrand Benedict XIV, Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, Pope 1675-1758. Pope (174058), he was the successor to Clement XII. He patronized learning and welcomed scholars and artists to his court.

BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 The nickname for the 2 carlini coin he issued in 1747 was the papetto or little pope. BkXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Benedict Labre, Benot-Joseph Labre, Saint 1745-1783. French mendicant and Roman Catholic saint. At the age of sixteen, he attempted to join the Trappists, Carthusians, and Cistercians, but each order rejected him as unsuitable for communal life. He therefore settled on a life of poverty and pilgrimage. He travelled to most of the major shrines of Europe, and begged for his food while giving away any alms offered to him. In the last years of his life, he lived in Rome and made only a yearly pilgrimage to Loreto. He died of his malnutrition on April 16, during Holy Week, in 1783. A cult grew up around him very soon after his death, and he was made Venerable by Pius IX in 1859, with canonization by Leo XIII in 1881. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Benedictines Benedictines are members of the Roman Catholic Order of Saint Benedict of Nursia (c480-550) the father of Western Monasticism. His monastic rule involved government by an elected abbot, residence in one place, obedience, prayers (The Divine Office), common ownership, and a life of work, prayer and study. The first foundation was at Monte Cassino. BkXIII:Chap11:Sec1 Noted scholars and educators. Bennigsen, Levin August Gottlieb Theophil (Leonty Leontyevich), Count von 1745-1826. A Russian general, he took part in the conspiracy to assassinate Tsar Paul I, but his role in the actual killing remains a matter of conjecture. Tsar Alexander I made him governor-general of Lithuania in 1801, and in 1802 a general of cavalry. He encountered Napoleon at Eylau, but six months later met with the crushing defeat of Friedland the direct consequence of which was the treaty of Tilsit. He was present at Borodino. After the death of Kutuzov he was placed at the head of an army. Bennigsen led one of the columns which made the decisive attack on the last day of the battle of Leipzig in 1813. After the general peace he held a command from 1825 to 1818, when he retired from active service and settled on his Hanoverian estate of Bantein near Hildesheim. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleons comment on him in June 1812. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 His meeting with Murat.

Benjamin The gardener at the Valle-aux-Loups. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Benot, Thodore-Frdric 1809?-1832. A murderer, condemned to death after a lengthy trial on the 15th of June 1832 for killing his mother and lover in July 1831. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Benoni, Giuseppe 1618-1684. An architect who worked mainly on hydraulic planning and engineering in Venice. He also designed the Villa Manin (1650-1660) in Passariano, the home of the last Doge of Venice ousted by Napoleon. BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 His work on the Dogana di Mare or marine customs house in Venice. He renovated the old 1525 building 1675-1677. Benson, Robert 1797-1844. An English lawyer who travelled to Corsica in 1823 with a commission of investigation into the discharge of Pasquale Paolis will. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 His Sketches of Corsica (1825). Chateaubriand probably came across the extract in Walter Scotts Life of Napoleon (1827) which quotes Benson. Bentivolgio, Cornelio, Cardinal 1668-1732. He was Nuncio to Paris where he opposed the Jansenists, and also an author. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born in Ferrara. Bentivolgio, Ercole 1506-1573. He was an Italian author. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born in Bologna. Bentivolgio, Guido, Cardinal 1579-1641. He was an Inquistor-General who signed Galileos condemntation, and an author, of the famous Bolognese family that had been expelled from Bologna in 1506. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born in Ferrara. Benvenuti, Antonio, Cardinal

1765-1838. Cardinal from 1826, he carried out the administrative functions of the Curia. He was Cardinal-Legate at Bologna in 1831. BkXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 A possible contender for the Papacy in 1829. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 Supported as a Papal candidate by France. Benvenuto Cellini 1500-1571. An Italian sculptor, metalsmith, and author, his remarkable autobiography (written 155862) is one of the most important documents of the Italian 16th cent. Banished from Florence after fighting a duel, in 1519 he went to Rome. Under the patronage of Pope Clement VII he became known as the most skilful worker in metals of his day. Imprisoned on false charges, he worked at the court of Francis I at Paris after his release. He returned to Florence (1545), remaining until his death. The famous gold and enamel saltcellar (Saliera) of Francis I (Vienna Mus., stolen 2003) and the gold medallion of Leda and the Swan (Vienna Mus.) are perhaps the best examples of those remaining. His sculptures include the renowned Perseus with the Head of Medusa (Loggia dei Lanzi, Florence). BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 Francis I was his friend and patron. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 See the Memoirs. Benzoni, Marina Querini, Contessa d. after 1833 and before 1841. Her famous salon in Venice was attended by Byron, Stendhal and others. BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Chateaubriand attends her salon in Venice in 1833. The barcarolle La Biondina in gondoletta (The blonde girl in the little gondola), by Cavaliere Giovanni Battista Peruchini (1784-1870), was used in variations and pieces by Lizt, Beethoven and many other composers, and often sung by Italian prima donnas as the ad lib lesson scene aria in Rossinis Barber of Seville. Bquet (or Becquet), Etienne 1796-1838. A Journalist on the Journal des Dbats, a relative worked for the National. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Branger, Pierre-Jean 1780-1857 French lyric poet. He was a protg of Lucien Bonaparte and a friend of some of the most eminent men of his day. His first collection of songs, published in 1815, was immediately popular. He fitted his verse to

popular melodies, and he used his poems largely to express republican and Bonapartist ideas, for which he was twice imprisoned. He published editions of his songs, Chansons, in 1815 and 1833. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 His song in tribute to Chateaubriand. BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 His song of 1829, The Old Lance-Corporal, Le Vieux Caporal, an anti-monarchist lyric. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 Quoted regarding his admiration for Bonaparte. BkXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 His pro-Bonaparte song Les Souvenirs du Peuple. The Grandmother appears in the refrain. BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 Reference to a verse of his of September 1831: Monsieur de Chateaubriand. See Book XXXIV:10 BkXXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 Dined with Chateaubriand in Paris on the 13th of September 1831. Chateaubriand left for Paris on the 2nd and returned on the 14th. The Caf de Paris was on the Boulevard des Italiens. BkXXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 He was introduced to Chateaubriand by Hortense Allart in early 1830. His songs naming Lisette, the archetypal Parisian grisette, were extremely popular. BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 Visits Chateaubriand under house arrest in 1832. BkXXXV:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him in August 1832. BkXXXV:Chap17:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand at Lucerne in August 1832. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand adapts verse 2 of his song La Vivandire of 1816, with the name Javotte replacing the original Catin. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 A reference to his song Le Roi dYvetot (1823). BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Brard, Auguste-Simon-Louis 1783-1859. A banker, Deputy for the Seine from 1827. He became Director General of Roads, Bridges and Mines, then a State Councillor. He published his Souvenirs of the Revolution of 1830, in 1834. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Active on the 30th of July 1830. Brard, Pierre-Clment 1798-1886? He served the Legitimist cause, and was arrested for publishing a series of pamphlets under the title Cancans in 1831. He was sentenced to 14 years in prison in January 1832, left for Belgium from which he was expelled, visited Prague in 1833, and finally took a job in a bank in Rome in 1834 where he remained until 1839. He was still living in Nantes in 1886. BkXXXV:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned.

Beraun (Beroun) A town located in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. Despite its small size, it is an administrative center akin to a county seat. It lies on the road that connects Prague with Pilsen and with Bavaria, Germany. It is approximately 40 km from the center of Prague BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in May 1833. Bre, Priory of BkI:Chap1:Sec3 Mentioned by Chateaubriand. Brenger V, Raymond, Count of Provence 1209-1245. Of his famous daughters, Margaret married Louis IX of France, Eleanor married Henry III of England, Sancha married Richard of Cornwall, and Beatrice married Charles of Anjou, bringing Provence as her dowry, after her fathers death. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Connected with Marseilles. Berenton, Baranton A mythical fountain in the Forest of Broceliande. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned by Wace. Berezina (Beresina), River A river in Belarus and a tributary of the Dnieper River. The Battle of Berezina took place November 26-29, 1812 between the French army of Napoleon, retreating after his invasion of Russia and crossing the Berezina (near Barysau, now in Belarus), and the Russian army under Kutuzov. The battle ended with a partial victory for the Russians. The French suffered heavy losses. Since then Berezina has been used in French as a synonym for catastrophe. BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Berg, Grand-Duc de, see Murat Bergerac, France A market town and a sous-prfecture of the Dordogne dpartement in France. The region is often called the Gateway to the Prigord. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriand was there in July 1829. Bergerac has no connection with Cyrano, who was born in Paris and whose name of Bergerac derived from a holding near Chevreuse.

Bergerac, Savinien de Cyrano de 1619-1655. A French dramatist and duellist born in Paris, he is now best remembered for the many works of fiction which have been woven around his life story, most notably the play by Edmond Rostand which bears his name. In those fictional works he is featured with an overly large nose. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 The quotation is from his tragedy The Death of Agrippina (1654), a profession of atheism made by Sejanus before conspiring against Tiberius. Berlin The capital city and a Land of Germany, in the north-east of the country on the River Spree, it was founded in the 13th century and was an important strategic and commercial centre and a member of the Hanseatic League. It was the capital of the Hohenzollern Electors from the 15th century and became the capital of Prussia in the 18th century and of the German Empire in 1871. BkIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkIV:Chap2:Sec1 BkIV:Chap3:Sec1 BkIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkIV:Chap6:Sec1 BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkIV:Chap8:Sec1 BkIV:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand wrote this chapter there. He was nominated as envoy to Prussia 28th November 1820. He occupied his post in Berlin from 11th January to 19th April 1821 and resigned on the 29th July. BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand did not take up his post in Berlin until 1821, but may have read the correspondence prior to that date in 1820. BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Madame de Stael there in 1804. She stayed in an apartment on the bank of the River Spree. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 The Berlin Decree was a decree of Napoleon of November 21, 1806, declaring Britain in a state of blockade, and vessels trading with it liable to capture. BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Cossacks entered the city on 20th February 1813, but left doing little damage. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Bernadotte defeated Ney at Dennewitz near Berlin on 6th September 1813. BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 Plundered by Napoleon. BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 Chateaubriand is promised the Berlin embassy in 1820. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrived in Berlin to take up his Ambassadorship on Thursday the 11th of January 1821 at eight in the morning. Unter den Linden (Under the Lindens) named for its linden or lime trees line the grassed pedestrian

mall between the two carriageways is one of Berlins best-known streets. A boulevard of linden trees was planted from 1647 extending from the electoral palace to the gates of the city by Friedrich Wilhelm, The Great Elector, who wanted to ride from his castle to his hunting park the Tiergarten with more appropriately Baroque splendour. This stretch became the best known and grandest street in Berlin. Das Morgenblatt, the Morning Paper for the Educated Class ran from 1807 to 1865. Johann Friedrich Cotta came up with the idea for this periodical which appeared up to six times a week and the design of which was modelled on that of a newspaper. It was a tremendous success and employed all the talents of the period. BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 The Botanical Gardens mentioned (since moved to Steglitz) were in the Schoeneberg district. Chateaubriand visited them in February 1821. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 The Charlottenburg Palace is the largest in Berlin. The original, central part was constructed between 1695 and 1699. It was intended as the summer home for Sophie Charlotte, Elector Frederick IIIs wife. The park behind Schloss Charlottenburg was originally laid out in French Baroque style. In the 18th and 19th century, the park was converted into a landscape garden. The Queen of Prussia, Louise, is buried beneath a marble tomb (1811-14) by Rauch (1777-1857) in the Mausoleum at Charlottenburg. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand left Berlin on the 19th of April, 1821, to attend the baptism of the Duke of Bordeaux. He never returned to Prussia. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Lord Clanwilliam was the British Ambassador in Berlin from 1823-1827. Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste-Jules, King of Sweden 1763-1844. He became King of Sweden and Norway (181844), after serving as a French Revolutionary general. He rose from the ranks, during the Italian campaign (179697), was French ambassador at Vienna (1798), and was Minister of War (1799). He played a prominent part in the victory of Austerlitz in 1805. Napoleon made him a Marshal of the Empire (1804) and Prince of Ponte Corvo (1806). However, his relations with the emperor were cool. While commanding in N Germany he negotiated with the Swedes, who were impressed by his generous conduct. In 1809, Gustavus IV of Sweden abdicated and was succeeded by his aged and childless uncle, Charles XIII. In need of both a suitable successor to Charles and an alliance with Napoleon, Sweden turned to Bernadotte. After receiving the support of Napoleon and joining the Lutheran Church the marshal accepted. He was elected crown prince by the Riksdag and adopted (1810) by Charles XIII as

Charles John. The infirmity of the old king and the dissensions in the council of state put the reins of government in the hands of the crown prince. He favoured the acquisition of Norway from Denmark rather than the reconquest of Finland from Russia, and thus he threw in his lot with Russia and England against Napoleon and Denmark. His Swedish contingent played an important part in the defeat of Napoleon at the battle of Leipzig (1813), and in 1814, having marched his army into Denmark, he forced the Danes to cede Norway in the Treaty of Kiel. Norway, was united with Sweden under a single king. The Congress of Vienna confirmed the union but restored the town of Ponte Corvo to the Pope. Bernadotte succeeded to the throne in 1818 as Charles XIV. He maintained peace throughout his reign, which was marked by internal improvements, notably the completion of the Gta Canal and a reform of the school system. However, his increasing opposition to the liberals made him unpopular by the end of his reign. The founder of the present Swedish dynasty, he was succeeded by his son, Oscar I. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 King of Sweden from 1818. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 French Ambassador in Vienna in 1798. He had to quit his post owing to the disturbances cause by his hoisting the tricolour over the Embassy. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Apparently opposed to Napoleon on the latters return to France from Egypt in 1799. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Saw Moreau in Stockholm. After the defeats of Ltzen and Bautzen it was the Swedish Crown Prince as he then was who put fresh heart into the allies; and at the conference of Trachenberg drew up the general plan for the campaign which began after the expiration of the Truce of Plaswitz. Charles John, as commander-in-chief of the northern army, successfully defended the approaches to Berlin against Oudinot in August and against Ney in September at the Battles of Grossbeeren and Dennewitz; but after Leipzig he went his own way, determined at all hazards to cripple Denmark and secure Norway. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 He defeated Ney at Dennewitz near Berlin on 6th September 1813. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 The defection of the Saxons and Wurtembergers to him at Leipzig in 1813 decided the outcome of the battle. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Chateaubriand is offered the Swedish embassy in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec2 Chateaubriand pokes fun at his pretensions. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 Described by Constant. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.

Bernard, of Clairvaux, Saint 1090-1153. French monastic reformer and political figure. Widely known for his piety and mysticism, he was instrumental in the condemnation of Peter Abelard and in rallying support for the Second Crusade. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 His condemnation of Abelard at the Council at Sens in 1140. Bernardin de Saint Pierre, Jacques-Henri 1737-1814. A French naturalist and author, he was a friend of Rousseau, by whom he was strongly influenced. His chief work, Les tudes de la nature (1784-88), sought to prove the existence of God from the wonders of nature; it is rich in descriptive passages, and added specific colour terms and plant names to the French language. A section of this was the sentimental prose idyll Paul et Virginie (1788), which attained an immense vogue and influenced the French romanticists. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkX:Chap3:Sec2 The reference is obscure. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 Les tudes de la nature influenced Chateaubriand. BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 A reference to Paul et Virginie set in Mauritius (Indian Ocean). Bern, Switzerland The Swiss capital on the River Aare, it joined the Swiss Confederation in 1353 and became the capital in 1848. BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 The dissensions of 1832 were part of the constitutional reform movement known as the Regeneration. Bernetti, Tommaso, Cardinal 1779-1852. Governor of Rome 1820-1826, Cardinal 1826, he was Secretary of State for the Roman Curia from June 1828 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 He allowed the local authorities to lodge the Chateaubriands in the Apostolic Palace. BkXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets him in Rome in October 1828. BkXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 A description of the man. BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriand discusses him with the Pope. BkXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Discusses the Popes health with Chateaubriand. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 An anti-Jesuit voter. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 Quoted in 1833. Bernis, Franois-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis, Cardinal de 1715-1794. A French statesman and Cardinal, he became known as one of the most expert epigrammatists at Louis XVs court, and by his verses won the friendship of Madame de Pompadour, the royal mistress. In 1751 he was appointed to the French embassy at Venice. He took an important part in the delicate negotiations between France and Austria which preceded the Seven Years War. He became secretary for foreign affairs on June 27, 1757, but owing to his attempts to counteract the spendthrift policy of the Marquise de Pompadour fell into disgrace and in 1758 was banished to Soissons by Louis XV. The previous November he had been created cardinal by Clement XIII. Later recalled he became Archbishop of Albi in 1764, then Ambassador in Rome in 1769 until dismissed by the Revolution. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Once owned Plessis-Chamant, near Senlis. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Bernstorff, Count Christian Gnther von 1769-1835. A Danish and Prussian statesman and diplomat, he followed Metternichs European policy. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Minister for Foreign Affairs in Prussia in 1821. BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand informs him of his resignation in July 1821. BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned in 1824. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1835. Berry, Charles-Ferdinand, Duc de 1777-1820. The younger son of Charles, Comte dArtois (later Charles X of France), he served in the Prince de Conds army against the French Revolutionary forces, joined the Russian Army, and was an migr in London for thirteen years. His assassination by a saddler, Louis-Pierre Louvel, during the reign of Louis XVIII an attempt to extinguish the Bourbon linegave the ultra-royalists the opportunity to turn Louis XVIII against the liberals. Berrys posthumous son was Henri, Comte de Chambord. BkIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap19:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 His assassination mentioned. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to his Mmoires of the Duc du Berrys life, published in May 1820. (Part I, Book II.8)

BkX:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from his Mmoires, letters et pices authentiques touchant la vie et la mort de S.A.R. Monseigneur le duc de Berry (Part I, Book III.6 et al). It was published by Le Normant in 1820. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1 His burial at Saint Denis in 1820. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 In London when the Duc dEnghien was abducted. Present at the exhumation of the Duc dEnghien, 26th March 1816. BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 His mortuary chapel. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 During his exile he bore the tile Comte de Chambord. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand suggested he leave for Lille in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 The Comte dArtois and the Duc de Berry his son were involved in a fiasco near Bthune (at Gorgues and Estaires), where having been bogged down in the mud after heavy rain their military convoy abandoned its equipment in panic after false news of an imminent attack. A large portion of the Kings treasury was never recovered. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec2 It was suggested he marry a sister of Alexander I. BkXXIII:Chap15:Sec1 In Ghent during the Hundred Days. BkXXIII:Chap16:Sec1 His courier brings news to Ghent. BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 His apology to the King for disturbing him, in dying. BkXXV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 His death indirectly led to Decazes fall. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 His death was a pretext for the return of censorship. BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriand hears of his assassination in 1820. BkXXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 The anniversary of his death was marked by a service on the 14th of February 1831 at Saint-Germain-lAuxerrois in Paris. It degenerated into a riot, apparently fabricated to suggest a Legitimist plot. A few months later the old church was demolished to make way for a road. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand favoured the proposed marriage (mooted in 1815) of the Duke with grand-Duchess Anne, the daughter of Paul I and sister of Alexander, as a means of reclaiming the Rhineland through a Franco-Russian alliance. Berry, Louise, see dArtois Berry, Marie-Caroline de Bourbon, Duchesse de 1798-1870. Wife of Charles-Ferdinand, she was the daughter-in-law of Charles X. Of the Bourbons of Naples, she was imprisoned 1832-33 after trying to stir up the Vende against Louis-Philippe. She married, 1833, Count Hector de Lucchesi-Palli. She was championed by Chateaubriand.

BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Her trips to Dieppe in the last years of the Restoration helped to promote the fashion for sea-bathing. BkXXIII:Chap13:Sec1 The ladies dancing attendance on her under the Restoration. BkXXV:Chap12:Sec1 The presentation of a cradle to her by the women of the Bordeaux Market. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Insulted on the way to the review of the National Guard on 29th April 1827 on the Champ-de-Mars. BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 An allusion to Chateaubriands support for her. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Her delight in the July 1830 decrees. BkXXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 The mother of Henri V. BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 The widow. BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 In Italy in 1831 she laid plans for an insurrection which would allow her to exercise the Regency which she believed hers by right on behalf of her son Henri V. Here secret government of 7th February 1832 involved Marshal Victor Duc de Bellune, Chancellor Pastoret, the Marquis de Latour-Marbourg, etc, with Berryer as Secretary General. BkXXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Her donation of 12000 francs to help the cholera victims in Paris in 1832. Chateaubriands pamphlet appeared on the 14th of April, printed by Le Normant. BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap8:Sec1 Her activites in the Vende in 1832. BkXXXV:Chap10:Sec1 She writes to Chateaubriand from Venice in August 1832. BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 She was arrested in hiding at Nantes on the 8th of November 1832, and escorted to the Fortress of Blaye. BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 Chateaubriands Memoir is dated 24th December 1832, and was published on the 29th. Thirty thousand copies were sold before it was seized on the 9th January 1833. BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 At her arrest she had been hiding behind a fireplace in which the police lit a fire to smoke her out. She resisted for some time before surrendering, hence Chateaubriands comparison to the torments of St Lawrence who was grilled alive. BkXXXV:Chap26:Sec1 The Duchess was obliged to sign, in February 1833, a declaration of a secret Italian marriage, as she was visibly pregnant. BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Her letter to Chateaubriand of the 7th of May 1833. BkXXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 She gave birth on the 10th May 1833, apparently respecting the protocol of doing so in public, but with prison officers as witnesses! BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Her hopeless cause.

BkXXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand carries her letters to Prague in May 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 Blacas was Ambassador to Naples in 1816. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand delivers her letters to Carlsbad. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to her on his return from Prague in June 1833. BkXXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 In Naples in August 1833. BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Chateaubriand receives news of her. BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets her in Ferrara, on the 18th of September 1833. BkXL:Chap7:Sec1 In Padua 20th September 1833. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to her in Trieste from Prague. Berryer, Pierre-Antoine 1790-1868. A French lawyer and Royalist politician, he defended the freedom of the press during the reigns of King Louis-Philippe and Napoleon III. He was one of the few Legitimist deputies to be re-elected (for the Haute-Loire) in 1831. BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 He was scheduled to be at Vannes to defend a Commandant Guillemot on the 12th of June 1832. He met Bourmont at Nantes on the 22nd of May and the Duchesse the following evening, and delayed the insurrection, which was subsequently reassigned to the night of the 3rd of June. Meanwhile Chateaubriand, who had been persuaded to join the council (the little committee,) wrote a second letter on the 1st of June which was seized by the police. BkXXXV:Chap6:Sec1 His trial in Nantes. BkXXXV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes on his behalf. Berryer refused to recognise a military tribunal. By order of the Court of Cassation of the 30th June, jurisdiction in civil cases passed to the ordinary courts. Berryer was acquitted at the Loire-et-Cher assizes on the 16th October 1832. BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 At Geneva 12th November 1832. BkXXXV:Chap26:Sec1 Pleads in court in March 1833. Berstheim, Battle of In 1789 the migr army achieved an ephemeral success under Cond on the Lower Rhine. BkXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Berstoecher (or Berstecher) A tutor to the Custine family, from Alsace. See the Marquise de Custine.

BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Writes to Chateaubriand. Bertazzoli, Francesco, Cardinal 1754-1830. A Cardinal from 1823, he was a zelante and friend of Cappellari who was his heir. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 A pro-Jesuit voter. Berthelin A student at the cole Polytechnique in July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Berthier, Louis-Alexandre, Marshal of France 1753-1815. Marshal of France, he served in the American Revolution and in the French Revolutionary Wars, distinguishing himself under Napoleon in Italy, where he served as chief of staff. He was twice minister of war and from 1805 was chief of staff of the Grande Arme. The emperor made him prince of Neuchtel and Wagram and arranged his marriage with a Bavarian princess. Berthier accommodated himself to the return of the Bourbons in 1814. Torn by divided allegiance when Napoleon returned from Elba, he withdrew to Bavaria, where he died in obscure circumstances. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleons early opinion of him. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Went with Napoleon on the Egyptian Campaign. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Returned to France with Napoleon in 1799. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Napoleon gave him the Chteau of Grosbois in Val-deMarne in 1805, following the sentencing of General Moreau who had bought it from Barras. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 At Gorodnia during the retreat. BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Accompanied Napoleon during the retreat. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 Rallied to Louis XVIII at Compigne in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 His allegiance transferred to the Bourbons. BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Prince of Neuchtel from 31st March 1806, his administration created a route over La Tourne in the Val-de-Travers which Chateaubriand compares ironically to the Simplon project. The manner of his death was uncertain; according to some accounts he was assassinated by members of a secret society, others say that, maddened by the sight of Russian troops marching to invade France, he threw himself from the window, at Bamberg, and was killed. Berthois, Auguste-Marie, Baron de

1787-1870. A Napoleonic officer of engineers, he was named a Colonel by the Restoration in 1831, a Marshal in 1838, and was Inspector General of Engineers. He sat in the Chamber of Deputies 1832-1848. BkXXXII:Chap13:Sec1 At Neuilly on the 30th of July 1830, as aide de camp to Louis-Philippe. Berthollet, Claude-Louis, Comte 1748-1822. A French chemist, his contributions include the analysis of ammonia and prussic acid and the discovery of the bleaching properties of chlorine. He collaborated with Antoine Lavoisier in his researches and in reforming chemical nomenclature and supported him in his theory of combustion. His greatest contribution was in his Essai de statique chimique (1803), in which he presented his speculations on chemical affinity and his discovery of the reversibility of reactions. He went to Egypt with Napoleon for the Egyptian campaign. BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 Became a supporter of Napoleon. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Returned to France with Napoleon in 1799. Bertier de Sauvigny, Louis-Benigne-Franois 1737-89. Intendant of Paris, he was killed with his father-in-law Foullon, on the 22nd July 1779. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 Killed by a crowd along with his father-in-law. His head was carried on a pike through the streets. Bertier de Sauvigny, Ferdinand de 1772-1867. Son of Louis, in 1810 he founded the secret society of the Chevaliers de la Foi, aimed at producing with the Congregation a Catholic Restoration. He formed a royalist resistance during the Hundred Days, and was made Prefect of Calvados in 1815, then Grenoble in 1816, but resigned in opposition to Decazes. He was an Ultra Deputy for the Seine 1824-1827, supported Polignac, and was Minister for Waterways and Forests. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Royalist advocate in July 1830. Bertin, Louis-Franois 1766-1841. A journalist, called Le Gros Bertin to distinguish him from his brother he was the proprietor of the Journal des Dbats. He was implicated in the Roux de Laborie conspiracy and imprisoned in the Temple (Feb-Nov 1801) then exiled to Italy. BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriands friendship with him. BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 Escorted Madame de Beaumont to Florence in 1803.

BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Advised Chateaubriand regarding Les Martyrs. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand found him at Tournai in 1815. BkXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 He supports Chateaubriand in the Journal in June 1824. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand in Rome in March 1829. BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 He visits Chateaubriand under house arrest in 1832. BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Charles X asks after the Bertin brothers in 1833. Bertin De Vaux, Louis-Franois 1771-1842. Journalist and co-proprietor of the Journal des Dbats, he was the younger brother of Bertin. From 1815 to 1817 he was Secretary-general of the Police Department. He was Deputy for Seine-et-Oise in 1820 and a Councillor of State in 1824. He soon resigned but was re-elected in November 1827. BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1 Gave Chateaubriand literary advice. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 In Tournai in March 1815. BkXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Bertrand, Captain The Captain of the first demi-brigade of veterans in Paris in 1809, he was appointed as judge-advocate of the military commission investigating Armands case. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. Bertrand, Henri-Gratien, Comte 1773-1844 French military engineer and general, friend of Napoleon I and his companion in exile, first at Elba (181415), then at St. Helena (1815 21). His diary is considered invaluable for its frank account of Napoleons character and life in exile. It was decoded, annotated, and published by P. Fleuriot de Langle as Cahiers de Sainte-Hlne, 181621. After Napoleon's death in 1821, Bertrand returned to France, where a death sentence that had been passed on him in absentia (1817) was annulled. In 1840, with the Prince de Joinville, he escorted Napoleons body from St. Helena to France for its final burial. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 With Napoleon on his journey to Elba in 1814. BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Left Malmaison with Napoleon on 29th June 1815. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Accompanied Napoleon to St Helena in 1815. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in 1832.

Bertrand, Francis Elizabeth (Fanny) Dillon, Madame d. 1836. Wife of Comte Bertrand (1808). BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Accompanied Napoleon to St Helena in 1815 with her husband. Besenval de Bronstatt (or Bezenval), Pierre Victor Baron de 1722-1794. French soldier. He was the son of Jean Victor Besenval, colonel of the regiment of Swiss guards in the pay of France, who was charged in 1707 by Louis XIV with a mission to Sweden, to reconcile Charles XII with the Tsar Peter the Great, and to unite them in alliance with France against England. Pierre Victor served at first as aide-de-camp to Marshal Broglie during the campaign of 1748 in Bohemia, then as aide-de-camp to the duke of Orlans during the Seven Years War. He then became commander of the Swiss Guards. When the Revolution began Besenval remained firmly attached to the court, and was given command of the troops which the king had concentrated on Paris in July 1789, a deployment which led to the taking of the Bastille. Besenval showed incompetence in the crisis, and attempted to flee. He was arrested, tried by the tribunal of the Chtelet, but acquitted. He then fell into obscurity and died in Paris in 1794. He is principally known as the author of the Mmoires which were published in 1805-1807, in which are reported many scandalous tales, true or false, of the court of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The authenticity of these memoirs is not absolutely established. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 His unworthiness. Bessarion, Basilius (John) Cardinal c1403-1472. Born at Trebizond, educated at Constantinople, he went in 1423 to the Peloponnese to hear Gemistus Pletho expound the philosophy of Plato. On being tonsured monk, he adopted the name of an old Egyptian anchorite Bessarion, whose story he has related. In 1437, he was made metropolitan of Nicaea by the Byantine Emperor John VIII Palaeologus, whom he accompanied to Italy. Pope Eugene IV made him a Cardinal in 1439. He was a teacher, scholar, churchman, diplomat and patron. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Bessires, Jean-Baptiste, Marshal, Duc dIstrie 1766-1813. A Napoleonic Marshal, in the Egyptian Campaign, he took part in the battles of Acre and Aboukir. His performance at Marengo in 1800 saw him a general of brigade and by 1802 he was leading a division. In 1804, he became a Marshal and led the Imperial Guard cavalry at Austerlitz, Jena,

Eylau and Friedland. Sent to Spain he won the battle of Medina del Rio Seco, fought at Somosierra and chased Sir John Moores army to Corunna. In 1809, his cavalry performed very well at Aspern-Essling and Wagram and, in Russia, he saved Bonaparte from Cossacks during the disastrous retreat in 1812. His last battle was at Weissenfels, in 1813, where he died instantly after being hit in the chest by a cannonball. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 De Baudus his aide-de-camp in 1812. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 At Gorodnia during the retreat. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 At Smorgoni in December 1812. BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Commanded the cavalry during the retreat. Bethlehem The town is on the West Bank of the Jordan near Jerusalem. It is traditionally the birthplace of Jesus. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Bethulia, Israel A city of ancient Palestine, apparently located somewhere north-east of Samaria, c.10 miles from that city. It was the scene of the principal events of the Book of Judith. It has been variously identified, by some even with Jerusalem, but the data points to a site on the heights west of Jenn (Engannim), between the plains of Esdrelon and Dothan, where Haraiq, Kh. Sheikh Shibel, and el-Brid lie close together. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Mentioned. Chateaubriands derivation of Scafet as a name for it is uncertain. Bthune A city and commune of northern France, sous-prfecture of the Pas-deCalais dpartement, it is located in the former province of Artois. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 The Comte dArtois and the Duc de Berry his son were involved in a fiasco near Bthune (at Gorgues and Estaires), where having been bogged down in the mud after heavy rain their military convoy abandoned its equipment etc in panic after false news of an imminent attack. A large portion of the Kings treasury was never recovered. Bettio (or Betio), Abb Pietro d.1846. He was Head Librarian at the Marciana Library (facing the Doges Palace) in Venice from 1819-1846. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand visits him on the 11th of September 1833.

BkXXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Keeper of the Ducal Palace. Beugnot, Jacques Claude, Comte 1761-1835. A French politician, in 1814 he was a member of the provisional government as Minister of the Interior, and rallied to the House of Bourbon. Louis XVIII named him director-general of police and afterwards Naval Minister. He followed Louis to Ghent during the Hundred Days, became one of his confidants, and contributed to draw up Louis Charter. After the full Bourbon Restoration, lacking the support of the Ultra-royalists, he was given the title of Minister of State without portfolio, which was equivalent to a retirement. Elected deputy, he attached himself to the moderate party, and defended the liberty of the press. In 1830, he was made a Peer of France by Charles X, and confirmed by Louis-Philippe after the July Revolution, becoming director-general of manufactures and commerce. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 His appointment as Minister of the Interior in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 In Ghent during the Hundred Days. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Opposed to Fouch becoming a Minister at the second Restoration. Bevilacqua, Bonifazio Aldobrandini, Cardinal 1571-1601. He was created a Cardinal in 1599. BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 His association with Tasso. Bex, Switzerland Pronounced bay, it is a small town 9km south of Aigle, noted for its salt mining. The Valais nearby is the Swiss portion of the Rhne valley, and Switzerlands third largest canton. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The Marquise de Custine died there in 1826. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833. Bziers A city in the Languedoc-Roussillon region of France, it is where hostilities in the Albigensian Crusades began in 1209, with the sack of the town, and the slaughter of 20,000 townspeople. Preface:Sect3. Chateaubriand recounts a legend of the incident. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Pius VII passed through on his way back to Italy in 1814. Bezout, tienne

1730-1783. Author of Cours de mathmatiques, a standard mathematics text in the schools. He was a dreaded examiner for the competitive entrance examinations for the Marine Guard at Brest. BkII:Chap1:Sec1 The text used at Dol College, to teach Chateaubriand. Bidasoa, River A river in the Basque country of northern Spain it rises near Errazu in the province of Navarre and flows through that territory for much of its 66 km length. Its last 10 km form part of the border between France and Spain before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay) between Hendaye, France and Hondarribia, Spain. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Wellington crossed the river at dawn on October 7th 1813 and entered France. Biel, Lake Lake Biel (French: Lac de Bienne) is a lake in the west of Switzerland. Together with Lake Murten and Lake Neuchtel, it is one of the three large lakes in the Jura region of Switzerland. BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Biercourt, Monsieur de Possibly one of the Biercourts of Montreuil. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned as authorising funds to Napoleon. Bignon, Louis Pierre Edouard, Baron 1771-1841. French diplomatist and historian, he was ambassador in Warsaw 1810-1812. During the Hundred Days he once more entered Napoleons service, and, after Waterloo, as minister of foreign affairs under the executive commission, it was he who signed the convention of the 3rd of July 1815, by which Paris was handed over to the allies. Bignon did not reenter public life until 1817, when he was elected to the chamber of deputies, in which he sat until 1830. Elected deputy in 1831 and member of the chamber of peers in 1839, he withdrew for the most part from politics, to, devote himself to his great work, the Histoire de France sous Napoleon (18291838, and, 18471850). BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 Ambassador to Warsaw 1812-1813. Bilbao, Spain Capital of Vizcaya province, Northern Spain, in the Basque Country, on both banks of the Nervin River, near the Bay of Biscay, it has been a

leading Spanish port and commercial centre since the 19th century. It was founded c.1300 on the site of an ancient settlement, and flourished because of a wool export trade in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the 19th century, it was besieged by the Carlists three times. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 Defended by General Sir Robert Wilson during the Spanish War. Billaud-Varenne, Jacques (Jean)-Nicolas Billaud 1756-1819. A French revolutionary. A violent antimonarchist in the Convention, the revolutionary national assembly, he and Jean Marie Collot dHerbois were the two members of the ultra-revolutionary Hebrtists faction to sit on the Committee of Public Safety. A consummate politician, he survived the execution of Hbert, successfully intrigued against Danton, and helped bring about the downfall of Robespierre on 9 Thermidor. He was deported to French Guiana for his role in the Reign of Terror. He refused an amnesty offered by Napoleon. Ultimately he went to Haiti, where he died. BkIX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 His arrest in 1795. Billing, Baron Adolphe 1801-1852. A diplomat. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 Diplomatic attach to the French Embassy in London in 1822. Biorn Asbrandsson A character in the Icelandic Eyrbyggja Saga. Later speculation connected his travels with the Norse discovery of America BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 His mythical (?) voyage to America. Vinland was the name given to part of North America by the Icelandic Norseman Leif Eirksson, about year 1000. Later archeological evidence of Norse settlement in North America was found in LAnse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Canada. Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Duc de 1562-1602. He fought for the Royal party against the League. He was an Admiral and Marshal of France. After fulfilling diplomatic missions for Henry IV in England and Switzerland (1600), he was accused and convicted of high treason and was beheaded in the Bastille on the 31st of July 1602. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Ambassador to Elizabeth I of England in 1600.

Biron, Duc de, see Lauzun Bischofsheim Bischofsheim an der Rhn is a town in the district Rhn-Grabfeld, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated in the Rhn Mountains, 29 km southeast of Fulda. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand there 2nd of June 1833. Blacas dAulps, Pierre-Louis Jean Casimir, Prince dAulps 1770-1839. French statesman and diplomat, he was a convinced Royalist, and companion of Louis XVIII in exile. He was Minister of the Kings Household and then Grand-Master of the Wardrobe (1815). He was later ambassador to Naples, and Rome. In 1830 he followed Charles X into exile, and died in Vienna. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Minister of the Kings Household in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand sends a message to him at Lille in March 1815. However he was already in Ghent with the King. BkXXIII:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriand consoles him. BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 At Mons during the return from Ghent in 1815. BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 A favourite of Louis XVIII. BkXXVIII:Chap15:Sec1 First Gentleman of the Kings Chamber from 1823 succeeding the Duc de Richelieu. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him. Blacas was Ambassador to Naples from 1824. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand at Waldmnchen in 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 In Prague with the exiled Court in 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 A member of the Prague triumvirate. BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 He conducts Chateaubriand to the King on the 25th of May 1833. He has the Kings ear. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 At dinner in the Hradschin Palace on the 25th of May 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand visits him. He was an amateaur artist with a fine collection of medals and cameos. BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Henris dislike of him. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 He announces a Council, to include Chateaubriand. BkXL:Chap7:Sec1 Blamed for preventing the Duchesse de Berry from travelling to Prague in September 1833.

BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 La Ferronays was his brother-in-law. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 In Prague in September 1833. BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 At Bustehrad, Prague, 26th and 27th of September 1833. Black Prince, see Edward, Prince of Wales Blair, Hugh 1718-1800. Professor of Literature at Edinburgh, published his Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres (1783) which influenced Chateaubriands generation. His Critical Dissertation on Ossian (1763) was cited in the Essai. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Blanc, Louis 1811-1882. The French writer, historian and socialist politician was born in Spain. His phrase (from The Organization of Work, 1840), From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs, is often wrongly attributed to others. BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap15:Sec1 A quotation from his Histoire de dix ans (1841). See Louis Alexandre Perons painting of the scene, shown at the Salon in 1834, and now in the Carnavalet (Transfert nocturne des victims de la revolution de Juillet 1830). Blanca A character in Les Aventures du dernier Abencrage (written in 1810) by Chateaubriand, Aben-Hamet, the last of his Moorish tribe, falls in love, in Granada, with the devout Christian girl, Blanca, an impossible liaison since they are fated to be eternally separated by their faith. Preface:Sect2. BkIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Her story set in Granada. Blanche of Castille c1188-1252. The daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile, she married Louis VIII of France in 1200. She was Queen of France 1223-1226, and Regent for her son Louis IX during his minority, 1226-1236 and during his Crusade, 1248-1252. BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Quoted.

BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Blaye, France A town on the right bank of the Gironde estuary, 35m north of Bordeaux, founded by the Romans (as Blavia). Vauban built a citadel within the ruins of the Gothic chteau, containing the tomb of Caribert. Tradition claims that Roland is buried in the basilica. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Chateaubriand visited in 1802. BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 The Duchesse de Berry was held there after her arrest on 8th November 1832. Blenheim Palace, England The Baroque palace built between 1705 and 1725 at Woodstock near Oxford, designed by Vanbrugh. It was a gift from Queen Anne to the Duke of Marlborough as a monument to his French victories. The gardens were laid out by Capability Brown. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 The Battle of Blenheim in 1704 was a comprehensive defeat by Marlborough and Prince Eugne over Louis XIVs troops. The battle (referred to in some countries as the Battle of Hchstdt) in the War of the Spanish Succession was fought on 13 August 1704. The village of Blindheim (Blenheim in English) lies on the Danube, 10 miles southwest of Donauwrth in Bavaria, southern Germany. Blitersdorff, Sergeant BkXVI:Chap2:Sec2 Present at Strasbourg during the arrest of the Duc dEnghien. Blois The city of Blois is situated in the region of Centre, and is the capital of the department of the Loir et Cher. At the end of the 14th century, the county of Blois was sold to Prince Louis of Orleans, son of King Charles V. He lived in the castle for 25 years attracting a small court of scholars and poets. His grandson, Louis XII became king of France in 1498 and decided to move to Blois: in this way the small town became a royal town and the capital of the Kingdom. Under Louis XII and Francis I the town of Blois grew considerably. But after the disaster of Pavia in 1525, Francis I never returned to Blois and his successors only paid short visits to the town.

BkIX:Chap4:Sec2 BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 The Duc De Guise murdered there. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 The Regency withdrew there in 1814. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 The Dance of Death painting there, and later variants e.g. the woodcuts in the library there. Blois, Charles de d1364. Duke of Brittany, from 1341 to his death. Charles was the son of Count Guy I of Chatillon and Blois, by Margaret of Valois, a sister of king Philip VI of France. He was an accomplished military leader, who inspired loyalty by his religious fervour. In 1337 he married Joanna of Dreux, heiress and niece of Duke John III. Together, Charles and Joanna fought the House of Montfort in the Breton War of Succession (1341-1364), with the support of the crown of France. Despite his piety, Charles did not hesitate in ordering the massacre of 2000 civilians after the siege of Quimper. After initial successes, he was taken prisoner by the English in 1346. He was released nine years afterwards against a ransom of about half a million ecs, and resumed the war against the Montforts. He died at the battle of Auray which determined the end of the war and the victory of the Montforts. He was canonized as saint for his devoutness to religion, but the process was made null by Pope Gregory IX by request of Duke John V of Brittany. BkV:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Blondel de Nesle Either Jean I of Nesle (c. 1155-1202), Lord of Nesle from 1180, who took part in the Third Crusade, or his son Jean II of Nesle (d. 1241), who took part in the Fourth Crusade, either or both being French trouvres. By 1260, Blondels name had become attached to a legend in the highly fictionalised Rcits d'un mnestrel de Reims. This claimed that after Richard I of England was arrested and held for ransom in 1192, he was found by the minstrel Blondel, whom he saw from his window, and to whom he sang a verse of a song they both knew. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand portrays himself in the role. Blossac, Les They were cousins of Chateaubriand. Madame de Blossac (1766-1851), was born Flore de Bede. BkXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned by Lucile.

Blcher, Gebhard Leberecht von 1742-1819. Prussian field marshal, an outstanding military opponent of Napoleon I, he was an officer in the army of King Frederick II from 1760. He incurred royal displeasure when, believing himself passed over for promotion, he abruptly resigned in the early 1770s. He returned to service only in 1787 after Fredericks death. He fought well in the disastrous campaign of 1806 against the French and surrendered with honour near Lbeck. He subsequently helped Hardenberg, and Scharnhorst recreate the Prussian opposition to Napoleon. He was a leader in the War of Liberation (181314). He won brilliant victories at Wahlstatt and Mckern and played a part in the defeat of the French at Leipzig. Crossing the Rhine, he led his army to Paris. In the Waterloo campaign of 1815, he was defeated at Ligny but arrived at the battle of Waterloo in time to make it a victory. In 1814 he was made prince of Wahlstatt. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Defeated and captured at Lbeck, November 6th 1806. BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 In 1813 Blcher became commander-in-chief of the Army of Silesia, with Gneisenau and Muffling as his principal staff officers, and 40,000 Prussians and 50,000 Russians under his command. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 At Waterloo. BkXXIV:Chap1:Sec1 His drunkenness and desire to see Napoleon hanged. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 His popularity in England after Waterloo. Blue Ridge Mountains, Virginia Part of the Appalachian Mountain range which runs from Canada to Alabama. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand crossed the range somewhere east of Knoxville, possibly near Tellico Block House, which may be Chateaubriands Chillicoth. (Place of council in Shawnee, Tellico being the Cherokee equivalent, frequently found as a place-name). He was then 650 miles or about three weeks journey on horseback from Philadelphia. Boccaccio, Giovanni 1313-1375. The Italian writer and poet, his Filostrato was used by Chaucer for Troilus and Criseyde, and his Teseida for the Knights Tale. Between 1348 and 1353 he composed the Decameron, a collection of a hundred stories told by young people escaping the plague in Florence in 1348. He met Petrarch in 1350, lectured on Dantes Divine Comedy and founded the first chair of Greek in Western Europe in Florence. BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 See the prologue to Decameron for the plague of 1348 in Florence.

Boetius, Anicius Manlius Severinus 480?-524. A Roman scholar, Christian philosopher, and statesman, he became consul in 510 and subsequently chief minister to the Ostrogothic king Theodoric. Accused of treason and condemned to death, he wrote his Neoplatonic The Consolation of Philosophy while in prison awaiting execution. The work was extremely popular and influential throughout the Middle Ages. He is also known for his translations of works of Greek logic and mathematics, including those of Porphyry and Aristotle. His translations and commentaries were among the basic texts of medieval Scholasticism. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Put to death at Pavia on Theodorics orders. Boguet, Nicolas-Didier the Younger (Didino) The son of Nicolas, his mother dying when he three years old he was brought up by his father. He became a painter also and continued to live in Italy. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Boguet, Nicolas-Didier the Elder 1755-1839 Painter of historical scenes, resident at Rome from 1783. BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 Called to see Madame de Beaumont in 1803. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets him again in 1828. Boigne, ne Louise-Elonore-Charlotte-Adlade dOsmond, Comtesse de 1781-1866. A Memoir writer, she was Lady-in-waiting to Madame Adlaide and a friend of Madame Rcamier. At the Restoration, having separated from her husband, she accompanied her father who became Ambassador to London (1816-1818), and enhanced his Embassy. BkXI:Chap2:Sec4 Emigrated to London. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Her involvement in the events of July 1830. Boileau(-Despraux), Nicolas 1636-1711. Poet and critic, his Satires were published in 1666. He was friends with Molire, Racine and other leading writers. LArt potique of 1674 was seen as a definitive guide to classical literary principles, and had great influence in France and England. He also wrote a mock epic, Le Lutrin (1674) and translated Longinus On the Sublime. BkI:Chap3:Sec3 Chateaubriands writing exercise: the opening two lines of Boileaus Ninth Satire, conforming to good Seventeenth Century usage.

BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 Attacked the Classicising of the French language. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Associated with Guillaume de Lamoignon. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 His Satires III lines 71-73 cite a hazy wine from the Auvergne. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 The reference is to his Art potique:III.20 BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 A reference to his pitres VII (1701: Epistles, after Horace) BkXVI:Chap11:Sec1 A reference to Epitres VII: Monsieur Racine. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 A parody of the line from the Seven Against Thebes cited by the Pseudo-Longinus in his treatise On the Sublime (earliest surviving manuscript 10th century), and translated by Boileau as Tous, la main dans le sang, jurent de se venger. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 His support for and defence of Racines work. A reference also to Art potique, II:172 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Addison presented his Latin poems to him, see Johnsons Life of Addison. BkXXXV:Chap14:Sec1 The quotation is from pitres IV To the King on his passage of the Rhine. BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 See pitres VI:12, regarding the trees by the Seine. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 A modified version of lines from Homer in his translation of Longinus On the Sublime (VII). See Iliad XX:61-63. Boisbrls (Burntwoods) A French name given to the descendants of the fur traders and native peoples in W Canada, because of their dark complexion. The boisbrls, or brls, were in the early 19th century an important social group in the west and were particularly notable in the Red River Settlement and in Riels Rebellion. In the later 19th century they were absorbed into the general population. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 Described. BkVIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Bois-Lucas, Delauney, the elder Host to Armand de Chateaubriand at Saint-Cast in 1809. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Bois-Lucas, the younger Son of Delauney. Implicated in the Armand de Chateaubriand case in 1809. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Compromised by Armands arrest. He was reprieved and his sentence commuted. Boisgarein, Magon de A rich trader of Saint-Malo. BkII:Chap3:Sec2 His daughter married the Prince of Carignan. Boisgelin, Louis-Bruno, Comte de 1734-1794. Marshal, and Baron of the Brittany States. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 President of the nobility at the States fixed for the 29th December 1788. Boishue, Jean-Baptiste-Rene de Guhneuc, Comte de Father of Louis-Pierre. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 Tried to defend his son during fighting in Rennes. BkIX:Chap10:Sec1 Present in the Army of Princes in 1792. Boishue, Louis-Pierre de Guhneuc de Son of Jean-Baptiste. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 Killed on the streets of Rennes on 27th January 1789. Boisrobert, Abb Franois le Mtel de 1592-1662. A French poet, trained as a lawyer, he took orders in 1630 and was made a Canon of Rouen. He suggested the idea of the Academy to Richelieu. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Boisonnade de Fontarabie, Jean-Franois 1774-1857. Critic for the Journal des Dbats, and a Hellenist of repute. He became professor of Greek Literature at the Sorbonne in 1813, then took the Chair of Greek at the Collge de France in 1828. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Advised Chateaubriand regarding Les Martyrs. Boissy, Comte de 1798-1866. Worked with Chateaubriand in London and Verona in 1822, became a Peer under Louis-Philippe, then a Senator of the Second Empire. Tersea Gamba, Contessa Guiccioli, Byrons mistress, married him in 1851, her second marriage. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned.

Boissy dAnglas. Franois-Antoine, Comte de 1756-1826. A member and President of the Convention, noted for his firmness and coolness during the frenzy of the Revolution: one day the Parisian mob burst in upon the Convention, shot dead a young deputy, Fraud, sweeping the members of it before them to the upper-bench ... covered, the president sat unyielding, like a rock amongst the waves; they menaced him, levelled muskets at him, he did not yield; they held up Frauds bloody head to him; with a grave, stern air he bowed to it, and did not yield. He became a senator and commander of the Legion of Honour under Napoleon; and was made a peer by Louis XVIII. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 His coolness on 1st Prairial (20th May 1795). Boisteilleul, Hyacinthe-Eugne-Pierre de Ravenel du 1784-1867 Son of Jean-Baptiste. Cousin and nephew by marriage of Chateaubriand. Pupil at the Polytechnique in 1803 and 1805, officer in the Grand Army, decorated at Smolensk in 1812, captain in 1813, retired from the service in 1814, in order to marry. BkII:Chap8:Sec1 Married Zo de Farcy de Montvallon, Chateaubriands niece of whom he was himself a distant cousin, on 16th November 1814. Boisteilleul, Jean-Baptiste, Comte Ravenel de 1738-1815. Uncle of Chateaubriand. Vice-Admiral. The nephew of the Dames de Plancot, and the cousin germane of Madame de Chateaubriand. Married 1780, retired from the service 1785. BkII:Chap8:Sec1 BkII:Chap8:Sec3 Acted as Chateaubriands mentor at Brest in 1783. Boisteilleul, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph-Eugne de Ravenel du Son of Jean-Baptiste. Cousin of Chateaubriand Boisteilleul, Pauline-Zoe-Marie de Farcy de Montavallon, Madame de Ravenel du 1784-1814. Wife of Hyacinthe, daughter of Julie de Farcy, niece of Chateaubriand. Boisteilleul, Suzanne-milie de Ravenel du 1704-1794 Sister of Bnigne-Marie du Bede, she was the great-aunt of Chateaubriand. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Lived with Chateaubriands grandmother at what is now 43 Rue de lAbbaye, Plancot.

BkI:Chap4:Sec1 Description of their life there. BkI:Chap4:Sec2 Present at the Ascension Day mass. BkXI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. A reference to The Sparrow-hawk song of BkI:Chap4:Sec1. Bojardo (Boiardo), Matteo Maria 1430-1494. He was an Italian Renaissance poet. He is remembered for his poem of chivalry and romance LOrlando inammorato. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born at Reggio. Boleyn, Anne c1507-1536. The second wife (from 1533) of Henry VIII, her only child became Elizabeth I. She was accused of treason, and adultery, and executed. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Legend has it that Henry waited on the mound in Pembroke Lodge Gardens in Richmond Park for sight of a signal rocket from the Tower indicating her execution. Bolingbroke, Henry St-John, 1st Viscount 1678-1851. An English statesman, he entered parliament in 1701, and in 1704 became secretary of war. He afterwards became secretary of state for foreign affairs, and negotiated the Treaty of Utrecht. In 1712, a favourite of Queen Anne, he was raised to the peerage. On the accession of George I, in 1714, he was impeached of high treason when he fled the country, and became secretary of state to the first pretender. He was attainted, and his estate seized; but in 1723 he was permitted to return. His estates were restored, but he was not allowed to sit in parliament. He wrote against the ministry, and his productions were admired for their eloquence and vigor. He again withdrew to France in 1735, but returned to England on the death of his father. BkXXVIII:Chap20:Sec1 His comments on exile. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Bolivar, Simon 1783-1830. A South-American soldier and statesman, he was known as the Liberator. The son of a wealthy Venezuelan Creole family, he returned to Latin America in 1807 after travel in Europe. He liberated New Granada from Spain in 1819, renaming it Colombia. He became President, and liberated Venezuela and Quito (Ecuador) in 1821. Latin America was finally freed from Spain by campaigns in Peru, and Upper Peru took the name

Bolivia in his honour. He died without creating the united Andean Republic of his dreams. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Bolivar had recognised Leo XII in a speech in Bogota on the 28th of October 1827, and in a letter to the Pope of the 7th of November. Bologna, Italy The city in northern Italy is the capital of Emilia-Romagna. It dates from Etruscan times and became a free city in the Middle Ages. Charles V was crowned here in 1530. The university was founded in 1088. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Pius VII passed through in 1814. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The Chateaubriands were there in September 1828. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 The Italian Legazione was a major administrative division of Papal States ruled by a Cardinal legate during the 18th and 19th centuries. In the mid-19th century, on the eve of Italian unification, there were four such legations: Bologna (including Ferrara and Romagna), Urbino (covering the Marche), Perugia (covering Umbria), and Velletri (covering southern Lazio). Bolsena, Lake Bolsena is a crater lake of central Italy, of volcanic origin. The lake lies within the northern part of the province of Viterbo called Alto Lazio (Upper Latium) or Tuscia. It is bordered mostly by the Roman consular road the Via Cassia. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Amalasuntha was exiled to the island of Martana in the lake. Bolton, William Orde-Powlett, 2nd Baron 1782-1850. He was the 2nd Baron Bolton of Bolton Castle, Yorkshire. BkX:Chap4:Sec1 Present at the Literary Fund annual meeting in 1822. Bolzona, for Bolzano? Bolzano is a city in the Trentino-South Tyrol region of Italy. It is the capital of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano. The ancient Runkelstein castle is sited there, with its superb medieval frescoes. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 The Comte de Bolzona mentioned. Bombay, India

The capital of Maharashtra and the main sea port on the western coast. Ceded to the Portuguese in 1534, it passed to Charles II of England in 1661, and to the British East India Company in 1668. BkX:Chap11:Sec1 A destination for young men wishing for a colonial career. Samuel and William Sutton both became army officers. Bon, Cape The Arabic Ras At-tib peninsula of north-eastern Tunisia, 20 miles wide and protruding 50 miles into the Mediterranean Sea between the Gulf of Tunis and Khalij al-Hammamat (The Gulf of Hammamet). BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Mentioned. Bon, Louis-Andr, General 1758-1799. A Napoleonic general, prominent in Italy and Egypt, he was mortally wounded at Acre, May 1799. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Present at the execution of prisoners at Jaffa in 1799. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Killed at Acre. Bon, Madame Present at the exhumation of the Duc dEnghien, 26th March 1816. BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, Vicomte de 1754-1840. A French philosopher and politician: disliking the Revolution, he emigrated in 1791, joined the Army of the Princes, and soon afterwards settled at Heidelberg. There he wrote his first important work, the highly conservative Theorie du pouvoir politique et religieux (1796), which was condemned by the Directory. Returning to France he found himself an object of suspicion, and was obliged to live in retirement. In 1806 he was associated with Chateaubriand in the conduct of the Mercure de France, and two years later was appointed councillor of the Imperial University which he had often attacked. After the Restoration he was a member of the council of public instruction, and from 1815 to 1822 sat in the chamber as deputy. His speeches were on the extreme conservative side; he even advocated a literary censorship. In 1822 he was made minister of state, and presided over the censorship commission. In the following year he was made a peer, a dignity which he lost through refusing to take the oath in 1830. From 1816 he had been a member of the Academy. He took no part in public affairs after 1830, but retired to his seat at Le Monna, where he died. Bonald was one of the leading writers of the theocratic or traditionalist school. His writings are

mainly on social and political philosophy, and are based ultimately on one great principle, the divine origin of language. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 A returning migr in 1801. A friend of Chateaubriand and Madame de Beaumont. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 The man described. BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 An exemplar of the new nineteenth century literary style. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriands article on his La Lgislation primitive, appeared in Le Mercure 20th November 1802 and 8th January 1803. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 He collaborated with Chateaubriand on the Conservateur, in 1818. Bonaparte (Buonaparte) Family Various genealogies for the family known to Chateaubriand are given. BkXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The genealogy of the family. Bonaparte, Caroline see Murat Bonaparte, Charles-Marie, Carlo-Maria Buonaparte 1746-1785. Napoleons father. A Corsican noble and lawyer. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Bonaparte, Charles-Louis-Napolon, Napoleon III 1808-1873. President of France from 1849 to 1852, he was then Emperor of the French under the name Napolon III from 1852 to 1870. The youngest son of Louis Bonaparte. Bonaparte, Napolon-Louis-Charles 1802-1807. The eldest son of Louis Bonaparte. Bonaparte, Elisa, see Madame Bacciochi Bonaparte, Elisabeth, ne Patterson 1785-1879. Known as Betsy, she was the daughter of a Baltimore merchant, William, born in Ireland, who had emigrated to North America prior to the American Revolutionary War. A Catholic, he was the wealthiest man in Maryland after Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. She married Jrme Bonaparte in Baltimore 1803, but was later deserted by him. Napoleon ordered his brother back to France and had the marriage annulled. Jerome returned to France with Betsy

but she was denied landing in continental Europe. She gave birth to a son in 1805, in London. Jerome gave in to his brother, returned to the French Navy and married the German princess Catharina of Wrttemberg. Betsy returned to Baltimore with her son, Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte and lived with her father. After Waterloo she returned to Europe where she was well received and much admired for her beauty and wit. In 1815, by special Act of the Legislature of Maryland, she secured a divorce. Her last years were spent in Baltimore in the management of her estate, the value of which she increased to one and a half million dollars. BkXX:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Bonaparte, Hortense, ne Beauharnais 1783-1837 Napoleons step-daughter, and Queen of Holland (180610), she was the daughter of Alexandre and Josephine de Beauharnais, and wife of Louis Bonaparte. She was the mother of Napoleon III and, by her lover the Comte de Flahaut, of the Duc de Morny. She was made Duchesse de Saint Leu by Louis XVIII. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIII:Chap13:Sec1 Napoleons comment on her in 1815. Bonaparte, Jrme 1784-1860, King of Westphalia, then Comte de Montfort. Napoleons youngest brother, he spent the period from 1793-99 at school in Juilly. Napoleon then placed him in the Consular Guard, but transferred him to the Navy in 1800. He then served in the West Indies until 1803. Before leaving for France, he married Elizabeth Patterson in Baltimore, though Napoleon refused to recognise the marriage. Jrme continued to serve in the Navy until 1806, when Napoleon made him a general of division, and gave him the command of a corps of Bavarians and Wrtembergers. He campaigned with them in Silesia. After the treaty of Tilsit, Jrme was placed on the throne of the new kingdom of Westphalia, with the daughter of the King of Wrttemberg as his queen. In 1812 he took part in the campaign in Russia at the head of a Westphalian corps. He was forced to leave his kingdom in 1813, and lived in Switzerland, then Trieste. During the Hundred Days, he commanded a division and took part in the battle of Waterloo. After the final fall of his brother, he spent thirty years in exile. When he returned to France he became governor of Les Invalides, and in 1850 became a Marshal of France. He is buried in the Invalides. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 King of Westphalia from 1807. BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 Recognised as King of Westphalia by Russia after Tilsit.

BkXX:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Bonapartes disapproval and annulment of his marriage. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Passed through Blois on his way to Switzerland in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 He assaulted and took the farm of La Haye-Saint at Waterloo BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 In Rome in 1828. BkXXX:Chap8:Sec1 In Rome in 1829. He took the title Jrme de Montfort in exile. Bonaparte, Joseph 1768-1844, King of Naples (1806), King of Spain (1808-13). Napoleons brother, and the eldest of the children of Carlo and Letizia to survive infancy. Having gained some note as French minister to Parma and Rome, he became (1797) a member of the Council of Five Hundred for Corsica. Joseph later negotiated a treaty (1800) with the United States and represented France in the peace negotiations at Lunville (1801) and Amiens (1802). When Napoleon became emperor, Joseph bitterly protested being left out of the line of succession. In 1806 Napoleon made him king of Naples, which Joseph administered very inefficiently, and in 1808 he was made king of Spain instead. Thoroughly unsuccessful in defending his throne during the Peninsular War, he reluctantly abdicated in 1813. From 1815 to 1841 he lived mainly in the United States at Bordentown, N.J. He died in Italy. Napoleon I was born a year after Joseph, in 1769. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 King of Spain from 1808. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Married Mademoiselle Clary in 1794. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 At Antibes with Napoleon and Lucien in 1794. BkXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Correspondence with Napoleon in 1798. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 Made King of Naples and the Two Sicilies in March 1806. BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 Recognised as King of Naples by Russia after Tilsit. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 He became King of Spain, 6th June 1808. The Spanish people nicknamed him Pepe Botella (Joe Bottle) pointing to an alleged tendency to drunkenness. His supporters were called josefinos. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Bernadotte married his wifes sister. BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Commandant of Paris in 1814. He had returned to France after Vittoria. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Passed through Blois on his way to Switzerland in 1814.

BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Plotting Napoleons return in the Canton of Vaud in 1815. BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Embarked for the United States in 1815. BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 His project for a monument to Tasso at Sorrento. Bonaparte, Maria-Laetitia (Letizia) Romolino, called Madame Mre c1750-1836. Napoleon Bonapartes mother, she married Carlo-Maria Bonaparte in 1764. After Napoleons downfall she retired to Rome. BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1 She was given the name Madame Mre at Napoleons court. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Fled Corsica for Marseille in 1793. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Given sanctuary in Rome by Pius VII in 1814. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Passed through Blois on her way to Rome in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 She visited her son on Elba. BkXXIII:Chap13:Sec1 In Paris during the Hundred Days. BkXXV:Chap5:Sec1 Decazes was her secretary at one time. Bonaparte, Louis, King of Holland 1778-1846. Very close to his brother Napoleon during his early successes, Louis served with his brother in Italy and Egypt, fighting at Caldiero, Arcola and Rivoli. In 1805, he was given command of the French troops in Holland and within a year was crowned king of that nation. He fought the British during the Walcheren expedition and took a real interest in his adopted country's welfare. This brought about a split with Napoleon over the Continental System of trade and he gave up his crown in 1810. Louis then travelled Europe before retiring to Italy. He had one marriage, an arranged and unhappy one with Napoleons step-daughter Hortense Beauharnais. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 King of Holland from 1806. BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 Recognised as King of Holland by Russia after Tilsit. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Napoleon took back the kingdom in 1810. Bonaparte, Lucien, Prince de Canino 1775-1840. A brother of Napoleon, he first became prominent as President of the Council of Five Hundred. He took an important part in the coup of 18th Brumaire (1799); The Directory was overthrown, and Napoleon became First Consul. However, Lucien was critical of his brothers policies and married a commoner against Napoleon's wishes. He went to live in Italy under the protection of Pope Pius VII, who made him prince of Canino. When Napoleon made the pope a prisoner, Lucien attempted to flee (1810)

to the United States but was captured at sea by the British and interned in England. He returned to Italy in 1814 and became reconciled with Napoleon, who was then in Elba. Lucien returned to France during the Hundred Days, and after Waterloo he tried to secure the throne for Napoleon II. He died in exile in Italy. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand was introduced to him in 1801, though Lucien did not return from his posting as Ambassador to Madrid until the end of that year. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 He read the proofs of Le Gnie in early 1802 and reported in favour of the work. BkXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 A dinner given for his brother, Napoleon, after the Concordat of 1801-2 (which reaffirmed the Catholic Church as Frances major religion) which was ratified by the Legislative Body July 16th 1802. Chateaubriand saw Napoleon there. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Copied his brothers manuscript history. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 The Memoirs (1816, second edition 1836.) are of doubtful authenticity. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 His role on the 18th/19th Brumaire. BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 Suggested as Interior Minister in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap13:Sec1 In Paris during the Hundred Days. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 Supported the abdication, and the recognition of Napoleons son on the 22nd June 1815. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 Las Cases corresponded with him from St Helena. Bonaparte, Marie-Julie Clary, Madame Joseph 1771-1845. The daughter of Franois Clary (1725-1794) a rich silk merchant of Marseilles, she married Joseph Bonaparte, in 1794. Her sister Dsire married Bernadotte. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Her marriage. BkXXX:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand issued her with a passport in 1823. Bonaparte, Christine Boyer, Madame Lucien 1773-1800. She was the illiterate daughter of Lucien Bonapartes landlord daughter, and married Lucien in 1794. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Her tomb in Luciens garden at Plessis-Chamant. Bonaparte, Napolon, see Napolon I Bonaparte, Napolon-Louis 1804-1831. The second son of Louis Bonaparte, he died of measles at Forli.

BkXIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 His translation of his ancestors Sac de Rome, crit en 1527 by Jaques Bonaparte, tmoin oculaire, was printed in Florence in 1830. Bonaparte, Pauline, see Borghse Bonaparte et des Bourbons, De A work by Chateaubriand, published in 1814. A brilliant and effective pamphlet, it was said by Louis XVIII to be worth an army of a hundred thousand men to the Bourbon cause; and upon their re-establishment Chateaubriand was immediately in favour, and was made a member of the Chamber of Peers. BkII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap10:Sec1 He was writing it in December 1813. Note that the Allies entered Paris in March 1814. Napoleon abdicated in the April and was exiled to Elba. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec1 It was advertised in the Journal des Dbats of the 4th April 1814, and available the following day. BkXXII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. Bonchamp, Charles-Melchior Arthur, Marquis de 1760-1793. French general, born in Anjou, served in the American war; became one of the chiefs of the Vendan army; fell at the battle of Cholet, and when dying, relented over the blood already shed; reputedly ordered the release of 5000 prisoners which his party, in their revenge, was about to massacre. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Bonchamp, Marquise de Widow of the Marquis. Her death sentence annulled. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. Bondy, Pierre-Marie Taillepied, Comte de 1766-1847. A former Chamberlain of Napoleons, he was Prefect of the Rhne in 1810, then of the Seine in 1815. He was a Liberal Deputy under the restoration, returning to the Prefecture in 1830. He was named a Peer in 1832. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him on 16th April 1832. Bondy, Madame de

The wife of Pierre-Marie, in 1830? BkXXXII:Chap13:Sec1 Brings news to Louis-Philippe at Neilly on the 27th of July 1830. Boniface VIII, Pope 1235-1303. Pope (12941303). An Italian (b. Anagni) Benedetto Caetani, he was successor to St. Celestine V. Bonifaces contest with Philip IV of France was the principal feature of his career. In 1303 Philip sent Nogaret to Italy, proclaiming his intention of deposing the pope. Nogaret found the pope at Anagni and harassed him; the pope stood firm and according to tradition was slapped by Nogarets companion, Sciarra Colonna. The outraged people of Anagni thereupon drove out the attackers; Boniface was rescued and escorted to Rome. He died within a month. He is the Pope at the time of Dantes vision in the Divine Comedy (April 1300). BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap9:Sec1 Chateabriand compares Pius VIIs fate to that of Boniface. Bonington, Richard Parkes 1802-1828. An English Romantic landscape painter, his family moved to Paris in 1818, and his works were exhibited at the Paris Salon from 1822. He was a significant influence on the Romantic School. He died of tuberculosis in London. BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 His views of Venice (he was there in 1826) were exhibited at the Paris Salons of 1827 and 1828. Bonivard (Bonnivard), Franois 1496-1570. A Swiss patriot and historian, his life was the inspiration for Byrons 1816 poem The Prisoner of Chillon. Bonivard opposed Charles III, Duke of Savoy in his efforts to control Geneva; the duke captured Bonivard and imprisoned him at Grole from 1519 to 1521. In 1530, after further political activism, the duke imprisoned him again, this time underground in the Castle of Chillon. Bonivard was released by the Bernese when they conquered Vaud in 1536. BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Bonnay, Charles-Franois, Marquis de 1750-1825. He represented the nobility of the Nivernais in the States-general then emigrated in 1792. A colleague of Chateaubriand in the Chamber of Peers after the Restoration, he was his predecessor at the Berlin Embassy

(1816-1820). He was a friend of the Duc de Richelieu and approved his measures against the Ultras. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXV:Chap7:Sec2 Wrote letters attacking Chateaubriand, left in the archives. BkXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand succeeds him in Berlin in 1821. Bonnet, Monsieur A Frenchman who died in America c. 1822. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Bonnevie, Abb Pierre-tienne de 1761-1849. Returned from eastern Prussia at the start of the Consulate and was appointed in January 1803 as canon and chief curate of Lyons. He accompanied Cardinal Fesch to Rome where he remained until April 1804. A faithful friend of Chateaubriand. BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXV:Chap4:Sec1 Called to Madame de Beaumonts deathbed. BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 In Lyons in August 1805. Bonnier, Ange Elisabeth Louis Antoine 1749-1799. A French diplomatist, he was a member of the Convention, where he voted with the majority. During the Directory he was charged with diplomatic missions, first to Lille and then to the congress of Rastadt in October 1797. On the 28th of April 1799 the plenipotentiaries on leaving Rastadt were assailed at the gates of the town by Hungarian hussars, probably charged to secure their papers. Bonnier and one of his colleagues Claude Roberjot, were killed. The other, Jean Debry, was wounded. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Bono, Bartholomeo BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 His work on the Procuratie Vecchie in Venice. Bonpart Governor of the le Sainte-Marguerite according to Chateaubriands retelling of a legend concerning Buonaparte. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Bonstetten, Charles-Victor de

1745-1832. A traveller, and acquaintance of the Coppet group, he was in Rome in 1774, and returned in 1802-1803. Chateabriand met him in 1831 in Geneva where he lived, a few months before his death. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 His Voyage sur la scne des six derniers livres de lEnide, published in Geneva at the end of 1804. Bordeaux, France The city in south-west France, was the Roman Burdigala. Capital of the Gironde on the River Garonne. A major Atlantic seaport, it became the capital of Aquitania (later Aquitaine) but declined after the collapse of the Roman Empire. It flourished again under English rule (1154-1453), became a centre of the Fronde in the 17th century, and of the Girondins during the Revolution. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Chateaubriand was there in 1802. The Gallo-Roman Tutelary Temple was pulled down in 1674. The Chateau de Trompette fort stood on what is now the Place des Quinconces. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807. Bordeaux, Henri de France, Duc de: See also Henry V 1820-1883. Posthumus son of the Duc de Berry, he was the grandson of Charles X. BkIV:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 His christening on 1st May 1821. BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 The Duc de Montmorency appointed as his tutor in 1826. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned in 1830. Bordesoulle, tienne Tardif, Comte de 1771-1837. A Brigadier General in 1807, he became Inspector General of Cavalry under Louis XVIII in 1814. He was loyal to the King during the Hundred Days. In 1823 he contributed to the blockade of Cadiz and then the taking of Trocadro. A Peer of France he was commader of the Royal Guard in 1830. He later rallied to the July Regime. BkXXXIII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Bordier A strolling actor from Paris, he was famous for his role as Harlequin. He was a revolutionary, hanged with Jourdain, a lawyer from Lisieux, for causing a riot at Rouen in August 1789.

BkV:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Bordone, Paris 1495-1570. A Venetian painter, he was a pupil of Titian, and his work is sometimes mistaken for that of Titian. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Boreas The North Wind in Greek mythology. BkXXX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Borghse, Pauline Bonaparte, Princess 1780-1825. Napoleons favourite sister, known as Marie-Paulette. A woman of great beauty, she was the subject of considerable scandal. She accompanied her husband, General Leclerc, on the expedition to Haiti. After Leclercs death Napoleon arranged her marriage (August 1803) to Camillo Borghse, a member of the Roman nobility. They soon separated, however. Pauline, made Princess of Guastalla in 1806, fell into temporary disfavour with her brother because of her hostility to Empress Marie Louise, yet when Napoleons fortune turned, Pauline showed herself more loyal than his other sisters and brothers. BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 In Rome in November 1803. BkXV:Chap5:Sec1 Lent her family hearse for Madame de Beaumonts funeral. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Frron wished to marry her, but was disappointed. Junot was also enamoured of her. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 She visited her brother, Napoleon, on Elba. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 She held a ball to conceal Napoleons departure from Elba on the night of the 25th-26th February 1815. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 She wished to join Napoleon on St Helena. She died in Florence. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 She died near Florence on the 9th of June 1825. Borgo San Donnino, Italy A town and episcopal see of Emilia, Italy, in the province of Parma, 14 miles or so north-west of Parma. Pop. (1901). It occupies the site of the ancient Fidentia, on the Via Aemilia BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The Chateaubriands were there in September 1828. Borisov (Barysaw), Russia

A town in Belarus, it is on the Berezina River at its confluence with the Skha. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 The loss of the bridgehead there. Chichagov was positioned in the town. Borromeo, Carlo (Saint Charles) 1538-1584. Archbishop of Milan, he was born and spent his early years in the Castle of Arona. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 His tomb is in the crypt of Milan Cathedral. BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 His charity during the plague in Milan of 1575. Borodino, The Battle of the Moskva On September 7, 1812, or August 26 in the Julian calendar then used in Russia, Borodino also called the Battle of the Moskva, was the largest and bloodiest single-day battle of the Napoleonic Wars, involving more than a quarter of a million soldiers. It was fought by the French Grande Arme under Napoleon and the Russian army of Alexander I near the village of Borodino, west of the town of Mozhaysk. The battle ended with inconclusive tactical results for both armies, and only strategic considerations forced the Russians to withdraw. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Description of the battle. BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Latour-Maubourg wounded there. BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 The carnage on the battlefield. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Napoleon the victor, as opposed to Alexander the defeated. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 A source of major French losses. Borowsk, Russia A town 106km north of Kaluga it is 80km southwest of Moscow. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleons army passed it in retreat 22nd October 1812 and returned to it on the 26th. Bosphorus The strait, separating Europe and Asia, connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. Istanbul (Constantinople) is at its southern end. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 Mentioned. Bossuet, Jacques-Bnigne

1627-1704. A French prelate, he was one of the greatest orators in French history. At an early age he was made a canon at Metz; he became bishop of Condom and was (1670-81) tutor to the dauphin (father of Louis XV), for whom he wrote his great Discourse on Universal History (1681, tr. 1778, 1821), Politics Derived from Holy Writ (1709), and Treatise of the Knowledge of God and One's Self (1722). In 1681 he became bishop of Meaux. Unrivalled for his eloquence, he is celebrated for his Funeral Orations (1689), particularly those on Henrietta of England, on her daughter, and on Cond, which are masterpieces of their kind. He was also a great moralist, a magnificent stylist, and a powerful controversialist, brilliantly attacking Fnelon and the quietists, the Jesuits, and the Protestants. BkIV:Chap2:Sec2 Chateaubriand refers to his Sermons de Virtue of which the most celebrated is that for the profession of Madame de La Vallire, preached in 1674. BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 He was opposed by Le Pre Simon. BkV:Chap6:Sec1 His genius. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes a version of Bossuets celebrated funeral oration for the Prince de Cond. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Imitated Ciceros oratorical manner. BkXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Another reference to his Oraison funbre de Louis de Bourbon (Funeral Oration for the Great Cond), his last, given on the 10th March 1687 in Notre-Dame. The italicised phrases are quotations from it. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 A letter from Fnelon perhaps addressed to Bossuet. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Baussets Histoire de Bossuet of 1814. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 The Gallicans were French Roman Catholics following Bossuet and claiming partial autonomy (the opposite of ultramontanes) BkXIX:Chap17:Sec1 A quotation from the Universal History III:3 BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 A reference to his Easter sermon preached at Meaux 22nd April 1685. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 A modification of lines from Bossuets Funeral Oration for Henrietta of England. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 His work on religious unification. BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 The reference is to his Funeral Oration for Queen Marie-Thrse, of 1st September 1683. The French had bombarded Algiers on the 28th of October 1681. BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 A slight misquotation from the Funeral Oration for the Prince de Cond. BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Quoted.

BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 A reference to the Funeral Oration for the Prince de Cond. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 A re-working of a passage from his Sermon de mauvais riche 5th March 1662. Boston, Massachusetts The capital of Massachusetts on Massachusetts Bay, it was founded in 1630 by English Puritans, and prospered as the main colony of the Massachusetts Bay Company. It became a centre of opposition to the British prior to the American Revolution, in 1774. It was a leading force in the anti-slavery movement during the 1830s. BkVI:Chap7:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. BkVII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand travelled the 340 kilometres from New York to visit the battlefield at Lexington nearby. Botany Bay, New South Wales An inlet of the Tasman Sea in south-east Australia, it was the site of Captain Cooks first landing in 1770. A convict settlement planned there in 1788 was moved to Port Jackson five miles north. The Bay is now surrounded by the suburbs of Sydney. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Boucher After the assassination of Guise by Henri III, Boucher, cur of Saint-Benot, popularized an opinion of the Sorbonne in his book De justa Henriei Tertii abdicatione, in which be maintained that Henry III, as a perjurer, assassin, murderer, a sacrilegious person, patron of heresy, simoniac, magician, impious and damnable, could be deposed by the Church; that, as a perfidious waster of the public treasure, a tyrant and enemy of his country, he could be deposed by the people. One of the most important writers on Leaguer political thought in France in the 16th century, the central issue in his work was that of royal succession. Boucher became so influential in the Catholic League, as a preacher and author of polemical works, that he was called the one-eyed king of Paris. Borrowing from Huguenot works, he asserted that both the Church and the People had a right and an obligation to depose Henry III as a tyrant. The Peoples right was based on common law, in which it was clear that the people are superior to the monarchy, which they created, and they elect each new king. Thus, they can depose a king who is harming their interests. The Pope, as the supreme authority in religion, also has the power to depose a king and order the election of a new

dynasty. He added a new conclusion after Henry IIIs assassination, praising Jacques Clment as the new David killing Goliath, and proclaimed that the Estates must meet quickly to elect a Catholic king. BkXXXII:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Boutiez, Chevalier du BkI:Chap1:Sec5. He is mentioned as assisting in the granting of Chateaubriands application to enrol in the order of Malta. Bougainville, Louis-Antoine de 1729-1811. French Sailor, Soldier, Statesman and Mathematician, he founded the first settlement in the Iles Malouines (Falkland Islands); led a voyage around the world in the 1760s; he fought in the American War of Independence; wrote mathematical treatises and was elected to scientific academies, and survived a duel and the French Revolution to become a friend of Napoleon, and grow roses. After his death in 1811 he had islands, mountains and plants named after him. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. Bouill, Marie-Louise Carrre, Marquise de c1780-1869. A Creole from Martinique, she married Comte Francois-MarieMichel de Bouille (1779-1853), Marshal, Governor of Martinique and Peer under the Restoration. She had followed the Duchesse de Berry to England. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 In Prague in 1833. Bouillon, Godefroy de 1061?-1100. A Crusader, Duke of Lower Lorraine, he fought for the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV against Pope Gregory VII and against Rudolf of Swabia and was rewarded (c.1082) with the duchy of Lower Lorraine, which he claimed through his mother. With his brothers Eustace and Baldwin, he was among those who set out (1096) for Jerusalem on the First Crusade. On the way to Constantinople, he allowed his army to pillage the countryside, but after his arrival he made peace (Jan., 1097) with the Byzantine emperor, Alexius I. He played a minor role at Nicaea and Antioch, but achieved prominence in the siege of Jerusalem (1099) and was elected ruler of the city after its capture. Having refused the title of king on religious grounds, he was designated defender of the Holy Sepulchre. He won the battle of Ascalon (1099) and brought several Syrian towns under tribute. Godfrey was distinguished for his piety and simplicity. As the first Latin ruler of Jerusalem, he became the central figure of various legends, and his deeds

were glorified in the Chansons de Geste. His brother, Baldwin I, succeeded him as ruler of Jerusalem and took the title of king. BkXIX:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Bouillon, Philipe dAuvergne, Prince de 1754-1816. Rear-Admiral of the Blue in the English Navy (1804), a native of Jersey, he had been adopted by the last Duke (whose cousin he was and who only had a handicapped son) in 1789. In 1814-1815, before the decrees of the Vienna Congress were known he made an attempt to revive the ancient Duchy (in the Ardennes). The people recognised him and Louis XVIII was in agreement but the Congress assigned Bouillon to the Netherlands. BkX:Chap3:Sec3 Protector of the French refugees in Jersey in 1793, at which time he held the rank of captain in the English Navy (from 1784). Boulet A village in Brittany, part of the titled estates of Chateaubriands father. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Boulin Day labourer at Saint-Servan in 1798. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Attested to the death of Chateaubriands mother. Unable to write so could not sign the death register. Boulogne, France A city of northern France on the English Channel north-northwest of Amiens, of Celtic origin, it is the leading fishing port of France. BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleons ambitious scheme to invade England was devised in July 1803. It involved not only the French Army and Navy but also the construction of a special invasion kotilla. These vessels would transport men, horses, ammunition and artillery across the English Channel. Despite its difficult tides and lack of facilities, Boulogne was chosen as the key departure port. By the end of 1804, over 150,000 men were stationed at the camp there and some 2000 vessels were assembled ready for invasion. There were a series of magnificent ceremonies designed to boost morale, including presentations of the Legion of Honour. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 A major military camp in 1830. Boulogne (Boullogne), tienne-Franois de

1747-1825. Journalist and Chaplain to Napoleon and Bishop of Troyes from 1808 and Baron of the Empire, 1809 he was made a Peer and Comte from 1822. He was one of the foremost religious orators of his day. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 His reaction to Le Gnie. Bounelet, Monsieur Present at the exhumation of the Duc dEnghien, 26th March 1816. BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 One of the original grave-diggers. Bourbons, Les The Bourbon dynasty originated in Bourbonnais, now Allier, central France. It acquired Ducal status in 1272 when Agns Bourbon married the sixth son of Louis IX. The first Bourbon King was Henry IV (1589-1610), and the house continued to rule until the Revolution (1792) They were restored after the defeat of Napoleon in 1814 but again expelled in 1830 in favour of a cadet branch which ruled until the 1848 Revolution. Louis XIVs grandson became Philip V of Spain (1700) and the Bourbons ruled there until the abdication of Alfonso XIII in 1931. His grandson Juan Carlos was restored to the throne in 1975. Bourbons ruled Sicily and Naples between 1743 and 1860. BkI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand is being ironic regarding Bourbon hopes of return to the throne, since this was written after 1818. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Bourbon County, Kentucky. BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Bourbon, Charles III de Bourbon-Montpensier, 8th Duke and Constable de 1490-1527. Constable of France who became estranged from and subsequently opposed Franois I. He was killed while heading the assault on Rome. BkXIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Bourbon, Louis Henri, Duc de 1692-1740. He was First Minister of Louis XV from 1723 to 1726. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 mentioned. Bourbon, Louis-Henri-Joseph, Last Duc de 1756-1830. Father of the Duc dEnghien, on his own fathers death in 1818 he inherited but did not assume the Cond title. As he had no heirs, he left the residue of the Cond inheritance (after splendid bequests to his mistress)

to Henri dOrlans, duc dAumale. Within a few months he was found hanging from a window fastening in his bedroom at Saint-Leu Taverney, the magnificent estate that he had bought six years earlier. BkII:Chap5:Sec1 The post of tutor to him. BkIX:Chap14:Sec1 Leading the French corps with Clairfayt in 1792. BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in London in 1798. Chantilly is the town and castle (later rebuilt) north of Paris on the site owned by the Great Cond, and inherited by Louis. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Warned his son on June 16 1803 of his possible arrest. BkXVI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 His wish for silence regarding his sons execution. BkXVI:Chap11:Sec1 His will left Chantilly and the bulk of his fortune to the Duc dAumale, Louis-Philippes fifth son. The rest went to his mistress the Baronne de Feuchres. BkXXIII:Chap2:Sec1 Swears allegiance to the Charter in March 1815. Chateaubriand suggested he might leave for the Vende. BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand discussed his marriage prospects with the King. Bourbon, Charles-Louis de, Duke of Lucca, then of Parma 1799-1883. After Napoleons fall in 1815 the House of Bourbon was not restored to the Duchy of Parma, but the duchy was given to Marie Louise, Napoleons wife. Charles Louis was compensated with the smaller Duchy of Lucca. Maria Louisa died in 1847 and was succeeded by Charles Louis as Charles II of Parma. Lucca was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. On 19 April 1848 Duke Charles II abdicated his Duchy, during the uprisings of that year. For the rest of his long life (he survived his son), he lived in France as the Count of Villafranca. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Bourdaloue, Louis 1632-1704. He joined the Society of Jesus at 16 and taught successively rhetoric, philosophy, and moral theology. He began to preach in his 33rd year and was so successful that he was invited to appear before the court no less than 10 times and preached in Paris for 34 consecutive years. His contemporaries placed him even above Bossuet and he was called The Preacher of Kings and the King of Preachers. The characteristics of his eloquence were, religious logic, keen psychological analysis, and fearless apostolic severity. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Associated with Guillaume de Lamoignon.

Bourdasse, Jacques He was a Municipal Officer of Saint-Servan in 1798. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Signed the death certificate of Chateaubriands mother. Bourdic-Viot, Marie-Anne-Henriette Payan de lEstang, Madame de 1744-1802. A French poetess, born in Dresden, and three times married, she wrote an Ode to Silence (1787), which Chateaubriand greatly admired. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Bourdon de la Crosnire, Jean-Joseph Lonard 1754-1807. A Member of the National Convention, he was arrested and pardoned and spent the rest of his life in business and public administration. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Bourges In central France, it is the prfecture (capital) of the dpartement of Cher, and was also the capital of the former province of Berry. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Bourgout A forest at Combourg on the Chateaubriand estate. BkII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Bourmont, Louis-August-Victor de Ghaisnes, Comte de 1773-1846. Marshal of France, after an eventful military career he was Minister of War in 1829. He was commanding the expedition against Algiers when the July Revolution broke out in 1830 upon which Bourmont refused allegiance to Louis Philippe on his accession, and was dismissed from service. In 1832 Marshal Bourmont took part in the rising of the duchesse de Berry and on its failure fled to Portugal. He commanded the army of Dom Miguel during the Liberal Wars and after the victory of the constitutional party he retired to Rome. At the amnesty of 1840 he returned to France, where he died. BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Joined the Cabinet in 1829. His four sons were officers, and Amde, a lieutenant in Algeria was mortally wounded at SidiBrahim in July 1830. Another son died in Portugal serving Dom Miguel. BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Leader of the Algerian Expedition. Polignac acted in his absence at the War Ministry.

BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 His involvement in the Duchesse de Berrys uprising in 1832. Bournonville (Beurnonville), Pierre de Ruel, Marquis de 1752-1821. Minister of war in February 1793, he denounced his old commander, Dumouriez, to the Convention, and was one of the four deputies sent to watch him. Given over by him to the Austrians on April 3, 1793, Beurnonville was not exchanged until November 1795. He entered the service again, commanded the armies of the Sambre-et-Meuse and of the North, and was appointed inspector of infantry of the army of England in 1798. In 1800 he was sent as ambassador to Berlin, in 1802 to Madrid. Napoleon made him a senator and count of the empire. In 1814 he was a Member of the provisional government organized after the abdication of Napoleon. He followed Louis XVIII to Ghent, and after the second restoration was made a Marquis and Marshal of France. BkXXII:Chap17:Sec1 A Member of the Provisional Government in 1814. Bourqueney, Franois-Adolphe, Comte de 1799-1869 A Diplomat. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 Third secretary at the London Embassy. Bourrienne, Louis-Antoine Fauvelet de, 1769-1834. A French political figure, he was a friend of, and for a time (17971802) private secretary to, Napoleon, who made him a Councillor of State. Bourrienne later supported the Bourbon restoration and was elected to the chamber of deputies, where he was a spokesman for the ultra-royalist followers of King Charles X. His memoirs (10 vol., 182931) are vivid but untrustworthy. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentions Chateaubriands visit in March 1804 to the Tuileries but dates it incorrectly in his Memoirs. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 His Memoirs referred to. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned as an early friend of Napoleon. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 With Napoleon he witnessed the march to the Tuileries of 20th June 1792, when the king allowed the mob admittance. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 His brother, Fauvelet de Bourrienne, who kept a furniture shop.

BkXIX:Chap7:Sec1 The pamphlet was written in Beaucaire in 1793 where Napoleon went to rest after his regiment took part in the disturbing attack on Avignon. Two men from Marseilles appear in it, but only one speaks. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 Bourrienne was with Napoleon in Paris in May 1795. Bourrienne, Madame de The wife of Fauvelet de Bourrienne. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Her additions to her husbands memoirs. Bourse The Paris stock-exchange. Napoleon ordered its creation. It is situated between the Palais Royal and the Grands Boulevards in the commercial centre of Paris. He enlisted the architect Alexandre-Thodore Brongniart (1739-1813) who was known for his designs of private homes, a theatre and the Htel de Cond. The Bourse was the final work of Brongniart begun in 1807 and completed in 1825. Although he created all of the designs, he died in 1813 and another architect, Labarre succeeded him in the project. BkVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Boutin, Monsieur Financier, Treasurer of the Navy. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 He created the Folie-Boutin, the original Tivoli Gardens in 1771. Bouvines The city of Bouvines is between Lille and Tournai, in the 13th century in the County of Flanders and now part of France. The Battle of Bouvines, July 27, 1214, was the first great international conflict of alliances among national forces in Europe. In the alliances, which were orchestrated by Pope Innocent III, Philip Augustus of France defeated Otto IV of Germany and count Ferrand of Flanders so decisively that Otto was deposed and replaced by Frederick II Hohenstaufen. Ferrand was captured and imprisoned. Philip was himself able to take undisputed control of the territories of Anjou, Brittany, Maine, Normandy, and the Touraine, which he had recently seized from Ottos kinsman and ally John of England. BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Boyer, Pierre-Franois-Joseph, Adjutant General 1772-1851. He served with the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees, then with that of Italy, where he was made chief of staff of La Harpes division.

Commanded an attack column at Dego (14 April 1796). He became chief of staff of Augereaus division on 18 January 1797, and was promoted general of brigade. He took part in the expedition to Egypt and into Syria. After his return to France he was sent to S. Domingo (in October 1801). While sailing back to France in 1803, he was captured by the English. He was allowed back to France on parole, and in 1809 became Kellermanns chief of staff. He then served in Spain and Portugal, commanding a brigade, then a division of dragoons, as a replacement for Montbrun. He took part in the battles of Salamanca (22 July 1812) and Vitoria (June 1813), and became vice chief of staff to Soult. He fought at the Bidassoa, and was then recalled to France by Napoleon, seeing action at Laon and Arcis-sur-Aube. He commanded the military department of Mont Blanc during the Hundred Days. He was proscribed on the Second Restoration. Between 1824 and 1834 he held commands in North Africa. He passed to the reserve in 1839, and finally retired in 1848. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec2 Present at the taking of Rosetta in 1798. Boyer, Christine, see Madame Lucien Bonaparte Brabant During the French occupation of the Southern Netherlands in 1795 the old Hapsburg duchy of Brabant was dissolved. The territory was reorganised in the dpartements of Deux-Nthes (present province of Antwerp) and Dyle (the later province of Brabant). Brabant was a province of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1815 until 1830 and a Province of Belgium from 1830. BkXXXVII:Chap12:Sec1 Gold coins from there. Brackenridge, Henry Marie 1786-1871. An American writer, born in Pittsburgh, he was the son of the poet Hugh Henry Brackenridge. Admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1806, he moved to St. Louis, where he was a lawyer and journalist. Among his writings are Views of Louisiana (1814), part of which was one of the sources of Washington Irving's Astoria, and a pamphlet South America (1817), which puts forth a policy similar to the Monroe Doctrine. Sent to South America to study political conditions, he recounted his experiences in Voyage to South America (1819). His Recollections of Persons and Places in the West (1834) is a valuable historical source. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 His History of the late war between the United States and Great Britain (1816, reprinted 1817)

Bragadino, Marco Antonio d. 1571 The Christian commander of forces at Famagusta who fell to the Islamic Ottoman Turks in August 1571, was reputedly flayed. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Braganza, House of The royal house ruled Portugal from 1640 to 1910, and Brazil from 1822 to 1889. It took its name from the castle of Braganza or Bragana. The line was descended from Alfonso, the natural son of John I of Portugal, who became the duke of Braganza in 1442. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 Jean II in the text denotes Don Maria Jose Luis de Braganza (1769-1826) second son of Peter III, who exercised the regency in his mothers name. He decided on the 24th of November 1807 to take refuge in Brazil. Proclaimed King as John VI, in March 1816, he did not return to Lisbon until 1821. Bramante, Donato 1444-1514. An Italian architect, he introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his most famous design was St. Peters Basilica. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 He designed the tall marbles screen around the Chiesa della Case in Loreto. Brancas, Charlotte de Colbert, Madame de The daughter of Madame de Colbert, she married Antoine-Bufile Comte de Brancas (d. 1842) in 1824. BkXXXV:Chap17:Sec1 In Lucerne in August 1832 with her mother. Brhan, Louis Robert Hippolyte de, Comte de Pllo 1699-1734. A military commander, Chateaubriand describes him as diplomat, warrior, poet. He married Louise Franoise de la Villire (17071737) in 1722. Their sole child, Louise-Flicite de Pllo, born in 1726, married the Duc dAiguillon, and lived to the age of 70. BkI:Chap1:Sec9 Leader of the French at Danzig in 1734, he was killed in the battle. Brennus 4th century BC. The legendary Gaulish chieftain overran Italy and captured Rome c390BC. He occupied the city but failed to take the Capitol from

Marcus Manlius Capitolinus. According to legend, when the tribute that the Romans had agreed to pay was being weighed, a Roman complained, whereupon Brennus threw his sword on the scale, crying: Vae victis! Woe to the vanquished! BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 Mentioned. Brescia, Italy A city in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy, between the Mella and the Naviglio, BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833. Brest The major port and naval base in north-west France, located in a dramatic landscape at the end of a natural bay, at the west end of the Britanny peninsula. The military harbor was fortified by Vauban. BkI:Chap1:Sec9 BkII:Chap7:Sec1 BkII:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned. BkII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriands arrival there in January 1783. The Naval examinations took place in April and August. BkII:Chap8:Sec2 BkXLII:Chap11:Sec1 Arrival of the French squadron in 1783 (April or June). BkIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand left Brest in 1784. BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 The Comte de Plessix-Parscau was commander of the naval cadet corps there. BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 Naval officers from there in the migr army in 1792. BkX:Chap3:Sec3 Chateaubriand last saw Gesril there prior to their meeting again off Jersey. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Armand de Goyon sent there by Armand de Chateaubriand to report on its defences. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Troops of the Army against England stationed there. Breteuil, Louis-Auguste Le Tonnelier, Baron de 1730-1807. Minister of State under Louis XVI, he fought in the Seven Years War, then in 1758 left the army and joined the French Foreign Ministry. He was quickly appointed French ambassador to Cologne, where he proved to have excellent diplomatic skills. Between 1760 and 1783, Breteuil was ambassador to Russia, Sweden, the Netherlands, Naples and Austria. After he returned to France, he was appointed Minister of the King's Household. He was a liberal and humanitarian minister, who moderated the censorship laws. His time as Household Minister corresponded with the infamous Affair of the Necklace. His loyalty to Marie Antoinette earned him her gratitude

and trust. On July 24, 1788, Breteuil resigned, exhausted by the struggle for power on the Kings Council. As France became increasingly unstable, he retired to his chateau at Dangu. He was appointed Prime Minister on July 12, 1789 after Necker was dismissed. In retaliation, the Bastille was stormed on the 14th. After the fall of the Royal Family he spent his time working for the Royalist cause in exile. He was allowed to return to France in the 1800s by Napoleon, having made his peace with the Napoleonic government. He tried to urge other royalists to join him, but he was largely unsuccessful. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Replaced Necker in July 1789. BkIX:Chap8:Sec1 An early migr he effectively ran the emigrant nobility but gave way to the Comte de Provence (later Louis XVIII) in 1792. The Baronne de Montmorency, nee Gouyon-Matignon, was his grand-daughter. Bretteville-sur-Ay A town on the Normandy coast about a dozen kilometres south of Port-Bail. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Armand landed there in 1809. Breuning, or Bruning, Eleonore von, 1771-1841. A friend of the young Beethoven in Bonn, which Beethoven left in 1792. She married Franz Wegeler in 1802, and subsequently moved to Koblentz. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Beethovens letter to her of 2nd November 1793. Briareus The hundred-handed Giant in Greek mythology. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 Mentioned. Brien, or Briand, or Brient BkI:Chap1:Sec3 The original family name of Chateaubriand, and of the founders of the barony. Probably assumed by Thiern (Tihern) as Brient I. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Brien, the younger son of the ninth Baron, married Jeanne, daughter of Alphonse, King of Aragon. Another? Brien received the property of Plessis-Bertrand from the Du Guesclin family. Brien, Jean A sailor who assisted Armand de Chateaubriand in 1809. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Brienne-le-Chteau, France

The small town is located in the Aube, east of Troyes on the Aube River, and has an 18th century chteau. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Napoleon spent five years at the military college there from 1779-1784. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Napoleon fought Blcher and Schwarzenberg there on 1st February 1814. Arguably it was a French defeat, since Napoleon could not afford the losses. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Napoleon remembered Sir James Hall, father of Basil, from his days at Brienne. Brienne, Henriette Bouthillier Madame de The daughter of the Comte de Chavigny, she married Henri-Louis de Lomnie, Comte de Brienne, son of the Secretary of State, in 1656. She was a friend of the Princess de Cond. BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Brig A city in the canton of Valais, it lies at an ancient European crossroads where the Simplon Pass crosses the high Alps into Italy. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 The Jesuits were attempting to continue their treaching at the College in Brig after the re-establishment of the Order in 1814. Brinvilliers, Marie Madeleine dAubray, Marquise de c1630-1676. She conspired with her lover, Godin de Sainte-Croix, an army captain, to poison her father and two brothers in order to secure the family fortune and to end interference in her adulterous relationship. Her husband escaped the same fate by his complaisance. An investigation was made, and the marquise fled abroad, but in 1676 she was arrested at Lige. The affair greatly worked on the popular imagination, and there were rumours that she had tried out her poisons on hospital patients. She was beheaded and then burned. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Briot, Pierre-Joseph 1771-1827. Jacobin, Deputy to the Council of the Five Hundred, Commissioner to Elba (autumn 1801-spring 1802). He left Porto-Ferrajo in January 1804 to continue his administrative career in the Kingdom of Naples, where he was involved with the founding of the Carbonari. A friend

of the Comtesse de Clermont-Tonnerre, at whose house he met Chateaubriand. It was his successor Lelivre who provided Bertin with a passport in August 1802. BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Briqueville, Armand Franois Bon Claude, Comte de 1785-1844. Deputy for La Manche (Valognes) from 1827, and former cavalry Colonel in the Grand Army who fought in many major battles, he increased the severity of a proposition to banish the elder branch of the Bourbons, on its second reading. His father had fought for the Bourbons in Normandy but considered them an ungrateful race, and his son espoused the Republic. BkXXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 Chateaubriands pamphlet opposed the proposition. Briqueville responded. Brissac, Charles II, Comte then Duc de Coss d. 1621. Charles II de Coss-Brissac, Marshal of France and governor of Angiers. A member of the League as early as 1585, he conceived the idea of making France a republic after the model of ancient Rome. He laid his views before the chief Leaguers but none of them approved his plan. He delivered up Paris, of which he was governor, to Henry IV in 1594, for which he received the Marshals baton. He died in 1621, at the siege of Saint Jean dAngely. BkXXII:Chap18:Sec1 Named Governor of Paris by the Duc de Mayenne he gave up the town to the King in 1594. Brisson, Barnab, President 1531-1591. Barnab Brisson was a renowned jurist and philologist. He was appointed president of the Parliament of Paris in 1588. In 1591, he was hanged by the Seize (the Sixteen), a group of insurgents who captured Paris in a bizarre coup. The Seize was a political group that had pretensions of ruling the country; they were advocates for the lower classes and the restoration of the general council of the League, had some power within the League and the government in Paris and had even been instrumental in having Brisson appointed to his parlement post in the first place, three years earlier. Over time, they felt their demands were being generally ignored by various sectors of the government. Extremists in their ranks gradually stepped up the intensity of their actions, and in November 1591 they seized Brisson and two other conseillers and publicly hanged all three of them. Many of the Sixteen were soon executed or arrested.

BkIX:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre 1754-1793. French revolutionary and journalist. He began his career by writing numerous pamphlets and books. His Thorie des lois criminelles (1781) was a plea for penal reform. He was imprisoned briefly in the Bastille for writing a seditious pamphlet. Brissot visited the Netherlands, Switzerland, England, and the United States. He was interested in humanitarian schemes and founded the abolitionist Socit des Amis des Noirs. After his return to France in 1789 he began to edit the Patriote franais, which later became an organ of the Girondists (at first called Brissotins). Brissot, feeling that war would spread the principles of the French Revolution, did much to foment it with his diatribes against Europe's monarchs. In the Legislative Assembly his great influence on the conduct of foreign affairs contributed to the French declaration of war on Austria in 1792. After the fall of the monarchy, a power struggle between two groups ensued, and the Girondists were defeated. The Jacobin victory over the Girondists resulted in his execution. He left memoirs. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Bristol, England A port and city on the west coast on the Avon. It developed rapidly in the 17th and 18th centuries, trading with the Americas, and prospered greatly from the slave trade. BkVI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Brizard, (Jean-Baptiste Britart) 1721-1791. Actor. He retired at the same time as Prville, in 1786. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Acted at the Thtre-Franais. Broceliande, Brcheliant The mythical ancient forest in Brittany in which the Grail legends were set figures in medieval romance. The Forest of Paimpont is a surviving forested area which has become associated with the legend. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. Broglie, Albertine de Stal von Holstein, Duchesse de Wife of Victor, 3rd Duc de Broglie, from 1816. Broglie, General Charles-Louis-Victor, Prince de

1756-1794. Eldest son of Victor-Franois, Duc de Broglie, Prince de Broglie he attained the rank of marchal de camp in the army. He adopted revolutionary opinions, served with La Fayette and Rochambeau in the American Revolution, was a member of the Jacobin Club, and sat in the Constituent Assembly, constantly voting on the Liberal side. He served as chief of the staff to the Republican army on the Rhine, but during the Terror he was denounced, arrested, and guillotined in Paris on June 27, 1794. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Desaix was his aide-de-camp. Broglie, Achille-Lonce-Victor-Charles, 3rd Duc de 1785-1870. Son of General Victor de Broglie, he was a statesman and diplomat. He was 3rd Duke from 1804. A moderate he sought to reconcile the Revolution and the Restoration, and was identified with the Liberal party in 1829. He later held a number of high offices, was twice Prime Minister in 1830 and 1835-6, and was French Ambassador to London in 1847. The 1848 Revolution was a great disappointment to him. BkXXXI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 At a meeting of the monarchist party on 28th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap10:Sec1 In the Chamber of Peers on the 30th of July. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Thought to be opposed to freedom of the Press. BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 His request to the Pope concerning Marie de Berry. BkXL:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Broglie, Victor-Franois, 2nd Duc de, Marshal of France 1718-1804. A distinguished soldier in the Seven Years War, he was defeated at Willinghausen with Soubise and disgraced in 1761. He was Governor of Trois-vchs then Alsace in the 1770s. After 1789, he retired to Luxembourg, and then became involved in counter-revolutionary activities, commanding the army of Cond and a member of the council of the Count of Provence. In 1797 he went to Russia, then retired to Riga in 1798, and finally to Mnster, where he died having refused to return to France. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Appointed Minister of War in 1789 but resigned a few days later. Brollo He was the gaoler during Silvio Pellicos detention in Venice. BkXXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.

Brollo, Antonia She was the wife of Brollo the gaoler. BkXXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand finds her in Venice in 1833. Brollo, Angelo He was a son of Brollo the gaoler. BkXXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Brollo, Antonio He was a son of Brollo the gaoler. BkXXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Brosses, Charles, Comte de 1709-1777. A French magistrate and scholar, he was one of the most noteworthy French writers of the 18th century. He was the president of the parliament of Dijon (from 1741) and a member of the Acadmie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres of Paris (from 1746), and of the Acadmie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres of Dijon (from 1761). He was a close friend of de Buffon and a personal enemy of Voltaire, who barred his entry to the Acadmie franaise in 1770. Because he opposed the absolute power of the king, he was exiled twice, in 1744 and 1771. During his life, he wrote numerous academic papers on topics concerning ancient history, philology and linguistics, which were used by Diderot and DAlembert in the Encyclopdie (1751-1765). BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 He was in Italy in 1739-1740 and his Lettres familires were published in 1799. He disputed the Lordship of Tourney with Voltaire in 1759. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Quoted. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Brosses, Ren de An migr officer, the son of Charles, and Prefect of the Rhne in 1829. BkXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Alluded to. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned by name. Brougham, Henry Peter, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux 1778-1868. British statesman, born in Edinburgh: as a young lawyer in Scotland he helped to found (1802) the Edinburgh Review and contributed many articles to it. He went to London, was called (1808) to the English bar,

and entered (1810) Parliament as a Whig. Brougham took up the fight against the slave trade and opposed the restrictions on trade with the Continent. In 1820 he won popular renown as chief attorney to Queen Caroline (see Caroline of Brunswick, and in the next decade he became a liberal leader in the House of Commons. He not only proposed educational reforms in Parliament, but also was one of the founders of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1825) and of the Univ. of London (1828). As Lord Chancellor (183034) he effected many legal reforms to speed procedure and established the central criminal court. In later years he spent much of his time in Cannes, which he established as a popular resort. Designer of the four horse carriage named after him. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Broussais, Franois Joseph Victor 1772-1838. A soldier, a sailor, and for many years a surgeon in the army, he pursued medical studies at Saint-Malo and at the maritime hospital of Brest and became a surgeon aboard corsair ships. In 1831, he was appointed Professor of the University of Medicine in Paris and developed a medical theory on diseases based on inflammatory reactions. In his opinion, cancers belonged to the general framework of disorders favoured by irritation and needed to be treated by performing bleeding and applying leeches. Under his influence in the 1830's, France imported dozens of millions of leeches each year. The prestige of Broussais prevented a false and useless system from being stopped earlier. He himself died from cancer at the age of 66. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 A native of Saint-Malo. BkII:Chap10:Sec2 Studied at Dinan College with Chateaubriand. He was then twelve years old. Brown, Charles Brockden 1771-1810. American novelist and editor, b. Philadelphia, considered the first professional American novelist. After the publication of Alcuin: A Dialogue (1798), he wrote such novels as Edgar Huntly (1799), Arthur Mervyn (2 vol., 17991800), and Ormond (1799), in which he presented arguments for social reform. Wieland (1798) was by far his most popular work and foreshadowed the psychological novel. To support himself after 1800 he became a merchant but also edited successively three periodicals, wrote political pamphlets, and projected a compendium on geography. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 Wieland, or The Transformation, An American Tale (1798).

Bruges, Belgium The town in north-west Belgium was the capital of Flanders in the 12th Century and the centre of the Hanseatic League in the 13th and 14th. It is linked by canal to major European ports. The traditional industry is lace. BkXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 The Order of the Golden Fleece was established in Bruges by the Duke of Burgundy Philippe le Bon, on his marriage to Isabella of Portugal, on the 10th of January 1430. The Cathedral of St Bavo contains Van Ecyks marvellous Adoration of the Lamb. Brummel, George Bryan 1778-1840. Better known as Beau Brummell, he was an arbiter of fashion in Regency England and a friend of the Prince Regent. After offending the Prince, he lost favour, and died penniless and insane from syphilis in Caen in 1840. BkXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 An anecdote concerning him and George IV. Brune, Guiilaume Marie-Anne Brune, Count 1763-1815. A Jacobin and a friend of Danton, as general of brigade he took part in the fighting of the 13th Vendmiaire. In 1796 he fought under Bonaparte in Italy. In 1798 he commanded the French army occupying Switzerland, and in 1799 was in command of the French troops in the Netherlands. His defence of Amsterdam against the Anglo-Russian expedition under the Duke of York was exemplary. He rendered further good service in Vende and Italy, and was made a Marshal by Napoleon in 1804. In 1807 Brune held command in North Germany, but was not afterwards employed during the First Empire. He was recalled to active service during the Hundred Days, and as commander of the army of the Var defended the south of France against the Austrians. He was murdered by royalists during the White Terror at Avignon. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 Rallied to Louis XVIII at Compigne in 1814. Bruno, Saint c1032-1101. German founder of the Carthusian order, he was educated at Cologne and Rheims. He built a monastery near Grenoble which became the mother house of the order. Called to Italy by Urban II, he founded La Torre in Calabria where he died. BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Le Sueur illustrated his life in a series of paintings, which until the Revolution, decorated the little cloister of the Paris Chartreuse. They are today in the Louvre.

BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 His silence, an attribute. Brunswick (Braunschweig), Germany The city is located in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz mountains, at the farthest navigable point of the Oker river, which connects to the North Sea via the rivers Aller and Weser. BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Brunswick, Caroline Amlie of, see Princess of Wales Brunswick, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of 1735-1806. Duke of Brunswick (17801806), Prussian field marshal. He had great success in the Seven Years War (175663) and was commander in chief (179294) of the Austro-Prussian armies in the French Revolutionary Wars. Although he sympathized with some of the goals of the Revolution, he led the German army in its ill-fated march into France in 1792 and issued a manifesto threatening severe reprisals against the revolutionaries. Defeated at Valmy (1792), in 1793 he routed the French at Kaiserslautern and Pirmasens. He again commanded the Prussian armies in 1806 and was defeated by the French marshal Davout at Auerstadt. He was blinded in the battle and died soon after. His son was William Frederick, duke of Brunswick. BkIX:Chap8:Sec3 At Trves in 1792. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 His death after Auerstadt. Brunswick-Bevern, Princess Elizabeth-Christina of 1715-1797. The wife (1733) of Frederick the Great. He separated from her shortly after the marriage. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Brunswick, William-Frederick, Duke of 1771-1815. The son of Charles-William. On the death (1806) of his father, his duchy was seized by Napoleon and added to the kingdom of Westphalia. He attempted to liberate it from French control in 1809, when Austria reopened war against France. Frederick William formed a free corps, the Black Brunswickers, and in a dashing foray advanced through Germany and captured Brunswick. He soon was driven out but succeeded in fleeing with his troops to England. Returning in 1813, he took possession of Brunswick but was killed at Quatre Bras in the Waterloo campaign. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 His death.

Brussels The capital of Belgium, on the River Senne, it was settled by the French in the 7th century, and developed into a centre of the wool industry in the 13th. It became the capital of the Spanish Netherlands in the 15th and later of the Austrian Southern Netherlands. In 1830 it became the capital of the new kingdom of Belgium. BkIX:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrives there in 1792. It was the headquarters of the migr opposition. BkX:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand heads for there in September 1792, after being wounded and falling ill with smallpox. BkX:Chap3:Sec1 Republican troops threatened Brussels after their victory at Jemmapes on the 6th November 1792. They entered the city on the 15th. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrives there in March 1815, fleeing Paris during the Hundred Days. BkXXIII:Chap15:Sec1 Monsieur leaves Ghent for Brussels as Napoleons army approaches. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 The Battle of Waterloo fought nearby. Brutus, Lucius Junius The legendary founder of the Roman Republic and traditionally one of the first Consuls in 509 BC. He led a patriotic uprising against the Etruscan despot, Lucius Tarquinius. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 A classical pseudonym adopted by Lucien Bonaparte. BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 Admired by the Revolution. BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 Ancestor of Marcus Junius. BkXXXV:Chap27:Sec1 Brutus two sons, Titus and Tiberius, were drawn into a royalist conspiracy to re-instate Tarquin, and their father condemned them to death. See Davids painting The Lictors returning the Bodies of his Sons to Brutus (1789, Louvre) Brutus, Marcus Junius c85-42BC. Marcus Junius Brutus, co-leader of the conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar, and a writer on philosophy and rhetoric. He supported Pompey during the civil war, was pardoned and made governor of Cisalpine Gaul in 46, but later joined the conspiracy. He committed suicide after defeat by Antony and Octavian at Phillippi. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned as a type of the traitor. BkXIII:Chap5:Sec1 A reference to Fouch and those like him. BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 Descendant of Lucius.

BkXXXVII:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Bryant, William Cullen 1794-1878. An American poet and newspaper editor, born in Cummington, Massachusetts, in his early poems such as Thanatopsis, To a Waterfowl, Inscription for the Entrance to a Wood, and The Yellow Violet, all written before he was 21, he celebrated the majesty of nature in a style that was influenced by the English Romantics but also reflected a personal simplicity and dignity. Admitted to the bar in 1815 after a year at Williams and private study, Bryant practiced law in Great Barrington, Mass., until 1825, when he went to New York City. By that time he was already known as a poet and critic. He became associate editor of the New York Evening Post in 1826, and from 1829 to his death he was part owner and editor in chief. An industrious and forthright editor of a highly literate paper, he was a defender of human rights and an advocate of free trade, abolition of slavery, and other reforms. He also holds an important place in literature as the earliest American theorist of poetry. In his Lectures on Poetry (delivered 1825; published 1884) and other critical essays he stressed the values of simplicity, original imagination, and morality. His blank verse translation of the Iliad appeared in 1870, that of the Odyssey in 1872. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 Title of a poem by him. Buckingham and Chandos, Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-ChandosGrenville, 1st Duke of 1776-1839. He was MP for Buckinghamshire 17971813. He inserted Brydges-Chandos into his name by Royal Warrant in 1799. In 1806, he was made a Privy Counsellor, and in 1820, a Knight of the Garter. He was created Duke of Buckingham and Chandos in February 1822, his wife being the only daughter of the 3rd Duke of Chandos; he was in the same patent created Earl Temple of Stowe, with special remainder, which thus survived the extinction of the Dukedom in 1889. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 He fought a duel in Kensington Gardens with the Duke of Bedford on the 2nd of May 1822. Neither was injured. Buffon, George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de 1707-1788 A French naturalist and author, from 1739 the keeper of the Jardin du Roi (later the Jardin des Plantes) in Paris. He made it a centre of research during the Enlightenment. He devoted his life to his monumental Histoire naturelle (44 vol., 17491804), a popular and brilliantly written compendium of data on natural history interspersed with Buffons own

speculations and theories. Of this work, the volumes Histoire naturelle des animaux and poques de la nature are of special interest. His famous Discours sur le style was delivered (1753) on his reception into the French Academy. He also contributed to the mathematics of probability. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 His bust, and its inscription. BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 Quoted. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Creator of a new literary style. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 The African Crested Crane, Balearica pavonina, of non-Saharan Africa, is Buffons Oiseau Royal, with its golden crown of fine feathers and elegant plumage. He described it in his Natural History (it was also described in the Encyclopdie of Diderot and DAlembert, article 11:443) and there was a fine specimen in the Versailles menagerie for many years. For men the hairstyle loiseau royal popular during the reign of Louis XVI, seems to have involved a tall curled and powdered wig. By 1788 men were wearing their own hair tied at the back, sometimes powdered and cut to look like a wig, while the powdered wig was completely out of fashion by 1794. Long hair was unfashionable after 1800, and the wig was finally abandoned to womens fashion. Chateaubriand is therefore looking back to portraits from a by-gone age. Buffon, Marguerite-Franoise de Bouvier de Cpoy, Comtesse de 1767-1808 Daughter-in-law of George. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned, as the mistress of the Duc dOrleans. Bugeaud, Thomas Robert, Marquis de la Piconnerie, Duc dIsly 1784-1849. A distinguished Napoleonic officer, he became a Marshal of France (1843) and Governor-General of Algeria (1840). His conduct as gaoler of the Duchesse de Berry led to a duel between Bugeaud and the deputy Dulong in which the latter was killed (1834). BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 BkXL:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Bulaq ad Dakrur (Bulak), Egypt A town on the east bank of the Nile opposite Giza and the Pyramids, now a district of Cairo. There is also an island Gezira Bulaq nearby in the Nile itself. The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities was founded at Bulaq in 1863. BkXXIII:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. Bullion, Claude de

1560-1640. Keeper of the Seals and Superintendent of Finances under Louis XIII; Cardinal Richelieu annually rewarded his intelligent and disinterested administration by a bonus of 100,000 livres. BkII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Blow, Friedrich-Wilhelm von, 1755-1816 A Prussian general in the Napoleonic Wars. After his victories (1813) over the French at Gross Beeren and at Dennewitz he was created count of Dennewitz. In 1815 he played a conspicuous part in the Waterloo campaign. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 At Waterloo. Bungay, England A market town in Suffolk, it lies six miles from Beccles, on a loop of the River Waveney. BkX:Chap9:Sec1 BkX:Chap11:Sec1 Home of the Reverend John Clement Ives. BkX:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand tempted to return there. Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias, Baron von 1791-1860. A Prussian diplomat and scholar, he studied theology at the University of Gttingen. He was a friend of King Frederick William IV and urged him to accept liberal ideas. Bunsen was minister to the Papal court at Rome (182438) and Ambassador to Bern (183941) and to London (1842 54), but he was recalled from London because he supported alliance with the Western powers in the Crimean War. A scholar of note, Bunsen wrote on religion, language, literature, history, and law. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 Chateaubriand negotiated with him for the Caffarelli Palace on the Capitoline. Buonarroti, see Michelangelo Burgesh, see Lord Westmoreland Burghers, Lord A pseudonym of Napoleon, he adopted it on his journey to Elba. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 Mentioned. Burgos, Spain

A city of northernwestern Spain, at the edge of the central plateau. It is a 9th century city, with a famous cathedral (begun 1221), and has been at the centre of many wars (Moorish, Napoleonic, Carlist etc). BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 A letter dated from there. Burke, Edmund 1729-1797. The British political philosopher and politician, he was a supporter of aristocratic government and opposed to democracy, he condemned the French Revolution (Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790). Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 His influence on Anglo-French relations. BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 His reactionary politics. BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 He split with Fox in 1792 and retired from parliament in 1794, a short while after the death of his son Richard (b 1757). His school for migr children was founded in Penn in 1796. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 As a famous Englishman. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Burkheim A city in Baden-Wrttemberg, it received its city charter in 1300 and was at the time a possession of the Lords of senberg. BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1833. Burney (or Burnet), Frances (Fanny), Madame DArblay 1752-1840. A British writer, she became Madam DArblay, marrying an exiled nobleman from France, and subsequently lived in Paris (1802-1812). Her Diaries and other works give a vivid picture of the inner life at Court, and include a meeting with Chateaubriand in 1814 at Ghent. Her novels include Evelina (1778), Cecilia (1782), and Camilla (1796). BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned as a popular authoress. Burns, Robert 1759-1797. Scottish poet considered the major poetic voice of his nation. His lyrics, written in dialect and infused with humour, celebrated love, patriotism, and the rustic life. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 An early Romantic. Burschenschaft

An association of students in support of German liberation and unity; formed in 1813. After joint student demonstrations at the Wartburg Festival in October 1817 and the assassination of August von Kotzebue (a German writer who served the Russian tsar) by the nationalistic Burschenschafter Karl Sand in March 1819, the alarmed German governments passed the Carlsbad Decrees which in part provided for the official suppression of the Burschenschaften. Thereafter, the clubs went underground until 1848, when they actively participated in the German Revolution. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Bussi, Giovanna Battista, Cardinal 1755-1844. A Cardinal from 1824, and Archbishop of Benevento. BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Bute, John Stuart, 3rd Earl of 1713-1792. A Scottish nobleman who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain (17621763) under George III. Later Bute retired to his estate in Hampshire, from where he continued his pursuit of botany and became a major literary and artistic patron. BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Buttafuoco, Matteo 1731-1806. He acted as Deputy for the Corsican nobility in the National Assembly. He had been sent by Paoli to treat as plenipotentiary with France, was won over by Choiseul, declared against the national cause, and appeared in the island as colonel of Louis XVs Corsican regiment. Napoleon in a famous early letter berated him for his treachery. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 His request to Rousseau in 1764 to draft a constitution for Corsica, a project on which Rousseau carried out preliminary work. BkXIX:Chap7:Sec1 The letter quoted was written in January 1791. BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Bonapartes pamphlets written to him. Buturlin, Dimitrii Petrovitch 1763-1829. Russian soldier, military historian, politician, librarian of the Imperial Russian Library, he was one of the most outstanding book collectors of 19th century Russia. He formed an important library unfortunately destroyed during the burning of Moscow in 1812. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec1 His History of the Russian Campaign referenced. Byron, Annabella Milbanke, Lady

1792-1860. She married Lord Byron in 1815, and had a daughter Ada by him, prior to separating from him permanently. Byron, George Gordon, Lord Byron, Sixth Baron 1788-1824 Poet, author of Childe Harolds Pilgrimage (1812), Don Juan (started 1818) etc. One of the most famous European poets of his day, he inherited his great-uncles title. A supporter of Greek Independence, he died, of fever at Missolonghi in Greece, pursuing its goal. Preface:Sect3. BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 Mentioned by Chateaubriand. BkV:Chap15:Sec4 Chateaubriand quotes Childe Harold, III.2. BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 Byrons notorious love-life, particularly in Venice. BkX:Chap10:Sec1 An exemplar of the love-poet. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 His lameness (a club foot). His debt to Shakespeare. BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 The leading poet. BkXII:Chap4:Sec1 A major digression on Byron and his works. Byrons early childhood was spent in Aberdeen. He inherited Newstead Abbey near Mansfield at age 10 in 1798. Byron did not in fact attend Harrow School until 1801 while in the French text Chateaubriand incorrectly states that his time there overlapped with his own exile in London. Chateaubriand quotes from Byrons Hours of Idleness (1807) When I roved, a young Highlander.and an edited version of Lines written beneath an elm in the Churchyard of Harrow. Byron was in Venice 1816-1819, Chateaubriand earlier in 1806, then later in 1833 and 1839. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 Chateaubriand refers to Childe Harold Canto I:VII, and Canto IV BkXIII:Chap3:Sec2 His supposed literary debt to Chateaubriand. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 The quotation is from Hours of Idleness, Occasional Pieces X, Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 His lack of understanding of Napoleons character. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Revolted by Napoleons attacks on the English. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 He briefly took his seat in the House of Lords, where he too expressed liberal views. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 He was in Ravenna in 1819-1820 with Tersea Guiccioli. Chateaubriand dubs him Childe Harold, the name of Byrons own hero. Byrons Prophecy of Dante, 1820, condemns the Papal Power in Rome and the foreign presence in Lombardy, and exhorts the Italians to unify their country. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 See Childe Harold Canto IV:66-68 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 Byron was in Rome in 1817. The quotation is from Childe Harold IV:79 etc. Niobe was the wife of Amphion, king of Thebes

who rejected Latona and boasted of her children. Her seven sons were killed by Apollo and Diana, the children of Latona (Leto), and her husband commited suicide. Still unrepentant, her daughters were also killed, and she was turned to stone and set on top of a mountain in her native country of Lydia where she weeps eternally. BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap21:Sec1 Byron lived in the Villa Diodati at Cologny in 1816, Shelley and his entourage also staying nearby. A trip on the lake with Shelley to the Fortress of Chillon lead to his writing of a poem about Bonivard, titled the Prisoner of Chillon. BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 A traveller who wrote poetry about his travels. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 See Childe Harold Canto IV:XIV:3. Byron was in Venice from 1816-1820. BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 His reputation as a womanizer. BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 For Margherita Cogni, and the passages quoted, see Byrons somewhat more risqu Letter to John Murray dated August 1st, 1819, from Ravenna. For Byron on Rubens, and the arts in general, see his letter to John Murray of April 14th 1817 from Venice, effectively quoted here. BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Glory and Greece.the lines are from On This Day I Complete My Thirty-Sixth Year, written at Missolonghi on Januray 22nd 1824, except that Chateaubriand alters the me of the first line quoted to us, indicating his own wish to die in Italy. BkXXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Isabella Albrizzis account of him. BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 He met Teresa Guiccioli at Contessa Benzonis. BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 His horses stabled on the Lido in Venice. BkXXXIX:Chap21:Sec1 See Childe Harolds Pilgrimage, Canto IV:80-83. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 For Arqua see Childe-Harold Canto IV:30-33. Byron, John 1723-1786. Commodore Byron was the grandfather of the poet. He explored Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, and the Falklands between 1764 and 1766. BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Cacault, Franois 1743-1805. A Breton diplomat, he negotiated the Treaty of Tolentino (1797). A member of the Legislature, he returned to Rome in February 1801 to negotiate the Concordat with the Pope. He was made a senator in 1804.

BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him as he relinquished his post in Rome in 1803. Cacciaguida 1091-c1147. Dantes great-great-grandfather, his son was Alighiero I. Cacciaguidas wife was Alighiera of the Aldighieri family of Ferrara. He took part in Saint Bernard of Clairvauxs crusade of 1147 under Emperor Conrad III, and was killed during the crusade BkI:Chap4:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes Paradiso XVII:58-69, where Cacciaguida foretells Dantes future, having recalled his ancestry. Cadet de Gassicourt, Charles-Louis 1769-1821. A pharmacist poet, he published various satires, some on Chateaubriands works e.g. Atala ou les Habitants du dsert of 1801. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand confuses him with his son. Cadet de Gassicourt, Charles-Louis-Flix 1789-1861. A Liberal activist he became Mayor of the 4th Arrondissement. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 He pulled down the fleur de lis cross from the spire of Saint-Germain-lAuxerrois and inscribed over the porch: National Property. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 His proclamation of the 4th of April 1832 included invective against the Carlists. Cadore, Jean-Baptiste Nompre de Champagny, Duc de 1756-1834. French statesman and diplomat, foreign minister under Napoleon I. In 1804 he became minister of the interior, succeeding Talleyrand as foreign minister in 1807. Champagny was responsible for the annexation of the Papal States, for the abdication of Charles IV of Spain, for the Franco-Russian negotiations at the Congress of Erfurt (all in 1808), and for the Treaty of Schnbrunn between France and Austria (Oct. 14, 1809), for which he was made Duc de Cadore. He also negotiated Napoleons marriage to Marie-Louise (1810). In 1811 a disagreement with Napoleon led to Champagny's resignation as foreign minister, but he continued in ministerial and senatorial offices. After Napoleons fall Champagny adhered to the restored monarchy and was made a peer of France. His Souvenirs appeared posthumously. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Quoted.

Cadiz The city and seaport, in Andalusia, in south-west Spain, was founded c1100BC by Phoenician merchants it was taken from the Moors by Alfonso the Wise of Castile in 1262. It prospered as a base for the Spanish treasure fleets, following the discovery of the Americas. BkI:Chap4:Sec6 Its affinity with Saint-Malo. BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 Napoleon laid siege to Cadiz in 1811. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Moreau there in 1804. Chiclana de la Frontera is about five miles north of Barrosa in the Province of Cadiz, where Sir Thomas Graham defeated Marshal Victor on the 5th of March 1811. The Duc dAngoulme installed his headquarters at Chiclana during the siege of Cadiz in September 1823. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 Cadiz was under siege by the British February 1797 to April 1798. The reference to Napoleon is curious as he was campaining in Italy in 1797, and setting out for Egypt in 1798. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 The 1823 siege. Cadoudal, Georges 1771-1804. French royalist conspirator. A commander of the Chouans, he led the counter-revolutionists in the Vende. He fled to England in 1801 after the failure of an attempted assassination of Napoleon. In 1803 he returned as the leader of another conspiracy. Generals Pichegru and Moreau were implicated in the plot. Insurrections were planned in Paris and in the provinces, but the conspiracy was uncovered by Fouch, and Cadoudal was executed. The conspiracy, exaggerated in report, was used as a pretext to transform the Consulate into Napoleons empire. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Arrested on the 9th March 1804. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 His trial mentioned. Caen The city and port in north-west France, capital of the Calvados department, on the River Orne, was captured by the English in 1346 and again in 1417, and became a Huguenot stronghold in the 17th century. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 The governor, Henri de Belzunce was murdered in 1789. Caesar, Gaius Julius

100-44BC. The Roman General became a Consul and Dictator from 49 to 44BC when he was assassinated by Brutus, Cassius and the other conspirators. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 His Commentaries. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned, in a reference to Napoleon. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 He captured Marseilles in 49BC, during his conflict with Pompey. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His legions who died at Thapsus (Ras Dimas, on the coast well to the south-east of Carthage) in Tunisia. He defeated Cato the Younger there in 46BC. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 The Julian family claimed to be descended from Iulus the grandson of Venus and Anchises. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand attributes a poetic nature to him. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Caesar passed through Palestine, Syria and Asia Minor, where he reorganised the provinces before he returned to Rome in 47 BC. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Caesar was fighting as an ally of Cleopatra in Alexandria in 48BC. At one point when the Romans were forced to retreat from land to their docked ships, his own galley was sunk and he had to swim 200 paces to another nearby ship to reach safety. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 Anecdotes concerning him. BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 His refusal of the crown in 44BC. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 See Suetonius, Life of Caesar, LXII. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 Assassinated in the Senate House on the Ides of March (March 15th 44BC) BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 His literary ability. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 As a famous Italian military man. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2 Caesar was deified and his apotheosis identified with the appearance of a comet at the time. See Ovids Metamorphoses, the last pages. BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 His conflict with Pompey in the Civil Wars. BkXXVIII:Chap20:Sec1 His greatness of spirit lacking in Napoleon. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 He crossed the Rubicon in 49BC, with his army, initatiating the Civil War against Pompey. BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 The descendant of Venus, via Aeneass father Ascanius, according to legend.

BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 As a historian. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Montaignes view of his greatness of soul. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 A bridge at Mannheim, attributed by Chateaubriand to Caesar. BkXXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 His age of the world. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 The legions transported to Epirus to fight Pompey in 48BC, left from Brindisium (Brindisi). Caesarea, Maritima or Palaestina, Israel The town built by Herod the Great about 25 13 BC, lies on the sea-coast of Israel about halfway between Tel Aviv and Haifa, on the site of a place previously called Pyrgos Stratonos (Strato or Stratons Tower, in Latin Turris Stratonis). BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Mentioned. Caffarelli du Falga, Louis Marie Joseph Maximilien de 1756-1799. Brilliant commander of the army of the Orient, he had his elbow smashed by a bullet at the siege of Acre. He had already lost his left leg to a cannonball on November 27, 1797, as he was serving under Klber in the army of Sambre-et-Meuse. In Egypt he was known and adored by the entire army. The soldiers liked to say of him: Caffa doesn't give a damn what happens; hes always sure to have one foot in France. He was also a philosopher, who was elected to the Institute of Egypt on February 13, 1796 in the class of moral and political sciences. He was part of the commission in charge of drafting the regulations of the Institute of Egypt and accompanied Napoleon on the surveys to trace the route of what would one day be the Suez Canal. Stricken with gangrene he died of a fever. Napoleon wrote in the order of the day: Our universal regrets accompany General Caffarelli to the grave; the army is losing one of its bravest leaders. Egypt one of its legislators, France one of its best citizens, and science, an illustrious scholar. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 With Napoleon on the Egyptian Campaign. Caffarelli Palace, Rome A seventeenth century palace built by Duke Caffarelli on the Capitoline Hill, on the ancient site of Jupiters temple to the south-west. Chateaubriand negotiated with Baron Bunsen for a let of the Palace. BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Caffe, Monsieur

A contact made by Chateaubriand on his travels. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 His letter to Chateaubriand from Alexandria. Cagliostro, Alessandro, Conte di, (Giuseppe Balsamo) 1743-1795. An Italian adventurer, his pretended skills in alchemy and magic gained him fame in Paris and throughout Europe. He was arrested for promoting freemasonry and died in prison in Italy. BkV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Cahuzac, Henri-Roger, Comte de, see de Caux Cairo The capital of Egypt, in the north on the east bank of the Nile, the Arabic city of El Fustat was founded in 641AD, and from the 9th century as El Qahira it was the capital of the Fatimid, Ayyubite, and Mameluke dynasties. It declined following the Turkish conquest in the 16th century, but revived in the 18th century under Mehemet Ali. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there in 1806. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec2 Napoleon entered Cairo (four miles distant) two days after the Battle of the Pyramids (fought on the 21st of July 1798). Napoleon made his headquarters what is now the Helwan-Shepard Hotel, a former Mameluke Palace. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 An example of French influence. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 A reference perhaps to the 10th century Al-Azhar mosque with its many-pillared interior. Calais, France The port in Northern France, in the Pas-de-Calais department, was besieged and captured by Edward III in 1346 and remained in British hands until 1558. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand landed there from Dover on the 6th May (16th Floral) 1800. His expressed regrets at leaving England were possibly to do with a liaison with Madame de Belloy. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 Louis XVIII left Dover for Calais on the 24th April 1814. Calcutta (Kolkata), India

The capital of the Indian state of West Bengal, it is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city served as the capital of India during the British Raj until 1911. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Caldiera It was the location of a wartime engagement in Italy in 1813. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Calendario, Filippo fl:1340-1360. He was a Venetian architect. BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 His work on the Ducal Palace. The 13th/14th century palace was built between 1340 and 1420. The main features visible today are 14th and 15th century. Caligula, Gaius Caesar 12-41AD. A Roman Emperor (37-41) he was the son of Germanicus Caesar and Agrippina the Elder. Succeeding Tiberius he initially enjoyed great popularity but his subsequent tyrannical and extravagant behaviour brought allegations of madness. He was assassinated. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 Marat compared to him. BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 His mother Agrippina, the wife of Germanicus, gave her name to the city of Cologne, Colonia Agrippinensis. BkXLII:Chap14:Sec1 As an example of a tyrannical ruler. Callisthenes of Olynthus c360-328BC. A Historian and biographer of Alexander the Great, whom he accompanied to Asia, he was a great-nephew and pupil of Aristotle. His Greek history (covering the years 387-356) and three books on the Third Sacred War are lost. During the campaign, Callisthenes main duty was to write the Alexandrou praxeis or Deeds of Alexander. In Babylon, Callisthenes supervised the translation of the Astronomical diaries, which were used by Callipus of Cyzicus to reform the Greek calendars. In the summer of 327, Callisthenes voiced protests against the introduction of proskynesis (an aspect of the Persian court ritual) among the Macedonians, and lost Alexander's favour. He died in prison from torture or disease. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Mentioned. Callot, Jacques

c1592-1635. A French etcher and engraver, in the service of Cosimo II de' Medici, he created many works: the Capricci, small, vivacious figure groups; gay scenes of Medici court life; the vast Fair at Impruneta (1620); and sparkling illustrations of the theatre among them his Commedia dell'arte group, which was reproduced in his Balli (1621). On Cosimos death in 1621, Callot returned to Nancy and, under the patronage of the ducal court, gained a considerable reputation. He became known for his fantasies, grotesques, beggars, and caricatures, then much in vogue. He was commissioned in 1627 by the Infanta Isabella of Brussels to engrave the siege of Breda, and by Louis XIII to etch the sieges of Rochelle and the island of R and a series, Views of Paris. Too independent for court favour and deeply affected by the scenes of carnage he had witnessed, he retired to Nancy, where he executed in 1633 his masterwork, the two series entitled Miseries of War. These studies of human brutality and suffering were the first dispassionate, un-romanticized treatment of the horror of war. Callot produced nearly 1,500 plates and 2,000 drawings in a wide variety of styles and subjects. The grandeur and brilliance of his work profoundly influenced many major masters, including Goya, Rembrandt and Watteau. His technical innovations established important procedures for subsequent etchers. BkXI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de 1734-1802 A French statesman, he was Controller-General of Finances (1783-87). Faced with a huge public debt and a steadily deteriorating financial situation, he adopted a spending policy to inspire confidence in the nation's financial position. He then proposed a direct land tax and the calling of provincial assemblies to apportion it, a stamp tax, and the reduction of some privileges of the nobles and clergy. To gain support, he persuaded King Louis XVI to call an Assembly of Notables, but the Assembly (1787) refused to consider Calonnes proposals and criticized him bitterly. Dismissed and replaced by tienne Charles Lomnie de Brienne, Calonne fled (1787) to England, where he stayed until 1802. In 1766 he was Procureur-Gnral of the commission instituted to try La Chalotais. BkV:Chap1:Sec2 BkV:Chap10:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 Declared a traitor in December 1791. Calvin, John 1509-1564. The French Protestant reformer and founder of Calvinism, whose attempts to institute reforms in Geneva in 1536 lead to his exile in 1538. After preaching in Strasbourg he was invited back to Geneva in 1541

living there as its virtual dictator until his death. He sought to re-shape Geneva as a model community where every citizen came under the sway of the Church. BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Calypso A demi-goddess, living on the island of Ogygia in Homers Odyssey (Bks I, V etc), she detains Ulysses on her island. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Mentioned. Camaldoli, Italy In the Casentino region near Florence, Camaldoli is inhabited by Carthusians, and surrounded by pine forests, from the heights above which, on a clear day, may be seen the Mediterranean and Adriatic. BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 Mentioned. Camargo, Marie Anne de Cupis de 1710-1770 Born in Brussels. Famous dancer in the Paris Opera Ballet Corps. Debuted at 15 in 1726. Later, mistress of the Comte de Clemont. BkXI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Cambacrs, Prince Jean-Jaques Rgis de 1753-1824 French revolutionary and legislator, he was deputy to the National Convention and to the Council of Five Hundred, second consul under Napoleon (1799-1804), and Arch-Chancellor of the empire. Throughout his career, his chief interest was in developing the principles of revolutionary jurisprudence. He played a major part in the preparation of the Code Napolon. In 1808, he was made duke of Parma. Minister of Justice in the Hundred Days (1815), he was exiled after the restoration of the monarchy until 1818. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Involved in the abduction of the Duc dEnghien. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 He was a member of the Academy (restored by Bonaparte in 1803) until 1816 when he was expelled. He was regarded as a regicide but his attitude at Louis XVIs trial was more complex and he suggested a deferred sentence. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 The order was issued on 29th Fructidor Year III (15th September 1795), under Cambacres presidency. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec4 Napoleons unintelligible orders to him in 1812.

BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Presided over a French Regency in 1814. He fled Paris with Marie-Louise and the King of Rome. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 At Blois with the Regency. BkXXII:Chap18:Sec1 Welcomed the Provisional Governments condemnation of Napoleon in April 1814. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 His numerous nephews mentioned. Cambacrs, Marie Jean-Pierre Hubert de 1798-1881 Nephew of Prince Jean, and page to the Emperor, he was a cavalry Officer, and then lawyer. He was a Senator, and Grand-Master of Ceremonies to Napoleon III. His brother was Etienne-Armande Napoleon (1804-1878), Deputy for the Aisne. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Cambrai The town in north-east France, in the Nord department where Cambric was first made in the 16th century. BkIII:Chap14:Sec2 The Navarre Regiment garrisoned there. BkIV:Chap3:Sec3 Chateaubriand leaves Paris en route there in 1786. BkIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand was garrisoned there with the Navarre Regiment in 1786, and passed through again after the Hundred Days with the King. BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 Monsieur de Duras writes from there in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1815. The League of Cambrai, 150810, was an alliance formed by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, King Louis XII of France, Pope Julius II, King Ferdinand V of Aragn, and several Italian city-states against the republic of Venice to check its territorial expansion. Cambyses II of Persia d522BC King of Persia (529522) who extended Persian rule throughout the Nile Valley. He was the son and successor of Cyrus the Great. He invaded Egypt, defeating (525BC) Psamtik at Pelusium and sacking Memphis. His further plans of conquest in Africa were frustrated. Cambyses died, possibly by suicide, while putting down an insurrection at home. Darius I succeeded him. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Herodotus (III.25) describes how a Persian army was lost in the Libyan desert due to the khamsin, the desert wind.

BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 His return to Persia via Palestine. Camden, William 1551-1623. English antiquarian and historian. He wrote the first topographical survey of Britain, and the first detailed historical account of the reign of Elizabeth I. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 He was a conscientious scholar in editing old manuscripts and in collecting materials of antiquarian interest, many of which were in the British Museum at this time. BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand had examined several manuscripts with a view to translating them. Camerarius, Joachim 1500-1574. A German classical scholar, humanist and reformer he was born at Bamberg, Bavaria. His family name was Liebhard, but he was generally called Kammermeister, previous members of his family having held the office of chamberlain (camerarius) to the bishops of Bamberg. BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Camilla She is a warrior maiden in the Wars of early Latium. See Virgils Aeneid Book XI:532 et al. BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Camons, Luiz vaz de, (Lus de Cames) 1524-80 The Portuguese poet, born in Lisbon, he travelled to the Red Sea, Persia and Mozambique and spent some years in Goa, India. After his return to Lisbon in 1572, he published The Lusiads recalling the voyages of Vasco da Gama - a work that became the national epic of Portugal. Preface:Sect4 An example of a writer who travelled extensively. BkVI:Chap3:Sec1 The Tagus is the great river of Spain and Portugal, which enters the Atlantic at Lisbon. Camons ended his days in poverty. BkVIII:Chap4:Sec1 His Endechas a Barbara escrava, lyric verses for a Barbarian slave-girl. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Celebrated in a poem by Tasso. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 A reference to the Lusiads. BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 His journeys in southern waters. BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Supposedly he had a Javanese servant who attended to his needs in his last days.

BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 His death. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 His epitaph on John III of Portugal. Campbell, Sir Neil 1776-1827. English Commissioner for Elba in 1814 (3 May 1814 - 26 Feb 1815, resident). He kept an intimate diary of his time on Elba. He was Governor of Sierra Leone 1826 until his death December 1827. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 Commissioner for Elba. Campbell, Thomas 1777-1844. The Scottish poet is best known for his war poems Hohenlinden, The Battle of the Baltic, and Ye Mariners of England. Among his other volumes of poetry are The Pleasure of Hope (1799), Gertrude of Wyoming (1809); and Theodric (1824). BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as a recognised living poet in 1822. Campo-Formio, Peace Treaty of The peace treaty between France and Austria, signed near Campo Formio, a village near Udine, north-eastern Italy, then part of Venetia. It marked the end of the early phases of the French Revolutionary Wars. The treaty generally ratified the preliminary Peace of Leoben, signed at the conclusion of Napoleon Bonapartes Italian campaign. Bonaparte signed for France, Count Cobenzl for Austria. Austria ceded its possessions in the Low Countries (the present-day Belgium) to France and secretly promised France the left bank of the Rhine, pending later ratification by the estates of the Holy Roman Empire. The republic of Venice, invaded despite its attempts to maintain neutrality, was dissolved and partitioned; all Venetia east of the Adige, as well as Istria and Dalmatia, passed to Austria; the present provinces of Bergamo and Brescia went to the newly founded Cisalpine Republic; the Ionian Islands went to France. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Campo-Franco, Princes de, see Lucchesi-Palli. Camuccini, Vincenzo 1771-1844. A Neo-classical painter of historical scenes, living in Rome and occupying official posts as the Inspector General of Museums and Curator of the Vatican collection. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

Cana, Galilee The small Arab town of Kafr Cana, north of Nazareth, is considered to be the site of the First Miracle, where Jesus changed water to wine. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Chateaubriand confuses the healing of John IV:46-54 and that at Capernaum of Luke VII:1-10. It is assumed the first is intended. Klber fought there on the 9th of April 1799. Canaletto, Giovanni Antonio Canal 1697-1768. A Venetian artist famous for his landscapes, or vedute of Venice, he was a son of the painter Bernardo Canal, hence his nickname Canaletto. BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Canaris (Kanaris), Constantine c1793-1877. Greek patriot, admiral, and politician, he distinguished himself in the Greek War of Independence, notably at Tenedos, where he destroyed (1822) the flagship of the Turkish admiral. Kanaris served several terms as minister of the navy and as premier in 184849, and became increasingly active in political life. In 1862 he was a leader in the revolution that ousted King Otto and put George I on the Greek throne. Under George I, he was premier in 186465 and in 1877. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 His letter to his son (he had several, some distinguished, of whom Miltiades, the Admiral and Minister,1822-1899, was one. The eldest was Nicholas, 1818-1848). It was in the strait between Samos and Mount Mycale, during the Greek War of Independence, that Canaris set fire to and blew up a Turkish frigate, in the presence of the army that had been assembled for the invasion of the island, a success that led to the abandonment of the enterprise, and Samos held its own to the very end of the war. Cancale A fishing village (Ille-et-Vilaine, near Mont St Michel) on the Emerald Coast, first became famous for its oysters which were supplied to royal tables in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was popular later with painters for its scenic charm. The walk from the famous Cancale rock up to the Pointe du Grohin gives superb views of Mont St Michel on a clear day. BkI:Chap4:Sec4 Attacked by Anson in 1758. BkI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand passed through in May 1777. Candlemas

The Feast of the Purification of the Virgin on February 2nd. BkXX:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 It was customary for the Pope to bless the candles used in the ceremony and send them to the kings of the Catholic world. Napoleon prohibited the gift. Canephores, Canaphori The Canephori are sculptured figures of youths and maidens bearing baskets on their heads. In ancient Greece the Canephori carried the sacred objects necessary at the feast of the gods. See the Parthenon frieze. BkV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Cange, Charles du Fresne, Sieur Du 16101688. French medieval historian and philologist, he is principally known for his Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis (glossary of medieval and late Latin, 1678). It remains the greatest collection ever made of the forms of early Medieval Latin and the oldest Romance languages. BkII:Chap2:Sec1 His reference to the Quintaine (Quintana). BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Born at Amiens. Canino, Prince de, see Lucien Bonaparte Cannes A resort in the Alpes Maritimes department on the French Riviera, developed after Lord Broughams purchase of a villa there in 1834. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 Napoleon landed between Cannes and Antibes on the 1st of March 1815 during his return from Elba. BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Chateaubriand visited Cannes in 1838. He arrived on the 28th of July. The 29th was the anniversary of Charles Xs abdication in 1830. Canning, George 1770-1827 British statesman, Foreign Secretary (1807-8 and 1822-27), and Prime Minister, briefly, in 1827, he opposed the French Revolution. He resigned as Foreign Secretary in 1809 in opposition to the management of the Napoleonic Wars. Castlereagh challenged him to a duel in which he was slightly hurt. He again became Foreign Secretary after Castlereaghs suicide. He supported the revolt of Spains American Colonies (1823) and the War of Greek Independence (1825-1827). In 1809 he helped found John Murrays Quarterly Review with Walter Scott. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him.

Preface:Sect3. Mentioned, by Chateaubriand, as dying young. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. BkX:Chap4:Sec1 Present at the Literary Fund annual meeting in 1822, he was a friend of Chateaubriand. His speech was reported in the Times of the 22nd May. He was President of the Board of Control (in London) of the East India Company from 1816-1821. He had accepted the post of GovernorGeneral of India in April 1822. BkX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 In April 1822, Canning had accepted the post of Governor--general of India in an attempt to escape from his poverty. The post carried an annual salary of 25,000. However, Castlereaghs suicide left open the post of Foreign Secretary, to which Canning was appointed in September 1822, serving in this capacity until he became Prime Minister in April 1827 following the death of Lord Liverpool. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as a man of letters in 1822. BkXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 His Catholic Peers Bill of 1822. BkXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 His likely appointment as Foreign Secretary. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 His appointment as Foreign Secretary was made official on the 16th of September 1822 after Chateaubriand had left London. BkXXVIII:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriands correspondence with him. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1827. Canning, ne Joan Scott, Lady 1776-1837. She and George Canning had four children including Charles John 1st Viscount Canning Governor-General of India. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Present at Chateaubriands reception in 1822. Canova, Antonio 1757-1822 An Italian sculptor, he was called the supreme minister of beauty, and a unique and truly divine man by contemporaries, and was considered the greatest sculptor of his time. Despite his lasting reputation as a champion of Neoclassicism, his earliest works displayed a late Baroque or Rococo sensibility that was appealing to his first patrons, nobility from his native Venice. In competition, he produced his statuette of Apollo Crowning Himself, a work inspired by ancient art that came to define the Neo-classical style. The success of the Apollo enabled the young sculptor to obtain a block of marble for his next work on a large scale, Theseus and the Minotaur,

which established his reputation. From the moment of its completion, it was the talk of Rome. From then until his death, his renown grew throughout Europe. Preface:Sect3. Mentioned by Chateaubriand. BkXV:Chap7:Sec3 BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand visited his studio in Rome in January 1803. His Hercules and Lichas was completed in 1815. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 His 11-foot high statue of Napoleon as Mars of 1810 is displayed at the Duke of Wellingtons London residence Apsley House. It was acquired by the Prince Regent in 1816 and offered to Wellington. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 One of his marble busts of Madame Rcamier as Beatrice is in Lyons. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Canovas pyramidal Tomb in the Frari in Venice was created by his pupils from his design for Titians tomb. Of his remains, his heart is in the Frari tomb, his body in his native church at Possagno. He produced four variants on the Hebe, the last is in the Forli Museum, while his Magdalen is in the Hermitage Museum. BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 His monument for Admiral Angelo Emo (1795). BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Count Cicognaras admiration for him. Chateaubriand attributes a Leda to him. BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 He used Contessa Benzonis hands, as a model. Cantal, France The Cantal is the southern part of the Auvergne Volcanoes National Park, a relatively unknown part of the Massif Central in France. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 Mentioned. Capefigue, Jean-Baptiste Honor Raymond 1802-1872. A writer for La Quotidienne in 1827, he collaborated on a number of papers under the July Monarchy, land was also a prolific Royalist historian. BkXXVIII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Capelan, correctly Caparan, Abb Arnaud-Thomas 1754-1826. A native of Dol, later professor at Rome. BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 Taught Chateaubriand Hebrew in London in 1798-99. Capellari, Bartolomeo Alberto, Cardinal 17651846, The future Pope, Gregory XVI (183146), born in Belluno; successor of Pius VIII. In 1783 he became a Camaldolite and was (1825) created cardinal. Gregory was a conservative both in politics and theology, and he was continually opposed by liberals throughout Europe. In 1831 the

Carbonari outbreaks spread to Rome, and only Austrian help suppressed them. He nearly came to an open break over anticlerical legislation in Spain and Portugal, and he had a long controversy with Prussia. Gregory was actively interested in propagating the faith in England and the United States. He was succeeded by Pius IX. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 A candidate for the Papacy in 1829. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 An anti-Jesuit voter. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 Supported as a candidate by France. BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 Pope in 1832. Ancona was part of the Papal States. BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Capelle, Guillaume Antoine Benot, Baron 1775-1843. Secretary General of the Alpes Maritimes (1800), he was Prefect of the Mediterranean (1808), and Lman (1810). He was suspended by Napoleon for leaving his post in Geneva, in 1813, when the Austrians approached. Her remained in prison until Napoleons fall, and then went over to the Bourbons. He signed the July 1830 decrees, and was condemned to prison for life, but released by Louis-Philippe. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 In Ghent in 1815. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Joined the Cabinet as Minister for Commerce in May 1830, and created the ministry of Public Works. BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 He had taken refuge in Holland. Capets, Les The Capetians were the ruling dynasty of France from 987 to 1328. Hugh Capet founded the dynasty. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 Louis XVI was a descendant of the Capetians. BkXXII:Chap19:Sec1 Fontainebleau as a seat of their power. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Capet, Hugh c940-996. The son of the Count of Paris, Hugh seized the throne after the failure of the Carolingian line. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 He was the founder of the Capetian dynasty. Capitan-Pasha

The title was given to the Chief Admiral of the Turkish Ottoman fleet. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 The landing at Aboukir of 25th March 1801. Capitol The southern summit of the Capitoline Hill of Rome, but used as a name for the whole Hill. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 Mentioned. Capo-DIstria, Giovanni Antonio, Count 17761831. A Greek and Russian statesman, b. Corfu, after administrative work in the Ionian Islands he entered (1809) Russian service and was until 1822 a close adviser in foreign affairs to Czar Alexander I; he represented Russia at the Congress of Vienna. After his resignation and retirement to Switzerland in 1822, he actively elicited support for Greek independence. In 1827 the Greek national assembly elected him president of Greece. He was a dedicated reformer, and by both his military and diplomatic policies between 1828 and 1831 he helped Greece secure larger boundaries than it otherwise would have. However, his excessively ambitious modernization programs as well as his autocratic methods, nepotism, factionalism, and Russian affiliations aroused opposition and led to his assassination. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. Capponi, Gino, Marquis 1792-1876. A member of an old Florentine family, and a great traveller in his youth, he had lived in Vienna, London and Paris. In Florence from 1821, he played a major role in the political and intellectual life of the Risorgimento, as head of the liberal party. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 In Rome in March 1829. Capri The Roman Capreae, the Italian island lies at the south-west entrance to the Bay of Naples. Its mild climate and fine scenery attracted the Romans to build there, and the Emperor Tiberius retired there. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 Mentioned. Capua Capua was the royal capital of ancient Campania, at the time of the Wars in Latium, described in Virgils Aeneid. Proverbially in French it stands for excessive luxury. See Baudelaires The Voyage.

BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Capuchins The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, an independent order of Franciscans founded in Italy in 15251528 and dedicated to preaching and missionary work. BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Their monastery was near the Place Vendme (Rue des Champs, Cours des Capucines). Robertson set up his magic lantern show there in 1797. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned with regard to Rome. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned with regard to Cadiz. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 The Swiss Capuchins of Lucerne. BkXXXV:Chap14:Sec1 The Capuchin hospice on the Saint-Gothard Pass. BkXXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Their monastery in Venice on San Cristoforo. Caraman, Victor-Louis-Charles Riquet de, Marquis, then Duc de 1762-1839. In his youth he travelled extensively. As an migr he associated with the Duc de Richelieu. Sent as Ambassador to Berlin in 1814, he was made a Marquis in 1815. He was then made Ambassador to Vienna until 1828. BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 A plenipotentiary with Chateaubriand at the Congress of Verona. BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him in Vienna in 1824. BkXXXII:Chap10:Sec1 In the Chamber of Peers on 30th July 1830. Caraman, Georges de Riquet, Comte de 1790-1860. Diplomat. Son of the Marquis. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 First secretary in London from 1816. Chateaubriand had him moved to Stuttgart. Carbonari The Carbonari (charcoal-burners) were members of a secret society in early 19th century Italy which advocated constitutional government. They emerged as opponents of Murats rule in Naples and spread widely in Northern Italy, paving the way for the unification of Italy. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXL:Chap6:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Pellico was a leading member.

BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 The French Carbonari were organised on the Italian model. Carcassonne A town in south west France, it is the capital of the Aude. The medieval fortified town is on the right bank of the River Aude, the modern town on the left bank. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Pius VII passed through on his way back to Italy in 1814. Cardigny, Sergeant He was a member of the escort for Pius VII on his journey to France after his arrest. BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 Mentioned. Carghese, Corsica The town near Ajaccio, settled by Greek Mainotes in the seventeenth century, BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Letizia Bonaparte fled there in 1793 en route to Marseilles. Carignan, Eugne de Savoie, Prince de 1753-1785. Younger son of the Sardinian royal family, and brother of the Princess de Lamballe, married lisabeth Magon de Boisgarein. Though the Magons were one of the richest commercial families of Saint-Malo, the marriage was considered a misalliance, and dissolved by an act of Parlement. BkII:Chap3:Sec2 The marriage mentioned. Carignan, lisabeth-Anne de Boisgarein, Princesse de 1765-1834. Wife of Prince de Carignan. BkII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Carline, Marie-Gabrielle Malagrida 1763-1818 Actress at the Thtre-Italien. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Carlsbad (Karlovy Vary) A spa city situated in the western part of the Czech Republic on the confluence of the Ohqe and Tepl rivers. Karlovy Vary is named after

Emperor Charles IV, who founded the city in the 1370s. It is historically famous for its hot springs. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVII:Chap12:Sec1 Madame la Dauphine there in May 1833. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrived there on Friday 31st of May 1833, departing again on the evening of the 1st of June. In 1711, Mlnsk lzns (Mill Baths, Mhlenbad), the first public spa facility in Carlsbad, were built on the site of the present Mlnsk pramen (Mill Spring). They were rebuilt in 1762 with a financial contribution from Maria Theresa. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 A tour of the town. The Sprudel is the principal spring which now rises inside the 1879 Sprudel Colonnade. The hot mineral waters, Sprudelkessel, rise from the hard Sprudelschale rock. The 16th century Cemetery Church of St Andrew is on Ondqejsk Street. The oldest Carlsbad church it was originally in Gothic Style: the adjacent cemetery was de-consecrated in 1911, and became the Mozart Park. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriands visit to the Dauphine. Carmagnole Originally a short jacket with metal buttons, introduced in to France by workers from Carmagnola in Piedmont, it became popular in Marseilles, and was brought to Paris by the Federalists. Worn with black woollen trousers, red or tricoulour waistcoats, and red caps it was taken up by the Jacobins. It was also the name of a dance and a popular song. Like the a ira it was banned by Napoleon when he became First Consul. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Revolutionary wear. Carmel, Mount A well-known mountain ridge in Palestine, usually called in the Hebrew Bible Hakkarmel (with the definite article), the garden or the gardenland. In later Hebrew it is known simply as Karmel, and in modern Arabic as Kurmul, or more commonly as Jebel Mar Elias (Mountain of St. Elias). At its extremity, near the sea, Mount Carmel looks like a bold promontory which all but runs into the waves of the Mediterranean. This north-western end of Carmel is about nine miles southwest of Acre. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand sees it for the first time on 30th September 1806. Carmelites

The Roman Catholic religious order founded in the mid 12th century by St Berthold (d. c 1195) who claimed direct inspiration from Elijah and established a monastery on Mount Carmel. In the 16th century the order was reformed by St Teresa of Avila. BkIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkIV:Chap12:Sec2 BkIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1 On the 10th of August 1792 the people of Paris marched on the Tuileries. The fall of the constitutional monarchy was followed by the September massacres. On Sunday 2nd September a small gang of armed men burst into the Carmelite Convent off the Rue de Vaugirard where a hundred and fifty priests had been imprisoned, and slaughtered them. This was the first of many massacres in the prisons of Paris over the next few days. Carnot, Lazare 1753-1823. A French revolutionary, he was known as the organizer of victory, for his role in the French Revolutionary Wars. A military engineer by training, Carnot became the military genius of the Revolution. A member of the Legislative Assembly, the Convention, and the Committee of Public Safety, he made himself almost indispensable through his military knowledge. After the fall of Robespierre, Carnot managed to avoid punishment for his own part in the Terror and became a member of the Directory. He was ousted from the Directory in the coup of 18 Fructidor (September 1797) and fled abroad. He returned in 1799 and served as Minister of War (1800) and in the tribunate under Napoleon. In the next few years he wrote several works on mathematics and military engineering; in 1810 appeared his masterpiece, De la dfense des places fortes, long considered the classic work on fortification. Carnot was the best-known advocate of the principle of active defence. In 1814 he returned to active service and conducted the defence of Antwerp. In the Hundred Days he served as minister of the interior. Exiled after the restoration of the monarchy, he died in Magdeburg, Prussia. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Opposed Barras in seeking to nominate the commander of the Army of Italy. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 A letter from Bonaparte to him of 9th May 1796. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 He was ousted in the coup of 4th September 1797 (18th Fructidor) when the monarchists were elminated from the Directory. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 The quotation is from his Mmoire au Roi (1814). BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 His Mmoire address au Roi en juillet 1814 was a violent indictment of the Restoration. BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 Suggested by the liberals as War Minister in 1815.

BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap10:Sec1 A member of the executive committee. He had been responsible for ordering executions at Avignon in 1791. Charon (Fr: Caron) In Greek myth, he is the boatman of the underworld who conveys the dead across the River Styx to Hades. BkXXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Carraci, Annibale, and Augustino 1560-1609. A Bolognese painter, Annibale worked with his brother Augustino (1557-1602). BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleon shipped artworks back to France. A number of paintings were returned in 1815. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 The Carracis and their pupils decorated (1597-1608) the great halls of the Farnese Palace in Rome. Carrel, Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Armand 1800-1836. A Historian and journalist, after first becoming a soldier and fighting for the Catalonian Foreign Legion, he became known as a writer in various periodicals; but it was not till he formed his connection with the National that he became a power in France. The National was at first conducted by Adolphe Thiers, Franois Mignet and Carrel in collaboration; but after the revolution of July, Thiers and Mignet assumed office, and the whole management was left to Carrel. Under his direction the journal became the foremost political organ in Paris. As the defender of democracy he had to face serious dangers. He was twice involved in duels with editors of rival papers, before the dispute which led to his final duel with mile de Girardin which was minor, and might have been amicably settled had it not been for Carrels own obstinacy. The meeting took place on the morning of July 22 1836. De Girardin was wounded in the thigh, Carrel in the groin. The wound was at once seen to be dangerous, and Carrel was conveyed to the house of a friend, where he died after two days. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 Friend of Chateaubriand. BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Editor of the National. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Resisted the attempt to seize the Nationals presses on the 27th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 At a meeting of the monarchist party on 28th July 1830.

BkXXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 Dined with Chateaubriand in Paris on the 13th of September 1831. Chateaubriand left for Paris on the 2nd and returned on the 14th. The Caf de Paris was on the Boulevard des Italiens. BkXXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 His friendship with Chateaubriand. His Mmoires sur la guerre de Catalogne (1828). BkXXXV:Chap26:Sec1 Present at Chateaubriands trial in 1833. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 His romantic attachment was for Emilie Antoine, the friend who retired to Verdun after his death. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned in 1833. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriands description of his life and politics. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 His imprisonment, and death in a duel. His opponent was mile de Girardin, editor of La Presse. He was born on the 8th of May 1800 in Rouen, on the day Chateaubriand left Calais for Paris. His tomb at Saint-Mand has a statue of Carrel by DAngers. BkXLII:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Carrel, Monsieur BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 Father of Armand, he was a wealthy merchant in Rouen. Carrel, Nathalie She was the sister of Armand. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. Carrier 1756-1794. A French revolutionary, he was a prominent Jacobin. He was guilty of atrocities at Nantes. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Guillotined in 1794. Carrio According to Rousseau he was Titular Secretary to the Spanish Embassy in Venice, charg daffaires in Sweden, and Secretary to the Spanish Embassy in Paris. He took the name Chevalier de Carron. BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned in Rousseaus Confessions. Carron, Abbe Guy-Toussaint-Joseph 1760-1821 Biographer. Born in Rennes, he was exiled to Jersey in 1790 with other recalcitrant priests. In London, where he lived from 1792 to 1814, in 1796 he founded two schools, a hospital and seminary. Returning to Paris he directed the Marie-Thrse Institute (1814) and was a mentor to Lamennais.

BkIV:Chap2:Sec2 He wrote a life of Julie de Farcy, contained in his Vie des justes dans les diffrentes conditions de la vie, which Chateaubriand appended to the manuscript of the Memoirs. BkXI:Chap2:Sec4 Emigrated to London. Cartagena, Spain The port is in south-east Spain in Murcia on the Mediterranean Sea. Founded by the Carthaginians, it was destroyed in 1243 by Ferdinand II of Castile, but under Philip II of Spain became a major port in the 16th century. It is Spains main naval base. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec3 Mentioned. Carteaux, Jean Baptiste Franois, General 1751-1813. A French painter who became a general in the Revolutionary Army. He is notable chiefly for being the young Napoleon Bonapartes incompetent commander at the siege of Toulon in 1793. BkXIX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 His attack on Avignon in July 1793, which sickened Napoleon who was involved, as an example of civil war. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Present in Paris during Vendmiaire, 1795. Carthage An ancient city of North Africa, near modern Tunis, it was traditionally founded by Dido of Tyre in 814BC. It became a major Phoenician force in the Mediterranean, It fought three major wars with Rome in a century (246146BC) and finally defeated, was totally destroyed. Re-founded by Julius Caesar in 45BC, it became a commercial, cultural and administrative capital of Roman Africa, the capital of the Vandal Kingdom (439-533 AD) and a Byzantine outpost until destroyed by the Muslims in 697AD. BkIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Carthage, Texas. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 Dido of Carthage appears in Virgils Aeneid. BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 The fortification at Saint-Michel de Maurienne was attributed to Hannibals crossing of the Alps in 218BC. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there in 1807. The ancient city stood on the Hill of Byrsa. The Romans levelled the hill burying a few

remnants of the city which have been excavated: in Chateaubriands time there was little to see of the original city. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec3 BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand on the harbours of Carthage. The ancient artificial harbour, the Cothon, is represented today by two lagoons north of the bay of al-Karm (el-Kram). In the 3rd century BC it had two parts, the outer rectangular part being for merchant shipping, the interior, circular division being reserved for warships; sheds and quays were available for 220 warships. The harbours small size probably means that it was used chiefly in winter when navigation almost ceased. Megara was the southern suburb of the city, south of Byrsa and the citadel, near the Bay of Tunis. BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 Punic means Carthaginian. The Latin adjective Punicus is derived from the Greek Phoinix, meaning Phoenician. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Its traditional foundation by Dido in 814BC. Carthusians A minor order of monks of the Roman Catholic Church, it was established by St. Bruno at La Grande Chartreuse near Grenoble in France in 1084. The Carthusians are peculiar among orders of Western monasticism in cultivating a nearly eremitical life: each monk lives by himself with cell and garden and, except for communal worship, scarcely meets the others. No order is more austere. The Carthusian enclosure is called a charterhouse in English, and its architecture differs necessarily from that of the Benedictine abbey. The Charterhouse of London was famous, and the Certosa di Pavia, Italy, is an architectural monument. BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 The Chartreuse de Paris, demolished during the Revolution. BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 La Grande-Chartreuse, the mother-house of the Order lies in a high valley of the Alps of Dauphine, at an altitude of 4268 feet, fourteen miles north of Grenoble. Medieval writers were awestruck by the desolation of the spot, and Martene, who visited it in 1760, writes: One cannot conceive how it could enter into the mind of man, to establish a community in a spot so horrible and so barren as this. Cartier, Jacques 1491-1557 French sailor born at Saint-Malo. Jean La Veneur recommended Cartier to Franois I who charged him with discovering unknown lands between Newfoundland and Labrador and to find a new passage towards

India and China. He began a series of sponsored voyages to North America and took possession of Canada in the name of the King of France in 1534. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 A native of Saint-Malo. BkI:Chap4:Sec8 Mentioned. BkVI:Chap5:Sec3 Explored along the coast of Newfoundland. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 His description of the Canadian Indians. He named the Baye des Chaleurs (the Bay of Warmth) at Carleton near Quebec in 1534. Caserta, Italy The monumental complex at Caserta, near Naples, was created by the Bourbon king Charles III in the mid-18th century to rival Versailles and the Royal Palace in Madrid. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 An example of French influence. Cassandra The daughter of Priam and Hecuba, gifted with prophecy by Apollo, but cursed to tell the truth and not be believed. She was taken back to Greece by Agamemnon. (See Aeschylus: The Agamemnon) BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand compares himself to her as a prophet not understood in his own time. Cassano, Italy The battle of Cassano dAdda in the French Revolutionary Wars was fought on April 27 1799 near Cassano dAdda. It resulted in a victory for the Austrians and Russians (Second Coalition forces) under Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov over the French troops, left behind in Italy by Napoleon during his Egyptian campaign. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Cassiodorus Senator, Flavius Magnus Aurelius c490-c583 Roman writer, statesman and monk. Governor of Lucanaia and Bruttium under Theodoric, he was Praetorian Prefect under Amalasuntha (Amalaswintha) and with her pursued the Romanisation of Ravenna. After her death and the Byzantine re-conquest he retired to his monastery Vivarium built on his own estate. His many writings include a History of the Goths (526-533), a work on music, his letters and religious works. He laboured to unite Roman and Gothic culture. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

Cassius Caius Cassius Longinus, d. 42 BC was a leader in the successful conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar. He fought as a quaestor under Marcus Licinius Crassus at Carrhae in 53; and saved what was left of the army after the battle. He supported Pompey against Caesar but was pardoned after the battle of Pharsalus. He was made (44) peregrine praetor and Caesar promised to make him governor of Syria. Before the promise could be fulfilled, Cassius had become ringleader in the plot to kill Caesar. The plot involved more than 60 men (including Marcus Junius Brutus, Publius Servilius Casca, and Lucius Tillius Cimber) and was successfully accomplished in the Senate on the Ides of March in 44; When the people were aroused by Antony against the conspirators, Cassius went to Syria. He managed to capture Dolabella at Laodicea and coordinated his own movements with those of Brutus. Antony and Octavian met them in battle at Philippi. In the first engagement Cassius, thinking the battle lost, committed suicide. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 He and Brutus were icons of the French Revolution. Castelbajac, Vicomte de 1776-1868. Deputy for Gers in 1815 and 1816, he was a powereful orator of the ultra-royalist right. He represented Haut-Garonne in the Chamber of Peers from 1827. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 Involved closely with the Conservateur to which he provided 41 articles. Castellane, Cordelia (ne Greffulhe), Comtesse de 1796-1847. Chateaubriands mistress for a few months in 1823, and later a close friend. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to her Castelnau, Michel de c1520-1592. A French diplomat and soldier, he early attracted the favourable notice of the cardinal of Lorraine (Charles de Guise) and performed important services for Anne, Duc de Montmorency, and King Henry II. In the religious wars he went on missions to England, Scotland, the Netherlands, and Savoy and fought in the royal army; from 1575 to 1585 he served as ambassador to England. Upon his return he fell out with the Guises and rendered valuable services against the Catholic League to King Henry

III and King Henry IV. Although a Catholic, he favoured a policy of moderation toward the Huguenots. He left valuable memoirs. BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 His Memoirs lack a final book. Castiglioni, Cardinal, see Pope Pius VIII Castlereagh, see Londonderry Castor The son of Tyndareus of Sparta and Leda, and twin brother of Pollux, noted for his horses and horsemanship. BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 His horsemanship. Castries, Claire Clemence Henriette Claudine de Maill, Marquise later Duchesse de 1796-1861 The daughter of Duchesse Henriette Victoire (ne Fitz-James) and the Duc de Maill, she did not become a Duchess until 1842, and bore the title of Marquise previous to that time. She was separated from the Duc de Castries, whom she had married in 1816, as the result of a famous love affair with Prince Victor Metternich eldest son of the Austrian Chancellor, by whom she had a son in 1827. Her lover died of tuberculosis shortly after. The Marquise gathered round her a group of intellectuals, among whom were the writers Balzac (who modelled the Duchesse de Langeais on her), Musset, and Sainte-Beuve, and continued active in literary and artistic circles until her death BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 In Rome in December 1828. Castro, Juan de 1500-1548. He was a Portuguese naval officer and fourth Viceroy of the Portuguese Indies. BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Montesquieu tells the anecdote in his Persian Letters LXXVIII. Juan borrowed money against his moustache which he cut off, and later redeemed. Castro, Ins de 1325-1355. A Galician noblewoman, daughter of Pedro Fernandez de Castro, she was the lover and posthumously declared lawful wife of the Portuguese King Peter (Pedro), according to his testimony, and was therefore Queen of Portugal. She was murdered by King Alfonso V. Peter, who became King in 1357, took Ins body from the grave and forced the

court to swear allegiance to her as queen. She was later buried at the Monastery of Alcobaa (in central Portugal) where her marble coffin can still be seen today just opposite of her kings. Both coffins were carved out of marble and exquisitely sculpted with scenes from their lives and a promise by Peter that they would be together ate a fim do mundo: till the end of the world. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. The incident is questionable. Catchfly Chateaubriands conise translates as flybane or catchfly (or possibly as O.F. conyse=fleabane which does not however appear to match the sense of a sticky plant). The Silene (Family: Caryophyllaceae) contain a number of sticky herbs and plants Chateaubriand may have been familiar with, including Silene gallica, the Common or French Silene, and Silene armeria whose hairy stems exude a sticky sap that captures small insects trying to steal nectar without pollinating the flowers. Hence, the common name, Catchfly. However Philip Ashmole advises me that: the plant that was noted as gumming up the goats beards was almost certainly the Gumwood Commidendrum robustum, once very abundant on the island but now endangered (see St. Helena and Ascension Island: A Natural History by Philip and Myrtle Ashmole: published by Anthony Nelson, Oswestry, 2000. ISBN: 0904614611.) The other possibility is the Scrubwood Commidendrum rugosum, a smaller Gumwood relative that was then common in the lower parts of the island. But I think that in the area of Napoleons tomb the Gumwood is much more likely. BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 In the Valley of the Tomb, on St Helena. Cateau-Cambrsis, France The Peace of Cateau-Cambrsis was signed between Elizabeth I of England and Henry II of France on April 2 and between Henry II and Philip II of Spain on April 3, 1559, at Le Cateau-Cambrsis, around twenty kilometers south-east of Cambrai. Henry II of France died during the tournament held to celebrate the peace, his eye being pierced by a sliver that penetrated the brain, from the shattered lance of Gabriel Montgomery, captain of the Kings Scottish Guard. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 Chateabriand there in 1815. Cathelineau, Jacques 1759-1793. Leader of the Vendans in their revolt against the French Republic, he was a peasant by birth. Mortally wounded in attacking Nantes,

he was remembered by the peasants of La Vende as the Saint of Anjou. BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Catherine II 1729-1796. Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia (1762-1796) gained the throne in a coup when her husband Peter III (1728-1762) was assassinated. She fought successful wars against the Turks and engineered the partition of Poland, expanding Russian territory. BkXX:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Catherine de Mdici 1519-1589. Regent of France (1560-1563) during the minority of her second son Charles IX she was virtual ruler till his death in 1574. The daughter of Lorenzo de Medici, Duke of Urbino, she married Henry II of France in 1533. She was largely responsible for the St Bartholomews Day massacre. Her influence waned during the reign of her third son Henry III. BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 Henri IV regarding her Maids of Honour. Catiline, Lucius Sergius Catalina d. 62BC. The Roman politician plotted to seize power in 62BC. Thwarted by Cicero, Catiline fled to a rebel force in Etruria while his fellow conspirators were executed. He was defeated and killed in battle. BkV:Chap12:Sec1 Mirabeau compared to him. BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 The revolutionaries compared to him. BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Catinat, Nicolas 1637-1712. A Marshal of France. The son of a magistrate, he won promotion by merit rather than by wealth or descent. In the War of the Grand Alliance he commanded against Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, whom he defeated in N Italy at Staffarda (1690) and at Marsaglia (1693). Early in the War of the Spanish Succession, he commanded the French army in Italy, against Prince Eugene of Savoy, but after suffering reverses he was replaced. He retired in 1705 and later wrote his memoirs. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Victor at Marsaglia, near Turin, against the Duke of Savoy on the 4th of October 1693. Cato the Elder, Marcus Portius Cato

234-149BC. A Roman statesman he wrote the first history of Rome. A moral and political conservative, as Censor in 184 he legislated against luxury and sponsored improvements in public works. He opposed Carthaginian power in the Mediterranean, and supported the Third Punic War in 149 which destroyed Carthaginian influence. He was taken as an example of moral uprightness and severity. BkI:Chap3:Sec3 Chateaubriands brother eulogised as a Cato by his mother. BkVI:Chap7:Sec1 A representative of early Roman severity. Cato of Utica Marcus Portius Cato, the Younger, 95-46BC was a Roman politician, the great-grandson of Cato the Elder, and an opponent of Julius Caesar. He supported Pompey in the Civil War in an attempt to save the Republic. He escaped to Utica in North Africa after Pompeys death, but committed suicide after Caesars victory at Thapsus. He was taken as an example of loyalty to an ideal, and he figures as a moral exemplar in Dantes Purgatorio. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 A quotation follows from Addisons play Cato, Act V, Scene 1, the first verse of Catos monologue before committing suicide. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His house at Utica. BkXX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 A moral exemplar. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Addisons play mentioned. BkXXXVII:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Catullus, Valerius c84-c54BC. The Roman poet was born in Verona. He became the leader of the new poetic movement in Rome, his poems including those to Lesbia, elegies and satires. BkXI:Chap4:Sec1 The quotation, addressed to his brother, given in Catullus LXV, lines 9-11, depends on a plausible reconstruction of the missing midsection of lines 9 and 10. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 He celebrated Lake Garda where his family had a villa. See Catullus XXXI. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born in Verona. Cauchie, Anne A long-lived lady of Dieppe, she was still of sound mind at a hundred and fifty years old in 1645. BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 Cauchie also the name of La Martinires flame! Chateaubriand found the reference in a history of Pigianol de la Forces.

Cauchois-Lemaire, Louis Franois Auguste 1789-1861. A French journalist, he was proprietor of the Liberal Nain jaune. He took refuge in Brussels 1816-1819. He was imprisoned in 1821 and 1827. In 1836, he founded a new opposition journal Le Sicle, but abandoned journalism for history and took a post in the Royal Archives. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 A member of the Republican Municipal Commission in July 1830. Caud, Jaques-Louis-Ren de 1727-1797 Brother in law of Chateaubriand. Captain of Guard at Fougres, retired 1791, at the age of 69 he married Lucile de Chateaubriand, on the 2nd August 1796. Died at Rennes 15th March 1797. BkIII:Chap6:Sec1 His marriage to Lucile. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 His marriage, one of convenience for Lucile, terminated in her leaving him in February 1797 just before his death. Caud, Lucile-Angelique de Chateaubriand, Madame de, see Lucile de Chateaubriand Caudine Forks The Caudine Forks, 321 BC, was a decisive battle during the Samnite Wars. The Romans chose a route though the Apennines (near Caudium between Capua and Benevento) entered only by two defiles, between which they were trapped. Were the Samnites to set the Romans free without harm, they would gain the Romans friendship. Were they to kill the entire Roman army then Rome would be so weakened that it would not pose a threat for many generations. The idea of a middle way was rejected as antagonising the Romans without weakening them. According to Livy, the Romans were made to surrender and pass under the yoke. This was agreed to by the two commanding consuls, as the army was facing starvation. Livy describes in detail the humiliation of the Romans. It is an example used to illustrate the dangers of the middle way in strategic settlements, for example the humiliation of Germany after World War I without a total weakening of her powers. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec3 Mentioned. Caulaincourt, Armand-Augustin-Louis, Marquis de, Duc de Vicenza

1772-1827 Aide-de-camp to Bonaparte at the time of the execution of the Duc dEnghien. He was ambassador to Saint Petersburg, and French Foreign Minister under the Empire. BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Caulaincourt was put in charge of the operation to clear migrs from Offenburg, relieving Ordener who was sent to Ettenheim with 300 dragoons and a detachment of the gendarmerie to seize the Prince, his accomplices and his papers. BkXVI:Chap7:Sec1 He carried a letter to Strasbourg from Talleyrand destined for the Grand-Duke of Baden. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 His opposition to the Russian Campaign. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 His view of the pretexts for the Russian War. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 His reaction to the retreat. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Accompanies Napoleon on the journey back to France. BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Accompanied Napoleon during the retreat. BkXXII:Chap19:Sec1 His negotiations with Alexander in Paris in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec2 His involvement in the Restoration. BkXXIII:Chap14:Sec1 He was appointed as Napoleons Foreign Minister during the Hundred Days. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 A member of the executive committee. Caulaincourt, Auguste-Jean-Gabriel, Comte de 1777-1812. He was the brother of Armand-Louis. A talented cavalry officer, he served as Louis Bonapartes Master of Horse in Holland for a period of time before returning to the French military. In the Russian Campaign, Caulaincourt was in charge of Napoleons headquarters. On Montbruns death at Borodino, Caulaincourt was ordered to assume Montbruns command. Murat ordered him to charge the Great Redoubt, and he responded, You shall see me there, dead or alive. As he led the charge, he was killed. BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 At Borodino. Caumont, Marie-Constance de Lamoignon, Marquise de 1774-1823. Married Auguste Luc Nompar, Duc de la Force, de Caumont. BkXI:Chap2:Sec4 Emigrated to London. Causans, Jacques de Vincens de Maulon, Marquis de 1751-1826 An army officer and deputy of the nobility of Orange to the Estates General. He emigrated in 1791 and his estates were confiscated.

When he returned after 1800, he tried to reconstitute his estates that had been divided among various family members in his absence. Under the Restoration he was given the rank of Lieutenant-General (April 1814), and he was elected representative to the House of Deputies for the Vaucluse from 1815 until his death. BkII:Chap3:Sec1 Lieutenant-Colonel of the Conti infantry regiment in 1778 (Commanded from 1774). BkII:Chap3:Sec2 He escorts Chateaubriand round the camp. Cauterets A spa town, and commune of the Hautes-Pyrnes dpartement, in southwestern France, Cauterets is located 32 kilometres south-west. of Lourdes in the valley of the Gave de Cauterets. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriand there at the end of July 1829. BkXXXV:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in August 1832. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Caux, Louis-Victor de Blacquetot, Vicomte de 1775-1845. An officer of engineers, and Councillor of State from 1817, he became a successful administrator in the War department from 1823, and War Minister in 1828. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1Minister of War, 1828. Caux, Louis Henri de Roger de Cahuzac, Comte de d.1839. He became a diplomat after the Restoration, and was First Secretary in Berlin from September 1820. In 1823 Chateaubriand sent him on a mission to the Spanish provisional government. He became a Plenipotentiary at Hanover before resigning after the July Revolution. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 A secretary at the Berlin Embassy in 1821. Cavaignac, Godefroy 1801-1845. A Republican. BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 At the Palais-Royal on the 31st of July 1830. Cayla, Zo Talon, Comtesse du 1784-1850. A protg of Madame Campan during the Revolution, she was supported by Monsieur and the Congregation, contributed to Decazes dismissal before replacing him in the Kings favour, whom she brought closer in the latter years of his reign to his brother and the Royalist right. BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 A favourite of Louis XVIII.

Cazals, Jacques de 1758-1805. A captain of dragoons in 1785, deputy to the States General in 1789, he defended the monarchy against Mirabeau and Barnave. He resigned after the arrest of the King, and emigrated to join the army of the Princes in 1792. He returned to France in 1803. His Discours et opinions was published in 1821. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 A noted revolutionary orator. Cazotte, Jacques 1719-1792. Educated by the Jesuits, at the age of 27 he obtained public office in Martinique. It was not till he returned to Paris in 1760 with the rank of commissioner-general that he made his public debut as an author. His most popular work was the Diable amoureux (1772), a fantastic tale in which the hero raises the devil. Around 1775 Cazotte embraced the views of the Illuminati, declaring himself possessed of the power of prophecy. It was upon this event that Jean-Franois de la Harpe based his famous jeu d'esprit, in which he represented Cazotte as prophesying the most minute events of the French Revolution. On the discovery of some of his letters in August 1792, Cazotte was arrested; and though he escaped for a time through the efforts of his daughter, he was executed the following month. BkX:Chap1:Sec1 His ballad La Veille de la Bonne Femme ou le Rveil dEnguerrand. Cecilia Metella, see Metella Cecrops He was the legendary founder of Athens. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 mentioned. Cedron The ravine on the east of Jerusalem lies between the Holy City and the Mount of Olives. The word Cedron is usually connected with the root Qadr, to be dark, and taken to refer to the colour of the stream or ravine; but its exact origin and precise meaning are unknown. BkI:Chap3:Sec2 The monks of Saba and their politics there are mentioned. BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Celakowsky, Franz Ladislaus

1799-1852. A disciple of Herder and Goethe, he developed 19th century Slav poetry. BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Celestines This Benedictine congregation must not be confused with the Franciscan congregation of the same name. The order was founded in 1254 by Pietro di Murrone, afterwards Celestine V. At first the saint gave no written rule to his monks, but by his own life he provided an ideal for them to strive after. In 1264 Urban IV confirmed the order, and gave to it the Rule of St. Benedict. It was again confirmed by Gregory X in 1274. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 The Celestine monastery at Avignon was founded in 1393. Cellamare, Conspiracy Antonio del Guidice, Prince of Cellamare (1657-1733), the Spanish ambassador in France, under instructions from Cardinal Alberoni, plotted with the Duke and Duchess of Maine to overthrow the Regent and appoint Philip V king of France. The Cellamare plot was foiled and the Duke of Maine was jailed from 1718 to 1720. Alberoni retired to Italy in disgrace. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Celles, Antoine, Comte de Vischer de 1779-1841. A Prefect under Napoleon ultimately in Amsterdam in 1811, he then entered the service of Holland, and was sent to Rome to negotiate a new Concordat. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. Celles, Louise-Felicite-Philippine de Valence, Comtesse de 1787-1828. The wife of the Comte. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Celles, Pulchrie, de Vischer de 1811-1888. Daughter of the Comte. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Celles, Antonine, Vischer de 1812-? Daughter of the Comte. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1

Cels, Jacques-Philippe-Martin 1740-1806. He was the creator of a botanical garden at Montrouge, stocking rare plants, which he converted into a celebrated nursery. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Cluta She was the niece of Chactas in Les Natchez. BkVIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 The original of the fictional character, who marries Ren. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 BkXXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Cencius He was a nobleman of Rome, a cousin of the Imperial Prefect, friendly to Henry IV of Germany, who ordered an attack on Pope Gregory VII in 1075. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Cenis, Mont A pass (6893 ft.) in Savoy (France), it forms the limit between the Cottian and Graian Alps. A carriage road was built across it between 1803 and 1810 by Napoleon. To the south-west of the Mont Cenis is the Little Mont Cenis (7166 ft.) which leads from the summit plateau (in Italy) of the main pass to the tache valley on the French slope and so to Bramans in the Arc valley (7 m. above Modane). This pass was crossed in 1689 by the Vaudois, and by some authors is believed to have been Hannibals Pass over the Alps. Lanslebourg is on the Arc at the foot of the pass. BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Chateaubriand passed it in 1803. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleons transport route to and from Italy. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 Pius VII crossed it in 1812. Cephalus An Athenian prince, the grandson of Aeolus. BkX:Chap1:Sec1 Loved by Eos (Aurora), the Dawn. See Ovids Metamorphoses Bk VII:661-758. Cephisus There were two Rivers named Kephisos in Attika over which this river god presided. The first had its headwaters in the foothills of Mount Parnes, flowing past Athens to enter the Saronic Gulf just south of Peiraios.

The second flowed from Mount Kithairon, through the Nysian plain, to enter the sea near the town of Eleusis. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 The Athenian Cephisus (Cephissus) and its irises. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand implies the Athenian Cephisus. Cerberus The mythological three-headed watchdog of the Underworld, the foam from his jaws was venomous. BkVII:Chap6:Sec1 Presumably the snakes venom is the point of the reference. BkXXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 An expression for any harsh doorman or guard. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 The guardian of the land of the dead. The Dauphin died at Gritz in 1844. Ceres The Corn Goddess in Roman mythology, Demeter is her Greek equivalent. She is the daughter of Saturn and Rhea, and Jupiters sister. As Demeter she is represented in the sky by the constellation and zodiacal sign of Virgo, holding an ear of wheat, the star Spica. It contains the brightest quasar, 3C 273. (The constellation alternatively depicts Astraea.) The worship of her and her daughter Persephone, as the Mother and the Maiden, was central to the Eleusinian mysteries, where the ritual of the rebirth of the world from winter was enacted. Ceres was there a representation of the Great Goddess of Neolithic times, and her daughter her incarnation, in the underworld and on earth. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 BkIX:Chap7:Sec2 Goddess of the wheat fields. BkVIII:Chap4:Sec2 Her daughter Persephone was raped and stolen away by Dis (Pluto), the God of the Underworld. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 Goddess of bread and flour. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 A canephorus is a sculptured Greek (youth or) maiden carrying a basket on the head at the feast of Demeter, Dionysus, or Athene. BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Goddess of the crops, therefore the hop fields. Cervantes, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra 1547-1616. Nicknamed the Cripple of Lepanto. The Spanish novelist, in 1571, fought at the Battle of Lepanto. Returning to Spain he was captured by pirates and imprisoned for five years in Algiers. After 1580 he worked in the

civil service while writing a pastoral novel La Galetea (1585) and several plays. His fame rests on Don Quixote (1605, Part II 1615) his picaresque novel about a self-deluding knight errant and his squire, Sancho Panza. Preface:Sect4 An example of a writer involved with the events of his times. BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec3 The Knight of La Mancha was Don Quixote, who tilted at windmills and espoused lost causes in a spirit of crazed chivalry. For the second reference see Don Quixote Part I: XVIII. BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 See Don Quixote Part I: XXXIX, XL and XLI. Cesarotti, Melchior 1730-1808 A Paduan Hellenist, at the University his literary progress gained him the chair of rhetoric, and in 1768 the professorship of Greek and Hebrew. On the invasion of Italy by the French, he wrote in support of their cause, received a pension, and was made knight of the iron crown by Napoleon I. He was a translator of Homer and Ossian. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 Napoleon read Ossian in his translation. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Cesena, Italy A city of Emilia, in the province of Forl (Italy), in the former Papal States it is situated on a hill at the base of which flows the Savio. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Pius VII was born there. Cessac, Jean-Grard Lacue, Comte de 1752-1841. Member of the Legislature, then Brigadier and Member of the Council in 1795, he was a Councillor of State in 1801, Minister under Napoleon 1810-1813. He was made a Peer in 1831. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Ceva, Battle of 16th-17th April 1796. Augereau took the castle at Ceva, a town in Italy in the province of Cuneo, in the region of Piedmont. It lies 33 miles east of Cuneo. In the middle ages it was a strong fortress defending the confines of Piedmont towards Liguria. The fortifications on the rock above the town were demolished in 1800 by the French. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Czembre, Saint-Malo Following plans designed by Vauban, engineer Simon de Garangeau (16471741) extended the town, revamped its fortifications and built sea forts on

the small islands off the city, Petit B, Grand B and Fort Royal, later renamed Fort National, La Conche, and Czembre. BkI:Chap3:Sec4 Mentioned. Chabot, Franois 1759-1794. A French revolutionary, he had been a Franciscan friar before the Revolution. After the civil constitution of the clergy he continued to act as constitutional priest, becoming grand vicar of Henri Grgoire, bishop of Blois. He was later elected to the Legislative Assembly, sitting at the extreme left and forming with Claude Bazire and Merlin de Thionville the Cordelier Trio. Re-elected to the Convention, he voted for the death of Louis XVI. He opposed the proposal to prosecute the authors of the massacre of September, as there were heroes of the Battle of Jemmapes among them. Some of his sayings are well known, such as Christ was the first sans-culotte. Compromised in the falsification of a decree suppressing the East India Company and in a plot to bribe certain members of the Convention, especially Fabre d'glantine and Claude Bazire, he was arrested and brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal. He was condemned and executed at the same time as the Dantonists. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 A revolutionary priest. Chabrol de Crouzol, Christophe-Andr-Jean, Comte de 1771-1836. Prefect for the Rhne 1814, 1815 and 1818, then Deputy for the Puy-de-Dme 1820, he became a Peer of France in 1823. He was named Minister for the Navy in August 1824, and took part in Polignacs ministry until his dismissal 18th May 1830. BkXXVIII:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Opposes Villle over the disbanding of the National Guard in April 1827. He is charged with drawing up nominations for the Cabinet. BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Joined the Cabinet in 1829. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Retired from the Cabinet in May 1830. Chabrol de Volvic, Gilbert Joseph Gaspard, Comte de 1773-1843. Brother of Christophe, he was Prefect for the Seine 1812-1833. A poyltechnician he did much to pave Paris and give it gas lighting. He had been in Egypt with Bonaparte. BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 His name invoked on the 29th of July 1830.

Chactas A character in Atala (1801) by Chateaubriand, he is an old Natchez Indian who meets Ren and tells him the story of his youth. Rescued from captivity by a young Indian girl, Atala, who was consecrated to the Virgin, he met a priest Pre Aubry who wished to convert Chactas and unite him to Atala. She would not break her vow, and preferred to die. Preface:Sect2. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 He appears in Les Natchez. BkVIII:Chap2:Sec1 A native of the Floridas. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Popular engravings of him. Chaillot, Paris A district of Paris, where the Pompe de Chaillot steam pumping plant built by the Prier Brothers that supplied Paris with water from about 1782 stood close to what is now the Pont de lAlma. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec2 BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 Dr. Pinels Sanatorium there, almost facing the Rue des Vignes, later became a Convent of the Assumption. Chaise-Dieu, La A French commune, located in the Haute-Loire in the Auvergne, La ChaiseDieu derives its name from the Latin casa dei (House of God), in reference to the Benedictine abbey which was founded on the site in 1043 by Robert de Turlande. Pope Clement VI began his vocation as a monk at Chaise Dieu and was the patron of the vast abbey church (built 13441350). The monks were driven out and the abbey secularized during the French Revolution. Clements vast abbey church, his tomb and the abbey cloister remain. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 Its fresco of the Dance of Death (ca 1470) is a famous example of the motif that gained wide currency following the visitations of the Black Death. Chaldeans The inhabitants of southern Babylonia in ancient times, their civilisation reached its height under Nebuchadnezzar II (reigned 604-562BC), centred on the rebuilt city of Babylon, and dominated the Middle East until overthrown by the Achaemenians in 539. BkX:Chap1:Sec1 Noted astronomers, responsible for early star-charts, and planetary and star-tables.

Chalmel, Abb He was the chaplain at Combourg. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Chlons-sur-Marne, now Chlons-en-Champagne, France Capital of the Marne department, and the Ardenne-Champagne region, the city lies 93 miles east of Paris in north-eastern France on the right bank of the River Marne. Tradition has it that Attila the Hun was defeated near there during his attempt to invade France, at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451, by the Roman general Atius and the Visigoth Theodoric. It is the centre for the Champagne wine trade. BkXXVIII:Chap21:Sec1 Madame Rcamier, exiled from Paris, withdrew there in 1811. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1833. Chalus, France A small village and commune in the Haute-Vienne dpartement of France, in the Limousin rgion. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Richard I of England was killed there by a crossbow bolt, shot by one Pierre Basile, while besieging the castle in 1199. Cham, Ham Noahs younger son saw his fathers nakedness, while his brothers Shem and Japheth covered their fathers nakedness. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 See Genesis IX:20-27 Chambry, France A town in Savoy (Rhne-Alpes), and its capital since the 13th century, it lies in a valley between the Bauges and the Chartreuse. It is associated with the House of Savoy. BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1803. Bayard had been page of the Duke of Savoy there. Rousseau stayed with Madame de Warens there. Chambord, France The largest castle in the Loire Valley, it was built to serve only as a hunting lodge for King Franois I who maintained his royal residences at Chteau de Blois and at Chteau dAmboise. The original design of the Chteau was by Domenico da Cortona, but it was altered considerably during the twenty years of construction (1519-1539). Leonardo da Vinci, a guest of King

Francois at Clos Luc near Amboise, is believed to have been involved in the original design. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Chambord, Comte de, see Henri V Chambray, Georges, Marquis de 1783-1848. An artillery officer, and the author of the anonymous Histoire de l'expedition de Russie. Par M*** (1823), among other works. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Quoted. Chamfort, Sbastien-Roch Nicolas 1741-1794 Moralist. He is remembered for his maxims and epigrams. His acute observations on literature, morals, and politics made him popular at court, despite his republican beliefs. In the Reign of Terror, he was denounced, and committed suicide. BkIII:Chap6:Sec1 He admired Lucile. BkIV:Chap12:Sec2 Ginguen was one of his followers. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 Description. Raised in Clermont, a bastard son of the procureur-gnral Dauphin de Leyval. After the fall of the Girondins, and Marat, Chamfort was hard pressed. He was denounced in September 1793 and imprisoned, subsequently under house arrest, After a warning he tried to commit suicide (according to Ginguen) first with a pistol then a razor on the 15th November; he died probably of his wounds on the 13th April 1794. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. BkV:Chap15:Sec2 Argued with Chateaubriand over his politics. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 His reaction to the invasion of the Tuileries in 1792. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 A native of the Auvergne. Chamisso, Ludolf Adelbert von (Louis Charles Adelaide de Chamisso de Boncourt) 1781-1838. A German poet and naturalist, he was born at the Chteau de Boncourt, France. He served as page at the court of Frederick-William II of Prussia and, after army service and travels, became keeper of the royal botanical gardens. He edited (1804-6) the Musenalmanach and was a member of Mme de Stals circle. His sentimental poetic cycle Frauenliebe und Leben (1830) was set to music by Schumann. Peter Schlemihls wundersame Geschichte (1814) is his tale of a man who sold his shadow to the devil. He also wrote plays, an account of his travels in the Pacific (1836), and a work on linguistics (1837).

BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in Berlin in February 1821. He had taught at Napolon-Vende, founded by Napoleon, now La Rochesur-Yon, in the Pays-de-la-Loire, for a few months (1810-1811). His ancestral home Chteau de Boncourt was in Champagne. His poem Das Schloss Boncourt was written in 1827. Chamisso, Charles Louis Marie Hippolyte, Comte de 1769-1841. A royalist, and editor of La Notice, he was a page to Louis XVI, and elder brother of Adelbert. BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Chamonix, France The town in eastern France in the Haute-Savoie department near the Swiss and Italian borders. It is close to Mont Blanc. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1805. BkXXXV:Chap16:Sec1 Montenvers is connected to Chamonix by a rack and pinion railway, and is an access point for the Mer de Glace glacier. Champa The best candidate for Chateaubriands tchampas is the champa of Sanskrit literature, Plumeria, or Frangipani e.g. Plumeria rubra, which has been grown on St Helena as an exotic introduction. R.O. Williams, in his manuscript book Plants on St Helena (1989) lists Plumeria rubra (Frangipani) and mentions that Strangely, except for the Jamestown valley it does not thrive. The common name Frangipani comes from a sixteenthcentury Italian noble family, a marquess of which invented a plumeriascented perfume. Known as the Temple Tree, Pagoda Tree, Champa or Khairchampa in different parts of India, Frangipani (Family Apocynaceae) is one of the most extensively grown flowering trees. An emblem of immortality to both Buddhists and Muslims, it is frequently planted near monasteries and graveyards. The tree is grown in temples also for its daily supply of sweet, scented, fresh and creamy flowers. The exotic flowers open, bloom and fall on the earth almost throughout the year in temperate climates. It is not to be confused with champak another highly perfumed species of evergreen timber tree (Michelia champaca) native to India, with fragrant orange-yellow flowers that yield oil used in perfumery, and the flowers of which Indian women wear in their hair. (See Shelleys Indian Serenade. The Champak odours fail...) BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 In the Valley of the Tomb on St Helena.

Champagny, see Duc de Cadore Champagny, Nicolas Charles Stanislas Marie Louis Nompre, Vicomte de 1789-1863. Marshal, and Under Secretary of State for War in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Champaubert, France The town in north-eastern France. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Napoleon fighting there in February 1814. He almost destroyed a Russian corps in Blchers army. Champcenetz, Louis-Ren Quentin de Richebourg, Chevalier de 1759-1794. An officer of the French Guards, he was a collaborator in the production of the Actes des Aptres. BkV:Chap14:Sec1. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Champlain, Samuel de 1567-1635. French explorer. In 1603, following in Cartiers footsteps, he explored the St Lawrence and the coast from a base in Acadia. In 1608 he founded a colony at Quebec New France of which he became commandant in 1612. When Quebec was captured by the English in 1620 he was taken prisoner. Lake Champlain which he visited in 1609 is named after him. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 His description of the Canadian Indians. Champltreux The chateau, at Epinay near Luzarches 17 miles north of Paris, was built between 1751 and 1753 for Jean-Baptiste Mol, President of the Paris Parliament, who married the daughter of Samuel Bernard, financier to Louis XIV and Louis XV. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Inherited by Mathieu Mol. Champmesl, Marie Desmares, called La 1642-1698. French actress. She made her first appearance on the stage at Rouen with Charles Chevillet (1645-1701), who called himself Sieur de Champmesl, and they were married in 1666. By 1669 they were playing in Paris at the Thatre du Marais, her first appearance there being as Venus in Boyers Fte de Venus. The next year, as Hermione in Racines Andromaque, she had a great success at the Htel de Bourgogne. Phdre

was the climax of her triumphs, and when she and her husband deserted the Htel de Bourgogne, it was selected to open the Comdie Franaise on the 26th of August 1680. Here, with Mme. Gurin as the leading comedy actress, she played the great tragic love parts for more than thirty years. La Fontaine dedicated to her his novel Belphgor, and Boileau immortalized her in verse. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Her role as Iphignie. Champollion, Jean-Francois 1790-1832. A French classical scholar, philologist, orientalist, and Egyptologist, Champollion is generally credited as the father of Egyptology. Based on work by Thomas Young and William Bankes, Champollion translated parts of the Rosetta stone in 1822, showing that the ancient Egyptian was similar to Coptic, and the writing system was a combination of phonetic and ideographic signs. BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 A friend of Charles Lenormant. BkXLII:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. Chateaubriand uses the Hebrew name Mezraim for Egypt. Chantelauze, Jean-Claude-Balthazard-Victor de 1787-1859. Keeper of the Seal (Chancellor and Justice Minister) from MayJuly 1830. He was subsequently condemned and detained until 1836. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Joined the Cabinet briefly in 1830. Chanteloup, France The village is near Amboise. Of the chteau, the country seat of the Duc de Choiseul, only the well-known pagoda remains. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Barthlemy joined Choiseul in exile there. Chantilly, France A town and Chteau, it lies in the Oise. Rising from the confluence of the Seine and Oise rivers, twenty miles north of Paris, the Chteau de Chantilly is one of Frances largest estates. Built in 1560 by the architect Jean Bullant, for Anne de Montmorency, it came into the hands of the Cond family at the end of the 18th century. During the French Revolution, all of its works of art were transferred to the Louvre and it was used as a prison. Its last royal owner, the Duc dAumale donated the estate to the Institut de France in 1886. Its vast collection of manuscripts includes the fifteenth-century Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. The White Queens Castle is a 12th century

hunting lodge. The Commelle lakes, or pools, were laid out between 1204 and 1208 by the monks from Chlis Abbey. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand left Paris to spend a fortnight at Chantilly with his secretary Pilorge, on the 28th October 1837, to complete the manuscript of Le Congrs de Vrone. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 Birthplace of the Duc dEnghien. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 The Cond family seat. Chapelier, correctly Le Chapelier, Jean, also called Isaac 1754-1794. Deputy for Rennes, he was the founder of the Breton Club (Jacobin Club). He introduced a motion in the National Assembly which prohibited guilds and trade unions. Le Chapelier and other Jacobins interpreted demands by Paris workers for higher wages as contrary to the new principles of the Revolution. The measure was enacted law on June 14, 1791 (It was subsequently known as the Le Chapelier Law) and effectively barred guilds and trade unions in France until 1884. During the Terror, he temporarily emigrated to England, but returned to France in 1794 in a hopeless effort to prevent the confiscation of his assets. He was arrested and guillotined on the 22nd April 1794 with Chateaubriands brother and Malesherbes. BkV:Chap12:Sec2 Introduced Chateaubriand to opposition deputies. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 His name appears on the death warrant exhibited, and he was executed with Chateaubriands brother. Chapelle, Claude Emmanuel Luillier 1626-1686. Chapelle, and Franois Lecoigneux de Bachaumont (1624-1702) were poets and authors of Voyage en Provence et en Languedoc (1656). BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Quoted. Chaptal, Jean-Antoine-Claude, Comte de Chanteloup 1756-1832. French chemist, industrialist, and statesman. He became (1781) professor of chemistry at Montpellier, and during the Revolution he was active in gunpowder production. Later, as minister of the interior (18019) and director-general of commerce and manufactures (1815) under Napoleon he introduced far-reaching reforms in medicine, industry, and public works. His writings pioneered the application of chemical principles to industrial processes. BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 Became a supporter of Napoleon. BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him At La Chartreuse in 1805. At the start of the Consulate, he bought the estate of Chanteloupe which had

belonged to the Duc de Choiseul. He developed sugar-beet production which replaced sugar cane production in Europe. Sugar cane has been known for at least 2200 years. Alexanders army saw it during his conquest of India in 326BC. Theophrastus described honey produced from reeds, while Dioscorides, in the first century AD, described a honey called sakkharon collected from reeds in India and Arabia Felix with the consistency of salt and which could be crunched between the teeth. Hence Chateaubriands Indian reeds: sugar cane being cultivated throughout the Mediterranean, and planted by the Spanish in the West Indies. Chardel, Casimir 1777-1847. A judge in the Seine Tribunal and a Paris Deputy. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Named as Commissioner for Postal Services of the Municipal Commission, 29th July 1830. Charenton A suburb located to the south-east of Paris, Charenton-le-Pont lies at the junction of the Marne and Seine. A large mental hospital known as Charenton is situated in neighbouring Saint-Maurice, and the word Charenton is often used in French to signify an asylum, as Bedlam is used in English. BkII:Chap7:Sec5 On the 22nd of October 1685 the Act of Revocation of the Edict of Nantes was registered, and on the same day the Protestants were notified by a public spectacle that its execution had commenced. The great Church of Charenton built by the celebrated architect Jacques Debrosse, and capable of containing 14,000 persons, was razed to the ground, and a cross twenty feet high, adorned with the royal arms, was erected over the demolished edifice. BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned, as the easterly direction from central Paris. BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 The asylum at Charenton mentioned. Charette, Franois Athenase de La Contrie de 1763-1796. He served in the Navy under Toussaint de La Motte-Picquet, notably during the American War of Independence. He quit the Navy in 1789 and emigrated to Coblenz in 1792 (a common move for royalist aristocrats). He soon returned to France to live on his estate in Machecoul. In 1793, the Revolt in the Vende broke out, and the peasants fighting against the Republic asked him to be their leader. He joined Cathelineau and fought in most of the battles of the "Arme catholique et royale". After the dispersal

of the Vendean leaders in september 1793, he retired with his men. He became the leader of Basse-Vende and successfully used guerilla warfare against the Republican troops, even managing to capture a Republican camp in Saint-Christophe, near Challans. On the 17th of February 1795, Charette signed a peace treaty with the emissaries of the National Convention, but broke his parole and returned to battle in July to help the invasion by emigrated aristocrats at Quiberon. The Count of Artois made him Lieutenant General, but he refused to lead the Royal Army. Charette later refused to join Orlans. Pursued by General Louis Lazare Hoche, he was defeated at Quiberon; wounded, he was captured and executed by firing squad in March 1796. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Chariot A Paris auctioneer. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned Charlemagne c742-814. King of the Franks (771-814), and the first post-classical western Emperor (800-814), he was the son of Pepin the Short. He conquered the Saxon tribes, and became King of Lombardy (773). Having subsequently conquered most of Western Christendom he was crowned Emperor of the West by Pope Leo III, His court at Aix-la-Chapelle became a major administrative and cultural centre as part of the Carolingian Renaissance. BkVII:Chap11:Sec1 The opening of his tomb c.1450. BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 Louis XI instituted a cult of Charlemagne and in 1483 offered a reliquary and a cover of cloth of gold to re-clothe his tomb, as well as an annual offering paid until 1775. Louis XVI offered his predecessors mortuary robe for the tomb. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 His epic stature. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 Charlemagne created a type of academy, called the palace school or scola palatina, in Aachen. Another one was founded near Noyon by Carolingian leaders. The staff of scholars; the aristocrats and clergymen; and Charlemagne himself, shared the vision of educating the population in general, and of training the children of aristocrats in how to manage their lands and protect their states against invasion or squandering. These initiatives foreshadowed the rise, in the 11th century, of the universities of Western Europe. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 His piety before battle.

BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 His empathy. The source of the quote not known. Literally it means the savage child trapped by the ice while playing on the Ebro. BkXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 An almost mythical figure of medieval legend. BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Mourned at his death, the death of an age. BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 The feudal period following him. BkXXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Charleroi The town in south-central Belgium is on the River Sambre. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 Taken by Napoleons troops on the eve of Waterloo. Charles of Austria, Duke of Teschen, Archduke, 1771-1847. The son of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (1747 1792) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain (1745 1792), he was also a younger brother of Francis II of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor. Despite being epileptic, Charles achieved respect both as a commander and as a reformer of Austrias army. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 In 1795 he served on the Rhine, and in the following year was entrusted with the chief control of all the Austrian forces on that river. His conduct of the operations against Jourdan and Moreau in 1796 marked him out at once as one of the greatest generals in Europe. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Thwarted at the Tagliamento River in March 1797. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 Signed an armistice with Moreau at Steyr in December 1800. BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 In the short and disastrous war of 1805 Archduke Charles commanded what was intended to be the main army in Italy, but events made Germany the decisive theatre of operations, and the defeats sustained on the Danube neutralized the success obtained by the archduke over Massna in the Battle of Caldiero. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Defeated at Eckmhl in April 1809, but caused Napoleon grievous damage at Aspern-Essling. Charles-Edward, see Stuart Charles-Emmanuel IV of Savoy, King of Sardinia 1751-1819. Brother-in-law of Louis XVI, who, widowed, abdicated in June 1802 in favour of his brother, and retired to Frascati.

BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand committed a gaffe by visiting him in 1803, but it was the visit to his brother, and successor, Victor-Emmanuel I (1759-1824), which caused disquiet in Paris, since the new King having lost Piedmont in 1802, intrigued at Rome, supported by Russia. Charles-Felix of Savoy, King of Sardinia 1765-1831. He was married by proxy to Maria Cristina, Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1779-1849) on 7 March 1807. She was a daughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Marie Caroline of Austria. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1831. Charles the Fat, Emperor 839-888. King of the East Franks, King of Italy, King of France and, as Charles III, Holy Roman Emperor, he was granted lordship over Alemannia in 876, and became King of Italy in 879 upon the abdication of his older brother Carloman. Crowned Emperor in 881, his succession to the territories of his brother Louis the Younger the following year reunited the entire Kingdom of the East Franks (Germany). Upon the death of Carloman, the King of the West Franks (France), in 884, he achieved that throne as well, thus reviving, if only briefly, the entire Carolingian Empire, aside from Provence, which was in rebellion under Boso. BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 The Benedictine Abbey on Reichenau Island in Lake Constance supposedly contained his tomb. Charles, Julie Bouchaud, Madame 1784-1817. Born in Dominique she became the wife (1804) of the wellknown chemist, physicist and aeronaut, Jacques Alexandre Csar Charles (1746-1823) who invented the hydrogen balloon and devised Charles Law which relates the pressure, volume and temperature of gases. She ran a literary salon patronised by Louis de Fontanes among others, and suffered from tuberculosis. She was muse to Lally-Tollendal and later Lamartine whom she met in 1816 at Aix les Bains while taking the waters. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Her relationship with Lally-Tollendal. Charles Martel c688-741. Known as the Hammer, the Frankish ruler and illegitimate son of Pepin of Heristal, he was the grandfather of Charlemagne. After the death of his father (714) he seized power in Austrasia from Pepins widow, who was ruling as regent for her grandsons, and became mayor of the palace. He

subsequently subdued the W Frankish kingdom of Neustria and began the re-conquest of Burgundy, Aquitaine, and Provence. He defeated the Spanish Muslims at the battle of Tours (73233) and began the military campaigns that re-established the Franks as the rulers of Gaul. Although he never assumed the title of king, he divided the Frankish lands, like a king, between his sons Pepin the Short and Carloman. BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 His defeat of the Moors at Tours. Charles of Prussia, Friedrich Karl Alexander, Prince 1801-1833. He was the third son of Frederick-William III. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Mentioned. Charles-Quint (Charles I of Spain) 1500-1558. Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V (1519-1556). He inherited Burgundy and the Netherlands (1506) from his father Philip of Burgundy; he became King of Spain and Naples (1516) on the death of his maternal grandfather Ferdinand II of Aragon, and Holy Roman Emperor on the death of his paternal grandfather Maximilian I. He fought intermittent wars against France, and the Ottoman Turks, saw the emergence of the Reformation, and eventually retired to a Spanish monastery dividing his possessions between his son who became Philip II of Spain, and his brother Emperor Ferdinand I. BkI:Chap4:Sec4 BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 His expedition to Africa supported by Saint-Malo. He won an important victory at Tunis in 1531. He failed to take Algiers in 1541. BkX:Chap5:Sec2 The legend is that he rehearsed his own funeral a month before his actual death. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap15:Sec1 He was born in the Prinsenhof, of which little remains, at Ghent. It was a palace of the Court of Flanders. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 He posed for Titian in 1533 and twice in 1548. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Charles IV de Bourbon 1748-1819. King of Spain (17881808), he was the second son of Charles III, whom he succeeded in place of his imbecile older brother. Unlike his father, Charles IV was an ineffective ruler and in 1792 virtually surrendered the government to Godoy, his chief minister and favourite of his wife, Mara Luisa. Spain entered the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793, but in 1795 made peace with France in the second Treaty of Basel. By the Treaty of San Ildefonso (1796) Spain allied itself with France and became involved in the

war with England. It suffered major naval defeats at Cape St. Vincent (1797) and Trafalgar (1805). The convention of Fontainebleau (1807) precipitated the events leading to the Peninsular War. As French troops marched on Madrid in March 1808, a popular uprising led to a coup at Aranjuez; the king was forced to abdicate in favour of his son, Ferdinand VII. Napoleon I tricked both father and son into a meeting with him at Bayonne, France, and forced them to abdicate in turn. The royal family was held captive in France until 1814, while Joseph Bonaparte was king of Spain. Charles IV and his family have been frankly portrayed by Goya, one of their court painters. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 King in 1804 at the time of the Duc dEnghiens execution. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 The Treaty of Bayonne in 1808 exiled him. Charles I, Charles Stuart, King of England 1600-1649 King of England 1625-1649. His Catholic leanings and highhandedness with Parliament resulted in Civil War. His military campaigns were lost to Cromwell and the New Model Army of the Puritans. He was beheaded 30 January 1649. BkII:Chap7:Sec3 The signing of his death warrant. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 The site of his scaffold (outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall). BkIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 Louis XVI met the same fate. BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 His monarchist army. BkX:Chap5:Sec2 Charles was buried privately, at night on 7 February 1649, in the Henry VIII vault inside St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. The King's son, Charles II, later planned an elaborate royal mausoleum, but this was never built. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 His age at Shakespeares death. BkXXII:Chap 25:Sec1 In the Common Prayer Book of the Church of England, the 30th January was designated The Day of the Martyrdom of the Blessed King Charles I and A Form of Prayer, with Fasting, to be used yearly upon its recurrence determined. BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 His Catholicism. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 His widow was Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henri IV. BkXXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Not saved by the House of Lords. BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 The delayed effects of his reign. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Celebrated in the poetry of Richard Lovelace.

Charles II, Charles Stuart, King of England 1630-1685 King of England 1660-1685. Crowned by the Scots after his fathers execution, but defeated by Cromwell, he was forced into exile. George Monck negotiated his return. He showed active Catholic sympathies. Attempts by Parliament to exclude his Catholic brother, later James II, from the succession, failed and from 1681 Charles ruled without Parliament. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 A life-size bronze statue of James II by Grinling Gibbons (1648-1721) stood in the Court of Whitehall, has been moved a number of times, and is now sited in front of the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square. Chateaubriand frequently and wrongly refers to it as a statue of Charles II. It is one of the finest outdoor statues in London. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 In 1675 Charles created his illegitimate son Charles duke of Richmond, earl of March. This Charles (16721723), on whom his father bestowed the surname of Lennox, was the son of the celebrated Louise de Kroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 His mistresses included Lucy Walter, Barbara Villiers, Nell Gwynn, Moll Davis, Louis de Kroualle, Elizabeth Killigrew, Catherine Pegge, Winifred Wells, Mrs Jane Roberts, Mrs Knight, Mary Killigrew, Elizabeth Countess of Kildare, and Frances Stuart. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 His English Restoration compared to Louis XVIII. Charles V, The Wise, King of France 1338-1380. King of France (136480). Son of King John II, he became the first French heir apparent to bear the title of dauphin after the addition of the region of Dauphin to the royal domain in 1349. Regent during his father's captivity in England (135660, 1364), Charles dealt successfully with the Jacquerie revolt, with the intrigues of King Charles II of Navarre, and with the popular movement headed by tienne Marcel, who armed Paris against the Dauphin. Becoming king in 1364, Charles stabilized the coinage and took steps to rid France of the companies of corcheurs, marauding bands of discharged soldiers. Aided by his great general, Bertrand Du Guesclin, he almost succeeded in driving the English from France. Charles and his ministers, the Marmousets, strengthened the royal authority, introduced a standing army, built a powerful navy, and instituted reforms that put fiscal authority more firmly in the hands of the crown. A patron of the arts and of learning, he established the royal library and interested himself in the embellishment of the Louvre and in the construction of the palace at SaintPol. However, his love of pomp and his lack of economy put a severe economic burden on the country. In the last year of his life he sided with

Pope Clement VII against Pope Urban VI at the beginning of the Great Schism. BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 The peasants, Les Jacques (so called from the name Jacques Bonhomme that lords used of their servants) rebelled in 1358 in Beauvais and Meaux (La Jacquerie). Having taken Meaux they were massacred by Charles II of Navarre. The uprising was caused by the ravages of the English army and French nobility during the Hundred Years War, which reduced the rural population to destitution. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 The barricades in Paris during the revolts. Charles VI, The Well-Beloved, later The Mad, King of France 1368-1422. King of France from 1380. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Playing cards widespread during his reign. La Hire was a contemporary warrior. Charles VII, The Well-Served, King of France 1403-1461 King of France 1422-1461, he was the son and successor of Charles VI. His reign saw the end of the Hundred Years War. Charles waged only perfunctory warfare against the English. He was prodded into action by the siege of Orlans (1429) in which Joan of Arc helped save the city. After the capture of Orlans, Charles was crowned (1429) at Reims. In 1435, Charles agreed to the Treaty of Arras, which reconciled him with the powerful duke, Philip the Good of Burgundy, who had been an ally of the English. He recovered Paris the following year. By the battle of Formigny and the capture of Cherbourg (1450) the English were expelled from Normandy, and the battle of Castillon (1453) resulted in their withdrawal from Guienne. Charles, although dominated by his mistress, Agns Sorel, proved an able administrator. He reorganized the army and remodeled French finances, established heavy taxation, particularly through the taille, a direct land tax. In 1438, Charles issued the pragmatic sanction of Bourges, which established the liberty of the French Roman Catholic Church from Rome. In his reign commerce was expanded by the enterprise of Jacques Cur. The end of Charles's rule was disturbed by the intrigues of the dauphin, who succeeded him as Louis XI. BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 The peasant armies drove out the English. BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 He was crowned at Rheims, on July 17th 1429, with Joan of Arc at his side. The oil used was that used in Clovis baptism. Charles VIII, King of France

1470-1498. King of France 1483-1498. He unsuccessfully claimed the throne of Naples. He entered Naples in 1495, but was forced to withdraw faced with an alliance between Austria, Milan, Venice and the Papacy. He married Anne of Brittany. BkV:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Thwarted at Fornovo. Charles IX, King of France 1550-1574 King of France 1560-1574. He succeeded his brother Francis II under the regency of his mother, Catherine de Medici. She retained her influence throughout his reign. After 1570, however, Charles was temporarily under the sway of the French Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny. Catherine, fearing for her power, persuaded her weak son to approve the massacre of Saint Bartholomews Day in which Coligny and thousands of other Huguenots were murdered. Charles IX was succeeded by his brother Henry III. BkI:Chap5:Sec3 He once visited Saint-Malo. BkXXII:Chap 25:Sec1 St Bartholomews Day mentioned. BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 A Valois. BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 Ippolito dEste spent time at his court. Charles X, King of France 1757-1836 King of France 1824-1830. Younger brother of King Louis XVI and of King Louis XVIII, whom he succeeded, as Comte dArtois he headed the reactionary faction at the court of Louis XVI. He left France (July, 1789) at the outbreak of the French Revolution and became a leading spirit of the migr party. After his failure to aid the Vende insurrection, he stayed in England until the Bourbon restoration (1814). During the reign of Louis XVIII he headed the ultra-royalist opposition, which triumphed after the assassination (1820) of Charles son the Duc de Berry. The event caused the fall of the ministry of lie Decazes and the advent of the Comte de Villle, who continued as chief minister after Charles accession. Among the many attempts of Charles and Villle to re-establish elements of the ancien rgime, as the pre-revolutionary order is called, the law (1825) indemnifying the migrs for lands confiscated during the Revolution and measures increasing the power of the clergy met with particular disapproval. The bourgeoisie and the liberal press joined in attacking the Villle cabinet, which resigned in 1827. Villle's successor, the vicomte de Martignac, vainly tried to steer a middle course, and in 1829 Charles appointed an uncompromising reactionary, Jules Armand de Polignac, as chief minister.

To divert attention from internal affairs, Polignac initiated the French venture in Algeria. However, his dissolution (March 1830) of the liberal Chamber of Deputies and his drastic July Ordinances, establishing rigid control of the press, dissolving the newly elected chamber, and restricting suffrage, resulted in the July Revolution. Charles abdicated in favour of his grandson, the Comte de Chambord, and embarked for England. However, the Duc dOrlans, whom Charles had appointed lieutenant general of France, was chosen king of the French as Louis Philippe. BkI:Chap5:Sec3 BkXXXIV:Chap1:Sec1 His visit to Saint-Malo as a prince, where Chateaubriand first saw him. BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap1:Sec1 At Thionville in September 1792, Chateaubriand having left his paternal hearth. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Titled Monsieur in 1822, being the then Kings eldest brother. He had a hotel at 46 Baker Street, not far from Marylebone High Street. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 His ignorance of Chateaubriands 1804 resignation. BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 His abdication on 29th July 1830. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Monsieur in 1815, as the Kings eldest brother. Chateaubriand suggested he leave Paris for Le Havre. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 In Ghent in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 He, and by extension his party, occupied the Pavillon Marsan in the Tuileries in Paris, and its equivalent in 1815 the Htel des Pays-Bas in Ghent. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec1 His intrigues regarding the Congress of Vienna. BkXXIII:Chap13:Sec1 The Napoleonic Marshals who carried the insignia at his coronation on 29th of May 1825 in Rheims cathedral were Jourdan, Moncey, Mortier and Soult. BkXXIII:Chap15:Sec1 Left Ghent for Brussels as Napoleons army approached. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 His abdication in favour of his grandson in 1830. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Urges Fouchs appointment at the second Restoration. BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 He left Rambouillet for Cherbourg in 1830. BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriands note to him of 26th February 1828. BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 His coronation on the 29th of May 1825. BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriands support for the new monarch. He had held the title Duke of Normany from 1785 to 1789.

BkXXVIII:Chap14:Sec1 His name day, St Charles day, was the 4th of November. Chateaubriand published the article in the Journal des Dbats on the 3rd November 1827, from which extracts appear in the Memoirs. BkXXVIII:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him on 27th April 1827. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 At the review of the National Guard on 29th of April 1927, and a description of his character. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 During his exile in 1830 he re-visited Holyrood where he had lived during the Empire. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 He died aged 79. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand has an audience with him in 1829. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 His handling of the opening Session of March 1830, and the vote of the 221. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 His stubbornness in early 1830. BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Hunting at Rambouillet on the 26th July 1830, when the decrees were published. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap13:Sec1 His inability to understand what was happening in July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him at Saint Cloud on the 29th of July 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap2:Sec1 Leaves Trianon for Rambouillet on the evening of the 31st of July 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 His flight from Rambouillet in August 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 His journey into exile in 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 His fall a delayed consequence of Louis XVIs demise during the Revolution. BkXXXIV:Chap3:Sec1 Arriving in England, Charles stayed with a Jacobite family at Lulworth in Dorset from 23rdAugust to 15th October 1830, and then transferred to Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh. BkXXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 The Act of 1831 banishing Charles X and his family. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 His advisers in Paris. BkXXXV:Chap9:Sec1 He offers Chateaubriand a Peers pension (12000 francs) in 1832. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 He had entered France via Vesoul in February 1814, and in August 1832 left Holyrood for London, leaving for Prague on the 18th of September and arriving on the 25th of October 1832. BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 His indifference to Chateaubriand.

BkXXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 He receives Chateaubriand in Prague on the 24th of May 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap12:Sec1 At the Hradschin. BkXXXVII:Chap13:Sec1 Chateaubriands view of his situation. He refers the reader to Le Roi est Mort: vive le Roi his pamphlet of September 1824 for the portrait of Charles. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1836. BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 At Bustehrad near Prague on the 26th and 27th September 1833. BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 He died 6th November 1836 of cholera. Charles IV of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia, Holy Roman Emperor 1316-1378. He was King of Bohemia 1346 to 1378. He made Prague his Imperial capital (note the Charles Bridge and Charles Square), and is regarded as a father of the country (Czech Republic). He was the son of Jan the Blind. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Carlsbad named for him. Charles XII, King of Sweden (Karl XII, Carolus Rex) 1682-1718 King of Sweden 1697-1718. He fought a series of brilliant campaigns in the Northern War (1700-1721) but suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of the Russians at Pultava and fled to Turkey. In 1714 he unexpectedly arrived at Swedish-occupied Stralsund and defended it against the Prussians and the Danes until December 1715. When it fell he escaped to Sweden and proceeded to invade (1716) Norway. He was killed in the Swedish trenches while besieging the fortress of Fredrikssten. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 Met the Duke of Marlborough in 1707. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Passed through Smolensk on his way towards Moscow. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec4 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec2 Wounded at Pultava. Charles XIII, King of Sweden 1748-1818. King of Sweden (180918) and Norway (181418). Called to the throne at the forced abdication (1809) of his nephew, Gustaf IV, Charles accepted a new constitution that limited the monarchs power, and signed treaties with Denmark, France, and a treaty ceding Finland to Russia. In 1810 he adopted the French marshal Bernadotte (later King Charles XIV) as his heir, and thereafter left all affairs in his hands.

BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Charles XIV, King of Sweden, see Bernadotte Charleston, South Carolina The city in South Carolina near the Atlantic Coast, was founded in 1670, the first military action of the Civil War took place here in 1861. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Charlevoix, le Pre Franois-Xavier 1682-1761. Jesuit historian. He taught in Quebec for four years, and later (1720-1723) explored the French colonies in America, at the request of the government. For twenty-two years he was an editor of the "Memoires de Trevoux," a monthly journal of bibliography, history, and science. His Histoire et description generale de la Nouvelle France is his most important work. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 His description of the Canadian Indians. Charlot, Colonel Squadron-Commander in the Alsace Gendarmerie (attached to the 19th Legion) in 1804, he was attached at the time to Sergeant Pfersdorff of Benfields Brigade. He ws made Commandant of the 3rd Gendarmerie Legion at Hamburg in 1811 on his appointment as Colonel. Commandant of the 34th Legion of the Imperial Gendarmerie (Villes Hansatiques) (18111814). BkXVI:Chap2:Sec2 Present at Ettenheim during the arrest of the Duc dEnghien. Charmel, correctly Chalmel, Abb Charras, Jean-Baptiste, Colonel 1810-1865. He had been expelled from the Polytechnique for singing the Marseillaise and toasting Lafayette. He later served in Algeria until the February Revolution. He played a role in the Second Republic but was proscribed after 2nd December 1851 and spent the rest of his life on his History of the 1815 Campaign (1863) and an unfinished History of the 1813 War in Germany. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned in July 1830. Charrire, Agnes Isabel milie, Madame de

1740-1805. Known as Belle van Zuylen in the Netherlands and Madame de Charrire elsewhere, she was a Dutch-born writer who lived the latter half of her life in Switzerland. She is now best known for her letters although she also wrote novels, pamphlets and plays. BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Her first novel Lettres neuchteloises of 1784 contains the characters named. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Her best known novella Caliste (1787) was a sequel to Lettres crites de Lausanne (1785) and usually published with it. Chartier, Alain c1385-c1443. A French writer, he was secretary to Charles VII. His most popular work was the love poem La Belle Dame sans mercy (1424), which provided Keats with a title. Le Quadrilogue invectif (1422), a political pamphlet in vigorous prose, called for French solidarity to combat the turmoil of the Hundred Years War. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 Buried in Avignon. There is a legend that he was kissed while asleep by Margaret of Scotland, to honour, she said the mouth which elicited so many virtuous words. Chartres The town, in North Central France, is capital of the Eure-et-Loire department on the River Eure. The Gothic Cathedral begun c1194 is famous, especially for its 13th Century stained glass. It is the principal market town of the Beauce region. BkI:Chap4:Sec8 The inhabitants of Saint-Malo vowed to help build the towers of Chartres Cathedral. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 The Bishop of Chartres referred to is ClaudeHippolyte Clausel de Montals. He became Bishop of Chartres in 1824. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Charybdis A mythical whirlpool it lay between Italy and Sicily in the Messenian straits. Charybdis was the voracious daughter of Mother Earth and Neptune, hurled into the sea, and thrice, daily, drawing in and spewing out a huge volume of water. See Homers Odyssey. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Chasteler de Courcelles, Johan Gabriel de 1763-1825. A career soldier and Austrian general he was badly wounded on more than one occasion. In 1809 he commanded the VIII army corps in

Italy, entered the Tyrol and was heavily defeated at Wrgl. He died in Venice. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Commanding in the Tyrol in 1809. Chastenay, Madame de A friend of Annibal Moreau. She may possibly be identified with Catherine Louise dHerbouville, born at Rouen, the wife of Erard Louis Guil Comte de Chastenay de Lanty (1748-1830). By him she had two children, a daughter, the famous and precocious Louise Marie Victorine (1771-1815), a writer and the author of two volumes of memoirs published posthumously in 1896, and a son, Henri Louis (born 1772), the last to bear the title of Comte de Chastenay. There is a portrait, 1785, which may be of her, by Madame Le Brun. BkIV:Chap2:Sec1 BkIV:Chap3:Sec2 BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. BkIV:Chap3:Sec3 BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand visits her in Paris in 1786. BkIV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand walks past her house in 1787. Chastenay, Louise Marie Victorine Lanty, Comtesse de 1771-1855. Daughter of Madame de Chastenay, she was the author of Memoires published posthumously in 1896, Du Gnie des Peuples Anciens (1808) and Le Calendrier de Flore, as well as translations of Ann Radcliff (The Mysteries of Udolpho, 1797) and Goldsmith. She was the friend of writers, politicians and scientists. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from her Memoires (not then published). Chateau dAssy, Monsieur de A gentleman of the neighbourhood of Combourg. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Signatory to Chateaubriands fathers death certificate. Chateaubourg, Bnigne-Jeanne de Chateaubriand, Comtesse de Qubriac, then de la Celle de, 1761-1848 Sister of Chateaubriand. Born 31st August 1761. Married JeanFranois Xavier, Comte de Qubriac 1780, widowed 1783. Married PaulMarie-Franois de la Celle, Comte de Chateaubourg 1786, widowed 1816. Died 16th May 1848. BkI:Chap2:Sec1 Her birth. BkII:Chap7:Sec5 Settled in Fougres with her husband.

BkIV:Chap4:Sec1 Remarried in 1786. BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand stayed with her in 1788/1789. Her two country houses were Lascardais (or La Scardais) and Le Plessis, near Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier. BkXV:Chap1:Sec1 Lucile staying with her in July 1803, at Lascardais. Chateaubourg, Charles-Marie-Franois de la Celle, Comte de d. 1777 Elder brother of Paul. BkV:Chap6:Sec1 His ghost. Chateaubourg, Paul-Marie-Franois de la Celle, Comte de 1752-1816 Married Bnigne-Jeanne de Chateaubriand 24th April 1786. BkIV:Chap4:Sec1 He gave Chateaubriand letters of recommendation to the officers of the Navarre Regiment in 1786. Chateaubriand Family BkI:Chap1:Sec4 The three branches of the family outlined. The root-stock being the Barons de Chateaubriand. See Thiern. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Their role in history. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 The family line mentioned. Chateaubriand, Brien I, Baron de, see also Thiern BkI:Chap1:Sec6 First recorded ancestor of Chateaubriand, probably fought in the Battle of Hastings 1066. Chateaubriand, Geoffroy IV, Baron de, c1216-1263. Died 29th March 1263, aged 47. Son of Sire Geoffroy III, de Chteaubriand, Snchal de la Me, and of Batrice de Montrenault. He married (his third wife after Amourie de Thouars, and Agns de Laval) Sybille de la Guerche. His son Briant married Jeanne de Beaufort. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 BkI:Chap4:Sec2 Travelled to the Holy Land with Saint Louis. Taken prisoner at the Battle of the Massorah. Returned to France. Granted a new coat of arms. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Agns de Laval his second wife. Chateaubriand, Geoffroy V, Twelfth Baron de 1237-1284. Son of Geoffroy IV. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Married Marguerite de Lusignan about 1269. Chateaubriand, Sybille de la Guerche, de

c 1220-1251. Daughter of Guillaume III de la Guerche. Wife of Geoffroy IV de Chateaubriand. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 Died of joy and shock at her husbands return from imprisonment in the Holy Land, according to Chateaubriand. Chateaubriand de la Roche (or de Roches) Baritaut, Les BkI:Chap1:Sec4 A branch of the Chateaubriand Family. Also called the Seigneurs du Lion dAngers. Note Isabeau de Chateaubriand, daughter of Geoffroi Ier Brideau de Chateaubriand, Dames des Roches Baritaut, c1365c1410 She married Guyon II or Guy du Puy du Fou. Chateaubriand de Beaufort, Dame Rene de Last of the direct line of the Sires de Beaufort. BkI:Chap1:Sec4 Mentioned. Chateaubriand, Charlotte BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Married Henri Sire de Croy. Chateaubriand, Franoise de Foix, Comtesse de 1495-1537. Dame de Chteaubriant in Brittany, she was mistress of Franois I from 1518 to 1528, and was present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 Mentioned. Chateaubriand, Madame Claude de Possibly this is a pseudonym for the young Chateaubriand himself. The verse would then be a pastiche. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Chateaubriand de la Guerrande (or Gurande), Christophe II de 1597-1675 Paternal great-great-great grandfather of Chateaubriand. BkI:Chap1:Sec4 BkI:Chap1:Sec8 He established his nobility and hereditary rights in 1669. The ancestral land of La Guerrande was in the parish of Hnanbihen (Ctes-du-Nord) ten or so kilometres to the north-west of Plancot, and is here confused with the town of Gurande in Morbihan. Chateaubriand de la Guerrande, Jean de, 1631-1711. Son of Christophe II. BkI:Chap1:Sec4 Mentioned.

Chateaubriand de la Guerrande, Michel de, Elder son of Jean de Chateaubriand de la Guerrande, he was grandson of Christophe. BkI:Chap1:Sec4 BkI:Chap1:Sec8 Mentioned. Chateaubriand de la Guerrande, Alexis de Elder son of Michel. BkI:Chap1:Sec8 Mentioned as head of the family at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Chateaubriand, Amaury de, Seigneur de la Ville-Andr 1652-1690. Younger son of Jean, grandson of Christophe, and paternal great-grandfather of Chateaubriand, he was the uncle of Alexis. BkI:Chap1:Sec4 BkI:Chap1:Sec8 Mentioned. Chateaubriand de la Villeneuve, Jacques-Franois de, Seigneur des Touches 1683-1729. Born 19th February 1683, he was the son of the preceding. Paternal grandfather of Chateaubriand, he married Ptronille-Claude Lamour de Lanjgu 27th August 1713, and died 28th March 1729. BkI:Chap1:Sec8 Mentioned. The division of his estate was in fact deferred, due to the young age of his sons, and to support their widowed mother, and the division of the inheritance among the sons was not made until 1761 when Ren bought Combourg. It was then that Joseph removed to Paris with his share. Chateaubriand, Ptronille-Claude Lamour de Lanjgu, Madame de 1691-1781 Paternal grandmother of Chateaubriand, she married JacquesFranois 1713. She was widowed in 1729. After 1775 she moved to live near her third son, and died 22nd October 1781. BkI:Chap1:Sec8 BkI:Chap1:Sec9 Mentioned. Chateaubriand, Franois-Henri, Abb de 1717-1776. Eldest son of Jacques-Franois, he was Rector of Saint-Launeuc and Merdrignac, and uncle of Chateaubriand. BkI:Chap1:Sec8 Mentioned. Chateaubriand du Plessis, Pierre-Anne-Marie de, 1727-1794. Second son of Jacques-Franois, he was uncle to Chateaubriand. A Sailor, he married Marie-Jeanne-Thrse Brignon de Lehen, 12th

February 1760. Imprisoned during the Terror, he died in prison, at SaintMalo, 20th August 1794. BkI:Chap1:Sec8 BkI:Chap1:Sec9 BkI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkI:Chap1:Sec10 Made captain in 1758, commanding slave ships till 1776 for his brother. He retired to Val Guildo by the Rance in 1779. Chateaubriand, Marguerite BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Married douard de Rohan. Chateaubriand, Marie-Jeanne-Thrse Brignon de Lehen, Dame de Wife of Pierre. Aunt of Chateaubriand. BkI:Chap2:Sec1 Signatory at Chateaubriands baptism. Chateaubriand, Marie Anne Rene de Daughter of Pierre. Chateaubriand du Parc, Joseph-Urbain de, 1728-1772. Youngest son of Jacques-Franois. Uncle of Chateaubriand, he served as a sailor alongside his brothers for fifteen years. He was an ensign in the New World from 1746 (aged 18) aboard the Tiger where Ren was a lieutenant: a lieutenant himself in 1752, then second in command in 1759 of the Villegenie where his other brother Pierre was captain. He did not retire to Paris till 1761, where his life became mysterious. He died 13th August 1772 at Guitt, close to his mother. BkI:Chap1:Sec8 The account of his life somewhat distorted by Chateaubriand. Chateaubriand du Plessis, Stanislas-Pierre: Jean-Marie de, 1767-1785. Born 23rd February 1767, he was the elder son of Pierre, cousin of Chateaubriand, page to the Queen, then sailor, drowned off Africa. Admitted as a candidate at Brest on the 25th April 1782, he was dismissed after failing twice in his examination for the Marine Guard. He set sail on 3rd October from Saint-Malo on a trade voyage aboard the Marquis de Castries which lasted until 1785. The cause of his death is unknown, happening on board, off the coast of Madagascar, 15th March 1785, three weeks after a violent revolt of the slaves aboard the transport. BkI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Chateaubriand du Plessis, Armand-Louis-Marie de,

1768-1809 Born 15th March 1768, he was the younger son of Pierre. A Cousin of Chateaubriand, he fought with him in the Army of Princes. Emigrating to Jersey, he married Jeanne (Jenny) Le Brun at Jersey, 14th September 1795. Shipwrecked and captured 1809, he was executed on the 31st March 1809. BkI:Chap1:Sec10 BkI:Chap5:Sec1 His fate mentioned. He was shot on Bonapartes orders on Good Friday (31st March) 1809. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 His son, Frdrick. BkIX:Chap8:Sec3 BkIX:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand met up with him at Trves in 1792. BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkIX:Chap15:Sec1 He was involved in the siege of Thionville. BkX:Chap3:Sec2 Married on Jersey. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 The fatal incident was Armands execution. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Remained in England, when Chateaubriand returned. His mission to France. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 His arrest. BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap20:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 Chateaubriand tried to intercede with Fouch on his behalf. Chateaubriand, Frdrick de Born 11th November 1799, he was the son of Armand. BkI:Chap5:Sec1 Placed by Chateaubriand in Monsieurs Guard after Armands death. He married Mademoiselle de Gastaldi at Nancy, and they had two sons. He subsequently retired from the service. (Chateaubriands footnote.) BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 He bought La Ballue, at Saint-Servan where Chateaubriands mother died. BkX:Chap3:Sec2 Born on Jersey. Chateaubriand, Jeanne Thrse de Gastaldi, Dame de Wife of Frdrick. BkI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned in a footnote. Chateaubriand (de Combourg), Ren-Auguste de, 1718-1786. Chateaubriands father, married Apolline-Jeanne-Suzanne de Bede, in the church at Bourseul, 3rd July 1753. He died 6th September 1786. Disinterred and remains burnt by villagers of Combourg at the start of the Revolution. BkI:Chap1:Sec8 His parenthood.

BkI:Chap1:Sec9 His entry into the Navy. Having served as an officer in the New World he received his masters papers in June 1747, and sailed to Saint Dominique or Guinea in 1756. At forty he retired to Saint-Malo where he set up on his own account with the capital he had acquired, while his brothers Pierre and Joseph replaced him at sea. BkI:Chap1:Sec10 BkI:Chap3:Sec2 His character. BkI:Chap1:Sec11. His marriage. He made a last voyage (1754-56) after his marriage, his sole trading trip, for a Nantes ship-owner. His young wife lived in her fathers house, the Manoir de la Boitardais, till he returned. They moved to Saint-Malo in 1757 (1st September, Rue des Juifs, in a house rented from Monsieur Magon de Boisgarein). The Seven Years War 17561763 (especially thanks to privateering) contributed to his prosperity, so much so that in 1762 he had a fortune of 560,000 livres. Having bought Combourg for 300,000 livres in 1761 which he paid to the Marshal de Duras in four years (re-selling part of the domain for 40,000 livres) he still had more than 200,000 livres which allowed him to trade on his own account or with others, but in increasingly difficult trading conditions. BkI:Chap2:Sec1 His desire for a second son to secure the family line. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 His desire to regain Combourg. BkI:Chap3:Sec2 His disdain for the court. BkI:Chap5:Sec2 Ignores his sons mishap. BkI:Chap6:Sec1 He calls on his family to join him at Combourg (in 1777). BkI:Chap7:Sec2 He greets his familys arrival at Combourg (in 1777). BkII:Chap2:Sec1 His revival of ancient customs at Combourg. BkII:Chap3:Sec1 Lodges the colonels of two regiments at Combourg. BkII:Chap4:Sec3 His belief in quack remedies. BkII:Chap10:Sec1 His reception of his son. BkIII:Chap1:Sec2 BkIII:Chap1:Sec3 BkIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 His fathers nature and life at Combourg. BkIII:Chap3:Sec1 He takes his son hunting. BkIII:Chap12:Sec1 His gloomy nature. BkIII:Chap14:Sec2 His farewell to his son. BkIII:Chap14:Sec3 Chateaubriands return to Combourg in 1787 after his fathers death. His fathers dreams of reviving the family fortunes. His fathers ashes were snatched from the grave in 1794 during the Revolution, and his remains burnt in the public square. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand hears of his fathers death of a stroke on the 6th September 1786, the eve of the Angevin Fair. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned in the death certificate of Chateaubriands mother.

BkIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand mourns him. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 Christian de Chateaubriands paternal grandfather. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 He was in action at Danzig. Chateaubriand, Apolline-Jeanne-Suzanne de Bede, Madame de 1726-1798 Wife of Ren, daughter of Ange-Annibal de Bede, she was the mother of Chateaubriand. Born 7th April 1726, married 3rd July 1753, she was widowed 6th September 1786. Imprisoned in 1794, she died 31st May 1798. BkI:Chap1:Sec11 Married to Chateaubriands father. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 BkI:Chap5:Sec2 BkIII:Chap12:Sec1 BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkI:Chap3:Sec2 Her character. BkI:Chap4:Sec8 Her words to her son, quoting Saint Monica. BkI:Chap6:Sec1 Her wishes for his education. BkII:Chap6:Sec1 She attends her sons first communion. BkII:Chap10:Sec1 Her reception of her son. BkIII:Chap1:Sec2 BkIII:Chap1:Sec4 Life at Combourg. BkIII:Chap13:Sec1 Her wish for her son to be a priest. The decision is left to him. BkIII:Chap14:Sec2 Her sighs at his destiny. BkIII:Chap14:Sec3 Her visit with Chateaubriand to Combourg in December 1788. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Her death certificate, dated 12th Prairial year VI of the Republic, i.e. the 31st May 1798. BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkV:Chap4:Sec1 She settled at Saint-Malo in 1787, at 479 (now 17) Rue des Grands-Degrs. BkV:Chap15:Sec4 She witnessed Chateaubriands departure for America on 7th April 1791. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 She sends Chateaubriand the money to clear his debts, in January 1792. BkX:Chap8:Sec1 Arrested 10th February 1794, transferred to Paris at the start of May, released in October, a little before her daughters. BkXI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand heard of the death of his mother in a letter from the Comte de Bede of late June 1798. Chateaubriand, Geoffroy-Ren-Marie de, Born 4th May 1758. Eldest brother of Chateaubriand, died in infancy. BkI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

Chateaubriand, Jean-Baptiste-Auguste, Comte de 1759-1794 Elder brother of Chateaubriand, born 23rd June 1759, he was Counsellor at the High Court of Brittany in 1779. Entered the Royal Cavalry regiment, and joined the diplomatic corps. He married Aline-Thrse Le Pelletier de Rosanbo in 1787. He was guillotined with her, Madame de Rosanbo and Malesherbes on the 22nd of April 1794. BkI:Chap1:Sec8 Mentioned as writing quite good verse, and dying on the scaffold. BkI:Chap2:Sec1 His birth. BkII:Chap3:Sec3 Takes Chateaubriand to the theatre. BkII:Chap10:Sec1 His career. BkIII:Chap6:Sec1 At Combourg. BkIII:Chap14:Sec2 Obtains a commission for Chateaubriand. BkIII:Chap14:Sec3 His death referred to. BkIV:Chap3:Sec2 Looks after Chateaubriand in Paris in 1786. BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 Visits Combourg to divide the inheritance in 1787. He applied for the military in 1787. BkIV:Chap8:Sec1 Looks after Chateaubriand in Paris in 1787. BkIV:Chap9:Sec1 Takes Chateaubriand to Versailles to be presented to the King in 1787. BkIV:Chap9:Sec3 His disappointment at Chateaubriands behaviour. BkIV:Chap10:Sec3 Living with his father-in-law, in Paris, in 1788. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Right wing and monarchist in his politics. BkV:Chap4:Sec1 Decides in 1788 to gain Chateaubriands entry to the Order of Malta. BkV:Chap12:Sec2 Executed with Le Chapelier and Malesherbes. BkV:Chap15:Sec2 Argued with Chateaubriand over politics. BkV:Chap15:Sec4 Wrote to his mother announcing Mirabeaus death (2nd April 1791). BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 He and Chateaubriand join the Army of the Princes. He acts as aide-de-camp to Baron de Montboissier. BkX:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand locates him again in Brussels in September 1792. BkX:Chap3:Sec1 He returned to Paris and in January 1793 was staying with Monsieur Malesherbes. BkX:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand learnt of his death and those of his other relatives, executed on the 22nd of April 1794 at 5pm, in the Place de la Rvolution, from the newspapers (as reported in the London press, and the Norfolk Chronicle of 10th May 1794) BkX:Chap8:Sec2 His death warrant exhibited.

BkXI:Chap6:Sec1 His armorial bearings. BkXII:Chap4:Sec1 The owner of Combourg in September 1788, when Arthur Young passed by. In the French text Chateaubriand incorrectly states that his father was owner then. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 The father of Christian. Chateaubriand, Aline-Thrse Le Pelletier de Rosanbo, Comtesse de Wife of the Comte. Sister-in-Law of Chateaubriand, she married in 1787. She was guillotined with her husband 22nd April 1794. BkIII:Chap14:Sec3 BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkIX:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 About to marry in 1787. BkIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 Her second child, Christian. BkX:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand learnt of her death and those of his other relatives, executed on the 22nd of April 1794 at 5pm, in the Place de la Rvolution. Her wedding ring found in 1820 (!) in the Rue Cosette. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 Her name appears on the death warrant exhibited, and she was executed with Chateaubriands brother. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 Her good works. Chateaubriand, Marie-Anne de (Marianne), see Marigny, Comtesse de Chateaubriand, Bnigne-Jeanne de, Comtesse de Qubriac, See Chateaubourg, Comtesse de Chateaubriand, Julie-Marie-Agathe de, See Farcy de Montvallon, Comtesse de Chateaubriand, Lucile, see also Caud, Lucile-Anglique, Dame de 1764-1804. Born 7th August 1764, she was the wife of Jacques-Louis-Ren de Caud, and sister of Chateaubriand. She was admitted with the title of Comtesse to Chapter of LArgentire 1783. Imprisoned 1793-1794. She married Jacques de Caud 1796, and was widowed 1797. She spent last weeks of her life in an Augustine convent, and died 10th November 1804. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 Her lineage established for her entry to the Chapter. BkI:Chap1:Sec8 Mentioned. She had a literary gift. BkI:Chap2:Sec1 Her birth. BkI:Chap3:Sec3 Description of her as a child. BkI:Chap4:Sec6 She helped the young Chateaubriand mend his torn clothes.

BkI:Chap5:Sec1 Her childhood girlfriends. BkII:Chap7:Sec2 Her portrait miniature by Limolan. BkII:Chap10:Sec1 She had been received as a canoness in the Chapter of LArgentiere, in 1783, and was about to be transferred to that of Remiremont. BkIII:Chap1:Sec2 BkIII:Chap1:Sec3 BkIII:Chap1:Sec4 Life at Combourg. BkIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkIII:Chap4:Sec1 Her nature, and her relationship with Chateaubriand. BkIII:Chap6:Sec1 Her writing. Her persecution mania. BkIII:Chap7:Sec2 She inspired Chateaubriands early literary efforts. BkIII:Chap12:Sec1 Her unhappiness. BkIII:Chap14:Sec2 Mentioned. BkIII:Chap14:Sec3 Chateaubriand refers to her having died. BkIV:Chap2:Sec2 A lost fragment of hers written about her sister Julie. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 She writes to tell Chateaubriand of his fathers death in September 1786. BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 She went to stay with Julie at Fougres in 1787. BkIV:Chap9:Sec4 Chateaubriand stays with her and Julie. BkIV:Chap10:Sec1 Her instinct towards a wider life. BkIV:Chap10:Sec3 Her return to Paris with Julie from Fougres, possibly early in 1788. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 She acts in a domestic play. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 Wished to return to Paris in 1789. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Arrived in Paris with Chateaubriand on 30th June 1789. BkV:Chap15:Sec4 Mentioned, as Chateaubriand recalls leaving for America. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 With her mother at Saint-Malo in January 1792. BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 Her friendship with Cleste and wish for Chateaubriand to marry her. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 Travelled to Paris with Chateaubriand in mid-1792. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 Spent the 14th July 1792 with Chateaubriand and his brother, and Julie, in the Tivoli Gardens. BkX:Chap3:Sec1 She had left Paris with Julie and Cleste and returned to Brittany after the September Massacres of 1792. BkX:Chap8:Sec1 BkX:Chap8:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap6:Sec1 Arrested at Fougres, with Julie and Cleste, in mid-October 1793. Imprisoned in the town and then transferred to the Convent du Bon-Pasteur at Rennes. Released 5th November 1794. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 Her marriage to Monsieur de Caud. BkXV:Chap1:Sec1 Her letters to Madame de Beaumont, of 1803.

BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 Alluded to. Writes from Rennes in October 1803. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 Her relationship with Monsieur de Chnedoll, q.v. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap6:Sec1 In Paris from March 1804, Chateaubriand is in error in the text regarding the dates of her presence in Paris and the year of her death. BkXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Her death occurred on 9th of November 1804 at 6 Rue dOrlans. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand remembers her in 1833. Chateaubriand, Francois-Rene, Chevalier, then Vicomte de 1768-1848 The Author. He was born on the 4th of September 1768. BkI:Chap2:Sec1 His birth and baptismal entry. The stormy weather at the time of his birth is attested by contemporary records, there were public prayers and processions aimed at securing its abatement! It had lasted for about a month, and ended about the 24th of the month. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from his own verses, see Book XXXI, Chapter 1. BkX:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand assumed the name Monsieur de Combourg in England as his own was difficult for the English to pronounce. BkXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned by Napoleon. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The Benedictine, Clairs nickname for Chateaubriand himself. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 He was suffering from rheumatism, neuralgia and vertigo in Rome in 1829. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 His name mentioned. BkXLII:Chap18:Sec1 The received text reads this 16th of November 1841, however the time of sunrise and the moon phase and position as described did not occur that morning, though all the conditions described were substantially met on the 1st of November (true sunrise was at 6.37 a.m. on the 1st, but the dawn glow would have been visible earlier, the moon was 95% full, at 30deg altitude, and positioned above the Invalides as seen from the Rue du Bac, assuming the weather allowed it to be visible. Redshift-4 software has been used to check the astronomical details). The conditions were substantially met at other dates after Chateaubriands taking up residence at 112 Rue du Bac in August 1838, and Chateaubriand continuously edited his manuscript before, during and after 1841. That suggests three main possibilities: that there has been a transcription error at some stage, for the 1st of November: or that Chateaubriand wished to use the chosen sunrise time, moon phase and position, at a real date, but miscalculated or mis-remembered the date: or that the 16th of November

was the date on which the coda was actually drafted but Chateaubriand used a symbolic rather than actual moon phase and position for that day (despite it being open to him to select a date of actual occurrence without the reader being any the wiser), thus merging actuality, memory and symbol but not in a way obvious to the reader. Chateaubriand, Cleste Buisson de la Vigne, Vicomtesse de 1774-1847 Chateaubriands wife, who was, when he married her, a young orphaned Breton friend of Luciles who was thought to be wealthy. BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 The initial marriage ceremony was performed on the 21st February 1792 by a certain Abb Buard. The marriage was registered on the 29th but without the Buisson family signing. The child was a minor, and by the law of 14th September 1791 a marriage performed by a priest who had not sworn the oath was invalid in civil law. Reconciliation was achieved between the families, and a valid marriage contract was signed on 17th March 1792 in the presence of both. Financially it had only a limited impact on Chateaubriands situation. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 Travelled to Paris with Chateaubriand in the spring of 1792. The young couple probably spent the first few weeks of their marriage at the Manoir des Chnes at Param, near Saint-Malo. They then travelled to Fougres, and spent the first fortnight in May there. BkIX:Chap6:Sec1 Her financial situation on marrying. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 Spent the 14th July 1792 with Chateaubriand and his brother in the Tivoli Gardens. BkIX:Chap15:Sec1 BkX:Chap3:Sec1 She and Chateaubriands sisters, Lucile and Julie, had left Paris after the September Massacres and taken refuge at Fougres. BkX:Chap8:Sec1 BkX:Chap8:Sec2 Arrested at Fougres, with Julie and Lucile, in mid-October 1793. Imprisoned in the town and then transferred to the Convent du Bon-Pasteur at Rennes. Released 5th November 1794. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 After leaving prison she lodged in early 1795 in the farmhouse of Chesnes until spring 1797. She then went to her sisters-in-law at Fougres. BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 Re-united with Chateaubriand after his return to France. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Chateaubriand visited her at Fougres from 27th November to 5th December 1802. BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 She prepared to rejoin Chateaubriand to accompany him to Rome in 1803. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Joined Chateaubriand in Paris to travel to the Valais. Chateaubriand travelled via Florence, Milan, Lyons (6th February) and

Villeneuve (where he stayed with Joubert), to arrive in Paris on the 15th February 1804. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 A trip to Vichy with Madame de Coislin. BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 With Chateaubriand, visiting La Chartreuse in 1805. BkXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Her illness at the time of Luciles death. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Travels with Chateaubriand as far as Venice in 1806. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Ill during Chateaubriands voyage to the Levant. Her admiration for Napoleon. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 At the Valle-aux-Loups in 1807. BkXXII:Chap10:Sec1 Gatherings at her house in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 At the start of the Hundred Days. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 In Ghent in 1815. Residents of Ghent in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Her trip to Ostend in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 At Cambrai in 1815. BkXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 She remained in France when he was appointed Ambassador to London in 1822. BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 She seeks to send Hyacinthe back to England. BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 She left Paris for Neuchtel in July 1824 and stayed there from 1st August to 22nd of October, before returning to Paris. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 She travelled to Seyne near Toulon in March 1826 to take the sun. At the start of May she was ready to return to Paris from Lyons. The Chateaubriands then went on to Lausanne on the 10th of May, for a holiday having originally intended a longer stay. She returned to Paris on the 16th July, Chateaubriand on the 30th. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Chateabriand travels towards Rome with her in 1828. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 His wife rides in the carriage while he walks up Somma with the lead-oxen, hitched in front of the horses. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 In Rome 1828-29. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Her opposition to the ladies (Jesuitesses) of the Convent of Santissima Trinitdei Monti, near the Villa Medici, built for the Order of Minims but transferred to St Madeleine-Sophie Barat, who founded the Sisters of the Sacred Heart. Her support of the Convent of St Denis founded in Rome in 1815. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Her establishment of her Infirmary mentioned. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriand to rejoin her in Nice in 1829.

BkXXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 She returns from Geneva to Paris with him late on the 12th October, arriving in Paris on the 16th October 1831. BkXXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 In Paris during the cholera epidemic of 1832. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Present in the Rue dEnfer during Chateaubriands arrest on the 16th of June 1832. BkXXXV:Chap6:Sec1 She visits Chateaubriand while he is under housearrest. BkXXXV:Chap9:Sec1 Her desire to leave France in 1832. BkXXXV:Chap17:Sec1 She did not leave Paris until the beginning of September 1832. BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 She joins Chateaubriand in Lucerne in early September 1832. Chateaubriand, Geoffroy-Louis, Comte de 1790-1873 Son of Jean-Baptiste-Auguste, he was a nephew of Chateaubriand. He married Zlie dOrgandes on the 8th October 1811. He was a serving officer from 1814-1830, retiring with the rank of Colonel. His son Geoffrey (1828-1889) restored Combourg, leaving it to his second daughter, the Comtesse de Durfort. At her death, in 1962, Combourg returned to Geoffroys line, to the Comtesse de la Tour du Pin-Verclause. BkI:Chap1:Sec6. His marriage to Zlie and his children. BkX:Chap8:Sec1 His mothers wedding ring found in the gutter. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Married at Mesnil in 1811. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Encamped at Alost in 1815. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 His brother Christian left for Italy in 1813 after attending Juilly College. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 In command of the 4th Chasseurs in August 1830. BkXXXV:Chap10:Sec1 He lends Chateaubriand 20,000 francs in 1832. Chateaubriand, Zlie dOrglandes, Comtesse de Wife of Geoffroy-Louis, she was a niece of Madame de Rosanbo. BkI:Chap1:Sec6. Marriage to Louis (1811), and children. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Married at Mesnil in 1811. Chateaubriand, Christian-Antoine, de 1791-1843. Younger brother of Geoffroy-Louis, he was a nephew of Chateaubriand. In Rome in 1813, he was in the Royal Guard and accompanied the King to Ghent, and served in the war in Spain in 1823. His religious vocation then declared itself. He entered the College of Jesuits in Rome in 1824. He died at Chieri near Turin, 27th May 1843.

BkI:Chap1:Sec6. He was the great-grandson and godchild of Monsieur Malesherbes. He served in Spain in the Dragoon Guards, 1823. BkIX:Chap6:Sec1 Born 21st April 1791. His baptism as late as June 1792 seems unlikely but possible. Chateaubriand was present at the baptism of his elder brother Louis in February 1790. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Encamped at Alost in 1815. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets him in Rome in 1829. BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned in 1833. BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Mentioned. Chateaubriand de la Guerrande, Charles-Hilaire, Abb de 1708-1802. Son of Jacques de Chateaubriand de Bellestre, younger brother of Christophe II, he was a cousin of Chateaubriand. The last member of this branch of the family he was cur, successively, of several Breton parishes, then Rector of the parish of Saint-tienne at Rennes. BkII:Chap5:Sec1 Visits Chateaubriand at school. Chateaubriand, Guy de c1260-c1314. Grandson of Geoffroy IV de Chateaubriand. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 His embassy to Rome in 1309. Chateaugiron, Abb de A teacher at Rennes college. BkII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Chteauroux, Marie-Anne de Mailly-Nesle, Duchesse de 1717-1744. Marquise de La Tournelle, she was a mistress of Louis XV. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Her sisters were the Comtesse de Mailly (Louise-Julie de Mailly-Nesle, 1710-1751), the Comtesse de Vintimille (Pauline-Flicit de Mailly-Nesle, 1712-1741), and the Duchesse de Lauraguais (DianaAdlade de Mailly-Nesle, 1713-1760). All were mistresses of Louis XV. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Chtel, Jean 1575-1594. He attempted to assassinate Henri IV of France on 27 December 1594. The son of a cloth merchant he managed to gain entry to the King's chamber. When Henry stooped to help two officials rise who knelt before him, Chtel attacked him with a knife, cutting his lip. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned.

Chtenay A town about 10 kilometres south-west of Paris in the Hauts-de-Seine, and not far from Versailles which is to its west, it was the location of Chateaubriands house in the hamlet of Aulnay, where he lived off and on for ten years. There is a persistent legend that Voltaire who was born in Paris was actually born at Chtenay. BkI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Chatham, William Pitt the Elder, 1st Earl of, 1708-1778. The British political leader and orator who directed his countrys military effort during the Seven Years War was known as the Great Commoner. BkX:Chap5:Sec2 His tomb in Westminster Abbey. BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 Father of William Pitt the Younger. Chteau-Thierry A commune of north-eastern France, about 56 miles east-northeast of Paris, it is a sous-prfecture of the Aisne dpartement, in the Picardie administrative rgion. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1833. The reference is to an anecdote of Racines in which La Fontaine arrived there to see his wife who was at prayer and so he left without seeing her. Chtillon-sur-Seine, France The town is on the River Seine south-east of Troyes. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 The Allied Congress there in early 1814. Chtillon, Henri de A Governor for the Crown of France, probably Chateaubriand intends Jacques de Chatillon-sur-Marne (d.1302), who was Governor of Flanders and against whom Ghent rose in 1302. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Chtillon, Pauline de Lannoy, Duchesse de 1774-1826. The widow of the Duke de Chtillon-Montmorency, she later married Raymond de Brenger. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 At Aulnay during the Hundred Days. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand remembers walking with her near the Invalides.

Chaulieu, Guillaume Amfrye, Abb de 1639-1720. A French poet and wit, he was born at Fontenay, Normandy. He became a familiar face among the circle of the Temple at the time of the Duc de Vendme. In his later years Chaulieu spent much time at the little court of the Duchesse du Maine at Sceaux. There he became the trusted and devoted friend of Mlle Delaunay, with whom he carried on an interesting correspondence. Among his poems the best known are his Ode to Fontenay and La Retraite. BkXLII:Chap14:Sec1 A quotation from the Ode. Chaulnes, Charles dAlbert dAilly, Duc de 1625-1698. Governor of Brittany 1669-1694. BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 Mentioned. Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard, called Anaxagoras 1763-1794. Born at Nevers. Studied medicine in Paris, and joined the Cordeliers Club. Prosecutor of the insurrectionary Commune. An enemy of the Girondists, he nevertheless fell foul of Robespierre who distrusted the power of the Commune, and was ultimately arraigned and guillotined. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Chaumont-en-Bassigny, France The town in the Haute-Marne is on the River Marne east of Troyes. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 The Allies signed a treaty of alliance there in early 1814. Chaumont-sur-Loire, France Originating in the 11th century, it was built by Eudes II, Count of Blois. In 1560, the castle became the property of Catherine de Medici. On the death of her husband, Henry II, Catherine used her power to take over the much coveted Chteau de Chenonceau from her husbands mistress, Diane de Poitiers. As certain legalities had to be met, Diane was forced to accept Chaumont as payment for her beloved Chenonceau. Diane lived at Chaumont for only a short time after which the castle was sold. BkXXVIII:Chap20:Sec1 Madame de Stal lived their in 1810 creating an opposition court to Napoleons. Chauny, France

A commune in the Aisne department of Picardy, it was loyal to Henri IV in 1591. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 The story of the cowherd of Chauny. Chauvin, Pierre Athanase, 1774-1832. Based in Rome, he was one of the earliest of the Troubadour style painters. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 His daughter in a play in 1829. Cheftel (Chvetel), Louis Doctor at Bazouches. Father of Valentin. BkIII:Chap13:Sec1 He attended Chateaubriand. Cheftel (Chvetel), Valentin 1758-1834. Son of Louis, and also a doctor. Engaged by the Marquis de Rourie to treat his wife (Louise-Caroline Gurin, Marquise de Saint-Brice) and in his confidence, he denounced him, and his Royalist conspiracy, to Danton, in September 1792. In 1794 he married an actress who died in 1818. He ended his life in poverty, perhaps marrying again a servant who begged for him from door to door. After his death it was she perhaps who approached Chateaubriand. BkIII:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Chelidonia, Cape The notorious cape, the southernmost point of the Bay of Antalya, Turkey, (the coastal region was ancient Pamphylia) lies east of Rhodes and north of Cyprus. The plain of Antalya to the east is bordered by a mountainous coast. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand near there in September 1806. Chnedoll, Charles-Julian Lioult de 1769-1833. French poet. Emigrating in 1791, he fought two campaigns in the army of Cond, and eventually found his way to Hamburg, where he met Antoine de Rivarol, of whose brilliant conversation he has left an account. He also visited Madame de Stal in her retreat at Coppet. On his return to Paris in 1799 he met Chateaubriand and his sister Lucile (Mme de Caud), to whom he became deeply attached. After her death in 1804, Chnedoll returned to Normandy, where he married Aime de Banville. He eventually became inspector of the academy of Caen (1812-1832). He published his Genie de l'Homme in 1807, and in 1820 his Etudes potiques, which had the misfortune to appear shortly after the Meditations of Lamartine, so that the

author did not receive the credit of their real originality. Chnedoll had many sympathies with the romanticists, and was a contributor to their organ, the Muse franaise. His other works include the Esprit de Rivarol (1808) in conjunction with Fayolle. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 A returning migr in 1801. A friend of Chateaubriand and Madame de Beaumont. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 The man described. BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 Wished to marry Lucile in 1802-3. He had however already married in 1796 in Hamburg, though he claimed it to be invalid, and the liaison was terminated. BkXV:Chap1:Sec1 He announced a visit to Lascardais in a letter of the 12th July 1803, which Lucile received on the 19th and replied to positively on the 23rd. He arrived soon after. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 His letter to Chateaubriand on the death of Madame de Beaumont. BkXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned in a letter of Luciles. Chnier, Andr de 1762-94. The French poet born in Istanbul of Greek-French parentage, he studied in Paris and worked in London before returning to revolutionary France in 1789. An outspoken political journalist he was arrested and guillotined. His posthumously published poems, notably the Iambes and Odes, influenced later Romantic poets. BkII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriands brother met him in London. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 His Ode to Marie-Anne-Charlotte Corday vilified Marat. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Mentioned in Chateaubriands Academy speech. Chnier, Marie-Joseph 1764-1811. Younger brother of the poet, known for his tragedy Charles IX, performed with Talma in 1789. A Member of the Convention he voted for the death of the King. Chateaubriand succeeded to his chair at the Academy in 1811. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 Mentioned. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 The success of Charles IX in 1792. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand succeeded to his chair at the Academy (The Literary Academy is one of the five Academies of the Institut de France). BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 His death reported. Mentioned in Chateaubriands Academy speech.

BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 A supporter and patron of Talleyrand. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 Used the common linguistic style of the age, as a defender of freedom. His poem La Promenade did not appear until 1814 in a posthumous edition. Cheops, Khufu c2600 BC. King of Egypt: a Pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty, and the father of Khafre. He ordered the construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza. His funeral barge was excavated in good condition. BkI:Chap7:Sec2 The Great Pyramids sloping entrance passages. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Napoleons visit to the Great Pyramid, where he was supposedly visibly shaken by some experience within. Cherasco, Armistice of The defeated Piedmontese signed an Armistice with Bonaparte on April 28th 1796. Cherasco in the province of Cuneo, is a medieval town with a Visconti castle. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Cherbourg The seaport is in north western France, in the Manche department on the Cotentin peninsula. BkX:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 Charles X embarked there for England in 1830. At the end of the Hundred Years War Edward III disembarked his troops at Saint-Vaast-La-Hougue, on the 12th of July 1346, and ravaged Cotentin and lower Normandy. Chrin, Bernard 1718-1785 The Gnalogiste official des Ordres Royaux, Genealogist of the Kings Orders, in the reign of Louis XVI, his son Louis-Nicolas-Hyacinthe Chrin (1762-1799) also followed him in that role. To prove their noble status, individuals were asked to submit proofs of their noble ancestry, including, marriage contracts, family histories, notarial contracts, abstracts of parish registers, etc. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 He established the Chateaubriand lineage on behalf of Lucile.

Cherokee At the time of European contact, the Cherokees numbered about twenty-two thousand and controlled more than forty thousand square miles of land. Their homeland consisted of parts of eight present states: the Carolinas, the Virginias, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. The original holdings were gradually eliminated by more than three dozen land cessions with the British and the United States between 1721 and 1835. By 1819, Cherokee territory included only the adjacent mountainous areas of North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. In December 1835, the Treaty of New Echota ceded the last remaining territory east of the Mississippi. In exchange the Cherokees received equivalent holdings in what is now northeastern Oklahoma. BkVIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Chesapeake Bay, USA An inlet of the Atlantic Ocean separating the Delmarva Peninsula from mainland Maryland and Virginia. Explored and charted by John Smith in 1608, it is an important link in the Intra-coastal Waterway. Chesapeake Bay was the site of the Battle of the Chesapeake in 1781, during which the French fleet defeated the British Royal Navy in the decisive naval battle of the American Revolutionary War. BkVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVI:Chap6:Sec2 The pilot came on board on Saturday the 2nd July 1791 since he was present at Mass on the Sunday. Chevalier, Michel 1806-1879. One of the leaders of the French Liberal School in the mid-19th Century, a Saint-Simonian in his youth, he was imprisoned in 1831 for his activities. In 1842, he helped found the Socit d'conomie Politique and the influential Journal des conomistes. He ascended in 1845 to Says old chair at the Collge de France to be one of the most dominant professional economists in France. He was a frequent and highly-influential advisor to the French political establishment. He also kept in contact with liberal movements worldwide, particularly the Manchester School. Together with Richard Cobden, he was responsible for the 1860 Cobden-Chevalier treaty which loosened restrictions on trade between Britain and France. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 A member of the Republican Municipal Commission in July 1830. Chverus, Jean-Louis Anne Madelaine Lefbure, Mgr de

1768-1838. A French Churchman, and the first Roman Catholic bishop of Boston (181023). He was ordained in France and had to flee (1792) during the French Revolutionary Wars. In England he lived by teaching until 1796, when he went to Boston. He worked all over New England and was known for his work with Native Americans in Maine. He was also highly esteemed as a physician. In 1810 he was consecrated bishop of Boston. At length his health began to fail, and he asked for transfer to France. Catholics and Protestants in the United States begged him to remain, but he accepted a transfer to the see of Montauban (1823). In 1826 he became a Peer, Archbishop of Bordeaux and in 1836 Cardinal. He did much to extend the tolerance of Roman Catholicism in America. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand suggests him in 1828 as tutor to the Duc de Bordeaux but the nomination was rejected by the King. Chevet, Joseph The famous Parisian caterer and food retailer, Germain Charles Chevet, who died of cholera in 1832, had established a shop in the Palais Royal and subsequently founded a dynasty of caterers. His shops were frequented by the likes of Brillet Savarin and Rossini for the high quality venison, pts, and seafood he supplied. His son Joseph (Chevet II) took over the business after his death. Joseph ran the business from 1832-1857. BkXXXV:Chap26:Sec1 Joseph, or possibly another member of the family, was a juror at Chateaubriands trial in 1833. Chevreuse, Marie de Rohan-Montbazon, Duchesse de 1600-1679. French beauty and politician, an intimate of the French queen, Anne of Austria. Her continuous intrigues in opposition to King Louis XIIIs minister, Cardinal Richelieu, caused her to be banished repeatedly from the court and to be exiled. She proved to be even more dangerous abroad because of her intrigues with Frances enemies, notably Duke Charles IV of Lorraine. In the Fronde she at first served as a link with Spain against Cardinal Mazarin, Richelieus successor, but subsequently she became Mazarins ally. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Madame de Vintimille might have lived in her company. Chiabrera, Gabriele 1552-1637. He was an Italian poet (Canzoni eroiche). BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 See the poem Per Vittorio Capello.

Chiaramonti, Gregorio Barnab, see Pius VII Chickasaw The Chickasaw Indians were a tribe whose towns were located near the headwaters of the Tombigbee River in north-eastern Mississippi, but who ranged the whole Mississippi valley region. The Chickasaw, along with the Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole, were one of the Five Civilized Tribes which were removed to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) in the 1830s. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Chieri A city in Piedmont in the province of Turin in North-west Italy, it was the location of a novitiate of the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Christian de Chateaubriand nearing death there. Childe Harolds Pilgrimage The work is by Byron, who appears beneath the guise of his eponymous hero. BkXXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Chilpric, or Childeric, King of the Franks d. 584, Frankish king of Neustria (561-84), son of Clotaire I. He feuded bitterly with his brother Sigebert I, who had inherited the E. Frankish kingdom that came to be known as Austrasia. Their struggle became savage after Chilpric and his mistress and future wife, Fredegunde, murdered (567) Chilprics second wife, Galswintha; she was the sister of Sigeberts wife, Brunhilda. In the wars between the two brothers, Sigebert overran Neustria before his death (575). Later, Chilpric was murdered, probably at the instigation of Brunhilda. The feud was inherited by Chilprics son and successor, Clotaire II. BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Chimne She is the Spanish heroine of Corneilles play Le Cid. BkXXXIX:Chap21:Sec1 Mentioned. Chios The Greek island lies in the north-eastern Aegean off the coast of Ionia.

BkVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Chios mastic gum, Chios tears, a resin produced by the Pistacia lentiscus tree (an evergreen shrub from the pistachio tree family), has been used since ancient times for various applications, including drinks, sweets, spices and medicinal products. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand touched there in 1806. BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Its churches. Choiseul, tienne-Franois, Duc de 1719-1785. A French statesman, after successful service in the army he entered the diplomatic service and gained support from Mme de Pompadour. As ambassador to Vienna (1757) he strengthened the Austrian alliance by conducting first negotiations toward the marriage of Marie Antoinette with the future Louis XVI. Later, in his capacity as minister of foreign affairs (1758-70), Choiseul negotiated the Family Compact and the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Seven Years War, and he annexed Lorraine (1766) and Corsica (1768). As minister of war (1761-70) and of the navy (1761-66) he reorganized the fighting forces and introduced reforms. He supported the publication of the Encyclopdie and aided suppression of the Jesuits, which weakened his position at court. A clique surrounding King Louis XVs mistress Mme du Barry caused his downfall and exile from court in 1770. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 He negotiated the Family Compact an accord between the reigning branches of the Bourbon Family (France, Spain, Naples and Parma) in 1761. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Choiseul-Stainville, Claude-Antoine-Gabriel, Duc de 1760-1838. A French soldier, he was brought up by his uncle, tienne Franois, Duc de Choiseul, who was childless. Colonel of Dragoons at he outbreak of the Revolution. He took part in the attempt of Louis XVI to escape from Paris in June 1791; was arrested with the king, and imprisoned. Liberated in May 1792, he emigrated in October, and fought in the army of Cond against the Republic. Captured in 1795, he was confined at Dunkirk; escaped, set sail for India, was wrecked on the French coast, and condemned to death by the decree of the Directory. Nevertheless, he was fortunate enough to escape once more. Napoleon allowed him to return to France in 1801, but he remained outside politics until the fall of the Empire. At the Restoration he was called to the House of Peers by Louis XVIII. At the Revolution of 1830 he was nominated a member of the provisional

government; and he afterwards received from Louis Philippe the post of aide-de-camp to the king and governor of the Louvre. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 An associate of Lauzun. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Mooted as a member of a Provisional Government in July 1830. Chopin, J He was an office-worker in the Police bureau who wrote a poem in praise of Chateaubriand in 1832. BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Choteck (Chotek), Karel, Count 1783-1868. A Czech statesman he was Supreme Burgrave of Bohemia 18261843, effectively the Governor of the Czech territory representing the Austrian Emperor. He had held posts in a number of areas of the Austrian monarchy - he was in turn the governor of Trieste, Venice, and Naples, and held high-ranking posts in Tirol and Vorarlberg, and finally at the Imperial court in Vienna. Worldly-wise and intelligent, as Supreme Burgrave he brought to Prague, then a sleepy provincial town new energy, translated well-devised plans into reality and made the entire country a modern industrial state. He built the family chteau of Velk-Brxzno (1842-1845) in the valley of the Elbe, having purchased the old castle and estate there. BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him in 1833. BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 He replies from Prague to Chateaubriands letter. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand visits him in Prague on the 25th of May 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand visits Countess Choteck. BkXXXVII:Chap8:Sec1 His father was Jan Nepomuk Rudolf Choteck (1749-1824) Privy Counsellor and Imperial Chamberlain. BkXXXVII:Chap12:Sec1 Arranges horses for Chateaubriands departure. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 His gardens. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand visits him in September 1833. Chouans Royalist insurgents who took their name from four brothers named Cottereau, known more often as Chouan, a corruption of chat-huant, screech owl, because they imitated the birds cry as a signal. Three of the four were killed in battle. Chouans were active in La Vende, Brittany, and Normandy. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Affecting Brittany in 1793. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Their uniforms, grey with a black collar.

BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Still active in the July revolution of 1830. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Referred to antoagonistically. Choudieu, Ren-Pierre 1761-1838. A Member of the Convention, he was a supporter of Robespierre. Involved in various plots after the fall of Robespierre, he fled, returned to France after the fall of the Empire but was exiled under the Bourbons as a regicide. He died in Brussels. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Choulot, Comte Paul de, called Paolo 1794-1864. The principal agent of the Duchess de Berry. BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Christ, see Jesus-Christ Christina, Queen of Sweden 1626-1689 Queen of Sweden 1632-1654. Her secret conversion to Catholicism led to her abdication, after which she lived in Rome. She became a patroness of the arts sponsoring Scarlatti, Corelli, and Bernini. BkIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 The guest room in which presumably she had slept at Combourg. She made visits to France in 1656 and 1657. Christine de Pisan 1364-1430. A medieval poetess, rhetorician, and critic born in Venice, she was the daughter of Tommaso di Benvenuto da Pizzano (Thomas de Pizan), a physician, professor of astrology, and Councillor of the Republic of Venice, who accepted an appointment to the court of Charles V of France, as the Kings astrologer, alchemist, and physician. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 Quoted. Christophe, Henri, King of Haiti 1767-1820. Ruler of Haiti, an ex-slave, he served with Toussaint LOuverture against the French and then joined Dessalines revolt. After Dessalines assassination in which Christophe took part he ruled North Haiti (1808-1820, as king from 1811). His cruelty caused a revolt and he committed suicide. BkX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 Peltier negotiated for him with England, regarding recognition of the new black Republic of Haiti, between 1807 and 1811.

BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His widow and daughters in Carlsbad in 1830. Christopher, Saint A martyr killed in the reign of the 3rd century Roman emperor Decius (reigned 249 - 251) he is the patron saint of travellers. BkXXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Chrysostom, Saint John 347-407. A notable Christian bishop and preacher from the 4th and 5th centuries in Syria and Constantinople, he is famous for eloquence in public speaking and his denunciation of abuse of authority in the Church and in the Roman Empire of the time. He had notable ascetic sensibilities. After his death he was named Chrysostom, which comes from the Greek chrysostomos, golden mouthed. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 St John Chrysostom died in Comana, Pontus, on the way to Constantinople from his exile at Cocysus in the Anti-Taurus. The remains of Comana are still to be seen near a village called Gumenek on the Tozanli Su, 7 miles from Tokat. BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Mentioned. Cicri, Pierre 1782-1863. A Paris theatrical designer, he was the principal creator of stagesets and designs for Romantic theatre and opera. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Cicero, Marcus Tullius 106-43 BC. The Roman orator and statesman, was a prominent lawyer by 70, he was elected consul in 63. His execution of the Catiline conspirators without trial lost him support, and he was exiled for 18 months in 58. During the Civil War he supported Pompey. After Caesars assassination he attacked Antony in the Philippics for which he was later arrested and killed. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. BkX:Chap8:Sec1 See Pro Archia, XV. adversis perfugium ac solatium praebent: they provide a refuge and a solace in adversity. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 The precise harmonies in the classical pronunciation of his work are unknown today. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 The letter from the Stoic, Sulpicius, to Cicero, Ad Familiares IV:5 BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand quotes Pro L. Flacco XXVI.

BkXXVIII:Chap20:Sec1 His comments on exile are numerous, and often contradictory. BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 His rallying to Caesar after Pharsalia. BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 See Pro Plancio XXVI. Cicero returning in fact from his Quaestorship in Sicily halted at Puteoli (Pozzuoli) and was dismayed to find that he was unknown there. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned in Voltaires Candide. Cicognara, Count Francesco Leopoldo 1767-1834. An archaeologist, historian and connoisseur, as President of the Venice Academy, he directed the publication of the copiously illustrated Le Fabbriche pi conspicuo di Venezia (Venice 1815-1820) There were important contributions by Antonio Diedo and the architect Antonio Selva. To defray the costs of publication which had employed so many of the young artists of the Academy for years, Cicognara was obliged to sell his library to the Vatican (after publishing a catalogue in 1821), and the family silver and property in Ferrara. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 He recovered Titians Assumption now in the Frari (above the altar). BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriand visits him in September 1833. Cicognara, Massimiliana Cislago, Countess She was the wife of the Count. BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets her in Venice in 1833. Cid, El c1040-1099. Rodrigo Diz de Vivar, Spanish warrior, also known as El Campeador, the Champion, immortalised in the epic poem Cantar del mio Cid. A vassal of Alfonso VI of Castile he was exiled in 1079 and became a soldier of fortune, fighting Spaniards and Moors. He remained loyal to his King and was made protector and then ruler of Valencia. BkVIII:Chap4:Sec2 His horse Babieca (nicknamed stupid because the Cid chose a wild creature, supposedly a white Andalusian as a gift). BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 Mentioned. Cimarosa, Domenico 1749-1801. An Italian operatic composer, he wrote almost 80 operas, which were successfully produced in Rome, Naples, Vienna, and St. Petersburg. His works, of which Il matrimonio segreto (1792) is the best known, are

good examples of pure opera buffa. He also wrote serious operas and church and instrumental music notable for its clear and Mozartean effect. BkVII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius 5th Century BC. The Roman statesman was made dictator in order to rescue a Roman legion besieged by an Italian tribe. After his victory he returned to his farm, despite pleas for him to remain. His rejection of autocratic rule made him a symbol of traditional Roman values. BkVI:Chap7:Sec2 BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Washington seen as a Cincinnatus. BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Cinzio, Passeri Aldobrandini, Cardinal 1551-1610. Pope Clement VIII was his maternal uncle. He distinguished himself for his generosity to the poor and as a protector and supporter of the arts and letters; he founded an academy that counted among its members Francesco Patrizio, Giambattista Raimondi, Scipione Pasquale, bishop of Casale; Pietro Nores, a gentleman from Cyprus; and the poet Torquato Tasso, who dedicated to him his famous Gerusalemme liberata. BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 Visits Tassos deathbed. BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 His plan for a mausoleum to the poet. Circe The sea-nymph, daughter of Helios and Perse, and the granddaughter of Ocean (Kirke or Circe means a small falcon) she was famed for her beauty and magic arts and lived on the island of Aeaea, which is the promontory of Circeii. (Cape Circeo between Anzio and Gaeta, on the west coast of Italy, now part of the Parco Nazionale del Circeo extending to Capo Portiere in the north, and providing a reminder of the ancient Pontine Marshes before they were drained, rich in wildfowl and varied tree species.) Cicero mentions that Circe was worshipped religiously by the colonists at Circeii. (On the Nature of the Gods, Bk III 47) BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 See Homers Odyssey X, XI et al. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Civita Castellana A town, the ancient Etruscan Falerium, in the province of Viterbo, 65 km from Rome. Mount Soracte lies about 10 km to the south-east.

BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in October 1828. Santa Maria di Falleri is about four miles west, the ruined 13th Century convent lies within the extensive dilapidated walls of the Roman Falerii Novi, established in 241BC when the ancient Falerium was demolished. However this town in turn was abandoned and the ancient site re-instated. Civitaveccia A sea port on the Tyrrhenian sea, it is located 50 miles west-north-west of Rome, across the Mignone river. The harbor is formed by two moles and a breakwater, on which is a lighthouse. Civitavecchia means ancient town. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Michelangelo worked on the tower of Michangelos Fort there. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Clanwilliam, Richard Charles Francis Christian Meade, 3rd Earl of 1795-1879. A British ambassador, he was the only son of the 2nd Earl of Clanwilliam, whose titles he inherited, aged ten. He was educated at Eton and afterwards joined the Diplomatic Service. He was part of Castlereaghs suite at the Congress of Vienna in 1814 and was his private secretary from 181719 in the latters capacity as Foreign Secretary. He became UnderSecretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1822 and afterwards Envoy to Berlin from 182327. In 1828, he was created Baron and married Lady Elizabeth Herbert (a daughter of the 11th Earl of Pembroke) in 1830. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned in 1822. BkXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 He and Wellington took Castlereaghs place at the Congress of Verona, after the latters suicide. Clancarty, Richard Le Poer Trench, 2nd Earl of 1767-1837. A diplomat, he was an Irish, and later British, MP and a supporter of Pitt. He was credited with resolving various border disputes regarding Holland, Germany and Italy at the Congress of Vienna, 181415, and in his role as Ambassador to the Netherlands. For his service as ambassador to The Hague, he was awarded the hereditary title of Marquess van Heusden (1815) in the peerage of The Netherlands. In order to sit in the House of Lords he was made Baron Trench (created 4 August 1815) and Viscount Clancarty (created 8 December 1823). He was a Commissioner for the Affairs of India. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec2 At the Congress of Vienna.

Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of 1609-1674. An English historian and Statesman, during the Civil War, he served in the Kings council as Chancellor of the Exchequer, and was one of the more moderate figures in the royalist camp. By 1645 his moderation had alienated him from the King, and he was made guardian to the Prince of Wales, with whom he fled to Jersey in 1646. As Lord Chancellor from 1658 at the Restoration, Clarendon was the author of the Clarendon Code, designed to preserve the supremacy of the Church of England. He spent the rest of his life in exile, working on his History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, a classic account of the English Civil War. He died in Rouen, his body being returned to England, and he is buried in Westminster Abbey. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Clarissa She is the leading character in Richardsons novel of that name. See Lovelace for further details. BkVI:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Clarke, see Feltre, Duc de Clary, Julie, see Bonaparte, Madame Joseph Clary, Desire, Queen of Sweden, see Madame Bernadotte Clary, Colonel Brother of the preceding. Claude de France 1499-1524. French Queen consort and duchess of Brittany in her own right, was the eldest daughter of King Louis XII of France and Anne, duchess of Brittany. As the first wife of Franois I, she was the mother of King Henri II, and thus grandmother of the last three kings of the Valois line and also of Elisabeth, queen of Spain, Claude, duchess of Lorraine, and Marguerite de Valois, the queen of Henri IV. BkV:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Claude Lorrain 1600-1682. Born in Lorraine, he lived most of his life and died in Rome, where he had become a pioneer of landscape painting.

BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 He had a house on Monte Pincio. BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 His landscapes. BkXXXV:Chap16:Sec1 His 1636 painting of the Campo Vaccino (the Cow Field, the name the Italians gave to the buried area of the Roman Forum during the Middle Ages) Claudian c 370-c404. Claudius Claudianus, Anglicized as Claudian, was the court poet to the Emperor Honorius and ther Emperors father-in-law Stilicho. He wrote a number of panegyrics on the consulship of his patrons, praise poems for the deeds of Stilicho, and invectives directed at Stilichos rivals in the Eastern court of Arcadius. These efforts resulted with such gifts as the honor of the rank of vir illustris, a statue, and a rich bride selected by Stilichos wife, Serena, the niece of Theodosius I. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 His praise-poem for Serena:line 30 quoted. Clausel de Coussergues, Jean-Claude 1759-1846 A friend and adviser of Chateaubriand, he emigrated, returning to France in 1797. He was Mayor of Coussergues (Aveyron), and a friend of Fontanes. An editor and journalist during the Consulate, he was deputy to the Legislature in 1807, and 1813. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Edits Chateaubriands resignation letter in 1804. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 The brother of ClaudeHippolyte. BkXXII:Chap10:Sec1 At Madame de Chateaubriands in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Brings Chateaubriand the news of the Kings flight in 1815. BkXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 He was the old friend who shared the meal in 1823. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriand met with him at Prigeux on the 22nd of April 1829. Clausel had written some Notes relating to Monsieur de Chateaubriand. Clausel de Montals, Claude-Hippolyte 1769-1857. He became Bishop of Chartres in 1824, but as a canon at Amiens he had written a severe criticism of Les Martyrs which a third party brought to Chateaubriands attention. He took up the cause of the freedom of Catholic scholarship under the July Monarchy. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 The brother of Jean-Claude. Clavius, Christopher

1538-1612. A German Jesuit astronomer and mathermatician, he helped Pope Gregory XIII to introduce the Gregorian calendar. He was the author of Commentaries on Euclid. BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Clmence de Bourges A noblewoman and poetess of Lyons, addressed in a letter and poem (1555) by Louise Lab. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Clmence Isaure, see La Belle Paule Clment, Jacques 1567-1589. A fanatical Dominican friar, and partisan of the Catholic League, he stabbed Henry III of France on 1st August 1589, at Saint-Cloud. Henry died the following day. BkIX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Quoted. Clment of Alexandria, Titus Flavius Clemens, Saint c150-c215. The Greek Christian theologian, probably born in Athens, who studied at Alexandria, became head of the Christian school there in 190. He was succeeded by Origen, after being forced to flee persecution in 202. He was influenced by Gnosticism. BkIV:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to Clements Paidogogus: The Tutor, Book II.8, III.2, and III.11 BkVII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to Clements Stromateis: Miscellanies. Clment IV, Guido le Gros, Pope d.1268. Elected Pope February 5, 1265, in a conclave held at Perugia that took four months, while the Cardinals argued over whether to call in Charles of Anjou, the youngest brother of Louis IX, to carry on the papal war against the last of the house of Hohenstaufen. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Clement was buried at Viterbo. Owing to unbridgeable divisions among the cardinals, the papal throne remained vacant for nearly three years. Clment VII, Guilio de Medici, Pope

c1475-1534. Pope (152334). The nephew of Lorenzo de Medici, in 1513 he became a cardinal and as archbishop of Florence was noted as a reformer. His relations with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V were never very cordial, since Clement allied himself with Francis I of France in the League of Cognac (1526). As a result of his hostility to the emperor, the imperial troops attacked Rome in 1527, sacked the city, and held the pope for some months. Eventually (1529) peace was achieved and Clement crowned Charles emperor. He was a patron of Raphael, Michelangelo, and Benvenuto Cellini. He was succeeded by Paul III. BkXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Clement VIII, Ipollito Aldobrandini 1536-1605. Pope 1592-1605, he was the Pope at the time of Tassos death. BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned without being named. Clment XII, Lorenzo Corsini, Pope 1652-1740. Pope from 1730, he is known for building the new faade of the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano and beginning the Trevi Fountain and the purchase of Cardinal Albanis collection of antiquities for the papal gallery. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Clement XIV, Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, Pope 1705-1774. Pope (1769-1774). At the time of his election, he was the only Franciscan friar in the College of Cardinals. He inherited from his predecessor the hostility of every state of Catholic Europe. His part in the suppression of the Jesuits has been greatly discussed. It eliminated the Popes only independent support and left the church in the hands of the secular princes. He was succeeded by Pius VI. There were rumours that he died of poisoning. BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned by Pius VII. BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Cleopatra 69-30BC. The Egyptian queen (5149 and 4830) was noted for her beauty and charisma. Octavian defeated the forces led by Cleopatra and Mark Antony at Actium (31). BkXIX:Chap14:Sec2 Cleopatras Needles is the name in popular use for two obelisks of red granite from Egypt. Originally erected at Heliopolis (c.1475 BC) by Thutmose III, they were transported to Alexandria (c.14) under

Augustus and in the 19th century were sent separately as gifts of Ismail Pasha to England (1878) and the United States (1880). The British obelisk, 68.5 ft high, stands on the Thames embankment in London. The American one, 69.5 ft high, is in Central Park in New York City. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 A bust in the Vatican has been tentatively identified as of her. Clerfayt or Clairfayt, Franois Sebastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Comte de 1733-1798. A distinguished Austrian Field Marshal, a Walloon by birth, who fought in the Seven Years War, against the Turks in 1788, and then against the troops of the French Revolution. BkIX:Chap14:Sec1 Leading the Austrian contingent in 1792. Clerke, Charles 1741-1779. Served in the Seven Years War. He voyaged with Captain John Byron to the Pacific in 1764, and sailed with Cook on his voyages. Commander of Cooks ship Resolution near Hawaii on the last voyage, after Cook was killed, he died himself of tuberculosis en route to Kamchatka. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Clermont-Ferrand, France Capital of the Puy-de-Dme in the Auvergne. The Roman Nemessos, it witnessed the Battle of Gergovia won by the Gauls in 52BC. In 848 it was renamed Clairmont. It was the starting point for the First Crusade. In 1610 it became Crown property and was merged with Montferrand in 1630. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1805. Clermont-Tonerre, Anne-Antoine-Jules, Cardinal de 1749-1830. Bishop of Chlons from 1782, he emigrated, and gave up his see in 1801. Archbishop of Toulouse 1820, he became a Cardinal 1822. BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 He hoped to gain a pension from the Holy See, but was disappointed. BkXV:Chap7:Sec2 In Rome in 1803. BkXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 An ultra-montanist he had spoken violently against the decrees of 1828, and been forbidden to appear at Court. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriands letter to him of the 28th March 1829.

Clermont-Tonerre, Stanislas Marie Adelaide, Comte de 1757-1792. Spokesman for the liberal nobles who joined the Third Estate in 1789. A moderate, he favoured an English-style Constitution. Elected President of the Constituent Assembly, he was co-founder of the Socit des Amis de la Constitution Monarchique in 1790, which was attacked and shut down in 1791. He was murdered by the mob during the rising of (9th and) 10th August 1792. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 His wife, Louise. Clermont-Tonerre, Louise de Rosires-Sorans, Comtesse de, see also Talaru 1766-1832. Married, 1782, Comte Stanislas de Clermont-Tonnerre who was killed on the 10th August 1792. She later married the Marquis de Talaru. She was noted for her eccentricity. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Clermont-Tonerre, Aim-Marie-Gaspard, Duc de 1779-1865. Aide-de-Camp to Joseph Bonaparte, he left the service to marry in 1811. Minister of the Navy 1821 he replaced Damas as Minister of War in July 1824. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Supports Villle over the disbanding of the National Guard in April 1827. Loses the War ministry portfolio. Clry, Jean-Baptiste 1759-1809. Valet to Louis XVI, whom he served in the Temple prison, then joined the Royal family in exile in England. His Memoirs appeared in London in 1798. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 Arrives in London. BkXXIII:Chap6:Sec1 His Memoirs were doctored. Clisson, France A town 25 kilometres south-east of Nantes, it is in the Western Loire. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Mentioned. Clisson, Oliver de, Constable of France 1336-1407. French soldier, b. Brittany. He fought on the English side in the War of the Breton Succession but entered the French service as companion in arms to Bertrand Du Guesclin. In 1380 he became constable of France. He defeated (1382) the insurgents of Ghent under Philip van Artevelde at Roosebeke (modern-day Westrozebeke). One of the Marmousets (Fr.,=little

fellows), ministers of King Charles V of France, so called by the great nobles, who were contemptuous of their humble origins, he made use of his position to satisfy his boundless avidity, and became one of the richest men of his time. After King Charles VI became (1392) insane, Clisson retired to Brittany, where he served as guardian of the duchy after the death (1399) of Duke John de Montfort. BkI:Chap1:Sec9 The Chateaubriands went surety for him. Clive, Robert, 1st Baron Clive of Plassey 1725-1774. Also known as Clive of India, he was a soldier of fortune and commander who established the military supremacy of the East India Company in Southern India and Bengal. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Clodion d. 448. A Frankish chieftain of the Merovingian dynasty, he began his series of conquests in Northern Gaul about the year 430. BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 The Merovingian claims on Flanders. Clodoald, Saint 522-560. A grandson of King Clovis of the Franks and the youngest son of King Clodomir of Orleans, he and his brothers were raised by their grandmother St. Clotilda, Queen of the Franks. Two of his brothers, Theodoald and Gunther, were slain at the ages of ten and nine by their uncle Clotaire, king of the Franks from 558-561. Clodoald survived by being sent to Provence, France. There he became a hermit and a disciple of St. Severinus. He resided at Nogent, near Paris, which became known as SaintCloud. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Clotilde, Saint 475545. Also spelled Clotilda, Clotild, Clothilde, or Chlothilde, was the daughter of Burgundian king Chilperic. Her uncle was the Burgundian king and Roman general Gundobad. Clotilde was the wife of Clovis I and contributed to her husbands conversion to Catholic christianity. Her early life with her mnother was spent in Geneva. The end of her life was spent in Tours. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

Clovis, King of the Franks c466-511. Son of Childeric I. King of the Salian Franks 481-486. King of the Franks 486-511. Clovis inherited his father's kingdom in 481, at which time he unified the Salian and Ripurian Franks. In 486 he defeated the Roman general Syagrius who ruled northern Gaul out of Soissons. By 493 he had married the Burgundian princess Clotilda. In 496, after defeating the Alamanni, he was baptized, thus becoming the first Christian ruler of postRoman Gaul. By 506 the Alamanni were subdued, and the next year Clovis finished his expansion by taking Aquitaine from the weak Visigothic king Alaric II. BkI:Chap4:Sec3 BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkIX:Chap7:Sec2 His capital at Tournai. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 Ancestor of the French kings. BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 Baptised at Rheims in 496. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 The Abb de Montesquiou was supposedly descended from the Merovingian line. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 The Merovingian claims on Flanders. BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 In the legend of the baptism of Clovis a dove brought the sacred oil to Saint Remigius. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Chateaubriand mocks the contemporary debate over the transcription of Clovis name in modern French. BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 The Germanic tribe of the Sicambri were noted by Caesar in his Gallic Wars. The 6th century historian Gregory of Tours (II, 31) states that the Merovingian Frankish leader Clovis I, on the occasion of his baptism into the Catholic faith, was referred to as Sicamber by Saint Remigius, the officiating bishop of Rheims, recalling a link between the Sicambri and the Salian Franks who were Clovis people. Cluzel, Madame de ? Marie Thrse du Cluzel, daughter of Franois-Pierre du Cluzel, whom Le Brun painted in 1775. In 1778 she married her German cousin, AntoineMarie, Comte du Cluzel. BkXI:Chap2:Sec4 Mentioned, in London Cobbett, William 1762-1835. The Radical English pamphleteer.

BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 He wrote an open letter to Chateaubriand in March 1823 on French and Spanish policy. See The Congress of Verona Part I:XLIX. Cobenzl, Count Johann Ludvig Joseph Graf von 1753-1809. An Austrian diplomat and politician, and cousin of Austrian chancellor Philipp Graf von Cobenzl, he became Minister at St. Petersburg in 1779. In 1800, he became Foreign Minister of Austria. As such, he recognized the imperial title of Napoleon, which did not stop Austria in engaging against him in the War of the Third Coalition in 1805. This engagement lead to the defeat of Austria, ending in the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805, which lead to Cobenzl's dismissal.The Austrian signatory to the Treaty of Campo-Formio. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Prevented a rupture in 1798 over Bernadottes provocation in flying the tricolour over the Embassy in Vienna. Coblentz, Koblentz The city in West Germany in the Rhineland Palatinate, at the confluence of the Rhine and the Moselle, and the seat of Frankish Kings in the 6th Century AD, it was annexed by France in 1798. During the Revolution it was a centre for the exiled French aristocracy. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 The Boulevard des Italiens ironically called Coblentz since the aristocracy met there. BkIX:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand departs for there in 1792. BkIX:Chap8:Sec3 Chateaubriand reaches Coblentz. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 Montlosier fought a duel there. BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Blchers army crossed the Rhine there in 1813. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec3 Traded at the Congress of Vienna. Cockburn, Sir George 1772-1853. A British admiral, he served in the Mediterranean, and in the War of 1812 he participated in the Chesapeake Bay expeditions and in the burning of Washington. He conveyed Napoleon I in the Northumberland to St. Helena, remaining there as governor (181516). BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Succeeded on St Helena by Sir Hudson Lowe. Coco Lacour, Barthelmy He was assistant and successor to Vidocq at the Sret (1827 until 1830 when Vidocq was re-instated). BkXXXV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.

Cocytus One of the rivers of the underworld, fed by the tears of the guilty, on the banks of which dead souls wandered which had been deprived of burial. BkIX:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand uses the new word omnibus, first registered at the Academy in 1835. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 The river-god charmed by Orpheuss singing. Coelus He was the primal Greek Sky-God, equivalent to the Roman Uranus. BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 His son was Chronos or Saturn (Time), who presided over the Golden Age, see Ovids Metamorphoses I. Cotlogon, Monsieur de A Breton gentleman, contemporary with Madame de Svign. BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 Mentioned. Cotquen, Les A Breton family, owning estates at Dinan. In the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries they were lords of Combourg. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 The Chateaubriands acquired Combourg, according to Chateaubriand, through marriage with the family. But see the Combourg entry. The Marshal du Duras was the last of the Cotquen-Chateaubriands. Cotquen, see Duras, Louise-Franoise-Maclovie-Cleste de Cogni, Margherita A Venetian bakers wife, called La Fornarina, she was Byrons mistress in Venice in 1817-18. BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Described. BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Cohorn or Coehorn, Baron Menno van 1641-1704. Dutch military Engineer, he was the inventor of the Cohorn mortar, a small brass mortar first used at the siege of Grave in 1674. During the American Civil War, both the North and the South used Cohorn mortars. BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Coigny, Marie-Franois-Henri de Franquetot, Duc de

1737-1821 He was Master of the Horse under Louis XVI from 1774, a member of the unpopular group around Marie-Antoinette. He was Marshal of France 1816. BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 BkIV:Chap9:Sec3 He advises Chateaubriand that he is to hunt with the King, the meet taking place on 19th February 1787, and warns him as to how to behave. Coislin, Marie-Anne de Mailly-Nesle, Marquise de 1732-1817. Favourite of Louis XV. Daughter of Louis de Mailly, Comte de Rubempr, and niece of the Marquis de Nesle. Married 1750 Charles du Cambout, Marquis de Coislin (1728-1771). Widowed, and childless. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand rented a top-storey room in her house on the Place de la Concorde (Place Louis XV) now the Automobile-Club de France. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 A lively portrait of her, as a survivor from the court of Louis XV. De Nesle, lying between Pronne and Noyon, the hereditary estate, became a Marquisate in 1545. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 At Vichy in 1805. Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 1619-1683. A French statesman and financial reformer, he was a protg of Mazarins. He became comptroller general of finance in 1665 and made France under Louis XIV a dominant power in Europe. He was a significant patron of the arts. BkVII:Chap11:Sec1 The language of his time. BkXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 Adverse public reaction at his funeral. BkXXVIII:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Colbert, Pauline de Montboissier, Comtesse de 1777-1839. Grand-daughter of Malesherbes, she was the cousin of Chateaubriands sister-in-law. In 1803 she had married the Comte de Colbert de Maulvrier (1758-1820), naval officer, who retired during the Restoration as a Commodore, having been a deputy in the Chambre of 1815. From 17961799 he had lived in Philadelphia, and in October 1798 even made a trip to Niagara. BkII:Chap9:Sec1 She was the owner of the chteau at Montboissier in 1817. BkXXXV:Chap17:Sec1 She was in Lucerne in August 1832. Colbert-Chabanais, Auguste-Franois-Marie de

1777-1809. A distinguished Cavalry officer, the younger brother of PierreDavid (Edouard) also a distinguished soldier. He served in Egypt, Austria, Prussia, and Poland. He was killed by a sharpshooter, Thomas Plunkett of the 95th Rifles, at Cacabelos in Spain. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 He was shot through both legs above the knee at Acre, where he commanded the 4th Cavalry Brigade, and was repatriated to France in 1800. Colet, Louise, see Revoil Coligny, Admiral, Seigneur de Chtillon, Gaspard II de 1519-1572. French Huguenot leader. He became an Admiral of France in 1552 and was converted to Protestantism several years later. He commanded the Huguenots during the second and third Wars of Religion, but Catherine de Medici, mother of Charles IX, arranged his murder during the St. Bartholomews Day massacre. BkV:Chap12:Sec2 Mirabeau claimed him as an ancestor. Colin Pastoral lover of Babet in a popular comic opera Les Sabots by Cazotte and Sedaine (1768). Note the painting The Clogs (1768) by Boucher in the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto which depicts a scene from the operetta. BkV:Chap15:Sec2 BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. The character also appears in Devin du Village by Rousseau. Collinet, Franois fl. 1800-1822. Composer and flautist. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 He and Philippe Musard (1782-1859) conductor-composer of the Michau, Collinet, and Musard band, played their own quadrilles at Almacks for the Prince Regent in 1821. He/they also seem to have performed at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. Here he played for Chateaubriands reception in 1822. BkXII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned again as playing for Chateaubriand. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as conducting at Almacks. Collombet, Franois-Znon 1808-1853. A writer and historian, his eulogy for Chateaubriand in 1848 was prized. A Catholic correspondent, from Lyons, of Chateaubriands, he published their correspondence in his study Chateaubriand, his Life and Writings, in 1851.

BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 The edition with Grgoire of Saint Jeromes letters was published 1836-39. Collot dHerbois, Jean-Marie 1759-1796. He was a French revolutionary, and originally an actor and playwright. Although a member of his Jacobin club, he favoured a constitutional monarch. His Almanach du Pre Grard (1791) was criticized for its royalism, although its patriotism won a competition sponsored by the Jacobins. He was a member of the revolutionary Commune of Paris and his politics became increasingly militant. Elected to the National Convention (September 1792), he became identified as a supporter of Jacques Ren Hbert and favoured the elimination of the Girondists. In September 1793, he was appointed to the Committee of Public Safety, which suppressed the counter-revolutionary attempts at Lyons. Although he turned against Robespierre on 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794), he fell in the Thermidorian reaction and was deported to French Guiana. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 His arrest in March 1795. Cologne The city in West Germany, on the Rhine, was founded by the Romans it became the capital of the northern Empire in 258AD, and later the seat of the Frankish kings. It flourished as a mercantile and cultural centre in the middle ages. It was annexed by France in 1798, passing to Prussia in 1815. BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 Chateaubriand passed through in 1792. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec3 The French border was not established as Chateaubriand hoped. Colombier, Caroline, Mademoiselle du A friend of Napoleons youth: her mother ran the leading salon in Valence, where he was posted at sixteen in 1785, as a second-lieutenant of artillery. He met Caroline again ten years later in Lyons. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Colonna, Sciarra d.1329. A bitter enemy of the Pope, he was excommunicated, and fled to the court of King Philip IV of France, and led, with Chancellor Nogaret, the French expedition that captured (1303) Boniface. As senator of Rome, Sciarra supported the Holy Roman Emperor during his Italian expedition and bestowed the imperial crown on him in 1328, but was forced into exile when Louis departed shortly afterward.

BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Columbus, Christopher 1451-1506. The Italian navigator, born in Genoa, pioneered European contact with America. He sailed to the Bahamas, West-Indies and eventually the American mainland in 1492, and again in 1493-1496 and 1498-1500 under Spanish (Ferdinand and Isabella) patronage. He was relieved of his command and sent back to Spain in chains in 1499, but was released and sailed again in 1502-1504, returning ill and disheartened, and still convinced he had voyaged to the east coast of Asia. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 BkVIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVI:Chap3:Sec1 His discovery of the New World. The quote from the Bible is from Genesis I.31 BkVII:Chap6:Sec1 Those following in his wake introduced European bees to the New World. BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 He reached the New World (off San Salvador, the Bahamas) on 12th October 1492. Combourg The lakeside village is east of Dinan, and north of Rennes in Brittany. The Chteau and estate were purchased by Chateaubriands father in May 1761. The chteau is extant, in good repair, and open to the public. BkI:Chap1:Sec10 BkI:Chap3:Sec2 BkII:Chap10:Sec2 BkIII:Chap13:Sec1 BkIII:Chap14:Sec2 BkIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkIV:Chap6:Sec1 BkIV:Chap8:Sec1 BkIV:Chap10:Sec1 BkV:Chap6:Sec1 BkVI:Chap7:Sec1 BkX:Chap5:Sec2 BkXII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. BkI:Chap3:Sec1. It was a long time before the chteau, in disrepair on purchase, was habitable, and his fathers business affairs kept him in SaintMalo, delaying his move there. His fathers desire to regain the estate was illusory, since in fact none of the Chateaubriand ancestors ever possessed Combourg, which had passed through many hands since its eleventh century beginnings (built by Junken Bishop of Dol in 1016 according to Chateaubriand). It had been elevated to a Counts domain by Henri III in

1575. The Chateaubriands de Beaufort did though have secular connections with the diocese of Dol. BkI:Chap6:Sec1 BkI:Chap7:Sec1 The Chateaubriands moved to Combourg in May 1777. BkI:Chap7:Sec3 Chateaubriand completes his description of the chteau and locale. BkII:Chap2:Sec1 Holidays at Combourg. Description of life there. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 The chief inhabitants. BkII:Chap3:Sec1 Troops billeted there. BkII:Chap3:Sec2 The steward of Combourg, Monsieur de La Morandais. BkII:Chap3:Sec3 Chateaubriands eldest sisters received the nuptial blessing in the chapel there on the 11th January 1780. BkII:Chap4:Sec3 Abb Leprince accompanied Chateaubriand to Combourg for the holidays in August-September 1779, when Chateaubriand turned twelve. BkII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand received the sacrament of Confirmation in July 1781. The cross he mentions which appears in the land registry for 1820, was portrayed in a lithograph by Ciceri in Baron Taylors Voyages romantiques et pittoresques. BkII:Chap7:Sec5 Julies wedding there in 1782. BkII:Chap8:Sec3 BkII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand returns unannounced from Brest in 1783. BkII:Chap9:Sec1 Proust in Le Temps retrouv associates the thrushs song with the taste of the madeleine, as an example of involuntary memory. BkII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriands mothers hatred of Combourg. BkIII:Chap3:Sec1 Life at Combourg after BkIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriands return from Brest in 1784. BkIII:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriands description of the chteaus contents of 1783-1786 matches the various inventories published by Collas (Annales de Bretagne t. XXXV, 1921-23, pp1-31 and 268-299). BkIII:Chap1:Sec4 Life at Combourg, and the Combourg ghost. BkIII:Chap5:Sec1 Life with Lucile at Combourg. BkIII:Chap6:Sec1 His brothers visits there. The Chteau was used as a prison during the Terror. BkIII:Chap7:Sec1 His farewell to its woods. BkIII:Chap14:Sec3 His three returns to Combourg after his departure in the summer of 1786, namely after his fathers death in March 1787, with his mother in December 1788, and on his way to Saint-Malo to embark for America in 1791.

BkIV:Chap1:Sec3 Chateaubriand left Combourg on the morning of 9th August 1786, for Rennes. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Extract from the parish death register for Chateaubriands father. BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 The family met there in the first fortnight of March 1787 to divide the inheritance. Lucile and Ren in principle received 25000 francs held by their brother until they were 25 years old. The measures taken by the Constituent Assembly nullified these arrangements. BkV:Chap15:Sec4 BkXXXV:Chap21:Sec1 Chateaubriand passed through on his way to Saint-Malo for his voyage to America in 1791. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand assumed the name Combourg in England since his own name was unpronounceable there. BkX:Chap8:Sec1 To be commandeered as a State stronghold. This was not effected. BkXII:Chap4:Sec1 Arthur Young passed by Combourg 1st September 1788. Chateaubriand incorrectly writes that it was his father who was then owner. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand remembers the crows at Combourg. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 Combourg was inherited by Louis de Chateaubriand. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 The swallows that nested in the eaves there. BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 The Venetian mirrors there. Comines (Commines, Commynes), Philippe de c1447-c1511. A French historian, courtier, and diplomat, in 1472 he left the service of Charles the Bold of Burgundy to enter that of Louis XI of France. After Louis death he plotted against Charles VIII and was banished from court. He later regained favour, accompanied Charles to Italy, and was briefly ambassador to Venice. His Mmoires sur les rgnes de Louis XI et de Charles VIII is a historical and literary work of the highest rank. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 See his Memoirs VII:15 Comnne, Mademoiselle de, see Abrants, Duchesse de Commentaries, of Julius Caesar The Commentaries are Caesars account of the Gallic and Civil Wars (5847BC). BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Contains a reference to Curiosolites, the modern Corseul. Compans, Jean-Dominique, General

1769-1845. A Napoleonic General in 1811, he fought in Austria, Prussia, Russia and Germany. He was the commander of the Fifth Division in Russia in 1812. BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 Wounded at Borodino. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 On the retreat, at Malojaroslavets. Compre, Claude Antoine, General 1774-1812. A Napoleonic officer he served in the Kingdom of Naples, and joined the Russian Campaign. BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 Killed at Borodino. Compigne, France The Chteau was a royal residence built for Louis XV and restored by Napoleon. Compigne was one of the three seats of royal government, the others being Versailles and Fontainebleau. It is located in Compigne in the Oise dpartement. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Marie-Louise there in 1810 on her way to Paris. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 The Siege of Compigne (1430) was Joan of Arcs final military action. Her career as a leader ended with her capture during a skirmish outside the town on 23 May 1430. Conciergerie Part of the first palace of the kings of France (They later moved to the Louvre), the Conciergerie became the first Paris prison in 1391. Located on the Cit island near Notre-Dame cathedral and the Sainte-Chapelle, it became famous during the Revolution: in 1793 and 1794, 2780 men and women were sentenced to death and detained in the Conciergerie until they left for the Place de La Rvolution (Concorde) where they were guillotined. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 Where Chateaubriands relatives were imprisoned. His mother was actually in an annex, the Collge du Plessis, which under the Terror became the Maison de Force galit. Concini, Contino, Conte della Penna, Marquis et Marchal dAncre d 1617. The favourite of the Regent, Marie de Mdicis, he was assassinated with the acquiesence of Louis XIII. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Richelieu gained his good graces at the Statesgeneral of 1614. Cond, Les

An important French branch of the house of Bourbon, its members played a significant role in French dynastic politics. The line began with Louis I de Bourbon (153069), 1st prince de Cond, a military leader of the Huguenots in France's Wars of Religion. The familys most prominent member was the 4th prince de Cond, one of Louis XIVs greatest generals. The princely line died out when Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Cond (17721804), Duc dEnghien and sole heir of the last prince de Cond, was falsely arrested and, on Napoleons orders, shot for treason. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 They acquired the barony of Chateaubriand. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 The Prince de Cond, the Duc de Bourbon, and the Duc dEnghien emigrated together in July 1789 after the fall of the Bastille. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 The Duc dEnghien and his relations. Cond, Louis II, Prince de, the Great Cond 1621-1686. During the Thirty Years War he won victories against Spain at Rocroi (1643) and Lens (1648). He was recalled to suppress the first Fronde (Civil War). In the second Fronde he joined the rebels and fled to Spain. After being defeated by Turenne at the Battle of the Dunes he was pardoned and became one of Louis XIVs outstanding generals. BkIII:Chap1:Sec3 His portrait displayed at Combourg. BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 His victory at Rocroi. He also took Thionville. BkXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Imprisoned at Vincennes in 1650 by Mazarin. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 As the type of a great warrior. BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 His statue, in 1840. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 His funeral oration by Bossuet. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Cond, Charlotte de Montmorency, Princesse de 1594-1650. The last mistress of Henri IV, affianced to Bassompierre but forced to marry the Kings nephew the Prince of Cond, in 1609, father of the Great Cond. She was mistress to the King before her marriage. BkIV:Chap8:Sec4 BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Her dying words for her daughter, Madame de Longueville, quoted from the Memoirs of Madame de Motteville. Cond, Louis-Henri-Joseph, Duc de Bourbon, Prince de, see Bourbon Cond, Louis-Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de 1736-1818 Emigrated with his son, the Duc de Bourbon, and grandson the Duc dEnghien. He commanded the Army of Princes.

BkII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned as offering the post of tutor to his son to Charles-Hilaire de Chateaubriand. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 Declared a traitor in December 1791. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 His migr army. BkXVI:Chap11:Sec1 His will quoted. He fought at Johannisberg and Berstheim. BkXXIII:Chap2:Sec1 Swears allegiance to the Charter in March 1815. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 At Lille in March 1815. BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 At Constance in October 1799. Conegliano, Italy A town and comune of Veneto, Italy, in the province of Treviso, 17 miles north of Treviso it was the birthplace of the painter Cima da Conegliano, a fine altar-piece by whom is in the cathedral (1492). It is overlooked by a hill on which stands the remains of a 1000-year old castle, formerly belonging to the Bishop of Vittorio Veneto. The remaining tower now houses the small Conegliano museum. BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there September 1833. Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine de Caritat, Marquis de 1743-1794 Mathematician, philosopher and politician, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1791. As a moderate Girondin he was arrested in 1793, dying, perhaps by his own hand, in prison. His most famous work Esquisse dun tableau historique des progrs de lesprit humain was published posthumously in 1795. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 A past friend of Monsieur de Malesherbes. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 A major European name. BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Congreve, William 1772-1828. Inventor of the Congreve Rocket in 1804: the rocket was made up of an iron case of black powder for propulsion and either an explosive or incendiary cylindro-conoidal head. The warheads were attached to wooden guide poles and were launched in pairs from half troughs on simple metal Aframes. They were used against Boulogne (1806) at Copenhagen (1807), off Rochefort (1809), and then at Waterloo in 1815. They were in use until the 1850s when the design was superceded. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 At Waterloo.

Congrs de Vrone, Le A work by Chateaubriand, it was published 28th April 1838. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 See Chapters I-IV of the work. The Congress of Verona of 1822, held in Verona, Italy, was the last European conference held under the provisions of the Quadruple Alliance of 1814. The main problem discussed was the revolution in Spain against Ferdinand VII, and the congress decided that a French army, under mandate of the Holy Alliance, should suppress the rebellion. This decision was protested by the British foreign minister, George Canning, and led to a growing rift between Great Britain and the other powers. BkXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned as an example of Chateaubriand the politican. BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned for its descriptions of Peel and Lord Westmoreland. BkXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap17:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 See Part I: LII Conradin, of Suabia 1252-1268. Duke of Swabia, titular king of Jerusalem and Sicily, the last legitimate Hohenstaufen, son of Holy Roman Emperor Conrad IV. While Conradin was still a child in Germany, his uncle Manfred made himself (1258) king of Sicily. When Manfred died the kingdom was seized (1266) by Charles I (Charles of Anjou). Young Conradin went to Italy in an attempt to recover his kingdom. Several cities rallied to his support, but he was defeated (1268) by Charles at Tagliacozzo. He was captured and executed at Naples. BkXIX:Chap2:Sec1 He was executed by Charles of Anjou (c1226-1285, King of Sicily 1262-1282). Consalvi, Ercole, Cardinal 1757-1824. Italian cardinal and papal diplomat, in his first term (18001806) as secretary of state for Pope Pius VII he negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with Napoleon. Despite Consalvis astute diplomacy, Napoleon annexed the Papal States in 1809. Consalvi was compelled to go to Paris, where his refusal to attend Napoleons second marriage (1809) resulted in exile at Rheims. Reinstated as secretary of state after Napoleons second abdication (1814), Consalvi vainly struggled against reactionary elements to reform the administration of the Papal States. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in Rome in 1803.

BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 He enquires after Madame de Beaumont. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 Exiled in 1809. BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 At Fontainebleau in 1813. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1824. Conservateur The Conservative, a political periodical, founded by Chateaubriand in October 1818, in collaboration with Louis de Bonald and Flicit de Lamennais. With a circulation of only a few thousand it still had significant influence. It appeared over the following two years, until March 1820. It was ultra-royalist in tone, and opposed the government. BkIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 Chateaubriands article of December 1818, for the paper: De la morale des intrts et de celle des devoirs, ou du Systme ministriel considr dans ses effets moreaux. BkXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 His article of 17th November 1818 entitled Mlanges. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 Printed from the 8th of October 1818 to the 30th of March 1820, it had a stable circulation of about six thousand copies. Its banner was The King, the Charter, and honest men. BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriands article of 18th February 1820 in memory of the Duc de Berry, and a quotation from that of the 3rd March. A few further issues followed, the last edition being that of the 30th March. BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 The image is much quoted throughout the Memoirs (XXV:10, XXVIII:12, XXXIII:8) Constance, Lake The town of Constance (Konstanz) is in south-west Germany in BadenWrttemberg on Lake Constance, the lake on the River Rhine lying in West Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. It has an 11th century church. BkXXXV:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap18:Sec1 Chateaubriand there 27th August 1832. Madame Rcamier had arrived on the 21st, with Madame Salvage and her maid. Constant, Henry Benjamin, de Rebeque 1767-1830 A French-Swiss political writer and novelist, his affair (1794 1811) with Germaine de Stal turned him to political interests. He accompanied her to Paris in 1795 and served (17991801) as a tribune under the first consul, Napoleon. When Mme de Stel was expelled (1802), however, he went into exile with her, spending the following 12 years in

Switzerland and Germany. In 1813 he published a pamphlet attacking Napoleon and urging constitutional government and civil liberties. On Napoleons return from Elba, however, Constant accepted office under him. After Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo and the restoration of the Bourbons, Constant continued his political pamphleteering, calling for a constitutional monarchy. He served (181922, 182430) in the chamber of deputies. Constant gained a great reputation as a liberal publicist, and his funeral (shortly after the July Revolution, 1830, which he had supported) was the occasion for great demonstrations. His most important work, the introspective and semiautobiographical novel, Adolphe (1816), is highly regarded for its style. Parts of his correspondence and journals have been published, the latter as Le Journal intime (188789) and Le Cahier rouge (the Red Notebook) (1907). The discovery of an unfinished novel, Ccile (1951), has contributed to a new appreciation of Constant's literary merit. BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 An exemplar of the new nineteenth century literary style. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 Used the common linguistic style of the age, as a defender of freedom. The quotations are from De lEsprit de conqute, 1814. BkXXIII:Chap2:Sec1 His article published in the Journal des Dbats of 19th March 1815. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 His changeability and inconstancy, in supporting Napoleon during the Hundred Days. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec2 His championing of Caroline Murats claims to Naples. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 His visit to Napoleon after Waterloo. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 Accused by Napoleon of conspiring against him in 1815. BkXXVIII:Chap14:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand complimenting him on his pamphlet Opinion sur le project de loi rlatif a la police de la presse, of 1827. BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand on the 20th September 1830 less than three months before his own death. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 His comment on the friendship between Madame Rcamier and Madame de Stal. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 An attendee at Madame Rcamiers salon. BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 His Appeal to the Christian Nations in favour of the Greeks, of September 1825. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Speaking in the Chamber of Deputies on the 30th of July 1830.

BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 A supporter of Louis-Philippe. BkXXXII:Chap15:Sec1 At the Htel de Ville on the 31st of July 1830. He had been lame for a few months prior to this occasion. Chateaubriand confuses his state with that of the gouty Lafitte. BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned in 1831. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 His five-act tragedy Wallenstein of 1809, which he sent to Chateaubriand who thanked him in a letter (1st February 1809). BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Chateaubriand dined with him in 1802 on the Quai de la Rpe in Paris. Constant, Charles de 1762-1835. Cousin of Benjamin, he had lost his wife in 1830, and retired to live with his sister. BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Constant, Rosalie de 1758-1834. Sister of Charles, she was a friend of the Duchesse de Duras, and first met Chateaubriand in 1826. BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Constantine ?285-337. Emperor of Rome (306337), he adopted the Christian faith and suspended the persecution of Christians. He rebuilt Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the new Rome (330). BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 His conversion to Christianity. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand uses the word labarum for the tricololur standard. The labarum was Constantines Imperial standard with Christian symbols added to the Roman military ones. The word signifies a symbolic banner. BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 His mother Helena. BkXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 His victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge in Rome in 312 was a prelude to the Christian Empire. BkXXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Constantinople The city in Western Turkey on both sides of the Bosphorus, ancient Byzantium, it was renamed Constantinople in 1330, when Constantine I declared it the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. Captured by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 it was renamed Istanbul and became their capital in 1457.

BkIV:Chap6:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Its busy waterways. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1806. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 A letter dated from there. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 An example of French influence. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Its Byzantine architecture. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 The Byzantine church of Sancta Sophia (Hagia Sophia, or Holy Wisdom) converted to a Mosque is now a Museum. Constitutionnel, Le The principal liberal newspaper of the period, it had been hostile to the Spanish War of 1823. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. The paper on the 24th of March accused an ultra journal the Messager of failing to publish Chateaubriands speech. BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 variste Dumoulin wrote for it. Contades de Plour, Francoise-Marie-Gertrude, Comtesse de Died 1776. She was the daughter of the Marquis, Louis-Georges. BkI:Chap2:Sec1 Godmother of Chateaubriand. BkI:Chap3:Sec2 Intimate friend of his mother. Contades, Louis-Georges-rasme, Marquis de, Marshal of France 1704-1795. BkI:Chap2:Sec1 Father of Franoise-Marie. Contat, Louise 1760-1813. Actress. Debuted 1776 as Atalide in Bajazet. Retired 1809. Created the role of Suzanne in Beamarchais Figaro in 1784. As the soubrette in the plays of Molire and Marivaux, she found opportunities exactly fitted to her talents. She retired in 1809 and married de Parny, nephew of the poet. Her sister Marie milie Contat (1769-1846), an admirable soubrette, especially as the pert servant drawn by Molire and de Regnard, made her dbut in 1784, and retired in 1815. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Actress at the Thtre-Franais. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Contencin, Alphonse (?), de Prefect. Councillor of State for the Administration of Religion, c 1857. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 Found, in the City archives, in 1835, the order condemning Chateaubriands brother to death.

Conyngham, Henry Francis, Earl of Mount Charles 1795-1824 Master of the Robes, he was then Chamberlain to George IV. His sister in law, Elizabeth Denison, Marchioness of Conyngham, was a notorious mistress of the king. BkVII:Chap11:Sec1 Signatory to an invitation written to Chateaubriand in 1822. Conyngham, Elizabeth Denison, Marchioness of Conyngham d.1861 Sister-in-law of Henry Francis. The daughter of a self-made merchant banker, she was the mistress of George IV from 1819 to his death in 1830. BkVII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Cook, Captain James 1728-1779 A British Navigator and Cartographer, he entered the Royal Navy in 1755 and served in the Seven Years War (1756-63), surveying the St Lawrence River. He was given command of an expedition to Tahiti to observe the transit of Venus and search for a southern continent. In Endeavour he charted New Zealand and the east coast of Australia (17681771). His second voyage (1772-1775) circumnavigated Antarctica. He then charted Easter Island, and found New Caledonia, the South Sandwich Islands and South Georgia Island. On his third voyage (1776-1779) he was killed on Hawaii. BkII:Chap8:Sec3 BkVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 His voyages in the Pacific. Cooper, James Fenimore 1789-1851. The American Novelist, expelled from Yale, served in the navy before marrying in 1811. He achieved success with a series of novels about frontier life including The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826) and The Pathfinder (1840). He lived in Europe from 1826 to 1833. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 Mentioned as taking refuge in Europe. Copernicus, Nicolaus 1473-1543. The German astronomer who provided the first modern formulation of a heliocentric (sun-centered) theory of the solar system, in his

book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres). BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Coppens, Monsieur He was a resident of Ghent in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand dined with him. Coppet, Switzerland The Chteau de Coppet was built by Jacques Necker. In 1784, he bought the barony of Coppet to serve as a safe haven. Necker retired to Coppet in 1790 after the Revolution, at a time when his daughter Germaines (Madame de Stals) literary and philosophical salon began to attract the leading intellects of the day. The Swiss author Benjamin Constant (with whom de Stal may have conducted a long-lasting affair) was a regular visitor, as were the philosopher Schlegel, Byron, and others. Madame de Stal organized life at the chteau around her constant flow of guests. In 1804 Necker died, and the Chteau passed into the hands of Madame de Stal, who was forced to remain there in permanent exile after 1806 following her persistent public denunciations of Napoleon. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand visited Madame de Stal there in 1805. BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 Chamisso visited. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned BkXXVIII:Chap19:Sec1 Madame Rcamier was there in July 1807. BkXXVIII:Chap21:Sec1 Madame Rcamier joined Madame de Stal in exile in August 1811, and was herself exiled in the September. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 A view of Coppet by moonlight in Madame Rcamiers apartment in the Abbaye-aux-Bois. BkXXXV:Chap21:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap22:Sec1 Chateaubriand visited in mid-October 1832. It was then owned by Madame de Stals daughter-inlaw, ne Adle Verlet, who married Auguste de Stal, and was widowed in 1827. Coppinger, Monsieur He was a claimant on the French Embassy in London in 1822. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Coquereau, Felix, Abb 1808-1866. The chaplain of the Belle Poule in 1840, he published his Souvenirs du voyage a Sainte-Hlne in 1841.

BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 Quoted. Corbire, Jacques Joseph Guillaume Pierre, Comte de 1766-1853. A lawyer from Rennes, he became a member of the Council of Five Hundred in 1797. Deputy for Rennes in 1815, he was Minister for the Interior (1821-28). He left politics after the July Revolution. BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 A close friend of Villle in 1816. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 Involved with the Conservateur. BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 His appointment to office in 1820. BkXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Interior Minister from 14th December 1821 to 4th January 1828. BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 His resignation with Villle on the 27th of July 1821. BkXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His involvement in Chateaubriands dismissal as Foreign Minister in 1824. BkXXVIII:Chap15:Sec1 Provoked by the Opposition in 1827. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Supports Villle over the disbanding of the National Guard in April 1827. Corbineau, Jean-Baptiste-Juvenal, Comte 1776-1848. A Napoleonic General, he fought with great distinction in central Europe, Spain and Russia. He was present at Waterloo. He later served under the Bourbons. During his career he received thirty-three wounds. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 He discovered a ford across the Berezina in November 1812. Corday, Charlotte 1768-1798. The assassin of Jean Paul Marat, although of aristocratic background, sympathized with the Girondists in the French Revolution and felt that Marat, in his persecution of the Girondists, was acting as the evil genius of France. She resolved to emulate the action of Brutus and destroy the tyrant. Leaving her native Normandy for Paris, she gained an audience with Marat by promising to betray the Girondists of Caen and stabbed him (July 13, 1793) in his bath. She was guillotined. BkXV:Chap1:Sec1 Madame de Beaumont quotes from Cordays letter to Barbaroux of the 16th July 1793. Cordeliers and Cordeliers Club

The Society of the Friends of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen formed when the Commune re-divided Paris and the Cordeliers District was absorbed into the section Thtre-Franais. It took as its model the Jacobin Club, styled itself the elixir of Jacobinism and took as its emblem the open eye. Its members met first in the church of the Cordeliers (Franciscan Observantists), then in a hall in the Rue Dauphine. After 10th August 1792, the moderates such as Danton and Desmoulins stopped attending and it was dominated by the Enrags. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 Its affiliated clubs in the regions in 1792. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 The citizen soldiers from Marseille were quartered in the Cordeliers Church in July 1792. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 Its pre-eminent position in 1792. BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 The Cordeliers in 1800. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 The unrelated Church of the Cordeliers at Avignon. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 The Order of the Cordeliers is the strictest branch of the Franciscan Order in France (known elsewhere as the Observants) so called from their girdle of knotted cord. Cordellier-Delanoue, Etienne Casimir Hippolyte 1806-1854. He was a French dramatist and collaborated with Dumas. BkXXXI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Cordoba, Spain The city in Andalusia on the Guadalquivir River was founded in 1573. BkXXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 The setting used in Les Abencerages. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 La Mesquita is the 10th century Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba, it was re-consecrated as a Christian Cathedral in 1236 when Cordoba was re-conquered from the Moors. It contains a forest of pillars. Corentin, Saint c375 -? He was the first Bishop of Cornouaille in Brittany. BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 Mentioned. Corfu, Corcyra An island belonging to Greece, in the Ionian Sea. It lies off the coast of Albania, from which it is separated by a strait varying in breadth from less than 2 to about 15 miles. Traditionally Homers Scheria, land of the Phaeacians. By the Treaty of Campo Formio, Corfu was ceded to the French, who occupied it for two years, until they were expelled by the Russian squadron under Admiral Ushakov. For a short time it became the capital of a

self-governing federation of the Hephtanesos (Seven Islands); in 1807 its faction-ridden government was again replaced by a French administration, and in 1809 it was vainly besieged by a British fleet. By the Treaty of Paris of 1815, the Ionian Islands became a protectorate of the United Kingdom, until ceded to Greece in 1864. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 The island is mentioned by Chateaubriand in his Itinerary. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleon instructs the authorities to take possession of it in 1797. Nausicaa, the Phaeacian princess lived on Scheria, in Homers Odyssey. Corinna BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 The pseudonym of Ovids lover in his early poetry. Corinne Corinne, or Italy, is a novel by Madame de Stal (1807), which contains the characters Corinne and Juliette, and reflects the two friends, Madame Rcamier and Madame de Stal. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap19:Sec1 Grard painted a scene with Corinne, the poetess heroine, at Cape Misenum (1819, now at Lyons). The picture hung in Madame Recamiers salon till her death where Chateaubriand could contemplate it on his visits to the Rue de Svres. BkXXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 The work mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Quotes from Book XV:7-9 and XVI:1-3. Oswald parts from Corinne in Venice. Corinne (Corinna or Korinna) Late 6th Century BC. The Greek poetess came from Tanagra in Boeotia, and according to later legend was the teacher of the much better-known Theban poet Pindar. Although two poems survive in epitome, most of her work exists currently in fragments. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Corinth The port, in the Greek Peloponnese, lies on the Isthmus of Corinth. Settled before 3000BC, and developing rapidly in the 8th century BC, Corinth became the second largest and richest Greek city state after Athens. Corinth opposed Athens in the Peloponnesian War, and was destroyed by Rome (Mummius) in 146BC. It revived as a Roman colony in 44BC.

BkVIII:Chap4:Sec2 Corinthian urns. Corinth was famous for its bronze urns which became collectors items in Augustan Rome. They are characterised by flowery bodies and wide overhanging and decorated rims. Also its acropolis is mentioned. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXVIII:Chap3:Sec5 The Church of Corinth was established about AD52, Corinth itself changed hands during the wars between Venice and the Ottoman Turks (therefore Islam and Christianity) during the late seventeenth century. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Its mixed origins. BkXXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 See Chateaubriands Itinerary. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 The priestesses of Aphrodite at Corinth indulged in sacred prostitution. Glycera was a famous courtesan and a generic name for a courtesan. The spring of Pirene supplied much of the citys water, and had its nymph Pirene after which it was named. The winged horse Pegasus born of the blood of Medusa was tamed by Bellerephon King of Corinth. Corneille, Pierre 1606-1684. Dramatist: after a Jesuit education he worked in government service in Rouen until 1650. Richelieu admired his early comedies. Le Cid (1636) the seminal play of French classical tragedy excited controversy and paved the way for Racine. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from the orange-trees speech in La Guirlande de Julie (1634), where the orange tree flower is also not subject to frail destiny! BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from his play Attila. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 His characters interpreted by Talma. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 Chateaubriand quotes a poem of 1668. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 The quotation is from his play Sertorius III:1 BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 The quotation is from Attila I:2 BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 The quotation is from Horace I:1:29, Sabine the wife of Horace speaks. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 See Act III of Le Cid (1636). Cornelia Metella 1st century BC. She became the fifth wife of Pompey in 52 BC. She was a faithful follower of Pompey and met him in Mytilene with his son Sextus Pompeius, after the battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC. Together, they fled to Egypt where Pompey was murdered. On his arrival, Caesar punished the

murderers of Pompey and gave Cornelia his ashes and signet ring. She returned to Rome and spent the rest of her life in Pompey's estates in Italy. BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Quoted (from Plutarch) Cornelia She was Tassos sister. BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Corregio, Antonio Allegri da 1494-1534. The Italian High Renaissance painter is known for his use of chiaroscuro. Among his works are devotional pictures, including Holy Night, and frescoes, such as those in the convent of San Paolo in Parma (1518). BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Napoleon who admired the artists works shipped artworks back to France. A Painting of Saint Jerome, sent from Parma. Corseul A small market town in Brittany, it is seven kilometres from Dinan. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. It was the Roman Curiosolites. Cortes, The Spanish The National Legislature of Spain during the Spanish Civil War of 18201823, fought in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars. It was a conflict between royalists and liberals with France intervening officially on the side of the royalists. BkIX:Chap5:Sec1 Republican Frenchmen supported the liberals. BkXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 English disapproval of the Cortes. Cortois de Pressigny, Gabriel, Comte 1745-1823 Bishop of Saint-Malo Elected December 1785, In office 17861791. On October 14, 1790, a municipal commission advised him that his diocese had been suppressed by a decree of the Assemble Nationale. He was the last bishop of Saint-Malo and his diocese was divided between those of Rennes, Vannes and Saint-Brieuc. He resigned the government of the see, September 19, 1801, together with most French bishops at the request of Pope Pius VII to allow the implementation of the Concordat of 1801. Named on July 7, 1814 ambassador extraordinary of France to the Holy See to negotiate an arrangement to the Concordat of 1801; he was recalled to France in 1816. He was named by King Louis XVIII Peer of France, 1816, and given the title of Count, 1817. He was promoted to the metropolitan see

of Besanon, 1817. He died when he was about to receive the cardinals hat in the consistory of 1823. BkV:Chap4:Sec1 BkV:Chap5:Sec1 He gave the tonsure to Chateaubriand on December 16th 1788, the certificate is dated the 19th. Corvaisier, see Le Corvaisier Corvo, Monastery of BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 Dante stayed in the Monastery of Santa Croce in Corvo in Liguria, where he reputedly negotiated a peace between the Bishop of Luni and the Marquis of Malaspina. Corvo, Island of One of the Azores Islands. BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 The islands appear to have been uninhabited prior to the Portuguese discovery of them in the 15th century. The story of a find of Phoenician coins on Corvo persists, but the coins that were commented on in the eighteenth century were probably owned by a collector and not found in situ. An incident from Les Natchez is set on the island. Coss, Emmanuel Desir Delie Michel Timolon de Coss-Brissac, Comte de 1793-1870. Having served in the Imperial Guard he became aide-de-camp to the Duc de Berry and after the Dukes death remained attached to the Duchess housefold. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 In Prague in May 1833. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 In Carlsbad at the end of May 1833. Coss, Henriette de Montmorency Princess de Robech, Madame de 1798-1860. The wife of the Comte. They married in 1817. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 At dinner in the Hradschin Palace on the 25th of May 1833. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 In Carlsbad at the end of May 1833. Coste, Jacques 1798-1859. Edior of Les Tabelettes universelles in 1823, an opposition newspaper, and the co-founder of Le Temps in 1829, he was imprisoned for a year in 1824 and sold Les Tabelettes secretly to Sosthnes de La Rochefoucauld. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

Cottens, Laure, Madame de 1788-1867. A friend of Madame Rcamier, she corresponded with Chateaubriand from 1826 to 1836. A resident of Lausanne in May 1826, she rented the Chateaubriands an apartment on the second story of her house on the Rue de Bourg, belonging to her nephew Monsieur de Charrire de Sivry. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Cottereau, Flix 1799-1852. An artist and friend of Louis-Napoleon, he later became Inspecteur des Beaux-Arts. BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 Dines at Arenenberg on the 29th of August 1832. Coucy, Raoul, Sire de c1135-1191. A Crusader, he died at the siege of Acre, during the Third Crusade. The Coucy family, of Picardy, had for their device, Roi ne suis, ne duc, ne comte aussi; je suis le sire de Coucy. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned as an example of knightly chivalry. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 His dying message to La Dame de Fayel. Coudrin, Abb Pierre 1768-1837. Vicar-General of Rouen, he accompanied Cardinal de Croy his Archbishop to Rome in 1829. He founded numerous congregations and pious associations. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 At the Conclave of 1829. Coudic de Kergoualer, Charles-Louis, Chevalier du 1739-1780 A Naval officer, he distinguished himself in the American War of Independence. He was made a Chevalier of the Order of Saint-Louis in 1777. He was immortalised for his attack while commanding the Surveillante on the English frigate Quebec, resulting in victory after a fourteen hour battle. He died three months later at Brest of his wounds, BkII:Chap8:Sec2 Mentioned. Coulanges, Philippe-Emmanuel, Marquis de 1633-1716. The cousin of Madame de Svign, he made two trips to Rome. He left a collection of Chansons, and posthumously published Memoirs. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Le petit Coulanges was Madame de Svigns name for him.

Couppart, The Sisters Residents of Saint-Malo. BkI:Chap3:Sec3 BkIX:Chap7:Sec2 Acted as child-minders to Chateaubriand and his sister, and taught them to read. Courbevoie, France A commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris,it is located in the heart of the Hauts-de-Seine dpartement, at 5.1 miles from the centre of Paris. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there in July 1830. Courcelles, Jean Baptiste Pierre Julien, Chevalier de Genealogist. Author of the twelve volume Histoire gnalogique et hraldique des Pairs de France, des grands dignitaries de la Couronne published between 1822 and 1833. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 Mentioned by Chateaubriand, in a footnote here incorporated in the text. Courchamp, Madame de She was a sister of the Messieurs Bquet. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Courier de Mr, Paul-Louis 1772-1825. French political writer and classical scholar. His translation (1810) of the Greek text of Daphnis and Chlo is considered excellent. After the Bourbon restoration, which he opposed, he devoted himself to writing trenchant political pamphlets, the best known of which are Simple Discours (1821), for which he was jailed, and Le Pamphlet des pamphlets (1824), remarkable for its stylistic brilliance. His memoirs and letters (1828) have the same original charm that make his literary works memorable. He was murdered, presumably by one of his servants. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 The quotation is from a letter of May 1804. Courrier Franais, Le Founded in 1819, the Courrier was an advanced left wing liberal paper. BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Courtois, for Courtois de Pressigny Courvoisier, Jean-Joseph Antoine

1775-1835. French magistrate and politician, he served in the army of the emigres and later in that of Austria. In 1801, under the Consulate, he returned to France and established himself as an advocate at Besancon. At the Restoration he was made advocate-general by Louis XVIII, resigned and left France during the Hundred Days, and was reappointed after the second Restoration in 1815. In 1817, he was again a member of the chamber and also from 1819 to 1824. In 1829 he accepted the offer of the portfolio of justice in the Polignac ministry, but resigned in 1830. During the trial of the ex-ministers, in December, he was summoned as a witness, and paid a tribute to the character of his former colleagues which, under the circumstances, argued no little courage. He refused to take office under Louis Philippe, and retired into private life. BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Justice Minister in 1829. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 His resignation in 1830. Coussergues, France A town in Aveyron in the Midi Pyrnes it lies north-east of Rodez. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Monsieur de Clausel was Mayor there. Coutances The town in La Manche in Normandy, famous for its magnificent 13th century Gothic cathedral. BkX:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Depagne imprisoned there. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Armand found there and arrested. Cowper, William 1731-1800. English poet. After a battle with insanity, Cowper retired to the country, to Olney, where he met John Newton, the ardent evangelical preacher. He contributed to Newton's Olney Hymns (1779). After Newton left Olney, Cowper, having recovered from another period of insanity, turned to writing about simple homely subjects, producing his famous long poem, The Task (1785). His letters are considered among the most brilliant in English literature. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 A precursor of Romanticism. Crabbe, George 1754-1832. English poet. He was befriended by Edmund Burke, whose generous assistance aided in the publication of The Library (1781). He took orders in 1781 and held various livings, becoming rector at Trowbridge in

1814. The Village (1783), his most famous work, is a grim picture of rustic life, written partly in reply to Goldsmiths nostalgic Deserted Village. His bleak, realistic descriptions of life led Byron to call him nature's sternest painter, yet the best. His other works include The Parish Register (1807), The Borough (1810), Tales (1812), and Tales of the Hall (1819). BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as a recognised living poet in 1822. Craonne, France The town in north-east France. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Napoleon fighting there in 1814. Cresap (for Crasp), Colonel Michael 1742-1775. Prior to the Revolution he was accused of the killings of Mingo Chief Logans family at Yellow Creek on 30 April 1774, sparking Lord Dunmores War of 1774. He was later shown to have been innocent of the murders. In 1775 he was appointed Captain of the First Company of Maryland Rifles, the first southern unit to join the American Army around Boston, but was forced by ill-health to retire to New York where he died. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 Mentioned. Crcy, Battle of The first major battle of the Hundred Years War, fought on 26 August 1346. Philip VI of France was defeated by Edward III of England at the village of Crcy-en-Ponthieu, now in Somme dpartement, France, 11 miles northeast of Abbeville. The English archers played a crucial role in Edwards victory, which allowed him to besiege and take Calais. The Black Prince, Edwards son, was instrumental in achieving victory. BkX:Chap5:Sec2 BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIII:Chap16:Sec1 A French defeat, compared to Waterloo. Creek Indians Prior to the early 18th Century, most of Georgia was home to American Indians belonging to a South-eastern alliance known as the Creek Confederacy. The Creek Nation, also known as the Muskogee, were the major tribe in that alliance. According to Creek traditions, the Confederacy migrated to the South-eastern United States from the Southwest. The confederacy was probably formed as a defence against other large groups to the north. The name Creek came from the shortening of Ocheese Creek Indians, a name given by the English to the native people living along the

Ocheese Creek (or Ocmulgee River). In time, the name was applied to all groups of the confederacy BkVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand has contact with the Creek tribes. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 The two Muskogee girls. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Crquy, Franois de, Marquis de Marines 1625-1687. A Marshal of France he fought in many of Louis XIVs campaigns, and was on the Rhine in 1667. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Cristaldi, Belisario, Cardinal 1764-1831. Hostile to the zelante party, he was a Cardinal from 1828. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 Rejected as a Papal candidate by France. Croker, John Wilson 1780-1857. A British Tory politician and author, born in Ireland, he was a member of Parliament from 1807 to 1832 and Secretary of the Admiralty from 1810 to 1830. The most famous of his regular contributions as a critic to the Quarterly Review, which he was a zealous contributor to from 1809, was his virulent attack (1818) on Keats Endymion. Crokers best work was his careful edition (1831) of Boswells Life of Johnson. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as a recognised man of letters in 1822. BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 A portrait of him. He translated Chateaubriands Monarchy according to the Charter, and imported from him the term conservative (Quarterly Review: January 1830) Cromwell, Oliver 1599-1658 The English soldier and statesman was Protector of England (1653-1658). A Puritan and critic of Charles I in the Long Parliament he raised troops after the start of the Civil War and with the New Model Army defeated the Royalists. He subsequently signed the Kings death warrant, and established the Protectorate. He practised religious toleration allowing the Jews to return to England in 1656. BkII:Chap7:Sec3 A story of his inking a colleagues face at the signing of Charles Is death warrant. The story was repeated by Villemain (1819), Hugo (1827) and Chateaubriand himself in Les Quatre Stuarts (1828). BkV:Chap12:Sec3 He came near to bartering his future for a title.

BkX:Chap5:Sec2 He was buried in Westminster Abbey in 1658, but in 1661 his body was exhumed and hung at Tyburn. His head was then cut off and put on public display for nearly 20 years outside Westminster Hall. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Miltons praise of him mentioned by Johnson. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 His speech to the first Protectorate Parliament on 12 September 1654 in which he said I was by birth a gentleman, living neither in any considerable height, nor yet in obscurity. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2 Napoleon was compared with him by the Council of Elders in 1799. BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 His refusal of the crown in 1657. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 The Commonwealth as an interval in the Monarchy. BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 The freedom of the Press during his rule. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 As a famous Englishman. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 Refused Queen Henrietta Maria a pension. BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 His establishment of a new mode of government. Cromwell, Richard 1626-1712. Oliver Cromwells son Richard who succeeded him as Lord Protector was forced by the army to abdicate in 1659. He then lived in France in exile until 1680. BkXXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Not saved by the House of Lords. Cronier (or Crosnier), Pierre-Narcisse, d. 1848 A notary from 1816-1822, he was Mayor of the 9th Arrondissement (now the 4th) from 1830 to 1832. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Croy, or Croi, Henri, Sire de BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Married Charlotte de Chateaubriand. Croy, Gustave-Maximilien, Prince and Cardinal de 1773-1844. Archbishop of Rouen from 1823, he was a Cardinal from 1825. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 He arrives at the Conclave of 1829. Crussol de Florensac, Alexandre Charles Emmanuel dUzes, Bailli de 1747-1815. Former deputy for the nobility to the States General, he was a cavalry brigadier, the captain of Monsieurs bodyguard, member of the Order of St John, Adminstrator General of the Grand Priory, and Bailiff of the Temple. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec3 In Paris in 1815.

Cuc, Mgr de Boisgelin de, Archbishop of Aix 1732-1804. Deputy of the Clergy to the States-General, worked on a translation of the Psalms (1799), and a Discours sur la Posie sacre used by Chateaubriand in writing the Gnie. BkXI:Chap2:Sec4 Emigrated to London. Cujas, Jacques (Jacques de Cujas, or Cujacius) 1520-1590. Born in Toulouse, he was a jurist and classical scholar whose work on Roman law was part of the humanist revival of classical culture. A teacher at the universities of Valence and Bourges, he attracted outstanding students from all over Europe, among them the Dutch classical scholar Scaliger. In jurisprudence Cujas specialized in Justinian; his Paratitla, or summaries of Justinians Digest and Codex, expresses in short, clear axioms the elementary principles of Roman law. He also edited the Codex Theodosianus. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Mentioned. Cuidad-Rodrigo, Spain Cuidad Rodrigo stands on a rocky spur overlooking the banks of the River Ague, on the Spanish border with Portugal. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 It was taken by Massna after a siege in July 1810. Cujas, Suzanne Daughter of Jacques. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Mentioned. Cumberland, Ernest Augustus I, Duke of 1777-1851. Ernest Augustus I, King of Hanover (1837-151) known as the Duke of Cumberland (1799-1837) was the fifth son of George III and Queen Charlotte of England. He lost his left eye during the Battle of Tourcoing (Battle of Cayghem) (18 May 1794). In 1813, he became a field marshal. He served as honorary Colonel of the 15th (The Kings) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (Hussars) from 1801 to 1827 and as Colonel of the Royal Horse Guards from 1827 to 1830. On 20 June 1837, King William IV died, and his niece, Victoria, the only child of the late Duke of Kent, the fourth son of George III, succeeded as queen of the United Kingdom. However, Salic Law still prevailed in Hanover meaning that as Williams legitimate male heir, the Duke of Cumberland became King of Hanover. Hanover and Great Britain thereby gained diverging royal houses

BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in Berlin in 1821. Cumberland, Princess Frederica of Prussia, Duchess of 1778-1841. The daughter of Karl V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, she was the former wife of Prince Ludwig of Prussia and the widow of Friedrich-Wilhelm, Prince of Solms-Braunfels. She married her first cousin Ernest. Her sister Louisa (1776-1810) had married Frederick-William III in 1793. She became Queen of Hanover in 1837. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand met her in Berlin in 1821. BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 She died 29th June 1841. Cumberland, George Duke of, see George V Cure, Jean-Franois 1756-1835. A member of the various Assemblies, following the Legislative Assembly, he was nominated to the Senate in 1807 and made Comte de La Bdissire in 1808, before retiring to his native town of Pzenas. BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 His motion to the Tribunate. Curtius, Philippe (Johann W. C. Kurtz or Creutz) d. 1794 A doctor, who ran a Cabinet des figures de cire, a collection of lifesize waxwork figures, from 1770, moving it to the Palais-Royal from 1776. In 1782 the business was extended by the creation of a Caverne des Grands Voleurs, the nucleus of the Chamber of Horrors on Boulevard du Temple. Maternal uncle, and teacher of Madame Tussaud, Curtius proved his patriotism on 14 July, 1789 by taking part in the storming of the Bastille, but three brothers and two uncles of Marie Tussaud were in the Swiss Guard, and all perished bravely in defending the Tuileries on 10 August, 1792. Curtius and his niece were called upon to model the lifeless heads of a number of victims of the Terror. Marie had married Tussaud, and after her uncles death moved to England, where she established her own famous Waxworks. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 A figure of Atala was modelled there in wax. BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. Cussy, Ferdinand, Chevalier de 1795-1866. A former Guards officer, he was second secretary in Berlin from 1816, under Bonnay. He became First Secretary at Dresden in 1823, before

pursuing in 1848 a Consular career. He left Souvenirs which cover Chateaubriands Berlin Embassy. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 A secretary at the Berlin Embassy in 1821. Custine, Delphine de Sabran, Marquise de 1770-1826. Survived the Terror in prison; her husband and father-in-law were both guillotined. Fouch subsequently allowed her to repair her fortune. She became Chateaubriands close friend. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 Her chteau of Fervaques, near Lisieux, in Normandy, was purchased from the Duc de Laval in October 1803. Chateaubriand visited in the period 1804-6. She died at Bex, in Vaud, Switzerland. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 Dined with Fouch and Chateaubriand after the Hundred Days. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Her house Fervaques mentioned. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand receives news of her death. In July 1823 she lost her daughter-in-law, in November 1824 her son Astolphe was involved in scandal, and in January 1826 her only grand-son Enguerrand died. She moved to Bex in the spring of 1826. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Her death occurred on the 13th of July 1826. Custine, Astolphe, Marquis de 1790-1857. He was born at the outset of the French Revolution and died under the Second Empire. His father was guillotined and he and his mother barely survived the Terror. A poet and novelist, Custine gained recognition with the publication of his travel books Spain under Ferdinand VII and Letters from Russia, (La Russie en 1839, published 1843) an enduring analysis of the roots and character of Russian despotism. He was highly regarded by Baudelaire for his novel writing. In Aloys (1827) he portrayed his troubled adolescence and mentions Chateaubriand. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned as a child. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Visited Chateaubriand in London in 1822, arriving on the 29th July with his friend Sainte-Barbe. He left his new-born son in Paris with his wife Lontine de Saint-Simon de Courtomer (married May 1821). BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 In Bex where his mother died in 1826. Custine, Enguerrand de 1822-1826. The only grandson of Delphine.

BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Custrin (Kstrin, Kostrzyn) A town of Germany, in the kingdom of Prussia, it was a fortress of the first rank, at the confluence of the Oder and Warthe, 18 miles north-east of Frankfort-on-Oder. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Captured October 29th 1806 by Napoleon. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Custrin was the prison of Frederick the Great when Crown-Prince, and the scene of the execution of his friend Hans Hermann von Katte on the 6th of November 1730. Cuvier, Georges 1769-1832. French naturalist, studied at the academy of Stuttgart. From 1795 he taught in the Jardin des Plantes. He became permanent secretary (1803) of the Academy of Sciences and later was made chancellor of the Univ. of Paris. A pioneer in the science of comparative anatomy, he originated a system of zoological classification that comprised four phyla based on differences in structure of the skeleton and organs. His reconstruction of the soft parts of fossils deduced from their skeletal remains greatly advanced the science of paleontology. The flying reptile pterodactyl was identified and named by Cuvier. He rejected the theory of evolution in favour of catastrophism. Cuvier held various high posts in the government and did much to develop higher education in France. Among his more important works are Tableau lmentaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux (1798); Mmoires sur les espces d'lphants vivants et fossiles (1800); with A. M. C. Dumeril and G. L. Duvernoy, Leons d'anatomie compare (5 vol., 18015); Recherches sur les ossements fossiles des quadrupdes (1812); and Le Rgne animal destribu d'aprs son organisation (1817). BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 Became a supporter of Napoleon. Cybele The Phrygian great goddess, personifying the earth in its savage state, worshipped in caves and on mountain-tops. She was merged with Rhea, the mother of the gods. Her consort was Attis, slain by a wild boar like Adonis. His festival was celebrated by the followers of Cybele, the Galli, or Corybantes, who were noted for convulsive dances to the music of flutes, drums and cymbals, and self-mutilation in an orgiastic fury. BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 The Phrygian cap was adopted by freed slaves in Roman times, and thus became a symbol of liberty. The headgear made its last

appearance in the 18th century during the French Revolution. Chateaubriand thus connects Cybele to the tricolour emblem of the Revolution. BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 The Corybants were priests of the Phrygian worship of Cybele, performed with extravagant dances. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 As the Mother Goddess she was often depicted as many-breasted and with a turreted crown. BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 As the Phrygian Aphrodite Chateaubriand has her born, as Aphrodite was, from the sea, or Poseidon-Neptune? Cyclopes They were a race of giants living on the coast of Sicily of whom Polyphemus was one. They had a single eye in the centre of their foreheads. They forged Jupiters lightning-bolts. See Homers Odyssey. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Cymodoce Character in Les Martyrs, (1809) by Chateaubriand. Eudore is a young Christian who meets with Cymodoce a pagan descendant of Homer. She wishes to convert, and follow his destiny. After various vicissitudes she is martyred with him in the arena. Preface:Sect2. BkIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned by Chateaubriand. BkVII:Chap8:Sec1 Athens the setting for incidents in her story. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 The initial idea of the character. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Critical acceptance of Les Martyrs. The passage quoted is from Book XXIII. Cynthia She was the mistress of Propertius. Her name is also a synonym for the moon, an epithet of Diana. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 See Propertius Elegies, particularly that to Cynthia after her death. Cyprian, Saint 190-258. Bishop of Carthage in 249, he was martyred in 258 during the persecutions of Valerian. A writer second only in importance to Tertullian as a Latin Father of the Church. BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes him. Cyropaedia

The Life of Cyrus the Great by Xenophon. BkIV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand translated from it in Paris in 1787. Cyrus the Great 590?-529?BC. Cyrus II, King of Persia (550529) and founder of the Persian Empire, conquered Lydia and Babylon. Tolerant in religious matters, he allowed the worship of native gods and permitted the exiled Jews to return to Jerusalem (537). BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 His interment, supposedly in the open air. Cyrus Artamne ou le Grand Cyrus, one of the best known novels of Madeleine de Scudry (16071701) appeared in ten volumes, from 1649 to 1653. Both novelist and social figure, Madame de Scudry wrote immensely popular romans clefnovels in which identifiable people are disguised as fictional characters. She enlivened her historical romances by including in them fictional representations of well-known figures in the court of Louis XIV. BkI:Chap1:Sec11 Read by Chateaubriands mother. Czartoryska, Izabela Fleming, Princesse 1746-1835. Polish Comtesse. Writer, art-collector, founder of the Polish Museum. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Lover of the Duc de Lauzun, by whom she may have had a child (called Augarde or Lagarde). Dabancourt, for DAbancourt, Charles Xavier Joseph de Franque Ville de, 1758-1792. A French statesman, and a nephew of Calonne, he was Louis XVIs last minister of war (July 1792), and organised the defence of the Tuileries prior to the attack of August 10. Commanded by the Legislative Assembly to dismiss the Swiss Guards, he refused, and was arrested for treason to the nation and sent to Orlans to be tried. At the end of August the Assembly ordered DAbancourt and other prisoners to be transferred to Paris with an escort commanded by Claude Fournier, the American. At Versailles they learned of the massacres at Paris, and DAbancourt and his fellowprisoners were murdered in cold blood on September 8, 1792. Fournier was unjustly charged with complicity in the crime. BkXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Dagobert

c600-639 King of the Franks 632-639. The last of the Merovingians to exercise personal rule, he made himself independent of the great nobles, especially of Pepin of Landen. He extended his rule over the Basques and the Bretons. His reign was prosperous; and he acted as a patron of learning and the arts. He founded the first great abbey of Saint-Denis, where he is buried. BkIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 Mentioned. BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 The body of Saint Hubert was preserved at Andain in the Ardennes, in an abbey founded by Dagobert. Hubert was Bishop of Lige and patron saint of hunters. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec3 His founding of the Abbey at Saint-Denis. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 The celebrated song concerning Good king Dagobert dated from the Revolution, in which the sans-culottes ridiculed the monarchy, and was inspired by a supposed incident from Dagoberts life in which he arrived at a council meeting with his trousers askew. Dalberg, Karl Theodore Anton Maria von, Prince 1744-1817. Bishop of Constance 1800, Archbishop-Elector of Mainz 1802, Primate of the German Confederation (Ratisbon, 1803), he was a supporter of Napoleon. He died in Ratisbon. BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Dalberg, Emmerich Joseph, Duc de 1773-1833. A Nephew of Charles, he was in the service of the Grand-Duke of Baden, then attached himself to Napoleon, became a naturalised Frenchman, and assisted in the marriage of the Emperor with Marie-Louise. On the fall of Napoleon, he became a member of the provisional government. He accompanied Talleyrand to the Congress of Vienna as a plenipotentiary, and received a peerage from Louis XVIII and the Turin embassy. He is attributed with part-authorship of the Histoire de la Restauration of Capefigue. BkXXII:Chap17:Sec1 A Member of the Provisional Government in 1814. Dalbignac, Colonel He was aide-de-camp to Marshal Ney during the retreat from Moscow. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec3 Carried Neys letter to Napoleon in Russia. Dalesme, Jean-Baptiste, General 1763-1832 Commander of the French Garrison on Elba, he was former deputy for the Haute-Vienne to the Legislative Corps.

BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Napoleons letter to him. Dallas, Lady The wife of Charles Dallas (d.1855, Governor of St Helena for the East India Company, 1828-1836). BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 Planted trees in the Valley of the Tomb. Damas, Ange-Hyacinthe-Maxence, Baron de 1785-1862. General in the Russian army (1814), he was Minister of War (1823), and replaced Chateaubriand as Foreign Minister in June 1824. In 1828 he became tutor to the Duc de Bordeaux at Holyrood and Prague until 1833. He then retired to his estates in Dordogne. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Supports Villle over the disbanding of the National Guard in April 1827. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 He became tutor to the Duc de Bordeaux in 1828. BkXXXI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned in 1829. BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned in 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Tutor to the Duc de Bordeaux in Prague in May 1833. He was a member of the Prague triumvirate. BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand questions his ability. BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Henris dislike of him. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 At Bustehrad, Prague, 27th of September 1833. Damas, Comte Alfred de 1794-1840. The brother of Baron Damas, and a former Gentleman of the Chamber. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 At dinner in the Hradschin Palace on the 25th of May 1833. Damascus The capital and largest city of Syria. Founded approximately 2500 BC, it is thought to be the oldest continuously-inhabited city in the world, before Al Fayyum, and Gaziantep. The Burid Emirs withstood a siege of the city during the Second Crusade in 1148. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 It never in fact became a Crusader principality. Damasus I, Pope

c304-384. He was elected pope in October, 366, by a large majority, but a number of adherents of the deceased Liberius chose the deacon Ursinus (or Ursicinus), had the latter irregularly consecrated, and resorted to bloodshed in order to seat him in the Chair of Peter. Valentinian recognized Damasus and banished (367) the anti-Pope Ursinus to Cologne, BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Damaze de Raymond A French writer and translator, his work on Russia, Tableau historique, gographique, militaire et moral de l'empire de Russie, was published in 1812. He was killed in a duel. BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Championed the Essay on Revolutions in his Rponse aux attaques diriges contre M. de Chateaubriand, accompagne de pices justificatives, Paris 1813. Dambray, Charles-Henri, Chevalier 1760-1829. French magistrate, he retired to Oissel during the Revolution and Empire. Louis XVIII at the Restoration made him Chancellor, Minister of Justice, and President of the Chamber of Peers. He took refuge in England during the Hundred Days. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 In 1814. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Warns Chateaubriand of the Kings flight in March 1815. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 In Ghent in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 In Mons in 1815. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 Chancellor in 1816. Chateaubriand corresponds with him. Damiens,, Robert-Franois 1715-1757. He attained notoriety by unsuccessfully attempting the assassination of Louis XV in 1757. He was executed in barbaric fashion. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Damietta, Egypt A port in Dimyat, Egypt on the Mediterranean Sea at the Nile delta, about 200 kilometres north of Cairo, it was the object of the Seventh Crusade, led by Louis IX of France. His fleet arrived there in 1249 and quickly captured the fort, though he refused to hand it over to the nominal king of Jerusalem, to whom it had been promised during the Fifth Crusade. However, Louis too was eventually defeated in Egypt and was forced to give up the city.

BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Saint Louis the compassionate. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 The port mentioned. Damrmont, General Chalres-Marie Denys de 1783-1837. Aide de camp to Marmont, he followed the King to Ghent during the Hundred Days. He later fought brilliantly in Spain and Algeria. BkXXII:Chap12:Sec1 He signed the surrender of Paris in 1814. Dandin, Georges A character in a play by Molire, George Dandin ou le Mari confondu, was a 1668 comedy. BkXXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand parodies part of Act II, Scene 8. Dandini, Ercole, Cardinal 1759-1840. He was Cardinal of the Curia from 1823. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Dandolo, Enrico, Doge 1107?-1205. The Doge of the city-state of Venice from 1192 until his death, he is remembered primarily for deflecting the Fourth Crusade away from fighting Islam and into attacking the Christians of Croatia and the Byzantine Empire. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 The quote is from Villehardouins The Conquest of Constantinople, 34. BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 Mentioned. Constantinople fell in 1204. Dangeau, Philippe de Courcilon, Marquis de 1638-1720. A French officer and author, born in Chartres, he is best remembered for keeping a diary from 1684 till the year of his death. These Memoirs, which Saint-Simon said were so insipid as to make you feel ill, contain many facts about the reign of Louis XIV. BkXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 His Journal mentioned. Danican, Auguste 1763-1848. A revolutionary general, dismissed during the War of the Vende for ineptitude, he had been found a job in Rouen. After Vendmiaire he sought refuge in England where he published a pamphlet opposing the Convention in 1796. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 He was summoned from Rouen to head the Sections.

Danissy A French officer who worked with Lazare Carnot. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Mentioned. Dante Alighieri 1265-1321 An Italian Poet, born in Florence, he was actively involved in the struggle between the Black Guelphs supported by the Pope, and the White Guelphs who favoured a democratic commune. He was exiled and settled eventually in Ravenna c. 1318. Author of La Vita Nuova (c.1292) an autobiographical work concerning his love for Beatrice (probably based on Beatrice Portinari who died at the age of 24), various political and literary treatises, and La Divina Commedia, started c. 1307 a spiritual journey through the divine realms. Preface:Sect3 Mentioned by Chateaubriand. Preface:Sect4 An example of a writer involved with the politics and social upheaval of his times. BkI:Chap4:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes from Paradiso XVII, 58-69. BkV:Chap12:Sec1 His descriptions of Florentine factionalism. BkX:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes Inferno XXXII:127. BkX:Chap9:Sec1 The Divine Comedy mentioned. BkX:Chap9:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes from Inferno I:73. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Great poet of the Early Middle Ages. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Referred to in a poem of Michelangelos. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Originator of modern Italian literature. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from Purgatorio VIII:5-6 BkXIII:Chap11:Sec1 Ginguen accused Chateaubriand of a lack of appreciation for Dante which Chateaubriand subsequently rectified in his Essai sur la litterature anglaise. BkXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from Inferno XIV:46-47. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 A reference to Purgatorio VI:20 BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 The quotation is from Purgatorio I:22-24. I turned towards the right, looking towards the Pole and saw four stars BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 He stayed in the Monastery of Santa Croce in Corvo in Liguria The monastery was visited by Dante who negotiated a peace between the Bishop of Luni and the Marquis of Malaspina. BkXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Dante, accompanied by Virgil, meets the other great poets Homer, Horace, Ovid and Lucan in Limbo, See Inferno IV:82-105. BkXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 He was as involved in politics as in poetry. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 See Inferno Canto IX:118.

BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 See Purgatorio VIII:6 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 He died in exile at Ravenna in 1321 and his tomb is near the Basilica of St Francis. A bag supposedly containing some of his ashes has recently been discovered in Florence. The tombs exterior is Neo-Classical, 1780, built by Camillo Morigia. The first quotation is from Purgatorio XVI:65-66. The second and third are from Vita Nuova XXI:39 and 71-76. The fourth is from Purgatorio XXX:126-127, where Beatrice reproaches Dante. The fifth is from a Latin letter to a Florentine friend, of 1315-1317. The sixth is from Inferno XV:85. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 The reference is to Inferno:75 BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 See Paradiso XI:58-75. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 He visited Venice in 1306 and 1321 as an emissary from Ravenna. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 The 14th century Divine Comedy in the Marciana in Venice. BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 See Inferno XXI:7-15. BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Artauds translation of the Divine Comedy. The quotations are from Purgatorio XXX, lines 31-32, and then lines 28-29. BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 His possible visit to Paris. BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 See Inferno I:49-50. Danton, Georges-Jacques 1759-1794 A statesman and orator, he was a leader of the Cordeliers in 1789 and 1790, and became Minister of Justice in the new Republic in 1792. A member of the first Committee of Public Safety, he lost power as the Reign of Terror developed. He and his followers were arrested in March 1794, charged with conspiracy and guillotined. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 The Legislative Assembly elected on a restricted middleclass franchise met on 1st October 1791. It excluded all members of the Constituent Assembly. Danton was not initially elected to it. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 A contingent of 500 citizen soldiers from Marseilles who had put down a royalist insurrection in Arles, equipped by Danton, arrived in Paris towards the end of July 1792, bringing with them the Marseillaise penned by Rouget de Lisle at Strasbourg for the Army of the Rhine and adapted by the fdrs. BkIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkIX:Chap4:Sec2 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Description and fate. BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap26:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Quoted.

Dantzig, Franois Joseph Lefebvre, Duc de, Marshal of France 1755-1820. A Marshal of France, he rose from the ranks in the Revolutionary Wars and distinguished himself under Napoleon. He aided Napoleon in the coup of 18 Brumaire and was later made (1803) duke of Dantzig. His wife, who had been a washerwoman, caused some sensation through her unconventional manners and is the heroine of Victorien Sardous play Madame Sans-Gne. BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 His taking of Danzig on the 27th of May 1807 after a long siege. BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Commanded the infantry during the retreat. Danube Europes second-longest river (after the Volga) originates in the Black Forest in Germany as two smaller rivers, the Brigach and the Breg, which meet at Donaueschingen, and it is from here that it is known as the Danube, flowing generally eastwards for a distance of some 1770 miles, passing through several Central and Eastern European capitals, before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand crosses it in 1833. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Ister was the Roman name for the lower course of the Danube, the Euxine being the Black Sea. Danzig (Dantzig), Poland Gdazsk (German name Danzig), the port in Northern Poland, is on the Baltic. It developed as a trade centre during the Renaissance. It was at times under Prussian control (1793-1807 and 1814-1919). From 1807-1815 it was the Free City of Danzig, during the Napoleonic era. BkI:Chap1:Sec9 It was besieged by Russian forces during the Battle of Danzig in 1734, in the War of the Polish Succession. It fell in 1735. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriands father BkIV:Chap6:Sec1 encountered the Russians there. BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 Lefevbre took Danzig on the 27th of May 1807 after a siege commencing on the 19th of March. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 Napoleon there 7-11 June 1812. Dardanelles The Hellespont was the ancient name of this strait separating Europe from Asian Turkey, connecting the Sea of Marmara with the Aegean Sea. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1806.

BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Mentioned. Darfur, Africa A region of the far-western Sudan in which Sultan Abd-er-Rahman reigned 1785-1799, surnamed el-Rashid or the Just. While Napoleon was campaigning in Egypt, Abd-er-Rahman wrote to congratulate the French general on his defeat of the Mamluks. To this Bonaparte replied by asking the sultan to send him by the next caravan 2000 black slaves upwards of sixteen years old, strong and vigorous. Abd-er-Rahman also established a new capital at Al Fashir, the royal township, which he established as capital in 1791/2. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 His exchange of letters with Napoleon. Darius III, Codomannus d.330BC. King of ancient Persia (336330). A cousin of Artaxerxes III, he was raised to the throne by the eunuch Bagoas, who murdered both Artaxerxes and his son, Arses; Darius in turn murdered Bagoas. When Alexander invaded Persia, Darius was defeated at the battle of Issus (333), and again at the battle of Gaugamela, near Arbela (331). Darius was forced to flee to Bactria. It was there that the satrap, Bessus, had him murdered. These events ended the Persian Empire and marked the start of the Hellenistic period in the Eastern Mediterranean. Darius III is probably the Darius the Persian mentioned in the Bible (Nehemiah: 12.22). BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 Defeated at Arbela. Daru, Pierre-Antoine-Nol Bruno, Comte 1726-1829 A French soldier, administrator, statesman, and writer, he served in the French Revolutionary Wars, was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror, and became chief of the army commissary under Napoleon I, who made him a Count. His exemplary administration contributed to Napoleons victories. Daru also filled various cabinet posts under Napoleon and was made a peer after the restoration of the Bourbons. His writings include histories of Venice and Brittany, and translations of Horace. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Takes a copy of Chateaubriands Academy acceptance speech to Napoleon. In fact it was Regnaud and Sgur who informed Napoleon of the affair. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 His disapproval of the Russian Campaign of 1812. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec4 His advice to Napoleon in Moscow in 1812. Darwin, Erasmus

1731-1802. British physician, scientist, reformer, and poet, whose Zoonomia (17941796) anticipated the evolutionary theories of his grandson Charles. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Dast, Madame A woman of the Bordeaux Market in 1820. BkXXV:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. David, King of Israel d.962BC. King of Israel c1000-962BC, he was anointed by Samuel as successor to Saul. After Sauls death he was proclaimed King of Hebron, and then all Israel. He conquered Jerusalem and united the tribes. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 The words are those of David after the death of his child by Bathsheba. Samuel: XII.23 BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 See the Psalm of David XXIV:9 BkXX:Chap4:Sec1 Anointed by Samuel, see 1st Samuel XVI;13 BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 See Psalms CXXXVII:6 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Jesus was traditionally of the House of David. BkXLII:Chap13:Sec1 See 1st Samuel:XVI. David II, King of Scotland 1324-1371. King of Scotland from 1329, and allied with France, he was defeated at Nevilles Cross in 1346 and imprisoned till 1357. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand incorrectly writes Robert Bruce, his father, who was succeeded by David in 1329. David, Jacques-Louis 1748-1825 French painter in the Neoclassical style. In the 1780s his cerebral brand of History painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity towards a classical austerity and severity, chiming with the moral climate of the final years of the ancien rgime. He became an active supporter of the Revolution and a friend of Robespierre, and was effectively a dictator of the arts under the French Republic. Imprisoned after Robespierres fall from power, he later aligned himself with Napoleon I. It was at this time that he developed his Empire style, notable for its use of warm Venetian colours. David had a large number of pupils, making him the strongest influence on French art of the 19th century, especially academic Salon painting. BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 His influence on taste.

BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 His unfinished portrait of 1800 of Madame Rcamier reclining, is in the Louvre. David, Pierre-Jean 1788-1856. Usually called David dAngers, he was a French sculptor noted for his pediment of the Pantheon, his marble Philopoemen in the Louvre and his monument to General Gobert in Pre Lachaise Cemetery. In addition to that of Gobert, he did sculptures for seven other tombs at Pre Lachaise, including the bronze busts of the writer, Honor de Balzac and physician Samuel Hahnemann. His marble bust of Chateaubriand executed in July 1829 is now at Combourg. He also executed a medallion portrait of the writer in the following year. BkXXXV:Chap17:Sec1 Chateaubriand had met Dumas at his house Davoust, (or Davout) Louis Nicolas, Marshal, Duc dAnerstdt, Prince dEckmhl 1770-1823. One of Napoleon's ablest generals, Davout defeated a Prussian army at Auerstadt (1806) and played a brilliant part in the victory at Wagram (1809). He also fought (1812) in the Russian campaign. Napoleon made him duke of Auerstedt, prince of Eckmhl, and gave him political posts including control of N Germany and Poland (18079). During the Hundred Days, Davout was minister of war, and after the final defeat of Napoleon (1815) and the restoration of King Louis XVIII he was for several years deprived of his rank and titles. BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 As commander of the III corps of the Grande Arme, Davout rendered the greatest services. At the Battle of Austerlitz, after a forced march of forty-eight hours, the III corps bore the brunt of the allies' attack. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 He took Leipzig in October 1806. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Made a crucial attack at Wagram. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 At Borodino. BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 At Smolensk in November 1812. Dazincourt, (Joseph-Jean-Baptiste Albouy) 1744-1809. An actor, he debuted in Regnards Les Folies amoureuses 1776. Created the role of Figaro in Beaumarchais play in 1784. He was favoured by Napoleon. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Actor at the Thtre-Franais. Deane, Silas

1737-1789. Political leader and diplomat in the American Revolution. A lawyer and merchant at Wethersfield, Conn., he was elected (1772) to the state assembly and became a leader in the revolutionary cause. He was (177476) a delegate to the Continental Congress, which sent (1776) him as diplomatic agent to France. There Deane worked with Pierre de Beaumarchais in securing commercial and military aid for the colonies, obtaining supplies that were of material help in the Saratoga campaign (1777). He recruited a number of foreign officers, such as the Marquis de Lafayette, Casimir Pulaski, Baron von Steuben, and Johann De Kalb. Late in 1776, Congress sent Benjamin Franklin and Arthur Lee to join Deane. Together they arranged (1778) a commercial and military alliance with France. Deane, however, was soon recalled by Congress and was faced with accusations of profiteering made against him by Lee. Embittered, unable to clear himself, and accused as a traitor after publication of some pessimistic private letters, Deane lived the rest of his life in exile. In 1842 Congress voted $37,000 to his heirs as restitution and characterized Lees audit of Deanes accounts a gross injustice. BkIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Deboffe, Joseph C. London Bookseller who handled the sale of Chateaubriands Essai, 1797. Cox and Baylis the printers are recorded as selling through Deboffe, and through Dulau and Co. Deboffe, who imported foreign books, had premises at 7 Gerard Street (1792-1807) and 10 Nassau Street (1808-1818), both in Soho. A. B. Dulau and Co, printers and French booksellers, operated from 37 Soho Square (1800-1843) and ran a circulating library. Both also sold the Mercure de France. BkX:Chap5:Sec1 BkX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXI:Chap1:Sec1 Contracted to sell the Essai, subject to a promise of reimbursement for poor sales. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Lent Chateaubriand money to reach Beccles, and gave him a letter of introduction to the minister there. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 The Essai was printed in 1797 and appeared on the 18th of March. Decazes, lise, Baron A diplomat, he was the nephew of the Duke Decazes. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 Second secretary since 1818. Decazes, lie, Duc

1780-1860 French statesman, he was a favourite of King Louis XVIII, who made him a duke in 1820. A lawyer and judge (Seine, 1806), Decazes was Secretary to Louis Bonaparte (1807), a Councillor at the Paris Court (1811), and Secretary to Madame Mre. At the Restoration he supported the new regime, and stayed loyal during the Hundred Days. Minister of Police in 1815 (September, succeeding Fouch), he was influential in the French government (Interior Minister, December 1818) even before he became (1819) Premier. His government maintained a precarious balance between the ultra-royalists and the radicals, as he emerged as a leader of the moderates supporting a constitutional government. His downfall came when the ultra-royalists accused him of complicity in the assassination (1820) of the Duc de Berry. He resigned, but Louis XVIII made him a Duke, and sent him as ambassador to England (182021). Decazes continued to figure in politics until the February Revolution of 1848. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 French Ambassador to London 1820-1822, prior to Chateaubriand. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 His reaction to La Monarchie selon la Charte. BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 A favourite of Louis XVIII. BkXXV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1 A Minister in 1815. He came originally from Libourne, hence was a southerner. His fall. Chateaubriands comment about his feet slipping in blood was published in his Paris Letter in the Conservateur of 3rd March 1820. BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 Decazes resigned on the 17th February 1820. On the 20th Richelieu accepted the Presidency of the Council, while Comte Simon took the Interior Ministry. BkXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Replaced as ambassador in London, by the decree of 9th January 1822, by Chateaubriand. BkXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand entrusted by Louis with discussing him with George IV. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Quoted. Decazes, Monsieur Father of the Minister. BkXXV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Dee, River There are three rivers of that name in the UK. Here it is the river in northeast Scotland, flowing east to the sea at Aberdeen. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 Byron, whose early childhood was spent in Aberdeen, as the bard of the Dee.

Deffand, Marie de Vichy-Chamrond, Madame du 1697-1780. French woman of letters, whose salon was frequented (1753-80) by the leaders of the Enlightenment. She is widely considered the most brilliant woman of her era. Her letters (1766-80) to Horace Walpole, whom she loved deeply, are typical of her brilliant, witty correspondence. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Madame de Vintimille might have lived in her company. Dego, Battle of 14th-15th April 1796. After his success at Montenotte two days before, Napoleon pushed the Austrians from the town of Dego in Lombardy. An Austrian assault in turn ejected him, but a personally led counterattack won the battle for Bonaparte and the French. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Mentioned. Degouse, Joseph A Republican. BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 At the Palais-Royal on the 31st of July 1830. Del Drago, Princess She was a member of the Roman nobility in 1828. BkXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Delarue He was an aide-de-Camp to Marmont in 1830. Is this possibly Charles douard Delarue-Beaumarchais, 1799-1878, who was later a BrigadierGeneral in 1852? BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 At Saint-Cloud 30th July 1830. Delattre, Doctor Chateaubriands doctor in Jersey. He came from Saint-Servan and had practised in Jersey since 1791. BkX:Chap3:Sec1 Treated Chateaubriand during the winter of 1792-3. De Launay, Bernard-Ren Jourdan, Marquis 1740-1789 Governor of the Bastille. Delaunay A gentleman of the neighbourhood of Combourg.

BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Signatory to Chateaubriands fathers death certificate. Delaunay, Matre Mathieu A member of the League. BkXXXII:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Delaunay-Bois-Lucas, see Bois-Lucas Delaware River The Delaware is a major U.S. river on whose banks Philadelphia stands. BkVI:Chap7:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Delessert, Benjamin 1773-1847. Industrialist and economist he was a Deputy 1817-1824 and 1827-1842. His brother Gabriel was Prefect of Police 1836-1848. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Appointed as a Commissioner on the 30th July 1830 to confer with the Peers. Delessert, Valentine de Laborde, Madame 1806-1894. The niece of Natalie de Nouailles she married Gabriel Delessert (1786-1858) in 1824. He became Prefect of Police from 1836 to 1848, and a Peer of France. Merimes future Muse she collaborated on the Legitimist paper La Mode where her drawings were a great success. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Delga, Jacques-Michel, Colonel 1771-1809. Fought in Italy and Egypt. He was Squadron-Leader, commanding the Guards infantry at Vincennes on the execution of the Duc dEnghien. He commanded the 2nd Line Regiment in Germany and Austria. Made a Baron of the Empire, and a General on the eve of his death at Wagram, the appointment was never made official. BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Gave the order for the Duc dEnghiens execution? Delige, Monsieur A claimant on the French Embassy in London in 1822. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Delia BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 A pseudonym for Tibullus mistress.

Delilah The lover of Samson, she cut off his hair which was his strength and betrayed him to the Philistines. See Judges 16. BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Delille, Jacques 1738-1813. Born in the Auvergne, he received his education at the Collge de Lisieux in Paris and became an instructor at the Collge de la Marche in the same city. His translation into verse of Virgils Georgics, which appeared in 1770, had great success and eventually won for him a seat in the French Academy. He was afterwards appointed to the chair of poetry in the Collge de France and through the patronage of the Count d Artois he received as a benefice the Abbey of Saint-Severin, but took only minor orders. The French Revolution deprived him of his position and benefice, and in 1794 he had to leave France; his exile was spent in Switzerland, Germany, and England. He returned to France in 1802 and again took his seat in the French Academy. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 Mentioned. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 Described. He wrote of the migr ills in his poem La Piti of 1803. BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 In London from July 1799, lodging with Dulau. His poem LImagination which appeared in Paris in 1806 has echoes of the Gnie. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Chateaubriands praise of him in his Academy speech. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Lines quoted from La Piti (1830) BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 His death on the 2nd of May 1813. Delille, Marie-Jeanne Vaudechamps, Madame b 1772 A servant from Saint-Diez the Vosges, employed as a governess, 34 years his junior, whom Delille married in 1801. He had taken refuge with her in the Vosges during the Terror. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 Her tyrannical treatment of him mentioned. Delisle de Sales, Jean-Baptiste Claude Isoard 1741-1816 Philosopher. Author of Philosophie de la nature (1770), which was condemned by the Chatelet and the author imprisoned there in 1777. He was sentenced to banishment but the sentence was quashed. He also wrote the Histoire des Hommes (1780-1785). A prolific, fertile, and somewhat neglected writer and compiler.

BkIV:Chap10:Sec3 BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned as an acquaintance of Julie, and described. He collected a library of 36,000 volumes. Della Genga, Cardinal, see Leo XII Della Marmora, Carlo Ferrer, Cardinal 1757-1831. Cardinal from 1824. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Della Somaglia, Cardinal, see La Somaglia Delloye, Henri-Louis A Paris printer and bookseller he established with Sala the company which became the owner of Chateaubriands Memoirs. BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Delos The Greek island in the Aegean, one of the Cyclades, was the birthplace of, and sacred to, Apollo (Phoebus) and Diana (Phoebe, Artemis), hence the adjective Delian. Its ancient name was Ortygia. A wandering island it gave sanctuary to Latona (Leto). Having been hounded by jealous Juno (Hera), she gave birth there to the twins Apollo and Diana, between an olive tree and a date-palm on the north side of Mount Cynthus. (Pausanias VIII xlvii, mentions the sacred palm-tree, noted there in Homers Odyssey 6, 162, and the ancient olive.) Delos then became fixed in the sea. In a variant she gave birth to Artemis-Diana on the islet of Ortygia nearby. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 Saint-Malo is Chateaubriands Delos. BkVIII:Chap4:Sec2 The Greek island mentioned. Delphi, Greece A village in Phocis at the foot of Mount Parnassus (modern Kastri), it was the site of the ancient temple and oracle of Apollo. A stadium for the Pythian Games stood nearby. Its influence declined after the 4th century BC and it was closed by the Christian Emperor Theodosius in 390AD. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 Mentioned. Delphine A work by Madame de Stal. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec4 Mentioned.

Delzons, Alexis-Joseph, General 1775-1812. A Napoleonic general, he fought in Egypt and Europe. He was killed at Maloyaroslavets during the retreat from Moscow. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Demaret, for Desmarest, Pierre-Marie 1764-1832. Originally a priest, at Chartres, he became a violent Jacobin from 1792 until 1799. Sponsored by Ral and Fouch he became Divisional Chief of the Sret, and head of the Secret Police under Napoleon, until 1814. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Armand taken to his office in Paris. Demir-Capi, Khan of Demir-Capi, the Iron Gate, was the Turkish name for various narrow passes, for example that at Derbend between the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea (see Marco Polos Travels, Chapter V) or that near Medina said to have been made by the sword of Ali, Mohammeds son-in-law (See Hakluyts Navigations etc IX.) BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 The name of a Khan (=Caravanserai) which Chateaubriand stayed at. Demosthenes 384-322BC. Athenian orator and statesman, he opposed Macedonian ambitions in the Philippics. The Macedonians defeated the Athenian-Theban alliance at Chaeronea in 338, assuring Macedonian supremacy in Greece. After the death of Alexander, he fostered a Greek revolt, was condemned to death, fled Athens and committed suicide. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 He was chosen, according to Plutarch, to give the funeral oration for the dead of Chaeronea. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 The precise harmonies in the classical pronunciation of his work are unknown today. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to his famous Oration on the Crown: 13. BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 A famous orator. Denis, Charles-Nicolas 1751-1822. A Paris notary, he operated there from 1780. BkXXV:Chap6:Sec1 He handled a number of transactions for Chateaubriand and ran a sale of Chateaubriands country house, by lottery, in 1817.

Denis, Colonel, see Damrmont, General de Denis, Marie-Louise Mignot, Madame 1712-1790. The daughter of Voltaires sister. In 1737, Voltaire assisted in arranging the marriage of his niece, and assumed financial responsibility for her on the premature death of her husband in 1744. Marie Louise was hostess to the many people who visited Voltaires chateau at Ferney. On Voltaire's death in 1778, Madame Denis inherited the bulk of his estate. Preferring Paris society, she sold the chateau and returned to the capital. BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Voltaires letter to her of 26th December 1750. Denmark, Christian-Frederick, Prince of 1786-1848. Cousin of King Frederick VI, he succeeded him in 1839 as Christian VIII. As governor and King (MayOctober, 1814) of Norway he accepted a liberal Norwegian constitution that is still in use with some modifications. His reign brought prosperity to Denmark. The nature of Danish rule in the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein became a prominent issue in 1846. His son Frederick VII succeeded him. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand gives a reception for him. Denmark, Caroline Amalia of Augustenburg, Princess of 1796-1881. She was the daughter of Louise Augusta of Denmark, and married Prince Christian in 1815. They lived in comparative retirement as leaders of the literary and scientific society of Copenhagen until he inherited the throne. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Denon, Dominique Vivant, Baron 1747-1825. A Writer, and painter, he carried out missions for the Foreign Office in Russia and Switzerland in the 1770s. He was Secretary to the Embassy in Naples in 1785. Lived in Venice until 1793, when, expelled as a possible spy, he returned to France. Aged 50 he went on Napoleons Egyptian expedition of 1798. On his return he worked on countless engravings from the journey, and published his narrative, which helped to create the fashion for all things Egyptian and gave him an International reputation. In 1802 he became Director of the Central Museum of the Arts, and on the fall of the Empire the first Director of the Louvre. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriands portrait by Girodet accepted for the Salon.

BkXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from his Voyage dans la basse et haute gypte pendant les campagnes de gnral Bonaparte, 1802. BkXXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 An attendee at Contessa Albrizzis salon. Depagne He was a companion of Armand de Chateaubriand in 1809. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Imprisoned at Coutances. Desaix de Veygoux, Louis-Charles-Antoine, General 1768-1800. A French general in the Revolutionary Wars, he served under Jourdan and Moreau on the Rhine and distinguished himself in Napoleons Egyptian campaign. He saved the day for Napoleon at Marengo, dying in the battle. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 His noble birth. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Went with Napoleon on the Egyptian Campaign. BkXIX:Chap17:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Subdued Upper Egypt in 1799, pursuing Murad Bey during the latter half of 1798, and defeating him decisively at Samhoud in January 1799. In March he was at Aswan, 800 kilometres from Cairo. Napoleon sang his praises. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 His death at Marengo on the 14th of June 1800, was on the same day Klber was assassinated. De Sales, Delisle (= Izouard, Isoard, Isouard, Jean-Baptiste Claude) c1741-1816. A philosopher and writer, his De la Philosophie de la Nature (1766) caused a scandal for its professed atheism and nihilism. The work was condemned to be burned, the author imprisoned and the censor exiled. Delisle filed for appeal and was supported by the whole circle of the philosophes who saw in him the champion of liberty of thought and expression. He spent the rest of his life trying to earn himself a reputation as a writer and philosopher and his production of works dealing with a variety of subjects is impressive. He wrote speculative books on utopias etc, and various tracts on happiness, the freedom of the press etc. He published Ma Rpublique in 1787. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand sent him a copy of the Essai. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec2 He published Mmoire en faveur de Dieu in 1802 (Year X). Chateaubriand looked him up in Paris in 1800. Desbassyns, Philippe, Comte de Richemont 1774-1840. A Colonial administrator he became deputy for the Meuse under Charles X.

BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 His sister Mlanie married Joseph de Villle in 1799. Desbordes-Valmore, Marceline 1786-1859. She was a French lyric poetess. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Desbrosses He was concierge at Chateaubriands house in the Rue dEnfer in June 1832. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Desclozeaux, see Ducluzeau Desdemona She is the tragic heroine of Shakespeares Othello, Othello being a Moor of Venice. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap21:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 See Othello I:3:164-165. Chateaubriand adapts the lines. Desgarcins, Magdeleine-Marie (originally Louise) 1769-1797. A French actress, born at Mont Dauphin (Hautes Alpes), in her short career she became one of the greatest of French tragdiennes, the associate of Talma, with whom she nearly always played. Her debut at the Comdie Francaise occurred on the 24th of May 1788, in Bajazet, and was a great success. She was one of the actresses who left the Comdie Francaise in 1791 for the house in the Rue Richelieu, soon to become the Thatre de La Rpublique, and there her triumphs were no less in King Lear, Othello, La Harpes Melanie et Virginie, &c. Her health, however, failed, and she died insane, in Paris, on the 27th of October 1797. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Actress at the Thtre-Franais. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 Fontanes addressed her in verse in the Journal de Paris of 15th June 1788, after her debut. Desgenettes, Ren-Nicholas 1762-1837. Inspector General of the Health Service, he published a Medical History of the Army of the East in 1802. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Present in Egypt at Jaffa in 1799. Desgranges He transmitted a despatch to Chateaubriand in Rome in May 1829.

BkXXX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Deshayes French Ambassador to Constantinople in the 17th Century. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Deshoulires, Antoinette de Ligier de la Garde, Madame 1637-1694. A French poetess, she was appreciated by Voltaire. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Dsilles de Cambernon, Marc, Seigneur de La Fosse-Hingant c.60 years of age in 1793. He was the treasurer of the Breton Conspiracy. He fled to Jersey after the failure of the conspiracy where he met Chateaubriand. BkV:Chap15:Sec3 His family mentioned. One of his daughters, Jeanne, and his brother-in-law Michel Picot de Limolan (father of Chateaubriands schoolfriend) were guillotined in June 1793, along with the Comtesse de Trojolif. Desjardins, Captain Captain of a fishing-vessel of 160 tons, the Saint-Pierre, out of Saint-Malo, commissioned to take a group of seminarists to Baltimore (illegally). BkV:Chap15:Sec4 He agreed to take Chateaubriand also. Desmarets, Jean c1312-1383 Advocate-General at the High Court of Paris. Beheaded, 1383. BkII:Chap7:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes him. Desmarets, Charles 1763-1830 Chief of the Imperial Police. Desmaret, CyprienHe was a member of the Committee for the Medal-Winners of July. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in April 1832. Desmortiers, Louis-Henri 1782-1869. Councillor at the Court of Paris during the Restoration, he was Royal Prosecutor under the July Monarchy. BkXXXV:Chap6:Sec1 He interviews Chateaubriand in 1832. Desmoulins, Lucie Simplice Camille Benoist

1760-1794. A French revolutionary and journalist, his oratory of July 12th 1789 contributed to the storming of the Bastille two days later. His pamphlets and journals, such as Rvolutions de France et de Brabant (1789), were received with immense enthusiasm. Elected to the Convention (1792), he attacked the Girondists in the Histoire des Brissotins; but late in 1793, after the execution of Girondist leaders, Desmoulins, along with Georges Danton, counselled moderation, publishing the journal Le Vieux Cordelier. He was arrested with Danton and others, and executed. His beautiful wife, Lucile Duplessis, was guillotined shortly after. BkIV:Chap12:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 He frequented the dubious area of the Palais-Royal, but in fact was noted for his conjugal fidelity. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 He became distinguished as a popular orator in June 1789. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 Camille used the title procureur-gnral de la lanterne in his pamphlets. BkIX:Chap4:Sec1 One of Dantons Furies. BkIX:Chap4:Sec2 Guillotined at the age of 34 (born March, died April) though he claimed to be 33 still, the same age as Jesus, in front of the tribunal. BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Desmoulins, Lucile (Duplessis) 1770.1794. The daughter of Annette Duplessis and Claude Duplessis, a Treasury official. She married the French revolutionary Camille Desmoulins (her childhood tutor) on December 29 1790 at The Church of Saint Sulpice in Paris. The only child of the marriage, Horace Camille, was born on July 6 1792. Less than two months after her husband was sent to the guillotine she was arrested for supposedly exciting a prison revolt to free him, she told the Tribunal that she was happy for death for you send me to my husband. She was sent to the guillotine on April 13 1794.. BkIX:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned indirectly. Desnoyers An entrepreneur who built eating establishments at Montrouge. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Despinois for Despinoy, Hyacinthe-Franois-Joseph, General 1764-1848. A Napoleonic general, he fought at Mantua. He was Commander of the 1st Military Division at Paris 1815-1819. He later turned against Napoleon and his old comrades. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleons early opinion of him.

Desport Bankers in Weimar in 1804. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Desprs A resident of Saint-Malo. BkI:Chap3:Sec3 Chateaubriands writing-master. Desprez, Louis 1799-1870. A French artist, he won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1826. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 He executed a bas-relief based on Poussins Shepherds in Arcady for the tomb. Despuig y Dameto, Antonio, Cardinal 1745-1813. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of July 11, 1803; received the red hat, July 14, 1803; and the title of S. Callisto, September 26, 1803. He was Archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian basilica, December 28, 1803. Pro-vicar of His Holiness for Rome, March 26, 1808, he was forced by the French to leave Rome, November 11, 1809; because of his poor health he was allowed to return to Italy and went to live in Lucca. Collector of books and art, in his farm of Raixa, between Palma and Sller, established a museum surrounded by beautiful gardens. He was Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, 1810 until his death. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 With the Pope at the time of the latters arrest in 1809. De Quelen, Hyacinthe Louis 1778-1839. Archbishop of Paris from 1821, the favours of Louis XVIII and Charles X did not make him subservient. As a peer of the realm he opposed, on behalf of the middle classes, the conversion of the national debt. At his reception into the French Academy he publicly lauded Chateaubriand, then in disgrace. After the Revolution of 1830 the archbishop, twice driven from his palace, had to seek refuge in humble quarters and to bear in silence the worst calumnies against his person. However, when the epidemic of 1832 broke out, he transformed his seminaries into hospitals, and personally ministered to the sick at the Htel-Dieu. BkXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Intervened on Chateaubriands behalf with Charles X. Desrenaudes, Martial Borye-Desrenaudes, Abb

1751-1825. Vicar-General of Autun under Talleyrand, he became Imperial Censor. An advisor to the University he wrote his Literary Memoirs. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 He officiated as sub-deacon at the First Federation on the Champ de Mars. Detroit, Michigan The city in Michigan, USA, on the Detroit River is a major port serving the Great Lakes. BkVII:Chap9:Sec1 The Indian tribes from there. Dettelbach A town in the district of Kitzingen, in Bavaria, Germany, it is situated on the right bank of the Main, 17 km east of Wrzburg. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand there 2nd of June 1833. Deuteria b.c 511. She was the Gallo-Roman wife of Theodobert, King of the Franks, who subsequently deserted her. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. Deutz, Simon 1802-1852. Born in Cologne, he was a Catholic convert from Judaism, recommended to the Duchess de Berry by Pope Gregory VII as a suitable person for a secret mission. Identified by the French authorities as an agent of the Duchess de Berry, he secured his freedom by betraying her, for 500,000 francs to Thiers. he ended his life in Louisiana. BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Devienne, Franoise Thvenin, called Sophie 1763-1841. She played soubrettes at the Thtre-Franais from 1785 to 1813 when she retired. BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Her relationship with Monsieur Saget. Devoise, Monsieur and Madame Javques-Philippe Devoise was French Consul-General at Tunis from 17921819. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Hospitable to Chateaubriand in 1807. Devonshire, ne Georgina Spencer, Georgiana Cavendish, 5th Duchess of

1757-1806 A patroness of letters, she was famous not only for her marital arrangements, her beauty and sense of style, and her political campaigning, but also for her love of gambling. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 Her meeting with Madame Rcamier in 1802. Diamante, Gio Balta Bursar of the Cathedral of Ajaccio in July 1771. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Napoleons baptism was carried out by his uncle Lucien, the archdeacon, assisted by Diamante. Diana Daughter of Jupiter and Latona (hence her epithet Latonia) and twin sister of Apollo, Roman Goddess of the moon and the hunt, she carries a bow, quiver and arrows. She and her followers are virgins. She was worshipped as the triple goddess, as Hecate in the underworld, Luna the moon, in the heavens, and Diana the huntress on earth. (Skeltons Diana in the leaves green, Luna who so bright doth sheen, Persephone in hell)(See Luca Pennis Diana Huntress Louvre, Paris, and Jean Goujons sculpture (attributed) Diana of Anet Louvre, Paris.) BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 Cellinis semicircular bronze relief of Diana as The Nymph of Fontainebleau (1542-3, Louvre), whose model was possibly Diane de Poitiers. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Phoebe, like Cynthia, is an epithet of Diana and a name for the Moon. Diane de Poitiers, Duchesse de Valentinois 1499-1566. Mistress of Henry II of France, noted for her beauty, Diane, who was much older than Henry, retained her influence over him until his death (1559). She maintained friendly relations with the queen, Catherine de Medici, while completely eclipsing her. In the rivalry for Henrys favour between Anne, Duc de Montmorency, and the Guise family, she took sides against whichever party was more powerful at the moment. She supported the kings anti-Protestant policy. After Henrys death, she was forced to retire from court. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Diderot, Denis 1713-1784 Philosopher. Editor (after 1750) of the Encyclopdie. With Voltaire a creator of the Enlightenment. Fascinated by science he developed

a form of pantheism. His Lettre sur les aveugles (1749) and other writings were materialistic and anti-Christian. BkII:Chap3:Sec3 His play le Pre de famille printed in 1758, and performed in Paris in 1761. The play seen by Chateaubriand at Saint-Malo in 1779. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 In July 1749, he was arrested and imprisoned at Vincennes as author of the Lettre sur les aveugles l'usage de ceux qui voient. His publishers gained greater freedom for Diderot in prison, including the right to receive visitors, and finally his liberation, in November 1749. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 A major European name. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 His association with Rousseaus set. Didon, Dido The Phoenician Queen of Carthage, Elissa or Dido, was a manifestation of Astarte, the Great Goddess. A Sidonian, she founded Carthage, loved Aeneas, and committed suicide when he deserted her. (See Virgil, Aeneid, Book IV, and Marlowes The Tragedy of Dido, Queen of Carthage: See also Purcells operatic work Dido and Aeneas.) BkII:Chap3:Sec4 Mentioned, an example of a famous female lover. BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 Ercilla told her tale in his epic poem La Araucana. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 The heroine of Virgils Aeneid. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand thinks of her in the ruins of Carthage. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Founder of the city of Carthage, with its harbours. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 The main role in the opera Dido (1783) by Niccolo Piccini (1728-1800). BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 She is supposed to have marked out the boundaries of Carthage. Arriving as an exile she asked the local inhabitants for a temporary refuge, only as much land as could be encompassed by an oxhide. She cut the oxhide into fine strips enough to surround an entire nearby hill, which was therefore afterwards named Byrsa hide. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 For Didos half-finished palace see Virgils Aeneid IV:88-89 BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 For Aeneas meeting with Dido in the Underworld see Aeneid VI:450-476. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 See Aeneid IV:625 Die, Batrice, Comtesse de 12th century. The wife of Guillaume de Poitiers, she was a troubadour who sang of her lover Raimbaut dOrange. A few poems survive, one with musical score. Die is in the Drme, in the Rhone Alps.

BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 The langue dOc or Occitan is a Romance dialect language still spoken in Occitania (i.e. Southern France, Monaco and some valleys of Italy and Spain). Dieppe The town and commune in the Seine-Maritime dpartement of HauteNormandie (eastern Normandy). A port on the English Channel, famous for its scallops, and a regular departure point for England. BkI:Chap6:Sec1 BkII:Chap1:Sec1 BkII:Chap3:Sec1 BkII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand notes the chapter as written there. BkII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 He was obliged to seek refuge there in 1812 following a police injunction. BkIV:Chap10:Sec1 BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 He rejoined the second battalion of his regiment there in 1789 (or possibly earlier in 1787). BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Madame de Longueville there in 1650. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 The reference is to BkII:Chap5:Sec1. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Pierre Belain (1565-1636) sailed from Dieppe to the Antilles and claimed them for France in 1625. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand set off for Dieppe on the 26th of July 1830, and arrived on the 27th. He met Madame Rcamier there. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Digne-les-Bains The town, the Prefecture of the Alpes de Haute Provence in the south of France, is 39 kilometres from Sisteron. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleon passed through in March 1815 during his return from Elba. Dijon, France The capital of the Cte-dOr, on the Burgundy canal, it is the former capital of Burgundy. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 The birthplace of de Brosses. Dillingen, Bavaria Dillingen an der Donau (Dillingen on the Danube) in Bavaria, Germany is the administrative centre of the district of Dillingen. The counts of Dillingen ruled from the 10th to the 13th century, in 1258 the territory was turned over to the Prince Bishops of Augsburg. After the Reformation, the Bishops of Augsburg moved to the Catholic city of Dillingen and made it one of the centres of the Counter-Reformation.

BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in May 1833. Dillon, douard, Comte de 1754-1839. Le Beau Dillon an army officer, was an uncle of the Comtesse de Boigne. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 An associate of Lauzun. Dillon, Hlene-lonore, Marquise dOsmond 1753-1831. She was the daughter of Robert Dillon, Seigneur de Terrefort (1710-1769) and Mary Dicconson. She married (1778) Ren Eustache dOsmond. The famous memoir writer, Adle-Louise-Elonore d'Osmond, Comtesse de Boigne (1781-1866), was her daughter. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Dinan A town in Brittany, in the Cotes-dArmor Dpartemente, sited high above the River Rance. BkI:Chap1:Sec9 BkI:Chap3:Sec1 BkIX:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Once part of the Forest of Broceliande. BkV:Chap5:Sec1 On the River Rance. BkXI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriands uncle, Bede, retired and died there. Dinan, College of The College was attached to the diocese of Saint-Malo which lacked such an establishment. It was re-founded in 1777 by Mgr des Laurents, and prepared students for the seminary. The school year as at Rennes began on the 18th October, Saint Lukes day. BkII:Chap10:Sec2 Chateaubriand was there until the spring of 1784. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Dinazarde She was the sister of Sheherazade, here a nickname given to an army captain. BkIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Dinelli, Captain He was second in command on Chateaubriands ship to Tunis. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap21:Sec1 Mentioned. A polacre, the word used by Chateaubriand, was a three-masted Mediterranean merchant vessel.

Ding The village is near Combourg. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Dino, Dorothe, Duchesse de 1795-1862. Dorothe de Courlande married Comte Edmond de Prigord, great-nephew of Talleyrand who granted the young couple the Duchy of Dino in Calabria awarded to him at the Congress of Vienna in exchange for the Principality of Benevento. She was probably Talleyrands mistress. She became Duchesse de Talleyrand in 1838, and Duchesse de Sagan in 1845. BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 The owner of Chateaubriands residence in Berlin. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 Her daughter Pauline (1820-1890), eighteen years old, who was possibly Talleyrands daughter, had Dupanloup as confessor, who arranged Talleyrands last rites at the request of the family. Pauline grew up with Talleyrand whom he called his angel in the house. Diocletian, Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus 245-313 AD. Roman Emperor 284-305. Born in Dalmatia he rose to prominence in the Army. Diocletian ruled the Eastern Empire. In 305 he retired to Split in Croatia. He put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the Dominate, the Tetrarchy, the Later Roman Empire, or the Byzantine Empire. His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years. BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 Diocletians column, also called Pompeys Pillar, at Alexandria. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 The state of religious belief under Diocletian. His wife and daughter have been deemed Christian sympathisers. Diocletian himself tried to unify religion around the pagan gods of Rome, and persecuted other religious groups including the early Christians, unlike the tolerance displayed in early Imperial Rome towards the cults and religions of conquered territories. Christianity however survived, and prospered with the conversion of Constantine not long after Diocletians rule. References to his court, are allusions to Napoleons court, in Les Martyrs. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 In 305 he retired to Salona (now Split, Croatia) where the magnificent remains of his palace are still extant.

BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 Dedicated in 306, the Baths of Diocletian in Rome remained in use until the aqueducts feeding them were cut by the Goths in 537. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 He died in Salona. Diodorus Siculus d. after 21BC. A Sicilian historian, he wrote, in Greek, a world history in 40 books, ending with Caesars Gallic Wars. Fully preserved are Books IV and XIXX, which cover Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indian, Scythian, Arabian, and North African history and parts of Greek and Roman history. It is valuable as a source for the lost works of earlier authors, from whom he borrowed freely, and for his chronological lists of prominent figures from the 5th cent. to 302BC.. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 The young Napoleon studied his works. Diomedes The son of Tydeus king of Argos, he was a Greek hero in the war against Troy. See Homers Iliad. BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Djezzar 1708?-1804. Cezzar Ahmet Pasha also identified as Djezzar Pasha, was a Bosnian-born Ottoman governor who defeated Napoleon during the Egyptian campaign, in Syria at the siege of Acre. Djezzar, which translates as Butcher, was known for his brutal techniques when handling enemies. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Napoleon fought him at Acre. Dnieper, River The river flows from Russia through Belarus and then Ukraine. It has its source in the Valday Hills of central Russia, and runs south eventually flowing into the Black Sea. 115 kilometres of its length serves as a natural border between Belarus and Ukraine. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Smolensk is on the Dnieper. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Herodotus, in his Inquiries, refers to it as the Borysthenes, derived from a local name for the Scythian river-god. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Napoleon in retreat crossed the river on the 19th November 1812. Dodona, Greece

The mountain valley oracle of Dodona lies about 22km south-west of Ioannina, in Epirus. It was the site of the oracle of Dione, and subsequently that of Zeus. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 At the site bronze cauldrons on tripods were set up so that when the wind blew, the cauldrons would touch open another, emitting a bell-like sound which was said to be the Voice of Zeus. Dol The first town of note, in Ille-et-Villaine, south-east of Saint-Malo and North of Rennes, when entering Brittany from Normandy, it is bordered by marshland, and was once the capital of Brittany. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Combourg was built by Junken, Bishop of Dol in 1016. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Once part of the Forest of Broceliande. BkI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand passes through on his way to Combourg in May 1777. BkII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand attends Dol College. BkII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand returns to College after the holidays. BkII:Chap3:Sec3 The third year at Dol. BkII:Chap4:Sec1 Towards Vivier sur Mer, Le Mont Dol is a dome like lump of granite which rises out of the marshland to a height of 65 metres. It was an ancient Druidic ritual site. BkII:Chap4:Sec3 Chateaubriand acquires marsh fever there. Dol, College of The school at Dol that Chateaubriand attended. BkI:Chap6:Sec1 The decision for him to attend the college. BkI:Chap7:Sec3 Its principal, Abb Portier. BkII:Chap6:Sec2 Chateaubriands first communion prior to leaving the school, 11th April 1781. BkII:Chap7:Sec2 BkII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Dle, France A town in the Jura department of Eastern France, in Franche-Comt, on the Doubs River, it was the capital of Franche-Comt until Louis XIV conquered the region; he shifted the parlement from there to Besanon. The university, founded (1422) by Philip the Good of Burgundy, was also transferred to Besanon at that time. Louis Pasteur was born there; his home is now a museum. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Napoleon Bonaparte posted there.

Dombrowski (Dabrowski), Jan Henryk, General 1755-1818. He is regarded as a Polish national hero for his part in Tadeusz Kosciuszkos rebellion against Russia (1794); he later organized and commanded the Polish legions in Napoleons army. In 1812 he commanded one of the Polish divisions in the invasion of Russia, where he was wounded while covering the passage of the Berezina River. He fought in the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, and in 1814 he returned to Poland, where he was one of the generals entrusted by the Russian tsar with the reorganization of the Polish Army. In 1815 he was appointed general of cavalry and senator of the new Kingdom of Poland. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 At the Berezina. Dominic, Saint Saint Dominic (Guzman) (1170-1221) the founder of the Order of Preachers, called Dominicans or Black Friars. He was born at Calahorra in Spain of noble parentage. As a young man he became a canon and preached against heresy. He was active among the Albigensians, trying to convert by persuasion, as Simon de Montfort was perpetrating his massacres. He preached throughout Europe and died in Bologna. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 His flaming-torch, an attribute. Dominique LEncuirass, Saint Dominic Loricatus 995-1060. Throughout his life Dominic wore a cuirass of rough iron chain mail next to his skin (hence the name Loricatus, which means clothed in armour). He wore it not for protection, but for mortification. He became a hermit, then a Benedictine monk of Fontavellana Abbey. BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Domenichino, Dominico Zampieri 1581-1641. A student of Carracci, Il Dominichino, as he was known, was one of the most important upholders of the tradition of Bolognese classicism. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 He painted the lunettes depicting the Life of St Jerome in SantOnorio, Rome. BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Domitian, Titus Flavius Domitianus

51-96AD. The son of Vespasian and brother of Titus, he was Roman Emperor from 81 to 96. He ruled harshly and controlled the Senate. His reign of terror ended in his own murder. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. Dommone The name was given to the Brittany coast between the Rance and the Morlaix, where 6th Century Breton islanders landed to escape the AngloSaxons. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. Domodossola A city in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, in the region of Piedmont, Italy, earlier known as Oscela, Oscella, Oscella dei Leponzi, Ossolo, Ossola Lepontiorum, and Domo dOssola (because it is in the Ossola valley), Domodossola is situated at the confluence of the Bogna and Toce Rivers, at the foot of the Italian Alps. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there in September 1833. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Donauwrth A city in the German State of Bavaria (Bayern), in the region of Swabia (Schwabenland) founded where the Danube (Donau) and Wrnitz rivers meet. Historically important as the site of one of the incidents which led to the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), in 1606, the Lutheran majority barred the Catholic residents of the town from holding a procession, causing a violent riot to break out. Donauwrth was again the scene of war in 1704, the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713). The Duke of Marlborough marching from Flanders to Bavaria came to the Danube. The French had decided to make a crossing, were surprised by Marlboroughs troops and after heavy fighting pulled back. This allowed Marlborough to capture Donauwrth and cross the river. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in May 1833. Donnadieu, Gabriel, Baron 1777-1849. A Republican general he was compromised by a conspiracy against Napoleon and interned at Tours in 1812. In 1814 he transferred allegiance to the Bourbons and in 1816 put down Didiers insurrection at Grenoble. He was a commander in the Spanish expedition of 1823.

BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 In Ghent in 1815. Dorat, Claude-Joseph 1734-1780. He obtained a great vogue with a number of heroic epistles. Besides light verse he wrote comedies, fables and novels. His books were lavishly illustrated by good artists and expensively produced, to secure their success. He was inept enough to draw down on himself the hatred both of the philosophe party and of their arch-enemy Charles Palissot, and thus cut himself off from the possibility of academic honours. Le Tartufe litteraire (1777) attacked La Harpe and Palissot, and at the same time DAlembert and Mlle Lespinasse. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 His affected school of literature. Doria Pamphili, Giuseppe Maria, Cardinal 1751-1816. Arrested by the French authorities in March 1798, he was finally expelled from the territory of the Roman Republic. He accompanied Pope Pius VI to Sienna in April 1798, the exile decreed by Napoleon; he then went to Genoa. He participated in the conclave of 1799-1800 in Venice and entered Rome with the new Pope Pius VII on July 3, 1800. Pro-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, November 13, 1801; occupied the post until his expulsion from Rome by the French in the spring of 1808. He was transferred to Paris by order of Napoleon in September 1809, and attended the wedding of Napoleon and Marie-Louise of Austria in Paris on April 2, 1810; all the eleven cardinals who assisted were Red Cardinals. In 1811, he was designated by Napoleon, as sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, to be part of a group of five cardinals sent to Savona to obtain from Pope Pius VII, who was a prisoner in that city, the approval of the decisions of a national council celebrated in Paris from September 3 to 20, 1811. In 1813, Napoleon made him intermediary to negotiate the Concordat of Fontainbleau. BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 At Fontainebleau in 1813. Doria, Lamba 1250-c1323. Genoese admiral and politician, brother of Oberto (Captain of the People), won a major sea battle against the Venetian Doge Andrea Dandolo at Curzola in 1296. BkX:Chap3:Sec3 Quoted, at the death of his son. Doria, Princess She was a close friend of Bernetti.

BkXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Doria Riparia, Italy, River Its source is a mountain lake on Mont Cenis, from which it cascades down to Suza in Italy. BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand followed its course in 1803. Dorica (Doricha) Athenaeus wrote: Naucratis has produced some celebrated courtesans of exceeding beauty; as Doricha, who was beloved by Charaxus, brother of the beautiful Sappho, when he went to Naucratis on business, and whom she accuses in her poetry of having robbed him of much. Herodotus calls her Rhodopis. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 See Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists Book XIII Concerning Women, and the lovely poem by Posidippus the Greek Hellenistic poet (c280-240). Dorlans, Louis 1542-1629. A French poet and political pamphleteer, he wrote indifferent verses, but was a redoubtable pamphleteer. After the League had arrested the royalist members of parliament, he was appointed (1589) advocate-general. One of his pamphlets, Le Banquet du comte dArte, in which he accused Henry (IV) of insincerity in his return to the Roman Catholic faith, was so scurrilous as to be disapproved of by many members of the League. When Henry at length entered Paris, Dorlans was among the number of the proscribed. He took refuge in Antwerp, where he remained for nine years. At the expiration of that period he received a pardon, and returned to Paris, but was soon imprisoned for sedition. The king, however, released him after three months in the Conciergerie, and by this means attached him permanently to his cause. His last years were passed in obscurity. BkIV:Chap12:Sec2 Quoted by Chateaubriand. Dorogobouj (Dorogobuzh), Russia The town straddles the Dnieper River in Smolensk Oblast, Russia, 125 km to the east of Smolensk and 71 km west of Vyazma. The town originated before the Mongol invasion of Russia as a fortress defending the eastern approaches to Smolensk. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleon there in 1812. Drake

English agent, involved with the Duc dEnghien. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Dresden Dresden is the capital of Saxony, east-central Germany, on the Elbe River. In August 1813, Napoleon defeated the coalition forces near the city in his last great victory before his defeat (October 1813) at Leipzig. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 Napoleon reviewed his troops there in May 1812, and from 17th to 28th May he held a congress of kings, and prepared for war. It was there that, under pretext of satisfying demands for gentler treatment of the pope, Napoleon decided to have Pius VII removed from Savona to Fontainebleau. BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Occupied by the Prussians on March 27th 1813. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Napoleon entered Dresden on May 18th 1813 and made it his centre of military operations. The Battle of Dresden was fought on August 26-27, 1813, and resulted in a French victory against the forces of the Sixth Coalition of Austrians, Russians and Prussians under Field Marshal Schwartzenberg. However, Napoleons victory was not as complete as it could have been. Substantial pursuit was not undertaken after the battle, and the flanking corps was surrounded and forced to surrender a few days later at the Battle of Kulm. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec3 Dresden was ruled by a Russian Governor between 1813 and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, after which the monarchy was restored. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 The Dance of Death represented there, and variants later produced for example Christoph Walthers sandstone relief of 1535. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Drouet DErlon, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte dErlon 1763-1844. He led a highly distinguished career under Napoleon in Europe, including Spain and Portugal. After Napoleon abdicated in 1814 dErlon transferred his allegiance to the House of Bourbon along with the rest of the army. However the following year he accepted command of the 16th Military Division under Napoleon. At the battle of Waterloo he commanded French 1st Corps. It was his column which attacked the Allied centre near La Haye Sainte at 13:30 and was stopped by Pictons Peninsular War veterans, and then attacked in the flanks by the British heavy cavalry. After the surrender of Napoleon, he entered exile in Munich. In 1825 he was granted amnesty by Charles X. In the July Revolution in 1830 he supported the Juilletistes was given the Great Order of the Legion of Honour by Louis-

Philippe in 1831 and in 1832 was given command of the 12th Division in Nantes. Later in the year his division suppressed a Vendean revolt and arrested the Duchess of Berry. In 1834 he was named governor-general of Algeria although after the defeat of the French army under General Trezelon on the banks of the Macta in 1835, DErlon was recalled to France and replaced. From 1837 he resumed his command of the 12th Division in Nantes a position he held until 1843 when he moved to Paris to retire and was granted the title marshal of France in 1843. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Involved in pro-Bonaparte conspiracy in 1815. Drouot, Antoine, General 1774-1847. One of Napoleons generals, he was the son of a baker, who trained as an artilleryman and took part in the battles of the French Revolution where he rose through the ranks. Later he had an illustrious military career notably at Wagram, Borodino, Ltzen, Hanau and Waterloo. He became a major-general in 1805 and aide-de-camp to Napoleon in 1813. Napoleon called him le Sage de la Grande Arme (the Sage of the Grand Army). He was with Napoleon during his exile to the island of Elba, and during the Hundred Days. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 Part of Napoleons entourage travelling to Elba. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 His comments on Neys speech of 22nd June 1815.. Drovetti, Bernadino 1776-1852. He was French Consul-General at Alexandria in 1806. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand left his servant Julien with him. Druze A small, distinct religious community based mostly in the Middle East, whose religion resembles Islam, but is influenced by Greek philosophy and other religions. The Druze reside primarily in Lebanon, Israel, Syria, and Jordan. They are not considered Muslim by most Muslims in the region BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Mentioned. Dryden, John 1631-1700. English writer and poet laureate (after 1668). The outstanding literary figure of the Restoration, he wrote critical essays, poems, such as Absalom and Achitophel (1681), and dramas, including All for Love (1678). BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 The Elegant Extracts (1784) of Vicesimus Knox (17521821), headmaster of Tonbridge, was published in many editions from the 1780s. It includes poems by Milton, Dryden, Addison, Rowe, Pope and

Thomson, and the compilers contemporaries such as Smollett, Smart, Goldsmith, Cowper and Burns, among others, Du Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste 1544-1590. He was a French poet who served Henri IV. His work translated into many languages formed the basis for Miltons Paradise Lost. BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 See his La Semaine, ou la Cration en sept journes, of 1578. Its sequel, unfinished at his death, was part-published in 1584. Du Bellay, Jean, Cardinal 1492-1560. French cardinal and diplomat, younger brother of Guillaume du Bellay, and uncle of the poet, he was bishop of Bayonne in 1526, member of the Privy Council in 1530, and Bishop of Paris in 1532. He was a patron of Rabelais. He was Ambassador from Francis I to Henry VIII and Pope Paul III. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Du Bourg (Dubourg) He was Governor of the Bastille in 1591. BkXXII:Chap18:Sec1 On November 15, 1591, during the troubles of the League, the castle was surrendered to the forces of the Duke of Mayenne. It was returned to Royal hands on March 22, 1594, when Du Bourg, who had been given command of the castle, capitulated to Marshal de Matignon. The black scarf was an emblem of the Catholic League (as that of the white was of the Protestants). Du Chatelet, Diane Adlade de Rochechouart, Duchesse d.1794. Executed during the Terror. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 Her name appears on the death warrant exhibited, and she was executed with Chateaubriands brother. Du Guesclin, Bertrand c.1320-80, Constable of France (1370-80), greatest French soldier of his time. A Breton, he initially served Charles of Blois in the War of the Breton Succession. In 1356-57, Du Guesclin held Rennes against English attack. Entering the service of King Charles V of France on Charles's accession (1364), he won the brilliant victory of Cocherel over the forces of King Charles II of Navarre. The victory forced Charles II into a new peace with the French king. Du Guesclin was captured in the same year at Auray by

English forces under Sir John Chandos. Ransomed by Charles V, who placed him at the head of the free companies, the marauding soldiers who pillaged France after the Treaty of Brtigny between France and England, De Guesclin was sent to Spain to aid Henry of Trastamara (later Henry II of Castile) against Peter the Cruel. Du Guesclin, though successful in the campaign of 1366, was defeated and captured (1367) by Peter and Edward the Black Prince at Njera. In 1369, however, he and Henry won the battle of Montiel, gaining for Henry the throne of Castile. Warfare with England was renewed in 1369, and Du Guesclin re-conquered Poitou and Saintonge and pursued (1370-74) the English into Brittany. He disapproved of the confiscation (1378) of Brittany by Charles V, and his campaign to make the duchy submit to the king was half-hearted. An able tactician and a loyal and disciplined warrior, Du Guesclin had re-conquered much of France from the English when he died while on a military expedition in Languedoc. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 Chateaubriand mentions the variant spellings of the Du Guesclin name. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Made alliance with the Chateaubriands. BkII:Chap10:Sec2 His heart buried at Dinan. BkV:Chap2:Sec1 BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 A famous Breton, and his descendants. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 He led the marauding Free Companies into Spain in 1365, to rid France of their predation, and stopped at Avignon on the way, to secure absolution and ransom money for them from the Pope. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 A Breton, as was Moreau. Du Guesclin, Thiphaine Great-niece of Bertrand. Dubois, Guillaume, Cardinal 1656-1723. A French cardinal and statesman, he gained the favour of Louis XIV by bringing about the marriage of his pupil with Franoise-Marie de Bourbon, Mlle de Blois, a natural but legitimated daughter of the king and Mme de Montespan; and was rewarded with the abbey of St Just in Picardy. When the Duke of Orlans became Regent (1715) Dubois, who had for some years acted as his secretary, was made councillor of state. Innocent XIII (1721), whose election was largely due to the bribes of Dubois, made him a Cardinal. In 1722 he was named First Minister of France (August). He was soon after received at the Acadmie franaise; and, to the disgrace of the French clergy, was named president of their assembly. When Louis XV attained his majority Dubois remained chief minister. He had accumulated

an immense private fortune, but his health was ruined by his debaucheries, and a surgical operation became necessary. This was almost immediately followed by his death, at Versailles, on August 10, 1723. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Dubois, Paul-Franois 1793-1834. A Breton, co-founder of Le Globe in 1824, Deputy for the Lower Loire from 1832 (to 1848), he followed that post with a university career. BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 He visits Chateaubriand under house arrest in 1832. Dubourg-Butler, Frdric, Comte 1778-1850. A General, he fought in the Vende then followed Bernadotte to Sweden, before seeing service in Russia. Attached to Marshal Clarke he commanded in the north of France but was ousted for Ultra-Royalism. He was re-appointed as a General in 1848. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 At Arnouville in 1815. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 In Paris during the Three Days of 1830. BkXXXII:Chap15:Sec1 At the Htel de Ville on the 31st of July 1830. Duchesnois, Catherine Josphine Rafin (or Ruffin), Mademoiselle 1777-1835 An actress at the Thtre Franais in 1802, she played the parts of Phdre in which she debuted in 1802, Semiramis, Dido, Hermione and Marie Stuart. She was noted for her daring performances, retiring in 1830. Her tomb is in Pre Lachaise. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Played tragedy alongside Talma. Ducis, Jean-Franois 1733-1816. A French dramatist who adapted Shakespeares tragedies for the French stage. Although he remodelled the tragedies to the French taste for witty, epigrammatic style and attempted to confine the plays within the classical unities (of time, place, and action), Voltaire still raged against what he called Shakespeare's barbarous histrionics. Ducis achieved great success with his adaptations Hamlet (1769), Romo et Juliette (1772), Le Roi Lear (1783), Macbeth (1784), and Othello (1792). BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 Used the common linguistic style of the age, as a defender of freedom. BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 The line appears in Oedipus at the House of Admetus (1778) and again in Oedipus at Colonus (1797).

Duclos, Charles Pinot 1704-1772. An author, he studied at Rennes College, then Paris. He wrote novels, and histories. His most celebrated work however was his Considerations sur les moeurs de ce sicle (1750). In the same year he succeeded Voltaire as historiographer of France. BkII:Chap10:Sec2 Born in Dinan. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 A major European name. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 His Considerations on Italy was published in 1791 and recorded his trip there in 1766. Duclos, Monsieur An aide-de-camp to Napoleon. BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Removed Napoleons birth certificate from the official register, at Napoleons request. Ducluzeau (for Desclozeaux), Pierre-Louis-Olivier A Paris magistrate, he bought the site (June3 1802) of the Madeleine Cemetery after its disuse on 25th March 1794. He had noted the place where the Royal couple were interred, and planted a hedge and trees around it, and this allowed the recovery of their remains. On January 11, 1816, Desclozeaux sold his house and the old cemetery to Louis XVIII who met the 3 million livres expense of building the Chapelle Exapitoire with the Duchess of Angouleme. BkXXII:Chap 25:Sec1 Mentioned. Dufay, Major d. 1830 A Major commanding a Swiss contingent during the July 1830 disturbances. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 He was killed on the 29th of July 1830. Dufougerais (Desfougerais) Alfred-Xavier, Baron 1804-1874. A press baron, he ran La Quotidienne from 1828 and La Mode from 1831 which he turned into a Legitimist paper. Deputy for the Vendee 1849-1851. BkXLI:Chap4:Sec1 In Prague in September 1833. Dufraisse, General He was a Revolutionary general. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned, regarding events of 1795.

Dugazon, (Jean-Henri Gourgaud) 1746-1809. Debuted in 1770, Dugazon was an ardent revolutionist, helped the schism which divided the Thtre-Franais, and went with Talma and the others to what became the Thtre de la Rpublique. After the closing of this theatre and the dissolution of the Comdie Franaise, he took refuge at the Thtre Feydeau until he returned to the restored Comdie in 1799. He retired in 1805, and died insane at Sandillon. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Actor at the Thtre-Franais. Dugazon, Louise-Rosalie Lefvre, Madame 1755-1821. Actress at the Thtre-Italien. Wife of Jean-Henri. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Dugua, Charles-Franois-Joseph 1744-1802. Former soldier who returned to service in 1790, he was a general, Governor of Cairo during the Syrian campaign, Prefect of Calvados after Brumaire, and a member of the Legislative Corps. He died of yellow fever. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Napoleon writes to him. Duguay-Trouin, Ren June 10,1673 Saint-Malo - September 27, 1736 Paris. He was born to a family of Breton ship-owners. In 1689, he began his career as a corsair. His courage, the respect which he gained among his men and his victories over the English and the Netherlanders during wars initiated by Louis XIV advanced his career rapidly. In 1709, he captured 300 trading vessels and 20 men-of-war or privateers. To reward him for his services, Louis XIV ennobled him. In 1711, he captured Rio de Janeiro after a bombardment which lasted 11 day, and forced the city to pay a heavy ransom. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 Born in Saint-Malo. BkI:Chap4:Sec8 Mentioned. BkV:Chap2:Sec1 A famous Breton, and his descendants. Duhamel, Abb Master at Dinan College. BkII:Chap10:Sec2 He was Chateaubriands tutor in 1783-4. Duhamel-Dumonceau, Henri-Louis

1700-1782 A French naval architect, and agriculturalist, he was a member of the Academy of Sciences at the age of 28. He also researched the structure and physiology of plants, arboriculture and cereals. Several journeys, which he undertook for scientific research purposes, led him to the coastal areas of France and England, where he also studied economic conditions and trade. BkV:Chap15:Sec3 His work consulted by Chateaubriand. Dulau, Arnaud 1762-1813. A former Benedictine, and mathematics professor at the College de Sorrze, he emigrated and became a London bookseller and publisher. His premises were at 37 Soho Square. Dulau and Co often employed Baylis as a printer. BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 Dulau et Cie began publishing the first edition of Le Gnie du Christianisme in 1799. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 They ceased printing in the spring of 1800 and handed the composed sheets to Chateaubriand to take to France. Dumas (Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie), Alexandre 1802-1870. The French writer is best known for his numerous historical novels including the Three Musketeers (1844) and The Count of Monte Cristo (1845-46). He also wrote plays, magazine articles, and was a prolific correspondent. After being compromised by the riots of 5th and 6th of June 1832, he was advised by the authorities to travel for a while. BkXXXV:Chap17:Sec1 In Lucerne in August 1832 where he meets Chateaubriand again. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His translation of Lobkowitzs ode, first stanza. Dumas, Mathieu, Comte 1753-1837. Aide-de-camp to Rochambeau and then to La Fayette, he was a member of the Legislative Council, then rejoined the army after 18th Brumaire. A general in 1805, he became Josephs Minister of War in Naples. His reminiscences were published in 1839. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec2 A quotation from his reminiscences. Dumay A Paris solicitor. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Dumont, Andr

1765-1836. French revolutionary. President of the National Convention (September-October 1794). Member of the Committee of Public Safety (December 1794-April 1795). BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Proposed that Robespierres heirs be hunted down. Dumont, Jean d. 1726. He was a French publicist whose travels in Europe were published in 1699. He also wrote history and lectured on law. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Dumoulin, variste He was a journalist on the Constitutionnel. He also wrote for the Mercure and the Minerve. BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned in 1830. Dumouriez, Charles-Franois, General 1739-1823. A French general in the French Revolutionary Wars, after fighting in the Seven Years War, he was employed by King Louis XV on several secret missions. His career was fading when the outbreak of the French Revolution opened new prospects for him. Although close to the Jacobins in 1790, he offered his services to King Louis XVI and became (March 1792) minister of foreign affairs in a ministry that included several Girondists and that sought war with Austria. Made minister of war (June, 1792), he resigned to take the Marquis de Lafayettes place as an army commander when the latter was charged with treason (August 1792). Dumouriez helped defeat the Prussians at Valmy (September 1792), drove the Austrians from Belgium at Jemappes (November 1792), and invaded the Netherlands (February 1793). Defeated (March) at Neerwinden, he began negotiations with the Austrians, and after turning over to them the commissioners sent from Paris to investigate his defeat he finally (April 1793) deserted to the Austrian lines. After wandering over Europe, disavowed even by the French royalists, he settled (1800) in England. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned during the interrogation of the Duc dEnghien. BkXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 His victories paved the way for later achievements. Dunker He was a literary man, no details known. Speculatively perhaps Balthasar Anton Dunker 1746-1807, a German artist, who later lived in Paris and

Berne, where he died. He was a landscape draughtsman, book illustrator, and also left some limited literary work. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 If this is the individual, his name in the visitors book at Carlsbad. Durkheim, (Dunkeim in the text, Bad Durkheim since 1853) A spa town in the Rhineland-Palatinate of west-central Germany, it lies on the eastern slope of the Haardt Mountains at the entrance to the Isenach Valley, 13 miles west of Mannheim. The Heidenmauer is a long Celtic stone ring-wall (possibly c2500BC), enclosing a settlement from c.500BC. Limburg Abbeys Benedictine ruins are near the town. Nearby also are the ruins of the massive Hardenberg Castle built in 1205 for the Counts of Leiningen, extended in the 15th and 16th centuries and destroyed by French Revolutionary troops, in 1794. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1833. Dunmore, John Murray 4th Earl of 1730-1809. The British governor of the Province of New York from 1770 to 1771 and the Virginia Colony from September 25, 1771 until just before the American Revolutionary War began in June 1775. During his term as Virginias colonial governor, from 1771 to 1774, he directed a series of campaigns against the Indians known as Lord Dunmore's War. The Shawnee were the main target of these attacks, and his purpose was to strengthen Virginias claims in the west, particularly in the Ohio Country. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 Chief Logans speech to him. Dupanloup, Flix-Antoine-Philibert, Abb 1802-1878. A writer, churchman and politician, he arranged Talleyrands last rites, and was later Bishop of Orlans. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned indirectly. Duparquet-Louyer He was Procureur of the High Court of Rennes. BkIV:Chap1:Sec3 Alluded to as the relation whom Chateaubriand visited in Rennes in 1786. He stayed for dinner (9th August 1786) and left the following day. Dupaty, Charles-Marguerite-Jean-Baptiste-Mercier 1746-1788. Advocate-General then President of the Bordeaux Parliament, he also made a name as an author.

BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 His Travels through Italy 1785. Dupaty, Louis-Charles-Marie-HenriMercier, 1771-1825. A French sculptor, he was the eldest son of the President. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 He lived for a time in Rome. Du Paz, Father Augustin A Genealogist, he was the author of Histoire gnalogique de plusieurs maison illustres de Bretagne (1620). BkI:Chap1:Sec3 A source of information regarding Chateaubriands family. Duperey, for De Perray He was secretary to Talleyrand at the Congress of Vienna. BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 Sent to Naples in 1815 by Talleyrand to get cash. Duperron, Jacques Davy, Cardinal 1556-1618. A Protestant convert to Catholicism, he was Bishop of Evreux, and made a Cardinal in 1604. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 He obtained absolution for Henri IV from the Pope. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Dupin, Andr Marie Jean-Jacques 1783-1865. Commonly called Dupin the Elder, he was an advocate, president of the Chamber of Deputies, and of the Legislative Assembly. At the election after the second Restoration Dupin was not re-elected. He defended with great intrepidity the principal political victims of the reaction, among others, in conjunction with Nicolas Berryer, Marshal Ney; and in October 1815 boldly published a tractate entitled Libre Defense des accuss. He had a long career. In 1857 he was offered his old office by the emperor, and accepted it, explaining his acceptance in a discourse, a sentence of which may be employed to describe his whole political career. I have always, he said, belonged to France and never to parties. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 BkXVI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 His brochure regarding the Duc dEnghien published in 1823. (Pices judiciaires et historiques relatives au procs du duc dEnghien etc) BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 A leading Liberal commentator in 1830. Dupleix, Joseph-Franois

1697-1763. He was Governor General of the French establishment in India and the great rival of Robert Clive. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Dupont, Fisher-girl She was a fisher-girl of Saint-Pierre. BkVI:Chap5:Sec3 According to the historian Borde de la Rougerie she was one of the daughters of Pierre-Jean Dupont, Genevive, Adlade or Marie then aged 21, 19 and 17 years respectively. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 Probably the same person referred to here. Dupont de ltang, Pierre Antoine, General 1765-1840. A distinguished Revolutionary and Napoleonic general, who was forced to capitulate in Spain at Baylen, in 1808. After his return to France, Dupont was court-martialled, deprived of his rank and title, and imprisoned at Fort de Joux from 1812 to 1814. Released by the initial Restoration, he was employed by Louis XVIII in a military command, which he lost on the return of Napoleon during the Hundred Days. But the Second Restoration saw him reinstated to the army, and appointed a member of the conseil priv of king Louis. Between April and December 1814, he was Minister of War. From 1815 to 1830, Dupont was deputy for the Charente. He lived in retirement from 1832 until his death. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Minister of War in 1814. Dupont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel 1739-1817. He was appointed as Secretary-General to the Provisional Government on 1st April 1814, and made a Councillor of State. During the Hundred Days he went to join his son in America. BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXII:Chap17:Sec1 A Member of the Provisional Government in 1814. Dupont de LEure, Jacques Charles 1767-1855. A French lawyer and statesman, and a respected Constitutional Liberal. In 1789 he was an advocate at the parlement of Normandy. In 1798 he was a member of the Council of Five Hundred. In 1813 he became a member of the Corps Legislatif. During the Hundred Days he was vicepresident of the Chamber of Deputies. From 1817 till 1849 he was uninterruptedly a member of the Chamber of Deputies, and acted consistently with the liberal opposition, of which at more than one crisis he was the virtual leader. For a few months in 1830 he held office as minister of

justice, but, finding himself out of harmony with his colleagues, he resigned before the close of the year and resumed his place in the opposition. At the revolution of 1848 Dupont de l'Eure was made president of the provisional assembly as being its oldest member. In the following year, having failed to secure his re-election to the chamber, he retired into private life. BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Chateaubriand writes to him in August 1830. Duport du Tertre, Marguerite Louis Franois Executed November 1793, he was a Minister of Louis XVI. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. Dupuis, Le Pre Former sub-principal of the Military College at Brienne, he was later Napoleons librarian at Malmaison where he died. He was a member of the Order of Minims. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 His friendship with Napoleon. Dupuis, Charles-Franois 1742-1809. At the age of twenty-four he was made professor of rhetoric at Lisieux.; but his inclination led him into the field of mathematics. In his work, Origine de tous les Cultus he attempted to explain not only all the mysteries of antiquity, but also the origin of all religious beliefs. In his Memoire explicatif du Zodiaque chronologique et mythologique (1806) he maintained a common origin for the astronomical and religious opinions of the Greeks, Egyptians, Chinese, Persians, and Arabians. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 A major European name. Duquesne, Marquis Abraham 1610-1688. Naval Commander. Born in Dieppe, he saw active service in the French Navy before becoming Vice-Admiral of the Swedish Navy, in 1643, fighting for them against the Danes. He returned to France in 1645, and rejoined the French Navy where he was active in the Mediterranean. He was later present as second in command when the French fleet under Comte and Vivonne attacked and partly destroyed the Spanish\Dutch fleet at Palermo, which secured French control of the Mediterranean. For this accomplishment he received a personal letter from Louis XIV and, in 1681, the title of Marquis along with the estate of Bouchet, even though he was a Protestant. In that same year, 1684, he retired from poor health. He may have foreseen the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, though he was exempted from the proscription. He died in Paris on February 2, 1688.

BkI:Chap6:Sec1 BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Duranton, Aniche, Madame A woman of the Bordeaux Market in 1820, she was a picturesque figure in Bordeaux society and was made famous by an article of Jouys in the Mercure de France of 8th February 1817. BkXXV:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Duras, Amde-Bretagne-Malo de Durfort, Duc de 1771-1838. Son of Louise de Noailles, he was First Gentleman of the Kings Chamber. He was named a Peer in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 With the king in Ghent in March 1815. BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 At Mons in 1815. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap7:Sec1 At Saint-Cloud in July 1830. Duras, Clair or Clara de Durfort de, see Rauzan. 1799-1863. She was the younger sister of Flicit. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Mentioned. Duras, Claire-Louise-Rose-Bonne de Cot-Nempren de Kersaint, Duchesse de 1777-1828. Wife of Amde, she was a close friend of Chateaubriand. She left France in 1789 for London and returned in 1808 as the Duchess of Duras. She maintained a famous literary salon in post-Revolutionary Paris. She wrote a number of novels and novellas, and her works have recently received greater critical understanding, for their exploration of equality and identity. BkXI:Chap2:Sec4 In London. Chateaubriand was to meet her ten years later. BkXXII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned in Paris in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Description of their friendship. Ourika was published in 1823. The fictional story of Ourika explores the interior conflicts that occur when a Senegalese child is rescued from slavery and raised in a white aristocratic society of pre-revolutionary France and then refused a place in that society. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Her mother (not her niece as Chateaubriand states) died in Brussels in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Her relationship with Chateaubriand in Ghent. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Her nervous disposition.

BkXXVII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand seeks her help regarding the Congress of Verona. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 A mention of her unpublished Memoirs. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec4 Madame de Stal and Chateaubriand at her house in Paris in 1817. Madame de Stals last note to her. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Her death in Nice occurred on the 16th of January 18128. Duras, Emmanuel-Flicit de Durfort, Duc de, Marshal of France 1715-1789. Aide de camp to Villars and the King, he took part in all the wars of Louis XV and was made a marshal of France in 1775. He was Governor of the Franche-Comt and Ambassador to Spain. A friend of Mademoiselle de Lespinasse and the philosophes, he was elected to the Academy in 1778. He married Louise in 1739. Had Combourg from his wife and sold it to Chateaubriands father. He presented Chateaubriand and his brother to Louis XVI in 1787. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 Ready to act as Chateaubriands sponsor at his presentation to the King. BkIV:Chap9:Sec1 As First Gentleman of the Chamber, he presented Chateaubriand to the king in 1787. Duras, Claire-Louise-Augustine-Flicit-Maclovie de Durfort de, 1798-1883. The eldest daughter of Amde and Claire, she married Charles Prince de Talmont, in 1813: he died in 1815. In 1819 she then married Auguste de Vergier, Comte de La Rochejaquelein. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Mentioned. Duras, Louise-Franoise-Maclovie-Cleste de Cotquen, Duchesse de d. 1802. Daughter of the Marquis de Cotquen and Marie Loquet, Dame de Grandville, she was the wife of Emmanuel. She married in 1736, bringing her husband Combourg, and sold Combourg to Chateaubriands father in 1761. She was widowed in 1789. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Duras, Louise Henriette Charlotte Philippine (de Noailles) de Durfort de, Duchesse de 1745-1822. Daughter-in-law of Emmanuel, wife of his son Emmanuel Duc de Durfort de Duras (1741-1800), she was imprisoned under the Terror and released 9th Thermidor. Her prison journals were later published.

BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec3 In Paris in 1815. Dureau de La Malle, Auguste 1777-1857. Geographer and archaeologist, he published a study on the Topography of Carthage in 1835. His father, an Academician, who died in 1807, is known for his Latin translations. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec3 His letter to Chateaubriand. Durga In Hinduism, Durga is a form of Devi, the supreme goddess. The 4 day Durga Puja is the biggest annual festival in Bengal and other parts of Eastern India. But it is celebrated in various forms throughout the Hindu world. BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Duris-Dufresne, Franois 1769-1837. A former officer and a Member of the Legislative Corps, 18051809, he became a Deputy in 1827. BkXXXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Duroc, Gerard Christophe Michel, Marshal, Duc de Frioul 1772-1813. A French Napoleonic general, devoted to Napoleon, he fought in Italy, Egypt, and central Europe. He was employed by Napoleon in sensitive negotiations. He was in attendance on Napoleon at the battle of Bautzen (May 20-21, 1813) in Saxony, when he was mortally wounded, and died in a farmhouse near the battlefield on May 23. Napoleon bought the farm and erected a monument to his memory. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 His opposition to the Russian Campaign. BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Accompanied Napoleon during the retreat. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Grand Marshal of the Palace, his death at Bautzen. Durocher His daughters. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned, regarding events of 1795. Durosnel, Antoine-Jean-Auguste, General 1771-1849. He was an aide-de-camp to Napoleon, a Major-General, and Peer of France. He became aide-de-camp to Louis-Philippe. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 Appointed Commandant of Moscow in 1812. Duschnik (Dunky)

A Czech village, in the district of Litomsqice. BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in May 1833. Du Tillet, Jean, Sieur de La Bussire Died 1570. Lawyer and French historian, he was a clerk of the Paris Parliament. He left a number of historical works which were printed after his death. His brother, also Jean, was Bishop of Saint-Brieuc, and then of Meaux. BkXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Du Touchet Tutor of Louis XVII. Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper 1798-1881. A French journalist and politician, he collaborated on the Globe, the Revue Franaise and the Revue des deux mondes. He was a Deputy in 1831, and in the Legislature in 1850. He formed part of an extensive literary circle which included Stendhal and Hugo. He was exiled briefly in 1851, and subsequently dedicated himself to his political writings, including his monumental History of Parliamentary Government in France. BkXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Rallied to Chateaubriand in 1825. bl, Jean-Baptiste 1758-1812 A French General, Engineer and Artilleryman during the Napoleonic Wars, he was credited with saving Napoleons Grand Army from complete destruction in 1812. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Ebles men worked in dangerously frigid water to complete the bridges across the Berezina. The campaign had taken a heavy toll on his men and his health. He died in Konigsberg shortly after returning from Russia. Ebrington, Hugh Fortescue, Viscount, 2nd Earl Fortescue 1783-1861. British politician who served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1839 to 1841. He first became an MP, for Barnstaple, just after his 21st birthday and later Tavistock (1821-31) failing to find a seat after the Reform Act. Ebrington belonged to that section of the Whig party that welcomed much of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon hoping for radical change in Britain. After Napoleons first abdication and exile to Elba he arranged visits, with other prominent Whigs to see him.

BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Visited Elba in December 1814 while Napoleon was exiled there. Ebro, River The Ebro (Catalan: Ebre) is Spains most voluminous and second longest river. It starts at Fontibre (province of Cantabria) and ends with a major wetland delta at the Mediterranean Sea in the province of Tarragona. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Ecbatana A city of ancient Media on the site of present-day Hamadan in western Iran, it was captured by Cyrus the Great in 549BC and plundered by Alexander, Seleucus I, and Antiochus III. BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Eckard, Jean 1763-after1830. A lawyer and historian, he was the author of Mmoires historique sur Louis XVII which was published in 1817. BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1 His pamphlet speculating on Napoleons nationality, published 1826. Eckmhl, see also Davout The Battle of Eckmhl was fought on April 22, 1809, and resulted in a French victory under Marshal Davout and Napoleon against the Austrians under the Archduke Charles. The battle prevented the Austrian plan to destroy Davouts isolated III Corps and allowed the French to drive the Austrians out of Bavaria. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Eckstein, Ferdinand, Baron d 1790-1861 A Jewish Dane, who converted to Protestantism, and then Catholicism during a stay in Rome (1807-1809), he was a volunteer during the 1813 Campaign and entered the service of the Low Countries. He was Governor of Ghent in 1815. Resident later in Paris, he published works on Orientalism and Catholic philosophy. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned, during the Hundred Days. couen, France

Seven miles north of Paris, the chteau was built for Constable Anne, Duke of Montmorency (1492-1567). Completed in 1555, it is in the High Renaissance style, a development of the Early Renaissance style of the chteaux of the Loire, built during the reign of Franois I. The chteau was saved from destruction after the Revolution by Napoleon, who turned it into a school for the daughters of members of the Lgion dHonneur in 1806. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand passed by in May 1800. Edda The Older Edda is a collection of Icelandic poems supposedly written in the 9th century and collected in the 13th. They are of unknown authorship. BkV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Edessa The historical name of a town in northern Mesopotamia, refounded on an ancient site by Seleucus I Nicator. Captured by the Crusaders in 1099, who established there the County of Edessa and kept the city until 1144. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 A crusader principality. Edgermond, Lady Character from Corinne by Madame de Stal. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Edgeworth, Maria 1767-1849. Irish novelist; daughter of Richard Lovell Edgeworth. She lived practically her entire life on her father's estate in Ireland. Letters for Literary Ladies (1795), her first publication, argued for the education of women. She is best known for her novels of Irish lifeCastle Rackrent (1800), Belinda (1801), and The Absentee (1812). She also wrote a number of stories for children, including Moral Tales (1801). BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned as a popular authoress. Edith, the swan-necked 1024-c1070. Editha swanes-hales (Ealdgyth), Edith the swan-necked, daughter of Alfgar, Earl of Mercia, married Harold II c1064. BkIV:Chap3:Sec1 She found Harolds body on the battlefield. Edmond Ironside

c988/993-1016. King of England April 23-November 30 1013 he was surnamed Ironside for his efforts to fend off the Danish invasion led by King Canute. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Edward III 1312-1377 King of England 1327-1377. Married Philippa of Hainault. He imprisoned his mother Isabella of France and executed her lover Roger de Mortimer. He fought successfully against the Scots (Halidon Hill 1333) and planned the union of England and Scotland (1363). He claimed the French throne and started the Hundred Years War in 1337. He was the victor at Crcy in 1346, and Poitier in 1356. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 He died at Shene Palace, Richmond Surrey. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 At the end of the Hundred Years War Edward III disembarked his troops at Saint-Vaast-La-Hougue, on the 12th of July 1346, and ravaged Cotentin and lower Normandy. Edward IV 1442-1483. King of England (1461-1470, 1471-1483) during the Wars of the Roses, he was deposed by the Earl of Warwick but regained power after Tewkesbury (1471). BkX:Chap5:Sec2 His sons Edward V and Richard were imprisoned in the tower by their uncle the Duke of Gloucester (Richard III). The two boys known as the Prince sin the Tower were probably murdered in 1483. Edward VII: see Stuart, Charles-Edward Edward, Prince of Wales, The Black Prince 1330-1376. A great English military leader during the Hundred Years War. The eldest son of Edward III, he fought at Crcy (1346) and Poitiers (1356), where the English forces captured John II of France. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 His Life written by the Herald of Sir John Chandos, in a mixture of Old and Middle French is held by Worcester College, Oxford. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 His capture of the French King, coupled with his reputation for chivalry. gault, or gaux, Abb Julian-Jean-Marie 1752-1821 Master of the fourth year students at Dol College. BkII:Chap1:Sec1 He taught Chateaubriand Latin (and Greek).

BkII:Chap3:Sec4 Takes Chateaubriand to task for translating Lucretius too vividly. BkII:Chap4:Sec1 Leads a visit to the nearby seminary. BkII:Chap4:Sec2 Intends to punish Chateaubriand. BkII:Chap6:Sec3 He obtained a curacy near Rennes. Eger, River The Eger (Czech: Ohqe) river lies in Germany and the Czech Republic, its source is situated in Bavaria, at the foot of Mount Schneeberg (Fichtelgebirge) near the town of Weissenstadt. It flows past Carlsbad and eventually joins the Elbe. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 Eger is also the name for the Czech town of Cheb in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It is situated on the river Ohqe, at the foot of one of the spurs of the Smr~iny and near the border with Germany. Chateaubriand arrived there in 1833 when leaving Prague. Egeria An Italian nymph, she was the wife of Numa. Un-consoled at his death she was turned into a fountain, and its attendant streams (at Le Mole, by Nemi in Aricia). She was worshipped as a minor deity of childbirth at Aricia, and later in Rome (see Frazers The Golden Bough Chapter I.) The servant of Diana at Nemi, she was one of the Camenae, water-nymphs of the grove outside the Porta Capena, who became identified with the Muses. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Eginhard A secretary to Charlemagne, the historical person, Einhard (c770-840) was a historian and advisor. He married Emma or Imma, (not a daughter of Charlemagne). He became a mythical figure in the legend of Emma and Eginhard. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Egmont-Pinatelli, Jeanne-Sophie-Elisabeth-Louise-Septimanie du Plessis-Richelieu, Comtesse d 1740-1773. Daughter of the Duc de Richelieu. She encouraged Rulhire, who had been Richelieus aide-de-campe in Guyenne, to commit his notes on the accession of Catherine II of Russia to paper, and helped defend him against Russian attempts to suppress his memoir. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 Mentioned.

BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from a verse adapted from Parny. El-Arish Halfway between Israel and Egypt, Kaalat Al-Arish is the capital and largest city of the Egyptian governate of Shamal Sina', lying on the Mediterranean coast of the Sinai peninsula, 214 miles northeast of Cairo. The city sprang up around a Bedouin settlement in the vicinity of the ancient Ptolemaic Dynasty outpost of Rhinocolura. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 The fort there held by the Turks was taken by Reynier on 20th February 1799. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 The Treaty of El-Arish, of January 24th 1800, negotiated under duress by Desaix, would have allowed the French army to return home, but was rejected by England, and resulted later in the Battle of Alexandria, a French defeat. Elba, Island of An island, of 86 square miles, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, 6 miles from the Italian mainland, part of the Tuscan Archipelago. Iron ore has been mined there since Etruscan and Roman times, and there are ironworks at Portoferraio, the islands main town. Elba has come under numerous foreign powers, including Syracuse (mid-5th century BC), Pisa (11th century 1399), Spain, and Naples. It was briefly (May1814 February 1815) a sovereign principality under the exiled Napoleon I, who improved the islands roads and agriculture. After his dramatic escape from the island and his subsequent exile to Saint Helena, Elba passed to Tuscany. BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 Annexed to France on the 4th of June 1802, it became a department of France on the 26th of August. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap19:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 Napoleon landed there on the 4th of May 1814. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Pianosa is a small island between Elba and Monte Christo, containing Paleolithic caves, Roman remains and the fortress on the Teglia promontory built by Napoleon, above the fine harbour. BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleon left Elba on the 1st of March 1815 and arrived in Paris on the 20th. Elbe, Germany A river of Central Europe, it flows through Germany to the North Sea at Hamburg. BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 Fontanes found a refuge in Hamburg in 1798, where the continued to complete his composition La Grce sauve.

BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 There was heavy fighting around Dresden and along the Elbe in the Seven Years War. BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Joined by the River Havel which in turn is joined by the Spree. Elbe, Maurice Joseph Louis, General d 1752-1794. Successor to Cathelinau, he was wounded at Cholet and executed by Republican firing squad at Noirmoutier. BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Elchingen, Duc d, see Ney Eldon, Lord John Scott, 1st Earl of 1751-1838. A dominant figure in Georgian public life, he was among the most important of Lord Chancellors. Once in office he swiftly made his presence felt, drafting the Regency bill of 1788, and conducting the governments legal campaign against Republicanism. Retiring in 1827, Eldon spent his final years opposing political reform. Labelled as a relic of Old Toryism, his views on government, politics, and the constitution represent an important strand in Georgian political thinking. BkXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 He was Lord Chancellor 1807-1827. The Woolsack is the seat of the Lord Speaker, previously the Lord Chancellor, in the House of Lords. The seat is a large, wool-stuffed cushion covered with red cloth; it has neither a back nor arms. The Lords Mace is placed on the rear part of the Woolsack. Introduced in the 14th century, the seat was originally stuffed with English wool, which, due to the importance of the wool trade, was a symbol of the nation's prosperity. When debating, the Chancellor/Speaker speaks from the left side or a normal seat, not from the Woolsack. Chateaubriand may have been allowed to sit there when viewing the House prior to session. Eleanor of Aquitaine c1122-1204. The wife (1137-1152) of Louis VII of France, then after the annulment of their marriage, she was the wife (1154-1189) of Henry II of England. Henry imprisoned her (1174-1189) for complicity in their sons rebellion. After Henrys death she helped to secure their peaceful accession as Richard I(1189) and John (1199). BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 She accompanied Louis to the Holy Land. lonore

The female Muse who inspired Parny. BkIV:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Parnys poetry set on La Runion in the Indian Ocean. lonore, Mademoiselle Breuning Eleusis A city in Attica, famous for the worship of Ceres-Demeter, and the Mysteries performed there. Sacred to the vegetation-goddess Ceres, the Mother, and her daughter Persephone, the Maiden. BkII:Chap7:Sec5 The High Priest there. Elgin, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl 1766-1841. A British nobleman and diplomat, he is chiefly known for the removal of marble sculptures from the Parthenon in Athens, popularly known as the Elgin Marbles. He was ambassador to the Ottoman Empire between 1799 and 1803. The marbles were bought for the nation in 1816. There have been many, so far unsuccessful, attempts to have them returned to Greece. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Elijah fl. c.875BC. A Hebrew prophet in the reign of King Ahab. BkXX:Chap4:Sec1 See the first book of Kings. Elis, Greece A city and country in the western Peloponnese. BkXXII:Chap12:Sec1 The Olympic Games were held there, on sacred soil. lisabeth Philippe-Marie-Hlne de France, called Madame 1764-1794. The sister of Louis XVI, she was a deeply religious and extreme royalist who was guillotined in May1794 after a trial on trumped-up charges. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 She remained with the King after the fall of the Bastille. lisabeth, Queen Elizabeth I of England and Ireland 1533-1603. Queen 1558-1603. Her religious compromise established Protestantism in England. In 1588 the English fleet saw off the Spanish Armada. She presided over the development of a vigorous national identity displayed by the Elizabethan Renaissance. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Died at Richmond Palace. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 As a famous Englishwoman. Ellbogen (Loket), Czech Republic The town in Bohemia is on the River Eger (Ohre), near Carlsbad. It has a fine Gothic castle. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in May/June 1833. Elleviou, Pierre Jean 1769-1842 The most celebrated tenor of his generation, he took part in many productions at the Thtre Feydeau, which merged with the Thtre Favart in 1802, to become the new Opra-Comique. He played the role of Versac in Maison Vendre by Dalayrac in October 1800. He retired at 43 to Ternand near Lyons where he farmed a large estate. BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 His note to Chateaubriand in 1831. Elster, River The Weisse Elster (White Elster) is a 257 km long river in central Europe. Its source is in the westernmost part of the Czech Republic, near As. After a few kilometres, it flows into eastern Germany. In Germany, it flows through the states of Saxony, Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt and through the cities of Plauen, Greiz, Gera, Zeitz and Leipzig. It flows into the river Saale in Halle. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Poniatowski drowned in the river in 1813. Elzar de Sabran, Saint 1285-1323. Baron of Ansouis, Count of Ariano. On the death of his father, in 1309, he went to Italy and, after subduing by kindness his subjects who despised the French, he went to Rome at the head of an army and aided in expelling the Emperor Henry VII. Returning to Provence, he made a vow of chastity with his spouse, and in 1317 went back to Naples to become the tutor of Duke Charles and later his prime minister when he became regent. In 1323 he was sent as ambassador to France to obtain Marie of Valois in marriage for Charles, edifying a worldly court by his heroic virtues. BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 Mentioned. A close relative of Saint-Louis. mery, Abb 1732-1811. Superior of the Society of Saint-Sulpice. He taught with distinction in various seminaries and became vicar-general of the Archdiocese of Paris and superior of the Society. He was staunch in his opposition to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. It was he who at Bishop

Carrolls request sent the first Sulpicians to the United States. Under Napoleon he re-established the seminary of Saint Sulpice, but his defense of the Pope against the Emperor resulted in the expulsion of the Sulpicians from the seminary. BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Urged Chateaubriand to accept a diplomatic role in 1803. Emma 8th century. The daughter of Charlemagne and Gismonda, in legend she carried her young lover Eginhard over the snow to avoid leaving traces of their affair. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Emo, Angelo, Admiral 1731-1792. The last Grand-Admiral of the Venetian Republic, he was noted for his actions against the Barbary Pirates. Between October 1784 and October 1786 during the war against the Bey of Tunis he commanded the Venetian fleet that bombarded and razed to the ground Tunis and La Goletta, Susa, Sfax and Bizerta. BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 His monument by Canova (1795). Ems, Germany A town in the Rhineland-Palatinate, West Germany, on the Lahn River, it was chartered in 1324 as an important lead and silver mining centre, and has been one of Europes most famous spas since the late 17th century. It was the site of the Congress of Ems (1786), which acted to reduce Papal influence on the German Catholic Church. Bismarck drew up (1870) the Ems dispatch there. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 The Duchess of Cumberland was there in 1821. Encyclopedists The French intellectuals who contributed to Diderots monumental Encylopdie published in 28 volumes between 1751 and 1772. Five more volumes were published in 1776-1777. It combined scientific fact and radical philosophical thought, appealing to reason not faith, and therefore threatening Church and State. BkIV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Endymion

A handsome Greek youth who fell asleep on Mount Latmus, and was loved by Selene, the moon goddess. He then fell under an enchantment, and lay in a perpetual sleep created by Zeus or Selene herself. BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Enghien (Anghien), Francois de Bourbon, Comte d 1519-1546. Comte dEnghien 1536-1546. Son of the Duc de Vendme. Elder brother of Louis I, Prince de Cond. BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Won the battle of Cerisoles (Ceresole) in Piedmont in 1544, fighting against the Imperial Army. Enghien, Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Cond, Duc d 1772-1804 Born at Chantilly, he was executed on trumped-up charges, by firing-squad, at Vincennes. About this execution, Talleyrand made his most famous quip: It was worse than a crime; it was a mistake. BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 BkXLII:Chap17:Sec1 His death mentioned. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec2 BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 BkXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 Chateaubriand resigned after the Dukes death. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand gives the date of the execution incorrectly as the 20th March, here corrected to the 21st. After the Cadoudal conspiracy Bonaparte acted on reports that the Duke was involved, and violated the neutral territory of Baden to arrest him at Ettenheim (7 miles over the French border) and take him to Vincennes. He was tried by military court early on the 21st, sentenced to death and shot in the castle moat. BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Rovigos involvement in his death. BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1 A memorial service given for him in St Petersburg, BkXVI:Chap11:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 Talleyrands involvement in his death. Enna The town and plain in central Sicily was sacred to Ceres and was where her daughter Persephone was raped by Pluto. See Ovids Metamorphoses V:385

BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1Mentioned. Enrags Fanatics. Extremist aristocrats or later the extremist revolutionaries led by Jacques Roux and Jean Varlet, who became a powerful force in Paris in 1793. They were particularly antagonistic to those whom they suspected of hoarding or speculating. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 Chateaubriands brother belonged to a club of Royalist enrags. Enns, Austria In the Upper Austria province of north central Austria, on the Enns River near its confluence with the Danube, Enns is one of Austrias oldest towns: it was established as a fortress in the 10th century and was chartered in 1212. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Berthier head-quartered there in 1809. Entragues, see Verneuil, Madame de Entragues, Mademoiselle de Sister of Madame de Verneuil BkIV:Chap8:Sec4 Bassompierre in the last volume of his Memoirs tells how he made a conquest of the young sister of Henriette dEntragues, Madame Verneil. Epaminondas c418-362BC. The Theban general and military strategist, he defeated Sparta at Leuctra in 371. He was the first to use a combined cavalry and infantry force and his military innovations influenced the Macedonians. He died at Mantinea where the Spartans were again defeated. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 A classical name used by revolutionaries. BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 See Plutarch Agesilaus:L. Epaminondas led the Thebans to the inviolate walls of Sparta, whose King Agesilaus claimed his women had never seen enemy camp-fires. pernon, Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, d Duc de 1554-1642. Favourite of Henri III, Admiral of France, intriguer under Henri IV and Louis XIII. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Connected with Marseilles which he lost for the League in 1595. BkXXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand considered him a mediocrity.

pervier A French brig, it conveyed Napoleon on board the Bellerephon in 1815. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Epictetus The subject of an epitaph by Leonidas of Tarentum in the Palatine Anthology: VII:625 BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 His epitaph. Epicurus 341-270BC. The ancient Greek philosopher was the founder of Epicureanism. His original school was based around his home and garden. An inscription on the gate to the garden is recorded by Seneca in his Epistle XXI: Stranger, here you will do well to tarry; here our highest good is pleasure. It became, along with Stoicism and Skepticism, one of the three dominant schools of Hellenistic Philosophy. An atomist, Epicurus, who admitted women and slaves to his school, taught that calmness of mind and the absence of pain were the goals of a happy life. He advocated reticence and concealment, anonymity and simplicity, and acceptance of death as well as lack of fear of it. He was by no means a hedonist and his influence on later social thinkers, in advocating the just society, was considerable. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 His motto was lathe biosas: live unnoticed (See Plutarchus De latenter vivendo 1128c; Flavius Philostratus Vita Apollonii 8.28.12.) Epimenides The Cretan poet and philosopher of the 7th century BC, he fell asleep (according to Pliny in his Natural History) in a cave when a boy and did not wake for fifty-seven years, when he found himself endowed with miraculous wisdom. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. pinay, Louise-Florence-Petronille Tardieu dEsclavelle, Dame de La Live d 1726-1783. Daughter of the Governor of the Citadel of Valenciennes, she married her cousin Denis-Joseph La Live dpinay, a Farmer-General, who inherited the mansion of La Chevrette near Montmorency. She became the lover first of Dupin de Francueil, and then of Melchior Grimm. She was admired by Voltaire, and published a well-known educational dialogue,

Conversations dmilie, as well as her semi-autobiographical novel Histoire de Madame de Montbrillant. Diderot became one of her closest friends. Her husband was a spendthrift and they were forced to give up La Chevrette in 1762. She loaned the Hermitage cottage on the estate to Rousseau during 1756-1757. Sister of Madame dHoudetot. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 His association with Rousseaus set. ponine Wife of the Gallic chieftain Sabinus, she hid him in a cave before dying with him, at the time of Vespasian. She became a symbol of Gallic resistance and conjugal devotion. BkIV:Chap8:Sec3 Mentioned. rard, Jean-Baptiste 1750-1826. Cleste Spontini was the daughter of Jean-Baptiste rard, and niece of Sbastien rard (1752-1831), the celebrated Parisian piano and harp makers who developed the modern piano. They were Frenchmen born in Strasbourg, who designed and manufactured in Paris from 1777. Their instruments were owned by many famous musicians including Haydn (no. 28) Beethoven (no. 133), Chopin, and Liszt. BkXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Erasmus, Desiderius 1466-1536. The Christian humanist and writer was born in Rotterdam, and studied and taught all over Europe. He produced many original works and compilations including In Praise of Folly (1509) written to amuse his English host Thomas More. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 Erasmus spent the years 1526-1531 in Basel where Holbein also stayed, early in his career, and painted several portraits of the great humanist. Ercilla y Ziga, Alonso de 1533-94, A Spanish poet, in Chile (1556-63), he fought against the Araucanians, and while there began the epic poem La Araucana, considered the finest Spanish historical poem. This heroic work in 37 cantos is divided into three parts, published in 1569, 1578, and 1589. It tells of the courageous insurrection of the Araucanians and also relates the history of Chile and of contemporary Spain. Preface:Sect4 An example of a writer involved with the events of his times.

BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 In La Araucana Ercilla recounts Didos story in Cantos XXXII (47-91) and XXXIII (1-53). Erfurt Founded in 742 A.D., the town in Saxony came under the rule of the Roman Catholic archbishop of Mainz, and was transferred to Prussia in 1803. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Taken by Murat on 16th October 1806. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 In September 1808 Napoleon called a meeting of all his puppet monarchs at Erfurt. However, the meeting was merely an excuse for Napoleon to confront Alexander. Napoleon hoped that the array of Europes nobility would impress Alexander, which it failed to do. Talleyrand secretly told Alexander that Napoleons empire was over-extended, and that he should simply bide his time until the collapse. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Napoleon retreated there after Leipzig in 1813. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1821. Erie The Lake, and the city in the USA on the Lake, founded in 1753 as a Great Lakes port. BkVII:Chap9:Sec1 The Indian tribes from east of there. BkVIII:Chap1:Sec1 The Indians of the area. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Its solitudes and wilderness. Erskine, Thomas, 1st Baron 1750-1823. A lawyer and Whig politician who rose to prominence defending political radicals during the 1790s. Lord Chancellor in Grenvilles coalition Ministry of All the Talents. He stood for free speech and a free press. He secured the discharge of the defendants at the infamous Treason Trials (1794), one of the key radical victories of the 1790s. His best known client was Tom Paine whom he defended unsuccessfully against a charge of seditious libel after the publication of his Rights of Man (1791). Erskines last notable case was his defence of Queen Caroline at her divorce trial in 1820. BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 Chateaubriand heard him speak. Erythia The unknown red island sacred to Hera where Geryons cattle were pastured. Also this is the name of one of the three Hesperides, the nymphs who guarded the golden apples of Atlas.

BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Erzurum, Turkey The town in north-east Turkey is on the route from Ankara to Iran. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Escotais, Louis-Joseph des He was the Grand Prior of Aquitaine. BkI:Chap1:Sec5. He is mentioned as presiding over the granting of Chateaubriands application to enrol in the order of Malta. Espaing de Lyon, Messire A French knight who travelled with Jean Froissart from Foix to Orthez, and entertained him with tales along the way. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 See Froissarts Chronicles III.6 Espremesnil, or Epremenil, Jean-Jacques Duval de 1745-1794. A French magistrate and politician, he was born in India. He showed bitter enmity to Marie Antoinette in the matter of the diamond necklace, and in November 1787 he was the spokesman of the parlement in demanding the convocation of the states-general. However in the Constituent Assembly he opposed every step towards the destruction of the monarchy. In September 1793, he was arrested at Le Havre, taken to Paris, and denounced to the Convention as an agent of Pitt. He was brought to trial and guillotined. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 His name appears on the death warrant exhibited, and he was executed with Chateaubriands brother. Essai historique, politique et moral sur les Revolutions anciennes et modernes Work by Chateaubriand. Published in March 1797, it brought him closer to the monarchist group in London, and led to his first serious affair with the Vicomtesse du Belloy. The book was printed by Baylis and sold by Deboffe. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 Planned in Kensington Gardens. BkVII:Chap1:Sec1 Containing details of his plans for the North-West Passage, it was prepared for publication in late 1796. BkVII:Chap8:Sec1 A description of Niagara given there. BkX:Chap4:Sec1 See Essai Historique pp.7-8, 38,44. BkX:Chap5:Sec1 Peltier supports the idea.

BkX:Chap6:Sec1 BkX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXI:Chap1:Sec1 Printing was commenced in instalments, subject to reimbursement for lack of sales. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 The circumstances surrounding publication, and its effect. BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 It required a study of history. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec2 Unknown in Paris in 1800. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 His sketches for it mentioned. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 His Notes of 1826 on the work mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Estaing, Charles-Hector, Comte d 1729-1794. A French admiral, after serving in India he was given (1778) command of a French fleet sent to aid the colonists in the American Revolution. Planning to attack Newport, R.I., he was undone by a storm and had to put in at Boston for repairs. In 1779 he cooperated with Gen. Benjamin Lincoln in the unsuccessful attack on Savannah. In 1780 he returned to France. He commanded the National Guard at Versailles during the invasion (Oct. 56, 1789) of the palace by a Parisian mob, but took no action. Sympathetic to some of the aims of the French Revolution, yet personally close to the royal family, he testified (1793) in favour of Marie Antoinette during her trial. He was later guillotined as a royalist. BkII:Chap8:Sec2 BkV:Chap10:Sec1 BkVI:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Este, Alfonso II d, See Alphonse II dEste Este, Cardinal Hippolyte (Ippolito) d 1509-1572. Brother of Alfonso II, he was Cardinal of Ferrara, he spent much time at the court in Paris. He became Governor of Tivoli in 1550, and built the marvellous Villa dEste. BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Este, Lucrezia d 1535-1598. Sister of Alfonso II dEste she married Francisco Maria delle Rovere, Duke of Urbino. BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Esterhazy of Galanta, Prince Paul Anton III 1786-1866. He served Austria in a series of diplomatic posts, Dresden 18101813, Rome 1814, and London from 1815 to 1842. In 1848 he was briefly Foreign Minister. He published a journal of his stay in France in 1814. The

family encountered financial trouble during his lifetime, and the last years of his life were spent in comparative poverty and isolation. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Sent to Blois to escort Marie-Louise to Vienna in 1814. BkXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Austrian Ambassador in London in 1822. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in the French text, he was never Austrian Ambassador in Paris. The post was occupied from 1826 to 1849 by Count Apponyi, former Ambassador to Rome. Esterhazy, Maria-Francoise Marquise de Roisin, Princess 1778-1845. She married Count Nicholas Esterhazy-Galantha-Forchenstein (1775-1856) in 1799. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 At dinner with the Dauphine in Carlsbad in May 1833. Esterhazy, Mademoiselle She was the daughter of the Princess. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 At dinner with the Dauphine in Carlsbad in May 1833. Esther, see Ahasueras Estres, Gabrielle d, Duchesse de Beaufort et Verneuil 1571-1599. La Belle Gabrielle, Mistress of Henri IV. She became his lover at the age of twenty and gave him three children. She died following the premature birth of a son. BkII:Chap9:Sec1 According to tradition she lived at Alluye, belonging to her aunt, the Marquise de Sourdis. BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. tampes, Anne de Pisseleu dHeilly, Duchesse d 1508-1580. Mistress of Francis I, daughter of Guillaume de Pisseleu, a nobleman of Picardy. She came to court before 1522, and was one of the maids of honor of Louise of Savoy. Francis I made her his mistress, probably on his return from his captivity at Madrid (1526), and soon gave up Madame de Chateaubriant for her. Anne was sprightly, pretty, witty and cultured, and succeeded in keeping the favor of the king until the end of the reign in 1547. BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 Mentioned.

Ethelred II, The Unready 968-1016. King of England 978-1013 and 1014-1016. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. tienne, Charles-Guillaume 1777-1845. A playwright (Les Deux Gendres, 1818) he edited the Minerve newspaper, where his Paris Letters proved a great success, then the Constitutionnel. He was deputy for the Meuse in 1820, 1824, and 1827. In March 1830, he wrote the famous Address of the 221. A deputy again in July 1830, he was elevated to the peerage in 1839. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVIII:Chap14:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand complimenting him on his pamphlet Opinion sur le project de loi rlatif a la police de la presse, of 1827. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 He co-wrote the address for the opening of the Session of 1830 on the 2nd of March. Etna (Aetna) The volcanic mountain is in eastern Sicily. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned for its exoticism. Etruria The ancient country, in West central Italy, now forming Tuscany and part of Umbria. It was the territory of the Etruscans, who in the 6th cent. BC spread Etruscan civilisation throughout much of Italy. They were later forced back into Etruria and ultimately dispersed. Details of the famous Etruscan tombs with their artistic treasures were first published in the 1820s. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 The Queen of Etruria was the Spanish Infanta, Queen of Tuscany from 1801 to 1807. She was Maria Luisa (1782-1824), daughter of Charles IV, King of Spain, and consort of Lodovico I, King of Etruria. tudes historiques A work by Chateaubriand, it was published in April 1831. BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 Quoted. Eucharis A character in Fnelons prose-poem Tlmaque.

BkII:Chap3:Sec4 Chateaubriand refers to the prose-poem or poetic novel, printed in Paris in 1799, which is a continuation of the Odyssey, being the story of Telemachus son of Odysseus, and includes an episode where he falls in love with Eucharis, one of Calypsos nymphs. Eudes, Saint Jean 1601-1680. French missionary and founder of the Eudists, and of the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity, he was the Author of the liturgical worship of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary. Brother of the French historian, Franois Eudes de Mzeray. BkII:Chap4:Sec1 BkII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. A Eudist seminary near Dol. Eudes (Odo), Comte de Paris c860-898. King of the Franks (888 - 898). He was a son of Robert the Strong, Count of Anjou, and is sometimes referred to as Duke of France and also as Count of Paris. For his skill and bravery in resisting the attacks of the Normans at the Siege of Paris, Odo was chosen king by the western Franks when the emperor Charles the Fat was deposed in 887, and was crowned at Compigne in February 888. BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Eudore A character in Les Martyrs (1809) by Chateaubriand: the work was written to show the triumph of Christianity over paganism. In Armorica, the Christian Eudore meets with Vellda a Druidic priestess, who ultimately kills herself. Later he meets with Cymodoce a pagan. She wishes to convert and follow his destiny. After various vicissitudes she is martyred with him in the arena. Preface:Sect2. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 A character in Les Martyrs. Eugne Rose de Beauharnais, Prince 1781-1824, A French general; son of Alexandre and Josephine de Beauharnais (the Empress Josephine), he served ably in the campaigns of his stepfather, Napoleon I, distinguishing himself at Marengo and Ltzen where he rallied the outnumbered troops, and in the Russian campaign. The emperor made him viceroy of Italy in 1805 and officially adopted him the following year. Beauharnais married a Bavarian princess, and after Napoleons downfall lived in Munich.

BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 In 1806 Eugne married Princess Augusta Amalia Ludovika Georgia of Bavaria (1788-1851), daughter of Maximilian I of Bavaria, and his father-in-law made him Duke of Leuchtenberg and gave him the administration of the Principality of Eichsttt in 1817. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 At the entry to Moscow in 1812. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec3 BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 On the retreat from Moscow, in 1812. He commanded the vanguard. At Smorgoni, he urged Napoleon to return to France. BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Commanding in Italy in 18131814. Eumaeus A swineherd, he appears as a character in the Odyssey. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 See Homers Odyssey XIV. Euripides c480-406BC. The Greek dramatist was born according to tradition on the day of the sea battle at Salamis. In 408 he left Athens for the court of Archelaus in Macedonia where he remained. Nineteen of his plays survive, including Medea (431), Electra (415), and The Bacchae (405). His technical innovations included naturalistic dialogue, a reduced role of the chorus, the exploration of the role of women, and a critical attitude towards conventional religion. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Eurotas The river of Sparta, celebrated for its swans sacred to Apollo. BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 Mentioned. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 The oleanders on its banks. Chateaubriand visited in 1806. Euryalus Euryalus and Nisus were proverbial friends, characters who die together fighting in Virgils Aeneid (see Book IX). BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Eurydice The wife of Orpheus, she died after being bitten by a snake. Orpheus went to the Underworld to ask for her life, but lost her when he broke the injunction

not to look back at her. (See Rilkes poem, Orpheus, Eurydice, Hermes, and his Sonnets to Orpheus, and Glucks Opera Orphe). BkVII:Chap6:Sec1 The link with snake-bite is the point of the reference. Eustochium, see Paula Evander An Arcadian King, in Roman mythology/history, he welcomed Aeneas to the banks of the Tiber and showed him the future site of Rome. See Virgils Aeneid VIII:360-361. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Evanthe The name merely means flower in Greek. Perhaps Chateaubriand was thinking of Nepenthe, the Egyptian drug mentioned in Odyssey IV 228 that drove away care. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Eve The wife of Adam in Genesis, created from his side. BkIII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned as a symbol of both innocent and fallen woman. BkX:Chap11:Sec1 As portrayed by Milton. The first woman, she was divinely created. BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 As portrayed by Tasso. Everett, Edward 1794-1865. A writer for the North American Review he was a noted orator and later Member of Congress, Governor of Massachusetts in 1834, and Ambassador to London in 1840. BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 Extracts from his speech to the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard on 26th August 1824. (Original transcript, not Chateaubriands translation) Eyck, Jan van c1390-1441. A Flemish painter, he served as diplomatic envoy to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. The Adoration of the Lamb altarpiece in the Chathedral of St Bavon, Ghent, was probably started by his elder brother Hubert (d.1426). He perfected and possibly co-invented the technique of

Flemish oil painting, in which the pigment is mixed with turpentine and oil and applied in thin glazes. BkXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Eylau, Battle of The Battle of Eylau, fought on 7-February 8, 1807, was a bloody and inconclusive contest between the forces of Napoleon and a mostly Russian army under General Bennigsen. It was fought near the town of Preuisch Eylau in East Prussia. BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 Napoleon inspected the battlefield on the 9th. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 A costly battle for the French. Exarch The Exarch was the representative at Ravenna of the Byzantine Roman Emperor in Constantinople. The Eaxarchs ruled Ravenna from 584-751. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Exelmans, Isidore, General 1775-1852. Former Major of Grenadiers in the Imperial Guard, a General in 1812, was Inspector of Cavalry during the First Restoration. His part in the Hundred Days resulted in his exile to Germany after 1815. Four years later he returned to France but did not rejoin the army until 1830. He ended as a Marshal of France in 1851. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 His actions on the 29th of July, 1830. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in 1832. Ezekiel An Old Testament prophet, Ezekiel lived about 2600 years ago, when the Babylonian Empire had subdued the nation of Judah and had destroyed Jerusalem and the Temple. He was the son of Buzi, a Zadokite priest. Ezekiel was among the Jews in Judah who were taken as captives by the Babylonians to Babylon. He received his call as a prophet during the fifth year of the exile of King Jehoiachin. Ezekiel's ministry lasted about 22 years. BkXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 See Ezekiel I:5-28. BkXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 See Ezekiel XXXVII:4-5. BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 See Ezekiel XXVII:32. Fabert, Abraham

1599-1662. A soldier and administrator admired by Richelieu and Mazarin. He became a Marshal in 1650, but nevertheless refused the blue ribbon of the Order of the Holy Spirit that the young Louis XIV wished to confer on him in 1661. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Fabre dglantine, Philippe-Franois Nazaire 1755-1794. A French dramatist and revolutionist, his chief work, Le Philinte de Molire (1790), was a sequel to Molires Le Misanthrope. A member of the Convention, he was selected to devise the names for the months and days of the French Revolutionary calendar. He was guillotined during the Terror. BkIX:Chap4:Sec1 One of Dantons Furies. BkIX:Chap4:Sec2 His fate. Fabry, Jean-Baptiste-Germain 1780-1821. He was a writer of Napoleonic history amongst other works. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 His Biographies of Living Men, and Les Missionaires de 93 (1819). BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 His pamphlet Itinraire de Buonaparte, 1814. Fabvier, Charles-Nicolas, Baron 1782-1855. A Napoleonic colonel, he was wounded at Salamanca, Borodino and beneath the walls of Paris. He was Marmonts aide-de-camp in Russia, and accompanied him in 1817 to pacify Lyons. He fought for Greek independence between 1823 and 1826, and in the Morea in 1828, and in 1830 took part in the July Revolution, being nominated the Commander of Paris and a Peer of France. He was later ambassador to Constantinople and Denmark. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 In Russia in 1812. BkXXII:Chap12:Sec1 He signed the surrender of Paris in 1814. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 A member of the Greek committee in 1825. Faenza, Italy An old Italian town, situated 50 km southeast of Bologna. Faenza is noted for its manufacture of majolica ware, known from the name of the town as faience. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Chateaubriand was there in October 1828. Fain, Agathon Jean-Franois, Baron

1778-1837. Under the French Consulate he entered the office of the secretary of state, in the department of the archives. In 1806 he was appointed secretary and archivist to the cabinet particulier of the emperor, whom he attended on his campaigns and journeys. He was created a baron of the empire in 1809, and, on the fall of Napoleon, was first secretary of the cabinet and confidential secretary. Among a number of histories, noted for their accuracy and knowledge, he wrote Manuscrit de lan 1812 (1827). BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 His history of 1812. Falconieri, Princess She was a member of the nobility of Rome in 1828. BkXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Falernian, wine Roman Falernian was made from the Aminean grape in the Campania Felix (blessed country) region of Italy. The vineyards occupied the hillsides of Mt. Falernus south of the city of Naples. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 The wine mentioned. Falkland, Lucius Carey, Viscount 1610-1643. He was Secretary of State to Charles I, and died at the First Battle of Newbury, where the Royalists marginally won a tactical victory. BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 His realism about the outcome. He sacrificed his parliamentary convictions to the Royalist cause. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 Mentioned. Fall, John A pseudonym used by Armand de Chateaubriand. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. Fano, Italy A town and comune of the province of Pesaro and Urbino in the Marche region of Italy. It is a coastal resort 12 km southeast of Pesaro, located where the Via Flaminia reaches the Adriatic Sea. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand there in 1828. Farcy de Montvallon, Annibal-Pierre-Franois

Born 1749. Brother-in-law of Chateaubriand. Captain in the Cond Regiment. Married Julie-Marie-Agathe de Chateaubriand 22nd April 1782, separated 1792. BkII:Chap7:Sec5 His marriage to Julie. Farcy de Montvallon, Julie-Marie-Agathe de Chateabriand, Comtesse de 1763-1799 Born 2nd September 1763, she was the wife of Annibal. Sister of Chateaubriand, she married in 1782, and separated in 1792. She was imprisoned 1793-4, and died 25th July 1799. BkI:Chap1:Sec8 Mentioned as having a true poetic gift. BkI:Chap2:Sec1 Her birth. BkII:Chap7:Sec5 Her marriage on the 22nd April 1782 at Combourg. BkII:Chap8:Sec1 Her only daughter Zo married in 1814. BkIII:Chap14:Sec3 Chateaubriand refers to her having died. BkIV:Chap2:Sec2 BkIV:Chap3:Sec1 A description of her when Chateaubriand saw her in Paris in 1786. BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkIV:Chap9:Sec4 Chateaubriand stayed with her. BkIV:Chap10:Sec1 Her dislike of the provincial life. BkIV:Chap10:Sec3 Her return to Paris perhaps early in 1788. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 She was acquainted with Delisle de Sales. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 She wished to return to Paris in 1789 following a trip to Brittany. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Arrived in Paris with Chateaubriand on 30th June 1789. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 Travelled to Paris with Chateaubriand in mid-1792. BkX:Chap8:Sec1 BkX:Chap8:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap6:Sec1 Arrested at Fougres, with Celeste and Lucile, in mid-October 1793. Imprisoned in the town and then transferred to the Convent du Bon-Pasteur at Rennes. Released 5th November 1794. BkXI:Chap2:Sec4 Her life written by the Abb Carron. BkXI:Chap4:Sec1 Julie wrote to London in July and September 1798. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned, as having died during Chateaubriands exile in England. BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 Her death deeply affected Lucile. BkXIV:Chap3:Sec1 Admired by Flins and Laharpe. BkXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Luciles fears for her death. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 Her good works. Farcy, Jean-Georges

1800-1830. A poet and philosopher he was killed in the July Revolution. His friends published a collection of his verse and philosophic work in 1831. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 He was killed at the corner of the Rue de Rohan and the Rue de Montpensier. Faria, Joseph, Abb 1755-1819. A magnetist whose name Dumas borrowed for use in The Count of Monte Christo. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 His experiment with magnetism. Fates, The Also known in Greek mythology as the Moirai, and the Parcae, the three Fates were born of Erebus and Night. Clothed in white, they spin, measure out, and sever the thread of each human life. Clotho spins the thread. Lachesis measures it. Atropos wields the shears. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 Lachesis may play all three roles. Fauche-Borel, Louis 1762-1829. A printer at Neuchtel, he was a Bourbon agent during the Revolution, and until 1814. He lived in poverty after returning to his native town, and committed suicide. BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Faure He was a member of the Committee for the Medal-Winners of July. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in April 1832. Fauriel, Charles-Claude 1772-1844. Historian, linguist and critic, it was he who made the merits of Ossian and Shakespeare known to the French public and spread in France the knowledge of German literature, which had been previously looked upon as unimportant. He was one of the first to investigate Romance literature. He also gathered the remnants of the ancient Basque and Celtic languages. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Having been named assistant curator of manuscripts for the Royal Library he published a historical poem in Provencal verse (1837: with a translation and introduction), dealing with the crusade against the Albigenses. Favorinus

c80-150. A sophist and philosopher, he flourished during the reign of Hadrian. A Gaul by birth, a native of Arles, he travelled widely, became eminent, and knew both Plutarch and Aulus Gellius. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 The Twelve Tables were written by the Decemviri Consulari Imperio Legibus Scribundis,(the 10 Consuls) who were given unprecedented powers to draft the laws of the early Roman Republic. Favras, Thomas de Mahy, Marquis de 1744-1790. A French royalist, who after the outbreak of the French Revolution, plotted (1789) with the Comte de La Chtre to steal Louis XVI away to Metz and to proclaim the Comte de Provence (later Louis XVIII) regent. The plan allegedly also called for the assassination of Jean Bailly, mayor of Paris, and the Marquis de Lafayette, commander of the National Guard. Denounced by some of his agents, Favras was arrested, but he divulged none of the details of the plot. He was indicted despite lack of incriminating evidence. Arrested on the 25th December 1789, he was hanged on the 19th February 1790. BkV:Chap11:Sec1 Proceedings against him initiated in late 1789. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 His hanging mentioned. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 His sister mentioned. Fayal It is one of the Azores Islands. BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 Noted for its wine. Fayel, Dame de The subject of a thirteenth century Romance Le Roman du Chtelain de Coucilet et la Dame de Fayel which relates the story of Raoul de Couci who had been given by his lover, La Dame de Fayel, braids of her hair as a symbol of her devotion. When he left on the Third Crusade, he carried them with him in a jewelled box. In the heat of the fight he was struck by a poisoned arrow and so instructed a servant to cut out his heart, to put it in the box with the braids and to take it back to his lover with a letter, explaining that his heart belonged to her. The ladys husband caught the servant and, upon discovering the heart, had it made into a meal for his wife. When she realized that she has eaten her lovers heart, she refused any food and died soon afterward. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Mentioned. Fayolle, Andr de

Principal of the Jesuit College at Rennes in 1781. BkII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Feltre, Duc de, Henri-Jacques Guillaume Clarke, Comte de Hunebourg, Marshal of France 1765-1818. A politician of Irish descent, he entered the French army in 1782. He served in the early French Revolutionary Wars in the Army of the Rhine and by 1793 had been promoted to general de brigade. In 1795 Clarke was briefly arrested. After his release, Clarke lived in the Elzas until Lazare Carnot sent him to Italy to serve as Bonapartes Chief topographical officer. After 18 Brumaire, he served as Chief of the Topographical Bureau, State Councillor, and state secretary for the army and navy. In 1805, he was appointed governor of Vienna, during the war against Prussia in 1806 he served as governor of Erfurt and of Berlin. In 1807, Napolon appointed him Minister of War. His role in thwarting the British invasion of Walcheren in 1809 lead to the emperor creating him Duc de Feltre. He served as Minister of War until the end of Napolons reign. When the allies neared Paris, Clarke mounted an ineffectual defense of the capital. After Napolons abdication he was replaced as minister of war but Louis XVIII made him a Peer of France. When Napolon landed in Southern France in March 1815, Clarke was again made Minister of War and served until the Bourbon government fled. Clarke followed the King to Ghent. After Napolon's second abdication, Clarke was made Minister of War once more and served in that capacity until 1817 when Gouvion Saint-Cyr took over. He was then given command of the 15th Military Division. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Took over from Soult in March 1815. Fnelon, Franois de Salignac de la Mothe 1651-1715 Archbishop of Cambrai (from 1695): as director from 1678 of an institution for Roman Catholic converts he wrote Trait de lducation des filles (1687) criticizing the coercive conversion of Huguenots. As tutor to the Duke of Burgundy, grandson of Louis, he wrote his famous Aventures de Tlmaque (1699) for his instruction, which alienated the king while his Explication des maxims des saints (1697) containing a defence of Quietism was condemned by the Pope. BkI:Chap1:Sec11 Read by Chateaubriands mother. BkIV:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand read Tlmaque by his tomb in 1786. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 Mentioned. He retired to Cambrai. BkXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Lucile quotes him.

BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 A letter perhaps addressed to Bossuet of 1686. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Baussets Histoire de Fnelon of 1808. BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 Quoted. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Dubois took his chair at the Academy. Fraud, Jean d. 1795. He was a Deputy to the Convention. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 His assassination. Ferdinand VII de Bourbon, King of Spain 1784-1833 King of Spain 1808 and 1813-1833. Excluded from a role in the government, he became the centre of intrigues against the chief minister Godoy and attempted to win the support of Napoleon I. In 1807 he was arrested by his father, Charles IV, accused of plotting his overthrow and the murder of his mother and Godoy. The prestige of the family was shaken, and this facilitated Napoleons invasion of Spain. A palace revolution at Aranjuez (March, 1808) caused the dismissal of Godoy and the abdication of Charles in favour of Ferdinand, who was enthusiastically acclaimed by the people. Ferdinand was soon persuaded to cross the French border and meet Napoleon at Bayonne. There he was forced to renounce his throne in favour of Charles IV, who in turn resigned his rights to Napoleon. The emperor gave the Spanish throne to Joseph Bonaparte. During the Peninsular War (180814) Ferdinand was imprisoned in France. When Ferdinand was restored (1814) to his throne, he promptly abolished the liberal constitution. After several unsuccessful uprisings, the Spanish liberals (who had organized in secret societies, e.g., the Carbonari) staged a successful revolution in 1820 and forced the king to reinstate the constitution of 1812. The Holy Alliance became alarmed, and the Congress of Troppau was summoned to deal with the Spanish situation. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 In 1822 he was captured by armed revolutionaries opposed to absolutism. The international powers at the Congress of Verona (October 1822), authorized France to intervene in the conflict and restore Ferdinand to his throne, despite Britains objection. In April 1823, French forces led by Louis Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Angoulme (1775-1844), crossed the Pyrenees into Spain. When Cadiz fell to the French in September 1823, Ferdinand was handed over to them and restored to the throne. Renouncing his prior promise of amnesty for the revolutionaries, the king ordered ruthless measures of reprisal against them while French troops stood by helplessly. Chateaubriand had been made Foreign Minister on the 28th December 1822.

BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Reinstated in 1814 after his imprisonment at Valenay. BkXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Ferdinand conferred the Order of the Golden Fleece on Chateaubriand on the 4th December 1823, and the insignia were given to him by Monsieur at the Tuileries on the 8th of April 1824. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 His dethronement by Bonaparte. BkXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 A military uprising had broken out in Cadiz on 1st January 1820. The King was obliged to re-establish in March 1820 the constitution voted for by the Corts in 1812. BkXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Despised by the English government. BkXXXI:Chap2:Sec1 He married Marie-Christine de Bourbon-Sicile (18061878) on the 22nd of December 1829. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 The Dauphin helped return him to his throne. Ferdinand IV of Naples (Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies). 1751-1825. King of Naples 1759-1806. King of the Two Sicilies 1816-1825. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1825. Ferdinand II, King of the Two Sicilies 1810-1859. The son of Ferdinand I and brother of the Duchess de Berry. King of the Two Sicilies 1830-1859. BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Ferdinand VII of Hapsburg, Grand-Duke of Tuscany 1769-1824. He was ousted from the Duchy of Tuscany by the French in 1796, receiving in exchange the Ecclesiastical Principality of Wrzburg, secularised by the Treaty of Pressburg. He reigned from 1805 to 1814, when he recovered Tuscany, while Wrzburg reverted to Bavaria. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1824 Ferdinand, Prince, see Louis-Ferdinand Ferney Voltaire bought the estate of Ferney on the border of Gex in 1759. He reigned there until 1778, when he returned to Paris to die. BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Ferrand, Antoine-Franois-Claude, Comte

1751-1825. A French statesman and political writer he became a member of the parlement of Paris at eighteen. He left France with the first party of emigrants, and attached himself to the Prince of Cond; late he was a member of the council of regency formed by the Comte de Provence after the death of Louis XVI. He lived at Regensburg until 1801, when he returned to France. In 1814 Ferrand was made minister of state and postmaster-general. He countersigned the act of sequestration of Napoleons property, and introduced a bill for the restoration of the property of the emigrants establishing a distinction, since become famous, between royalists of la ligne droite and those of la ligne courbe. At the second restoration Ferrand was again for a short time postmaster general. He was also made a peer of France, and a member of the privy council. He continued his active support for ultra-royalist views until his death. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Lavalette is claimed to have used Ferrands illness in 1815 to use the post for correspondence regarding the escape from Elba. Ferrara, Italy A town in north-east Italy, in Emilia-Romagna, it was the ancient seat of the Este family. The university dates from 1391. Savanarola the religious reformer was born there. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 The Duchesse de Berry meets Chateaubriand there in 1833. Rovigo is between the Adige and the River Po, 40 kilometres southwest of Padua. The Lagoscuro Bridge over the Po is about four miles from Ferrara. Chateaubriand crossed by ferry. Ferron de la Sigonire, Francois-Prudent Malo 1768-1815 A classmate of Chateaubriand at Dinan, he was a comrade-inarms in the Army of Princes. BkIX:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets him again in 1792. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 With Chateaubriand after their retreat from Verdun. Feryd-Eddin, Farid ud-Din Attar c1142-c1220. One of the greatest Sufi mystic poets of Islam, his masterpiece is the Mantiq ut-Tair (The Conference of the Birds), a long allegory of the soul's search for divine truth. His numerous other works include Tadkhirat al-Awliya, (Biographies of the Saints) which contains biographies of many Sufi mystics. BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from the Conference of the Birds, translated by Silvestre de Sacy in 1819.

Fesch, Cardinal Joseph 1763-1839. Born in Corsica, he was half-brother to Letizia Ramolino, Napoleons mother, hence uncle of Napoleon. He helped to negotiate the 1801-2 Concordat. Archbishop of Lyons, created Cardinal in 1803, and appointed Ambassador to Rome in April 1803. He persuaded Pius VII to crown Napoleon in Paris. His later expressions of Loyalty to the Pope caused Napoleons displeasure. He lived in Rome under the Restoration and July Monarchy, and died there. BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand served under him as First Secretary to the Rome Embassy. BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 He took the Lancelotti Palace in Rome, which was on the Via dei Coronari, between the Place Navone and the SantAngelo Bridge. BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 His respect for Madame de Beaumont. BkXV:Chap5:Sec1 Absent for Madame de Beaumonts funeral. BkXV:Chap7:Sec2 He refused to accept Chateaubriands resignation. He sent dispatches criticising Chateaubriand in August 1803 and February 1804. BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap8:Sec1 His documents regarding Napoleon. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned in Bensons Sketches of Corsica. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Mentioned as having money for Napoleon. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Gave the nuptial blessing to Napoleon and MarieLouise in the Louvre on 2nd April 1810. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 Advised Napoleon of the dangers of his course of action. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Passed through Blois on his way to Rome in 1814. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 Sent two priests to Napoleon on St Helena. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 A possible candidate for French veto in the Papal Conclave of 1829. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 Chateaubriand invites him to dinner in 1829. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Feuillants, Club des The Feuillants were constitutional monarchists who resigned from the Jacobin Club in July 1791 in protest at the plan to depose the King. In the autumn of 1792 the newly elected National Convention gathered. All members of the Feuillant Club had been deprived of the franchise, and the Convention was predominantly Jacobin. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 The Club des Impartiaux founded by monarchists in December 1789, which in April 1790 became the Club monarchique was a separate club not to be confused with the Feuillants. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 The monastery of Les Feuillants (a Reform movement of Cistercians) which the Club later used was situated near the Tuileries. Henri IV laid the foundation stone in 1601, and the altar was consecrated in 1608. Feuqires, Isaac Manasses de Pas, Marquis de 1590-1640. French soldier from a distinguished military family. In 1629 he was made Marechal de Camp, and served in the fighting on the southern frontiers of France. After occupying various military positions in Lorraine, he was sent as an ambassador to Germany, where he rendered important services in negotiations with Wallenstein. In 1636 he commanded the French corps operating with the Duke of Weimars forces (afterwards Turennes Army of Weimar). With these troops he served in the campaigns of 1637 (in which he became lieutenant-general), 1638 and 1639. At the siege of Thionville (Diedenhofen) in 1639 he received a mortal wound. BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Feutrier, Jean-Francois 1785-1830. Vicar-General of Paris under the Restoration, he was named Bishop of Beauvais in January 1825, then elevated to the Peerage. He became Minister of Religious Affairs on the 4th March 1828. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Appointed as Minister. Fezensac, Louise de La Live de Jully, Madame de 1764-1832. She married Philippe de Montesquiou-Fezensac (1753-1833) in 1783. She was the sister of Madame de Vintimille, and niece of Madame de La Briche. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Celebrated by Laharpe. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Visiting her aunt Madame de La Briche in 1802. Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 1762-1814. The German philosopher is called by some the father of German nationalism and also of German anti-semitism. He was also anti-Polish. He was one of the leading progenitors of German idealism, forming a bridge between Kant and Hegel. In 1806, in a Berlin occupied by Napoleon, Fichte gave a series of Addresses to the German Nation which inspired German nationalism, (published 1807-1808). He died of typhus.

BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 His lecture on Duty, given in 1813. Fielding, Henry 1707-1754. British writer whose works include the novels Joseph Andrews (1742) and Tom Jones (1749). He also wrote comedies for the stage and edited a number of periodicals. BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Fieschi, Giuseppe Marco 1790-1836. Chief conspirator in the attempt on the life of Louis Philippe in July 1835 he was a native of Murato in Corsica. He served under Murat, then returned to Corsica, where he was condemned to ten years imprisonment and perpetual surveillance by the police for theft and forgery. After a period of vagabondage he eluded the police and obtained a small post in Paris. With two members of the Socit des Droits de l'Homme, Morey and Ppin, he contrived an infernal machine, constructed with twenty gun barrels, to be fired simultaneously. On July 28, 1835, as Louis Philippe was passing along the boulevard to the Bastille, accompanied by his three sons and numerous staff, the machine exploded. A ball grazed the kings forehead, and his horse, with those of the duke of Nemours and of the prince de Joinville, was shot; Marshal Mortier was killed, with seventeen other persons, and many were wounded; but the king and the princes escaped. Fieschi, was severely wounded, but saved, then subsequently condemned to death, and guillotined. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Filangieri, Gaetano 1752-1788. He was an Italian publicist, born at Naples. The first two books of his great work, La Scienza della legislazione, appeared in 1780. The first book contained an exposition of the rules on which legislation in general ought to proceed, while the second was devoted to economic questions. These two books showed him an ardent reformer, and vehement in denouncing the abuses of his time. He insisted on unlimited free trade, and the abolition of the mediaeval institutions which impeded production and national well-being. Its success was great and immediate not only in Italy, but throughout Europe at large. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 The young Napoleon studied his works. Fioravanti, Valentino

1779-1837. An Italian composer in the style of Cimarosa, he was master of the Pontifical Chapel from 1816, and turned to writing religious music. A Dies Irae for eight voices and orchestra survives. BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 Alluded to. Fitz-James, douard de, 5th Duke of 1776-1838. Peer of France under the Restoration, he was of the line of the Dukes of Berwick, descended from James II and Arabella Churchill. He was Duke of Fitz-James from 1805. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap6:Sec1 Arrested with Chateaubriand in June 1832. Flahault de la Billarderie, Auguste Charles Joseph, Comte de 1785-1870. A French general and statesman, he was the illegitimate son of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand and Adle de Flahaut. He fought under Napoleon I and served as ambassador to Berlin, London, and Vienna under Louis Philippe. He supported the coup (1851) of Louis Napoleon (later Napoleon III) and served again (1860-62) as ambassador to London. The lover of Hortense de Beauharnais, Flahaut was the father of Napoleon IIIs half brother, the Duc de Morny. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 Aide-de-camp after the Hundred Days. Flamen dialis In ancient Rome, the Flamen was a priest of a particular god, the Flamen Dialis the High Priest of Jupiter. The priest wore a cap with a point or peak, an apex. BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Flammarens, Chevalier de Alive in 1677. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Flaugergues, Pierre-Franois d. 1836. Girondist and anti-Napoleon lawyer. BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 A Member of the Legislative commission in 1813. Flavigny, Maurice, Comte de 1799-1873. The elder brother of the future Comtesse dAgoult, he was a diplomatic secretary in Copenhagen, Madrid, Lisbon and London where he

worked with Polignac. He became a Peer in 1841 and represented the monarchist right during the Second Republic, then the Legislature from 1852 to 1863. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 A secretary at the Berlin Embassy in 1821. Fleselles, Jacques de 1721-89 Provost of the Merchants of Paris. BkV:Chap8:Sec2 Murdered after the taking of the Bastille. Fleurus A town in Hainaut province, in southern Belgium, its fields have been much fought over. At Fleurus, Mansfield and Christian of Brunswick defeated (1622) the Spanish in the Thirty Years War, the French under Marshal Luxembourg defeated (1690) the Dutch and their allies in the War of the Grand Alliance, and the French under Jourdan defeated the Austrians in a decisive battle (1794) of the French Revolutionary Wars. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 Napoleon fought the Prussians there on the 15th and 16th June 1815. BkXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Jourdans victory there in 1794. Fleury, Andr-Hercule, Cardinal de 1653-1743 Chief Minister (1726-1743) of Louis XV, he carried out important reforms, reorganizing finances, building roads, and encouraging commerce. A successful diplomat he worked to maintain peace in Europe, but involved France in the War of the Polish Succession (1733-1738). BkI:Chap1:Sec9 His aid sent to Stanislaw I Lesczyzski, one of the claimants to the Polish throne, at the siege of Danzig. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Fleury, (Abraham-Joseph Bnard) 1750-1822. Actor. Debuted in 1788, and retired in 1818. The greatest comedy actor of his day. Arrested and released in 1793. His ghosted Memoirs by Lafitte were later printed. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Acted at the Thtre-Franais. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Flins des Oliviers, Claude-Marie-Louis-Emman Carbon de 1757-1806. Poet. Dramatist. Collaborated on the Modrateur with Fontanes in 1790. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in Paris.

BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 His comedy Le Rveil dpimnide our les trennes de la Libert, which achieved brief success after opening at the Thtre-Franais on the 1st January 1790. BkXIV:Chap3:Sec1 His passion for Julie. Flora The goddess of Spring and of flowering and blossoming plants. Her cult was in existence in Rome at an early date. A temple was dedicated to her in 238BC on the advice of the Sibylline Books. She was later identified with the Greek goddess Chloris. May blossom was associated with her worship. BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Flora, the Courtesan The courtesan Flora and her descriptions of her time with Pompey are mentioned in Plutarch, Pompey III. BkXXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Florence The Italian city, capital of Tuscany on the River Arno was an early Roman colony and developed as a trading city by the 12th century. Torn by civil strife (between Guelfs and Ghibellines, see Dantes Divine Comedy) in the 13th and 14th centuries, it flourished again as a commercial centre under three centuries of Medici rule (from 1434). It was a centre of Renaissance art and learning. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Florence, Alabama. BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand went to meet Pauline de Beaumont there on the 29th September 1803. BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 Pius VII passed through on his way to France in 1809. BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 The Martinella (little hammer) bell was placed on the archway of the Santa Maria gate in April/May 1260 when the Florentines moved against Sienna, giving a months warning of their preparations (see Villanis history). The Carocchio or war-chariot was kept with its bell in the Church of Santa Maria sopra Porta by the gate. BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 The Accademia della Crusca was founded in Florence in 1582 to maintain the purity of the language. Still in existence today, it was the first such institution in Europe and the first to produce a modern national language. The major work of the society was the compilation of A. F. Grazzinis Vocabulario, a dictionary of pure words published in 1612 and later taken as a model by other European states.

Floridas, The In the late eighteenth century, the whole region of the USA, sometimes also called Louisiana, by the French, south of the Ohio River. The term Florida is reserved for the maritime region, the term Les Florides or The Floridas for the interior. The modern states of Louisiana and Florida are part only of the original Louisiana and Floridas region. BkVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVIII:Chap4:Sec2 Greek migrs to Florida in 1770. BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 The ancient mounds there. Foix, Franoise de 1495-1537. Sister of the Vicomte de Lautrec, she was Comtesse de Chateaubriand, and mistress of Francis I. She was supposedly murdered by the Comte de Chateaubriand. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Foix, Gaston de 1489-1512. Duc de Nemours, he was a French general in the Italian Wars; and nephew of Louis XII. As commander of the French army in Italy in 1512, he proved his outstanding ability, making his small army highly effective by the use of surprise and forced marches. He relieved Bologna, defeated the Venetians at Isola della Scala, and Brescia, and successfully laid siege to Ravenna, where he was killed. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Killed at the Battle of Ravenna in 1512. Folard, Jean-Charles, Chevalier de 1669-1752. A French soldier and military theorist who championed the use of infantry columns instead of battle lines in warfare. Although he had a small but influential following during his lifetime, his concepts were not generally accepted by Europe's military establishment. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the increasing firepower and accuracy of cannons and rifles finally made his ideas increasingly impractical. Amongst the most discriminating of his critics was Frederick the Great, who is said to have invited Folard to Berlin. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Folentlot, Jules A traveller in the Middle East. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 A letter from him.

Foligno, Italy An ancient town of Italy in the province of Perugia in east central Umbria, on the Topino river where it leaves the Apennines and enters the wide plain of the Clitunno river system. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 The Raphael Virgin of 1512 was taken to Paris in 1797 but returned in 1815: it was subsequently sent to the Vatican. Folks, Mr An English student he was killed in the 1830 disturbances. See the version given by Alfred Nettement in his Histoire de la Restauration. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Fominskoe, Russia A village near Moscow, it was passed by Napoleons retreating army on October 20th1812. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Fontaine, Pierre Franois Lonard 1762-1853. A neoclassical French architect, interior decorator and designer, who worked in such close partnership with Charles Percier, originally his friend from student days, from 1794 onwards, that it is fruitless to disentangle artistic responsibilities in their work. Together, Percier and Fontaine were inventors and major proponents of the neoclassicism recognized as Empire style. BkXXII:Chap 25:Sec1 Co-designed the Expiatory Chapel (1816-26), Place Louis XVI, on the site of the cemetery where 3000 victims of the Revolution were buried. Fontainebleau A town in North-central France in the Seine-et-Marne Department, it contains the Royal Palace, largely built by Francis I, which was the scene of Napoleons abdication in 1814. BkIV:Chap8:Sec3 BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mary Stuart lived there after her marriage to Francis II. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 The Treaty of Fontainebleau of October 27, 1807 signed between Spain and France, defined the occupation of Portugal. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Pius VII held there from 20th June 1812 until 1814. BkXXII:Chap19:Sec1 Napoleon left on the 20th of April 1814.

BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there 5th to 8th November 1834. Fontanes, Louis, Marquis de 1757-1821 French poet and politician, and friend of Chateaubriand, he was a moderate during the Revolution. He was exiled to London. He held various posts during the Empire, ultimately from 1808, becoming Grand Master of the Imperial University under Napoleon, a senator and a Count (1810). He represented conservative Catholic opinion. He acquiesced in the Bourbon Restoration and was made a Marquis in 1817. His poetry was polished and musical in the 18th century style. He translated Pope. BkIII:Chap5:Sec1 He claimed, according to Chateaubriand, that Chateaubriand was a natural poet as well as prose-writer. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him through Flins. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 Chateaubriands friendship with him. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 Joint editor of the Modrateur from January to April 1790, he had collaborated on the paper since 1789. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to his loge funbre de Washington (delivered in February 1800). BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 His association with the Socit monarchique. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand, in Berlin, learnt of his death. His relationship with him was established in London which Fontanes reached in January 1798. He remained in London until July 1798. He had co-founded the Mmorial (May-September 1797) in Paris, and reached London via Hamburg. BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 BkXI:Chap4:Sec1 He obtained support for Chateaubriands work from Monsieur du Theil. Fontanes had been in London in 1785-86. BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 He had introduced the Chevalier de Panat to Chateaubriand. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 Encouraged Chateaubriand to return to France in 1800. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Came to meet Chateaubriand at Ternes in May 1800. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec2 His house in the Rue Saint-Honor. He finds temporary shelter for Chateaubriand. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Writing for Le Mercure de France from June 1800, sponsored by Lucien Bonaparte. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 A friend of Madame Bacciocchi and Madame de Beaumont. A description of the man. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 At the theatre with Chateaubriand in Paris in 1802. BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 Initiated changes in literature.

BkXIV:Chap3:Sec1 He gave a speech at Laharpes funeral, published in Le Mercure on the 19th of February 1803. BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Reported on Napoleons satisfaction with his meeting with Chateaubriand. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 Chnedoll complains of his neglect of him, following the breaking off of his relationship with Lucile. His letter to Chateaubriand where he suggests Chateaubriand should have accepted his legacy from Madame de Beaumont. BkXV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from and refers to his letter to Fontanes of 10th January 1804, published in Le Mercure on the 3rd March. BkXV:Chap7:Sec2 Communication to Chateaubriand via him from Madame Bacciochi. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Fontanes used his friendship with Madame Bacciochi on Chateaubriands behalf at the time of his resignation in 1804. BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in 1805. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned in the winter of 1806-1807. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand read chapters from Les Martyrs to him. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 His support for and defence of Les Martyrs. His Stanzas addressed to Monsieur de Chateaubriand regarding Les Martyrs appeared in the Journal du Paris of 25th January 1810, in the Gazette de France, and finally in Le Mercure on 3rd February. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Praised in Chateaubriands Academy speech. BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Napoleons comment to him regarding Chateaubriand and the Decennial Prize. BkXXII:Chap10:Sec1 At Madame de Chateaubriands in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Buried in Pre-Lachaise cemetery, Paris, near his son Saint-Marcellin. BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 Nominated Chamisso for a professorship. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 Chateaubriand remembers him. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 A letter to him from Rome quoted. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 The quotation is from his ode Sur mon anniversaire Fontanes, Chantal Cathelin, Madame de d.1829 Married Louis in 1792. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 Gave birth to a son at Lyon. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand introduced to her in May 1800.

Fontanes, Christine de 1801-1873 Daughter of Louis. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 She published his works posthumously in 1839. Fontanges, Marie-Angelica de Scorrailles de Roussille, Duchesse de 1661-1681. One of the many paramours of Louis XIV of France, she was a lady in waiting to Maria Theresa of Spain who became his lover in 1679. She gave birth to a stillborn child and afterwards left the court for a convent, although many believed that Franoise-Athnas, Marquise de Montespan had her poisoned. Mlle de Fontanges died in June 1681 in Port-Royal. The fontange, a headdress worn by women in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, was named after her. It is said that she tied her hair up with a ribbon after losing her cap while horseback riding, and the king liked the look. BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Fontenay, Vicomte de 1784-1855. Diplomatic secretary at Florence and Naples (where he was Lamartines master of diplomacy in 1820) he was First Secretary at St Petersburg from June 1823. He represented France at Wurtemberg from 1827-1850. BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 In St Petersburg in 1824. Fontenoy, Battle of 11th May 1745. The battle in the War of the Austrian Succession, in which France defeated Austria and her Dutch and English allies, was fought near Tournai south-east of Brussels, and led to the conquest of Flanders. De Saxe was the French commander. BkI:Chap4:Sec1 The Comte de Bede took part in the battle. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Forbach A town in Baden-Wrttemberg, Germany, it lies in the district of Rastatt. It is located in the Murg river valley in the northern part of the Schwarzwald Mountains. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1833. Forbin, Louis-Auguste, Comte de 1779-1841. A French Painter, he was a pupil of David in Paris. He lived in Rome from 1802-1805, accompanied by his friend Granet, also a painter. An

intimate friend of Pauline Bonaparte, he became a soldier, rising to the rank of Colonel, but retired to Italy again after Wagram. He was an admirer from 1813-1815 of Madame Rcamier whom he met in Rome. He became Director of the Louvre under the Restoration, and travelled to the Orient 1817-1818. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand meets him again in Geneva in 1805. Forbin-Janson, Palamede de 1783-1849. Former Chamberlain of Napoleon, proscribed 1815-1820, he went into sugar production in the Vaucluse. He was Mortemarts brother-inlaw. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Active in Paris on the 30th July 1830. Foresta, Marie-Joseph, Marquis de La Roquette 1783-1858. A Gentleman of the Chamber to Charles X, he was Prefect of the Loire in 1828, resigning in 1830 to attach himself for life to the Comte de Chambord (Henri V). BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 In Prague in 1833. Forl, Italy Forl is a comune and city in Emilia-Romagna, famed as the birthplace of the great painter Melozzo da Forl. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Chateaubriand was there in October 1828. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Cesare Borgia besieged Forl in 1500. Fornovo di Taro, Italy The Battle of Fornovo (30km south-east of Parma) took place on 6th July 1495 during the Italian Wars. The result was militarily inconclusive, though Charles VIII of France lost all his Italian spoils and was forced to abandon his claims in Italy, so that strategically it was a victory for the Holy League, especially Venice. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Fors, for Fars-Fausselandry, Vicomtesse de Pseudonym of the Baron Etienne Leon de Lamothe-Langon (1786-1864) who specialised in penning forged female auto-biographies under the Restoration. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 His Memoirs on the French Revolution. Fort Royal, Saint-Malo

Following plans designed by Vauban, engineer Simon de Garangeau (16471741) extended the town, revamped its fortifications and built sea forts on the small islands off the city, Petit B, Grand B and Fort Royal, later renamed Fort National, La Conche, and Czembre. BkI:Chap3:Sec4 BkI:Chap4:Sec6 Mentioned. Foscari, Francesco 1373-1457. Doge of Venice 1423-1457. In 1445, Foscaris son Jacopo was tried by the Council of Ten on charges of bribery and corruption and exiled from the city. Two further trials, in 145 and 1456, led to Jacopos imprisonment on Crete and his eventual death there. Foscaris life was the subject of a play The Two Foscari by Byron, which itself served as the basis of an opera I Due Foscari by Verdi. Francescos tomb is in the Frari. BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Mentioned. Foscolo, Ugo 1778-1827. An Italian poet and novelist, his works articulated the feelings of many Italians during the turbulent epoch of the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, and the restoration of Austrian rule. After Austria regained Italy in 1814, Foscolo fled first to Switzerland and then to Britain. His popular novel The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis (1802) bitterly denounced Napoleons cession of Venetia to Austria. Among his poems are the patriotic Dei sepolcri (1807) and the acclaimed but unfinished Le grazie (1822). BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 A quotation from Dei sepolchri, line 195. Fossano, Italy Fossano is a town in the province of Cuneo, in Piedmont, Northern Italy, a suffragan of Turin, situated in a fertile plain on the banks of the Stura river. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Taken by the French in 1796. Fouch, Joseph 1759-1820. A priest and teacher, he became politically active in the Revolution as a deputy to the National Convention in 1792. He participated in the overthrow of Robespierre in 1794. Named Duc dOtrante, he was Minister of Police under Napoleon. He was forced into exile in 1816. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 Professor at Juilly, and named as Principal of the College at Nantes in 1789. BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Mentioned as Minister of Police. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Involved in the abduction of the Duc dEnghien.

BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Armands letter to him, and his interview with Chateaubriand. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 His conspiracy regarding Napoleons return from Elba. BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 Supported by Gaillard. He was regarded as loyal to Monsieur in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 His intrigues regarding the Congress of Vienna. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 Napoleons regret he had not had him shot. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 He presided over the executive committee. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 His support for Monsieur in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Advocated as a Minister in 1815. Chateaubriand cites an article in the Moniteur of 27th Thermidor Year III (14th August 1795). BkXXIII:Ch20:Sec3 Chateaubriand sees him with Talleyrand at SaintDenis. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap6:Sec1 A member of the government of the Second Restoration in 1815. Foucher de Careil, Louis Franois, Baron 1762-1835. A Napoleonic general, he was the commander of the VI Artillery Corps at Borodino. BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 At Borodino. Fougres A fortress town in Brittany, on a hill above the Nanon river. It is known for the immense 11th-15th century Chteau which was built below the level of the main part of the town on a spit of land between two huge rocky outcrops. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Once part of the Forest of Broceliande. BkII:Chap3:Sec3 Chateaubriands eldest sisters accompanied their husbands there after their weddings. BkII:Chap7:Sec5 BkII:Chap10:Sec1 His third sister settled there also. BkIII:Chap14:Sec3 His visit before leaving France for the Holy Land. BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 The Chteau Marigny nearby. BkIV:Chap10:Sec1 Its small town society in winter. BkIV:Chap10:Sec3 Chateaubriand spends six months leave there. BkV:Chap15:Sec3 Chateaubriand passed through on his way to America in 1791. BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 Chnedoll visited Lucile there in 1802-3. BkXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

Foulon, for Foullon, Franois-Joseph 1717-1789 General Intendant of Finances, for the army and navy, assistant to the Minister of War. He was charged with provisioning. After the Parisian popular revolution and the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, he was condemned to die by an assembly at the Town hall and killed on July 22, a little before his son-in-law the Intendant Bertier de Savigny. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Appointed to the War ministry under De Broglie July 12th 1789. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 Killed by a crowd on the 22nd July 1789 along with his son-in-law Bertier. His head was carried on a pike through the streets. Fouquet, Nicholas Fouquier-Tinville 1746-1795. The French revolutionary lawyer, was public prosecutor (March 1793July 1794) of the Revolutionary Tribunal; he personified the ruthlessness of the Reign of Terror. Among his numerous victims were Marie Antoinette and Danton. After the fall of Robespierre, FouquierTinville was tried and guillotined. BkIX:Chap4:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap26:Sec1 Mentioned. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 As public prosecutor, he signed the death warrant of Chateaubriands brother and relatives. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Tried in 1795. Fourier, Charles 1772-1837. French utopian socialist, who inspired the founding of the communist community called La Reunion near present-day Dallas, Texas as well as several other communities in America. Fourier declared that concern and cooperation were the secrets of social success. Workers would be recompensed for their labors according to their contribution. Fourier saw such cooperation occurring in communities he called phalanxes. Phalanxes were based around structures called grand hotels (or Phalanstre). These buildings were four level apartment complexes where the richest had the uppermost apartments and the poorest enjoyed a ground floor residence. Wealth was determined by ones job; jobs were assigned based on the interests and desires of the individual. There were incentives, jobs people might not enjoy doing would receive higher pay. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 An example of a plagiaristic doctrine.

Fox, Charles James 1749-1806. An English Politician, he was the first British Foreign Secretary, 1782. He supported the French Revolution, and in 1798 was dismissed from the Privy Council for opposing war with Revolutionary France. He was briefly Foreign Secretary again before his death in 1806. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 Chateaubriand heard him speak. BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 He split with Burke in 1792. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 Negotiator in Paris before 1806. BkXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Lord Holland was his nephew. Fox, for Folks Foy, Maximilien Sebastien, General 1775-1825. A French military leader, writer, and statesman, he rose through the ranks during the Napoleonic Wars (180015) and emerged as a leading spokesman of the Liberal opposition during the years after the Bourbon Restoration (1815). BkXXVIII:Chap14:Sec1 His death in 1825. Fra Mauro A 15th century Italian Camaldolese monk from the island of Murano near Venice, he was also a mapmaker, who in 1457 mapped the totality of the Old world with surprising accuracy, including extensive written comments reflecting the geographic knowledge of his time. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 His 15th century copy of his Mappamondo in the Marciana Library in Venice, was completed by Andrea Bianco. The original completed in 1459 for Alfonso V of Portugal is lost. Fra Paolo, Paolo Sarpi 1552-1623. He was a Venetian patriot, scholar, scientist and church reformer who advised the Senate in its dispute with Rome. He published a History of the Council of Trent (1613). BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Francesca da Rimini 1255-1285. The daughter of Guido da Polenta of Ravenna, she was a historical contemporary of Dante, who portrayed her as a character in the Divine Comedy. Paolo Malatesta and Francesca became lovers after being

seduced by their reading of the story of Lancelot and Guinevere. They were subsequently murdered by Giovanni Malatesta his brother in 1285. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned. Franceschini BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Uncertain attribution. There were a number of Franceschinis. However note the Franceschini Folco Palace built by the silk manufacturers Giovanni and Girolamo Franceschini in Vicenza, in 1770, designed by Ottavio Bertotti-Scamozzi (1719-1790). Francis of Assisi, Saint 1182?-1226 The Italian Roman Catholic friar who founded the Franciscan order (1209) and inspired followers with his devotion to poverty, simplicity, and love of nature. He was canonized in 1228. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 His feast day is October 4th, and was being celebrated by the Franciscans in Jerusalem when Chateaubriand arrived there on October 4th 1806. The religious Order of St. Francis had custody of the monastery of Mount Zion. In 1330, Pope John XXII appointed the Prior of the Franciscan house as Custodian of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. The hymn quoted is now attributed to Jacopone da Todi (d1306). BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 His sandals, an attribute. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 His feast day, October 4th. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 His mother was reputed to be French and he spoke the language and makes reference to French literature in his writings. BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 Porziuncola, also called Portiuncula (in Latin) or Porzioncula, is a town and parish situated about three-quarters of a mile from Assisi. It is also the name of the little church from which the Franciscan movement started. Francis (Francesco Gennaro Giuseppe) I of the Two Sicilies 1777-1830. King of the Two Sicilies from 1825 to 1830, his second marriage was to Isabella, Infanta of Spain, the daughter of Charles IV of Spain. BkXXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Francis II of Germany, as Francis I Emperor of Austria 1768-1835 Emperor of Germany 1792-1806. The last Holy Roman Emperor. Emperor of Austria as Francis I 1806-1835. Following three defeats by the French in the Napoleonic wars he aligned himself with Napoleon I until

1813. After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, he was guided by his conservative chief minister, Metternich. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 The Legislative Assembly declared war on the German states, April 20th 1792. The move precipitated mass defections of officers from the army regiments in France. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He met Napoleon on Napoleons visit to Dresden in May 1812. BkXX:Chap5:Sec2 He met Napoleon at Urschitz on 4th December 1805, after the Russian defeat at Austerlitz. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 Becomes Emperor of Austria 6th August 1806. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 His daughter Marie-Louise married Napoleon in March 1810. Austria held Galicia (split between Poland and the Ukraine from 1918) with its Polish aristocracy at the time, so that Napoleon in supporting the restoration of a Polish Kingdom would have been challenging his fatherin-laws claim to Galicia. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 He joined Napoleon in Dresden in May 1812. On January 6, 1808, he had married for the third time, Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este (17871816). She was the daughter of Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria and Maria Beatrice dEste, Princess of Modena. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Fighting against Napoleon in 1814. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Sent Prince Esterhazy to Blois to escort his daughter Marie-Louise to Vienna in 1814. BkXXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned but not by name. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1835. BkXXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 His portrait in Venice in 1833. BkXL:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned in 1833. Francois I, King of France 1494-1547. King of France 1515-1547. His reign was dominated by rivalry with Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor. Francis was captured at Pavia in 1525. He won control over the French Church through the Concordat of Bologna (1516) and then suppressed French Protestantism. Preface:Sect4 BkIII:Chap1:Sec3 BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 BkV:Chap2:Sec1 BkV:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 He defeated the Swiss at Marignan (Melegnano near Milan), in September 1515. According to legend King Francis I, en route to Marseilles to confer with Pope Clement about the forthcoming marriage of his son Henri to Catherine de Medeci, visited the

chapel in Avignon, had the slab of Lauras stone lifted, took the box, and read the sonnet. In honour of Petrarchs muse, the monarch then dashed off the epitaph quoted. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 The fort built by him on the Garde hill at Marseilles. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Commissioned the building of Chambord. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 His love of women, to the detriment of business affairs. BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap19:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 His palace of Fontainebleau. BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 He died at Rambouillet. BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Mourned at his death, the death of an age. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 A patron of Leonardo da Vinci whom he invited to France. BkXXXVII:Chap13:Sec1 His courtesy. Franois II, King of France 1544-1560. King of France (1559-60), son of King Henry II and Catherine de Medici, he married (1558) Mary Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart), and during his brief reign the government was in the hands of her uncles, Franois and Charles de Guise. Their ruthless persecution of Protestantism led to the conspiracy of Amboise (1560) an attempt to remove the Guises from power. During Franciss reign French Protestantism became a political force. Francis was succeeded by his brother, Charles IX. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 His death resulted in Mary Stuart leaving for Scotland. Franois, Francis Chateaubriands Christian name. Francois IV de Lorraine, see Duc de Modne Franois de Paule, Saint Franconi, Antonio (Antoine) 1738-1836. A Venetian equestrian performer who moved to Paris at the age of 20. He established a circus near the Tuileries in 1783. The tradition was carried on by his sons Laurent (1776-1849) and Henri (1779-1849), and by an adopted son of Henri, Adolphe (1801-1855). BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Franconia, Germany

A historic region of Germany, which today forms three administrative regions of the German Federal state of Bavaria: Lower Franconia, Middle Franconia, and Upper Franconia. Though its area has shifted, Franconia was one of the five original duchies that eventually made up the Holy Roman Empire. Franconia, east of the Rhine (with the cities of Mainz, Speyer and Worms on the west bank), was part of the Eastern Frankish kingdom, Austrasia. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Napoleon occupied the region in 1806. Frankfurt am Main, Germany A city in West Germany in Hessen on the River Main, it is a major banking and commercial centre, the birthplace of Goethe, and the original home of the Rothschilds. It was the seat of the imperial elections and coronations of the Holy Roman Emperors. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in January 1821. BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Frankenstein, Germany A village near Kaiserslautern, with the remasins of a 12th-13th century Hohenstaufen Castle above the Speyer brook. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1833. Franklin, Benjamin 1706-1790. Delegate from Pennsylvania; born in Boston, Mass.; learned the art of printing, and after working at his trade in Boston, Philadelphia, and London established himself in Philadelphia as a printer and publisher; founded the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1728, and in 1732 began the publication of Poor Richards Almanac; State printer; clerk of the Pennsylvania general assembly 1736-1750; postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737; a member of the provincial assembly 1744-1754; a member of several Indian commissions; elected a member of the Royal Society on account of his scientific discoveries; deputy postmaster general of the British North American Colonies 1753-1774; agent of Pennsylvania in London 1757-1762 and 1764-1775; Member of the Continental Congress 1775-1776; signed the Declaration of Independence; president of the Pennsylvania constitutional convention of 1776; sent as a diplomatic commissioner to France by the Continental Congress and, later, Minister to France 1776-1785; one of the negotiators of the treaty of peace with Great Britain; president of the executive council of Pennsylvania 1785-1788; president of the trustees of the University of Pennsylvania; delegate to the Federal Convention in 1787.

BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 His experiments with electricity. BkVIII:Chap6:Sec1 His love of his country. BkIX:Chap5:Sec1 Welcomed to France by Malesherbes in 1776. Franklin, Captain John 1786-1847. A British explorer, he served in the Royal Navy during which period he fought at Trafalgar in 1805. From 1819 to 1822 he conducted an overland expedition from the western shore of Hudson Bay to the Arctic Ocean, and surveyed part of the coast to the east of the Coppermine River in north-western Canada. After his return to England he published Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, in the Years 1819, 20, 21 and 22 (1823). On a second overland expedition to the same region (1825-27), Franklin led a party that explored the North American coast westward from the mouth of the Mackenzie River, in north-western Canada, to Point Beechey, now in Alaska. A second party followed the coast eastward from the Mackenzie to the Coppermine. He became Governor of Van Diemans Land (Tasmania) from 1836-1843. In 1845 he sailed, never to return, with two ships to find the Northwest passage. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. Franqueville He transmitted a despatch to Chateaubriand in Rome in May 1829. BkXXX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Frascati, Italy A town and commune in the province of Rome in the Latium region of central Italy, it is located 20 km south-east of Rome, on the Alban Hills close to the ancient city of Tusculum. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Frayssinous, Denis 1765-1841. Vicar-General of Paris 1819 then Kings Chaplain, he was consecrated Bishop in partibus of Hermopolis. In 1822 he became Grand Master of the University, and in 1824 Education and Ecclesiastical Minister. Installed in Rome after 1830 he was called to Prague in 1833 to become tutor to the Duc de Bordeaux. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Opposes Villle over the disbanding of the National Guard in April 1827. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Charged with offering Chateaubriand a post.

Frederick I, King of Prussia 1657-1713. Frederick, of the Hohenzollern dynasty was (as Frederick III) Elector of Brandenburg (16881713) and the first King of Prussia (1701 1713). BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 In 1701 Brandenburg-Prussia became the Kingdom of Prussia with the permission of the Holy Roman Emperor and Saxon Elector August the Strong, King of Poland. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Frederick II, The Great 1712-1786. King of Prussia 1740-1786. He was the son of FrederickWilliam I. He made Prussia a major European power. An exponent of enlightened despotism he reinvigorated Prussian society. His conquest of Silesia (1740) gave rise to the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). His victory in the Seven Years War (1756-1763) confirmed Prussias military supremacy. BkIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned allusively. Floridan made a fable concerning Fredericks acceptance of the millers refusal to allow the demolition of his mill in the park. Mirabeau noted Fredericks wish to be buried with his dogs. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 His death on the 17th August 1786. BkIX:Chap13:Sec1 His manner of holding his sword at an angle. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 He founded the Order of the Black Eagle. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand attributes a poetic nature to him. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Mollendorf started as a page to Frederick. BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 He seized Silesia in 1740. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 His military campaigns. Ordre mince was his standard linear battle formation popular in Europe. Ordre profond tactics involved manoeuvring and fighting in heavy columnar formations, placing emphasis on the shock of cold steel over firepower. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Frederick II of Brandenburg 1413-1470. Frederick II Irontooth of the Hohenzollern dynasty, was margrave of Brandenburg, from 1440 until his abdication in 1470. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Frederick-Augustus I of Saxony

1750-1827. He was also Duke of Warsaw. His alliance with Napoleon resulted in defeat in 1813. The country was occupied by Russia, and only restored to full sovereignty after a landswap between Russia, Prussia and Saxony, resulting in the loss of two-thirds of the country's territory. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 He had made the offering mentioned. Frederick-William of Brandenburg, the Great-Elector 1620-1688. Of the House of Hohenzollern, he was the Elector of Brandenburg and the Duke of Prussia from 1640 until his death. He is popularly known as the Great Elector (Groer Kurfrst). BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Frederick-William I, King of Prussia 1688-1740. Of the House of Hohenzollern, he was known as the SoldierKing and was King of Prussia (1713 - 1740). The father of Frederick the Great. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Frederick-William II, King of Prussia 1744-1797. King of Prussia 1786-1797. Nephew of Frederick II, he pursued a policy of territorial aggrandizement, profiting from the partitioning of Poland in 1793 and 1795. From 1792-95 he joined Austria in opposing Revolutionary France. BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 His building work at Potsdam. BkIX:Chap8:Sec3 At Trves in 1792. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Frederick-William III, King of Prussia 1770-1840. King of Prussia 1797-1840. Son of Frederick-William II and great-nephew of Frederick the Great, his neutral attitude towards Napoleon damaged the prestige of Prussia which was subjected to France by the Treaty of Tilsit (1807) following the defeats at Jena and Auerstdt. After liberation in 1813 he introduced some reforms but became more repressive in the face of liberal attacks. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand served as French ambassador to his court in 1821. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Reigning in 1804 when the Duc dEnghien was executed. BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1 His declaration opening the Prussian Campaign in 1806.

BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 His meeting with Alexander I of Russia at Potsdam in October 1805. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 His presence at Dresden in May 1812. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 His attitude to General Yorcks defection from the French ranks. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 In Dresden in early 1813. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Part of the victorious Coalition at Leipzig. BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 His entry into Paris in 1814. He had been previously humiliated by Napoleon in Berlin. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand presents his letter of accreditation as Ambassador to Berlin to the King. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 His daughter Charlotte married Nicholas I of Russia. Frederick-William IV, King of Prussia 1795-1861. The eldest son of Frederick-William III, he became king in 1840. His brothers were William (1797-1888) who succeeded his brother in 1861, Charles (1801-1853) and Heinrich-Albert (1809-1872). BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in 1821. Ancillon was his tutor. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Mentioned. Frederick-William-Charles, Prince 1783-1851. Youngest brother of Frederick-William III, he married Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg (1785-1863). BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in Berlin in 1821. Frjus The town in the Var department of south-eastern France was founded by Julius Caesar in 49BC, and it was an important Roman naval port. The Argens River has since silted up the harbour. Many Roman ruins are preserved, notably the oldest surviving arena of Gaul. A French military school and army base are located there. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Napoleon touched there in 1799 on his return from Egypt. He was later to land not far away, at Golf Juan east of Cannes, from Elba on the 1st of March 1815. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 Napoleon went into exile on Elba, embarking at Frjus on 28th April 1814. Frron, Louis-Marie Stanislas

1754-1802. A French Revolutionary, he was commissioned, along with Barras in 1793, to establish the authority of the convention at Marseilles and Toulon, and was noted for the atrocity of his reprisals, but both afterwards joined the Thermidoriens, and Frron became the leader of the jeunesse dor and of the Thermidorian reaction. He was elected to the council of the Five Hundred, but not allowed to take his seat. Failing as suitor for the hand of Pauline Bonaparte, one of Napoleons sisters, he went in 1799 as commissioner to Santo Domingo where he died. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 One of the Representatives who ordered the siege of Toulon in 1793. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 During the French Revolution, he ran the newspaper L'Orateur du Peuple, later using his paper as the official journal of the Reaction, and being sent by the Directory on a mission of peace to Marseilles he published in 1796 Mmoire historique sur la reaction royale et sur les malheurs du midi. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 His wish to marry Pauline Bonaparte. Freslon, Bailli de BkI:Chap1:Sec5. Mentioned as assisting in the granting of Chateaubriands application to enrol in the order of Malta. Friant, Louis, General 1758-1829. A Napoleonic General, he fought in Italy, at the Pyramids, and Austerlitz, and was wounded at Eylau, Wagram, Smolensk, Borodino, and Waterloo where he was wounded in the hand. BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 At Borodino. Fribourg (German:Freiburg), Switzerland A Swiss canton, and a town which is on the Sarine River. BkXVI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap11:Sec1 The Battle of Freiburg, also called the Three Day Battle, took place on August 3rd, 5th and 9th, 1644 during the Thirty Years' War. The entrenched Bavarians led by von Mercy retreated after three separate days of assault by the French army under Marshals Cond and Turenne. The French then went on to capture the town. The Battle produced the highest number of casualties of any battle in the War. There was a later battle in 1762. BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Madame de Chateaubriand there in 1825. Friedland, Battle of

The Battle of Friedland, fought on June 14, 1807 about twenty-seven miles southeast of the modern Russian city of Kaliningrad, just north of Poland, was a major engagement in the Napoleonic Wars during the War of the Fourth Coalition. After nearly twenty-three hours of fighting, the French troops, commanded by Emperor Napoleon I, managed to score a decisive victory over the Russian army, commanded by Bennigsen. By the end of the battle, the French were in complete control of the battlefield and the Russian army was retreating chaotically over the Alle River, where many soldiers drowned while trying to escape. Friedland effectively brought the Fourth Coalition to an end. BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Frioul, Duc de, see Duroc Frisell, Sir John Fraser 1771-1846. A Scot who travelled to France to assist in the Revolution. Arrested and imprisoned at Dijon, during the Terror, he was subsequently allowed to live in France. He had been friends with Madame de Chastenay, Madame de Beaumont, and Joubert. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Frisell, lisa 1815-1832 Daughter of Sir John Fraser Frisell she died at Passy. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Her death mentioned. Froissart or Froissard, Jean c1337-1410? French chronicler, poet, and courtier, he was born in Valenciennes. His chronicle, continuing that of Jean le Bel, canon of Lige, covers the history of Western Europe from the early 14th century to 1400, roughly the first half of the Hundred Years War. In literary merit Froissart's chronicle far surpasses similar efforts in any European language. Froissart's poetry is generally charming and light. It somewhat influenced Chaucer, whom Froissart may well have known personally. Preface:Sect4 An example of a writer who was also involved with warfare. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Combourg called Combour in Froissart. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 See the Chronicles Book III, Chapter 6. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 See the Chronicles. Fulton, Robert

1765-1815. A US engineer and inventor widely credited with developing the first steam-powered ship. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 Mentioned. Funchal, Count of He was the Portuguese Ambassador in Rome in 1828. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Furies, Erinys, Erinnys, Eumenides The Furies, The Three Sisters, were Alecto, Tisiphone and Megaera, the daughters of Night and Uranus. They were the personified pangs of cruel conscience that pursued the guilty. (See Aeschylus The Eumenides). Their abode was in Hades by the Styx. BkII:Chap4:Sec1 They appear together. BkIX:Chap4:Sec1 Dantons Furies are Camille Desmoulins, Marat and Fabre dglantine. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 They pursued Orestes, see Aeschylus The Eumenides. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 The spirits of divine retribution. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 A wood sacred to them near Rome mentioned, where Gaius Sempronius Gracchus was killed. This grove was near the temple of Furrina, whom Cicero (De Natura Deorum) deemed one of the Furies. It may possibly be that of the Villa Sciarra on the Janiculum (Via Dandolo). Furst, Walter A character (possibly the name of a historical person) in the reconstructed and therefore mythical Swiss legend of William Tell, according to which Albert of Austria, with the view of depriving the Forest lands of their ancient freedom, sent bailiffs (among them Gessler) to Uri and Schwyz, who committed many tyrannical acts, so that finally on 8th November 1307, at the Rutli, Werner von Stauffacher of Schwytz, Walter Frst of Uri, and Arnold von Melchthal in Unter-walden, each with ten companions, among whom was William Tell, resolved on a rising to expel the oppressors, which was fixed in literature at New Years Day 1308. The underlying reference is to a legend of the Swiss Confederation the origin of which dates back to the agreement between the three mountain cantons of Uri, Schwytz and Unterwalden in 1291. Supposedly representatives of the three cantons met in the Grutli (or Rutli) meadow in 1307, and took an oath of loyalty in the joint struggle against Austrian rule. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned.

Frstenberg, Barons and Princes Frstenberg is the name of a noble house in Germany, based primarily in southern Baden-Wrttemberg. The family derives its name from the fortified town of its founder, Count Heinrich von Frstenberg. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 The Danube has a major tributary, its traditional source, at Donauschingen, which rises in the grounds of the Frstenberg Palace. Fuscaldo, Count He was the Ambassador for Naples in Rome in 1828. A member of the Spinelli family, he was perhaps the aged Tomasso, Marquis of Fuscaldo (1743-1830)? BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to Blacas, the French Ambassador in Naples, concerning some comments of his. Fusina, Italy A town situated opposite Venice, where the Brenta meets the Venice Lagoon. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Fyon, Jean-Joseph de, General 1747-1818. A Revolutionary General from Verviers, he was a burgomaster (1772). A colonel of volunteers in 1790, he became General of the Army of the North in 1793. Imprisoned for conspiring against the Republic, he was subsequently freed. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Active in defending the Tuileries in 1795. Gaeta, Italy A fishing port in southern central Italy in Lazio on the Bay of Gaeta, it was a popular resort in Roman times. The (second) Siege of Gaeta was a battle of the War of Polish Succession. The Austrians at Gaeta withstood four months of siege from the Bourbon armies under Charles, Duke of Parma (later Charles III of Spain). They were defeated on August 6 1734 when the Spanish and French stormed the city. The Jacobite pretender Charles Edward Stuart participated in this battle. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. Gagarin, Grigory Ivanovich, Prince

The Russian Ambassador in Rome in 1828, he was exiled to Rome after having been a rival to Alexander I for the beautiful Madame Narischkin. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Gaillard Doctor at St Helena, at Napoleons exhumation in 1840. BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. Gaillard, Maurice-Andr 1757-1844. A former colleague of Fouch at the College of Juilly (Oratorien), he was his minence grise in the Ministry of Police. He was named in 1810 as a Councillor to the Imperial Court. BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 In Ghent in 1815 during the Hundred Days. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec1 His intrigues regarding the Congress of Vienna. Galeffi, Pier Francesco, Cardinal 1770-1837. A Cardinal from 1803, he was Bishop of Albano and succeeded Pacca as Camerlingo in 1824. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in 1829. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 Rejected as a Papal candidate by France. Galerius d.310 Roman emperor (30510). Diocletian appointed him Caesar for the eastern part of the empire in 293 (Constantius I was Caesar of the West). On the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian in 305, he and Constantius succeeded as emperors. Galerius tried to increase his power, and after Constantius died in 306 he recognized Severus (d.307) as co-emperor in the West. Severus and he attempted without success to put down the claims of Maxentius. After they were defeated and Severus was captured, Galerius had Diocletian approve the appointment of Licinius as emperor of the West. Constantius son Constantine (Constantine I) and Maximin (d.313) then both claimed power. Galerius died before the confusion was eliminated by the victory of Constantine. Galerius had prompted the persecution of Christians under Diocletian but issued (309) an edict of toleration shortly before his death. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 References to him, allusions to Napoleon, in Les Martyrs. Galicia

The medieval kingdom in North-west Spain, now an autonomous region with its own language and culture. BkI:Chap1:Sec9 Chateaubriands father attacked and robbed there. Gall, Franois-Joseph 1758-1828. Austrian anatomist. He devoted most of his life to a minute study of the nervous system, especially the brain. With the collaboration of a favourite pupil, John Caspar Spurzheim (17761832), he incorporated his research into a four-volume work and atlas that appeared from 1810 to 1819. Gall demonstrated that the white matter of the brain consists of nerve fibres, and he launched the doctrine of localization of various mental processes in the brain. Derided for his later involvement with the pseudoscience of phrenology, he left Austria but was received with honour in France and died a wealthy man in Paris. Spurzheim carried the teachings of Gall to England and the United States, also with great success. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 Present at a dinner at Madame de Custines. Gallienus, Publius Licinius Valerianus Egnatius d. 268, Roman emperor. He ruled as the colleague (25360) of his father, Valerian, and alone from 26068. Gallienus checked the Alemanni near Milan. Later, however, the provinces became too rebellious. Postumus established his independence in Gaul, and in the East Odenathus. A force sent by Gallienus against Zenobia was defeated. Gallienus himself was murdered by his men at Milan, while resisting a revolt, eventually suppressed by his successor Claudius II. During his reign Gallienus reversed his fathers program of persecuting the Christians and managed to nurse the empire through a crucial period. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 His patronage of Plotinus. Gallon or Gadlon or Gradlon, Celtish King c330. King of Cornouailles in Brittany, and of the legendary drowned city of Ys in, what is now, the Bay of Douarnenez. He founded Quimper. BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 Mentioned. Gama, see Vasco de Gama Gamba, Bartolomeo 1766-1841. He was a Librarian at the Marciana Library (facing the Doges Palace) in Venice. A former Inspector General of the Library under the

French, he became Director of Censorship, and was also a publisher and editor. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand visits him on the 11th of September 1833. BkXXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 He introduces Chateaubriand to Contessa Albrizzi. Gamberini, Antonio Domenico, Cardinal 1760-1841. A lawyer he was ordained in 1824, subsequently consecrated Bishop of Orvieto, and was made a Cardinal in 1828. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in 1829. Gand, see Jean de Gand Ganges, River The great river of Northern India, rising in the Himalayas, at the Cows Mouth (Gaumukh) in the Gangotri Glacier, flows east across the Ganges plain to join the Brahmaputra and, as the Padma, flows into the Bay of Bengal. It is the Hindus most sacred river. BkIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap3Sec3 BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 Source of the Cholera epidemic of 1817-1832. It reached England in early February 1832, dying down by May, then Paris in late March where it remained until late September, killing over eighteen thousand people. Ganymede The son of Tros, brother of Ilus and Assaracus, he was loved by Zeus because of his great beauty. Zeus, in the form of an eagle, abducted him and made him his cup-bearer. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 A statue of the abduction. Gap The capital of the Hautes-Alpes department of south-east France, on the Luye River at the foot of the Dauphin Alps, it was founded by Augustus c.14 BC and was the capital of medieval Gapen Cais, which was annexed to the crown of France in 1512. The city was devastated during the Wars of Religion in the 16th century.

BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleon passed through in March 1815 during his return from Elba. Garat, Joseph-Dominique 1749-1833. He was minister of justice (1792-93) during the trial of Louis XVI and notified the king of the death verdict. Appointed (1793) minister of the interior, he proved inadequate in the post. He was twice imprisoned during the Terror, and held high government posts after the terrorists were overthrown. He also served under the Empire. After the Restoration he was forced to retire (1816). Garat wrote many works of political reminiscence and history, notably his Mmoires historiques sur le XVIIIe sicle et sur M. Suard (1820). BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 His unkind article regarding Fontanes in the Mercure de France of 1st April 1780. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 He read Louis XVIs sentence to the king on the evening of 20th January 1793. Garda, Lake The largest lake in Italy, it is located about half-way between Venice and Milan. The lake and its shoreline are divided between the provinces of Verona (to the south-east), Brescia (south-west), and Trent (north). The ancient fortified town of Sirmione is located on the south of the lake: Catullus stayed there in a family villa. Virgil also celebrated the location. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 Mentioned. Garonne A river of southwest France flowing about 350 miles generally northwest from the Spanish Pyrenees to join the Dordogne River north of Bordeaux and form the Gironde estuary. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Gasc, Honorine fl. c1830. A French singer, she sang in Paris, and married the Danish consul. She was admired by Chateaubriand and Lamartine. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Mentioned. Gaspari, Monsieur A contact made by Chateaubriand on his travels. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 His letter to Chateaubriand.

Gaugres A village in Brittany, part of the titled estates of Chateaubriands father. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Gay, Marie-Franoise-Sophie, Madame 1776-1852. The French authoress, who married the Receiver-General of the dpartment of the Riser or Ruhr. Her salon came to be frequented by all the distinguished litterateurs, musicians, actors and painters of the time. Her first literary production was a letter written in 1802 to the Journal de Paris, in defence of Madame de Stals novel, Delphine; and in the same year she published anonymously her first novel Laure dEstell. Leonie de Montbreuse, which appeared in 1813, is considered by Sainte-Beuve her best work; but Anatole (1815), the romance of a deaf-mute, has perhaps a higher reputation. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Her intervention on Chateaubriands behalf. Gay, Delphine 1804-1855. Daughter of Sophie, the contemporary sketches which she contributed from 1836 to 1839 to La Presse, under the nom de plume of Charles de Launay, were collected as Lettres parisiennes (1843), and obtained a brilliant success. Contes dune vieille fille a ses neveux (1832), La Canne de Monsieur de Balzac (1836) and Il ne faut pas jouer avec la douleur (1853) are among the best-known of her romances; and her dramatic pieces in prose and verse include L'cole des journalistes (1840), Judith (1843), Cloptre (1847), Lady Tartufe (1853), and the one-act comedies, C'est la faute du mari (1851), La Joie fait peur (1854), Le Chapeau d'un horloger (1854) and Une Femme qui deteste son mari, which did not appear till after the authors death. She ran an influential salon. BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 She married mile de Girardin on the 1st of June 1831. Gaysruck or Gaisruck, Monsignor Kar Kajetan Graf von, 1769-1846. Bishop (1801) of Derbe, he was Archbishop of Milan (from 1818) in 1829, having been made a Cardinal in 1824. Lombardy was then an Austrian province. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned in 1829. Gazette de France It was founded by Thophraste Renaudot the Royal historiographer to Louis XIII, in 1631, to record royal events. The word gazette from the Italian

gazetta signified a small coin, the cost of the first gazette published in Venice in the seventeenth century. Richelieu used the Gazette to promote his political ideas. BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 It recorded Chateaubriands participation in the royal hunt, (on the 19th February 1787) in the edition of the 27th February 1787. BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 As an ultra-Royal paper it was hostile to Chateaubriand in the 1820s. BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 A reference to gazettes as Venetian in origin. Gazette de Leyde Founded in 1677, the French language newspaper was published in Leiden. With Jean Luzac (1746-1807) as its editor it championed the cause of the American Revolution, and was read widely in Europe and America. It was muzzled by the Dutch Republicans in 1798. BkIV:Chap6:Sec1 Read by Chateaubriands father. Gbert, for Gesbert, Jean-Baptiste Gele, Claude, see Claude Lorrain Gellone Saint William of Gellone (755-c.812 or 814), was the second count of Toulouse from 790 until his replacement in 811. He is the hero of the Chanson de Guillaume, an early chanson de geste, and of several later sequels, which were categorized by thirteenth-century poets as the geste of Garin de Monglane. In 803, he took Barcelona from the Moors and in the next year (804) founded the monastery of Gellone (now Saint-Guilhem-leDsert) near Lodve in the Diocese of Maguelonne, and made it subject to the famous Saint Benedict of Aniane, whose monastery was nearby. He became a monk there in 806, and later died there. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Gemnd A town near Villach. BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1833. Genesee River The Genesee River's name is derived from the Iroquois meaning fine valley or pleasant valley. It flows northward through western New York from its

source south of the town of Genesee in Pennsylvania and empties into Lake Ontario north of the City of Rochester, New York. BkVII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Geneva, Switzerland The city in southwest Switzerland located on Lake Geneva and bisected by the Rhne River. Originally an ancient Celtic settlement, it was a focal point of the Reformation after the arrival of John Calvin in 1536. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1805. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec2 The 19th century Fort dcluse (really two forts, one above and one below, connected by a stairway cut in the rock), southwest of Geneva, in a spectacular mountain situation, stands in a natural gateway between the Alps and the Jura, overlooking the Rhne valley. Gates once barred the defile. BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 The Pquis Quarter is a somewhat bohemian area of Geneva on the right bank of the Rhne near the lake. Chateaubriand stayed there in 1831. BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Simond died there in 1832. BkXXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand states his intention of going there in 1831. BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand and his wife arrived there 23rd May 1831, and stayed in the Hotel des Etrangrs or the Hotel Dejean, and soon took a furnished house with a garden in the same Pquis quarter (on the 25th). BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrived on the 11th September 1832 and took an apartment at what is now 13 Grand Rue on the 19th. Madame Rcamier arrived from Zurich on the 7th October, stayed at the Htel du Nord and left on the 25th. Chateaubriand left for Paris on the 13th of November. BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 Geneva overlooks the valley of the River Arve, which flows along the Salve mountain in France. Genve, Mont A southern pass through the Alps at Mont Genve, was possibly used by Hannibal. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleons troops (General Turreau) passed through in 1800. Genevive, Saint

422-512. Born at Nanterre, near Paris, during the siege of Paris by Childeric, king of the Franks, she went out with a few followers and procured grain for the starving citizens. Childeric, though a pagan, respected her, and at her request spared the lives of many prisoners. When Attila and his Huns were approaching the city, the inhabitants asked her aid; and listening to her exhortations undertook prayer and penance, thus averting the impending scourge, as she had foretold. Clovis, when converted from paganism by his holy wife, Saint Clotilda, made Genevieve his constant adviser. SainteGenevive Abbey, on a hill-top, is one of the oldest churches of Paris. Here were buried the Saint, patroness of the city, and Clovis, the first Frankish Merovingian king. Nearby is the Pantheon. All over the hill colleges and schools took up residence, as well as the University, the Sorbonne. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 Her reliquary paraded during the plague in Paris in 1832. Genevive de Brabante A heroine of medieval legend, probably based on the history of Marie of Brabant, wife of Louis II, Duke of Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine. Marie of Brabant was supposed of infidelity and subsequently tried by her husband, found guilty and beheaded on the 18th January 1256. The charge was false and Louis afterwards had to do penance. The change in name from Marie to Genevieve may be traced back to a cult of St Genevieve (c420c500), patroness of Paris. The Genevieve tale first obtained wide popularity in L'Innocence reconnue, ou vie de Sainte Genevieve de Brabant (1638) by the Jesuit Ren de Cerisiers (1603-1662). BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Gnie du Christianisme, Le The Genius of Christianity, a work by Chateaubriand, started in England and completed at the country house at Savigny-sur-Orge of his mistress, Comtesse Pauline de Beaumont. Published complete in 1802, though an episode from it, Atala was published separately in April 1801 as a trial, and caused a sensation. It also contained Ren, another story designed to illustrate the vagueness of the passions which made the mal du sicle, or mal du Ren the most fashionable ailment of the time and set the pattern for Romantic heroes and heroines for half a century. Chateaubriand dedicated the second edition to Napoleon. It satisfied a public need for colour and passion in literature, and supported Napoleons need for a Concordat with the Church.

BkI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand mentions it, as a proof of his fame comparable to that of Voltaire. BkII:Chap6:Sec3 Mentioned. See the work itself I.1.7 BkIV:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. See the preface to the work. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to Part 1, Book V, Chapter 12. The moon was full on the 16th June 1791. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 Chateaubriand refers to this re-shaping of Montlosiers phrase: If you covet their cross of gold, they will take up a cross of wood; it is a cross of wood that saved the world! BkXI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 The origin of the work. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Partly written at Richmond in the summer of 1799. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap3:Sec2 The part printed work taken to France in 1800. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec2 BkXIII:Chap6:Sec2 The effect of its publication. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Heralded and advertised by Fontanes. BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 The work continued in 1801. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 Lucien Bonaparte would have read the proofs in early 1802, and reported in favour of the work. It went on sale in April 1802. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 Ren, an episode within the overall work. BkXIII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 The impact of the work. BkXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Its effect on Napoleon. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 Chateaubriand sent the Pope a copy of the work in 1803. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 It acted as a door-opener to Chateaubriands political career. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 An inspiration for further work. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 It gained Chateaubriand spurious admiration. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Proposed for the Decennial Prize in 1810 but rejected. BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Extracts from Les Natchez used for descriptive passages. BkXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Read by Frederick-William III. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mrs Siddons quotes from it in 1822. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 Madame Rcamier reads it in 1802. BkXXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 Its significance in Chateaubriands literary career. BkXXXV:Chap26:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 See the work where Chateaubriand describes the rural Rogations.

BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 See Part I:III:2 and the chapter Snakes in Voyage to America. BkXXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Translated into Italian by Armani (Venice 1805). BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. Genlis, Stphanie Flicit Ducrest de St-Albin, Comtesse de 1746-1830. A French writer and educator, she wrote four volumes of plays for children and close to a hundred volumes of historical and other romances of which Mademoiselle de Clermont (1802) is the best-known. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVIII:Chap19:Sec1 Her novel Athnas, ou le Chteau de Coppet en 1807, published 1832, in which she idealised Madame Rcamier. Chateaubriand visits her. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Madame de Celles was her grand-daughter. Genoa, Italy A city of northwest Italy on the Gulf of Genoa, an arm of the Ligurian Sea it was an ancient settlement, Genoa flourished under the Romans and also enjoyed great prosperity during the Crusades. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec2 Napoleon ordered there in the summer of 1794 to report on the fortifications. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 The revolution there in May 1797. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 Surrendered by Massna under orders on 2nd June 1800. BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 Sampierdarena (San Pier dArena) is a town in Liguria in the province of Genoa, 21 miles west of that city. It is practically a suburb of Genoa and contains a number of handsome palaces. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Napoleon intended a commercial treaty between Elba and Genoa. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Its climate suitable for American plants. Gensonn, Armand 1758-1793. The son of a military surgeon, he was born at Bordeaux. He studied law, and at the outbreak of the French Revolution, he was an advocate of the parlement of Bordeaux. In 1790 he became procureur of the Commune, and in July 1791 was elected by the newly created department of the Gironde a member of the court of appeal. In the same year he was elected deputy for the department to the Legislative Assembly. As reporter

of the diplomatic committee, in which he supported the policy of Brissot, he proposed two of the most revolutionary measures passed by the Assembly: the decree of accusation against the kings brothers (January 1, 1792), and the declaration of war against the king of Bohemia and Hungary (April 20, 1792). He was vigorous in his denunciations of the intrigues of the court and of the Austrian committee; but the violence of the extreme democrats, culminating in the events of August 10, alarmed him; and when he was returned to the National Convention, he attacked the Commune of Paris (October 24 and 25). At the trial of Louis XVI he supported an appeal to the people, but voted for the death sentence. As a member of the Committee of General Defence, and as president of the Convention (March 7-21, 1793), he shared in the bitter attacks of the Girondists on the Mountain; and on the fatal day of June 2 his name was among the first of those inscribed on the prosecution list. He was tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal on October 24 1793, condemned to death and guillotined, displaying great courage. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Gentz, Friedrich von 1764-1832. A Prussian publicist and diplomat, he acted as general secretary to the Vienna Congress, before becoming a colleague of Metternich. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 Chateaubriand attributes the anonymous pamphlet mentioned to him. BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1832. Geoffrin, Marie-Thrse Rodet, Madame 1699-1777. A French hostess, her salon in the Htel de Rambouillet was an international meeting place of artists and men of letters from 1749 to 1777. The daughter of a valet, she married a rich manufacturer. Although lacking formal education herself, Madame Geoffrin was sensitive, an excellent listener, and naturally intelligent; she inherited the salon of the more unconventional Madame de Tencin, gave it an added tone of respectability, and became a generous, motherly patron to her guests and protgs. Her salon was also a centre for the Encyclopdistes, whose vast project she subsidized. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Madame de Vintimille might have lived in her company. Geoffroy, Julien Louis

1743-1814. Literary critic, born at Rennes. On the death of lie Frron in 1776 the other collaborators in the Anne littraire asked Geoffroy to succeed him, and he conducted the journal until its closure in 1792. He was a bitter critic of Voltaire and his followers. An enthusiastic royalist, he published, with Frron's brother-in-law, the abb Thomas Royou (17411792), a journal, L'Ami du roi (1790-1792), which possibly did more harm than good to the king's cause by its ill-advised partisanship. During the Reign of Terror, Geoffroy hid in the neighbourhood of Paris, only returning in 1799. BkII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned as educated at Rennes College. George III, King of England 1738-1820. King of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820) and King of Hanover (1815-1820). Responsible with Lord North for the loss of the American colonies, he suffered periods of madness from the 1780s (due to the intermittent metabolic disease porphyria) and was permanently insane by 1811, after which the Prince of Wales (afterwards George IV) acted as Regent. BkX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 His meetings with Pitt. It is unlikely (thought not impossible) that Chateaubriand could have witnessed the scene he describes at Windsor since George was not in such a state until 1810, and died in 1820 before Chateaubriand returned to England. BkXXIV:Chap3:Sec1 King during Napoleons reign. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 He gave Henry Stuart, last of his line, a pension. George IV, Prince of Wales then King of England 1762-1830. King of England 1820-1830. Eldest son and successor of George III, in 1785 he married Maria Anne Fitzherbert, a Roman Catholic. The marriage was illegal, however; and in 1795, to secure parliamentary settlement of his enormous debts, he made a political marriage with Caroline of Brunswick. In constant and open opposition to his father, George associated closely with the Whigs, particularly Charles James Fox, whose friend he became in 1781. In 1811, after George III had become permanently incapacitated, George became Regent. The Tories, under the leadership of the Earl of Liverpool for most of the period, remained entrenched in power throughout the Regency and Georges subsequent reign. As Regent and as King, George was hated for his extravagance and dissolute habits, and he aroused particular hostility by an unsuccessful attempt, immediately after his

accession (1820) to the throne, to divorce his long-estranged wife, Caroline. During his reign the monarchy lost a significant amount of power. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkX:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriand was ambassador to his Court in 1822. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 His brother was Frederick, Duke of York. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 The Marchioness of Conyngham, one of his mistresses. BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 His reputed agents in France. BkXXIV:Chap3:Sec1 Napoleon writes to him in July 1815. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 The brother-in-law of the Duchess of Cumberland, he was crowned on the 19th of July 1821. Her sister Queen Louise had died eleven years earlier on the 19th of July 1810. BkXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 His prejudice against Monsieur Decazes. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand presented to him on the 19th of April 1822, and later spoke to him on the 23rd of May at the official dinner given for the Princess of Denmark. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 His fondness for his former Whig friends. His relationship with the Marquise dOsmond. BkXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets him on a number of occasions. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 Madame Rcamier meets him at the Opera in 1802. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 He was in bad health by 1828. BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 A reference to his speech to Parliament of 5th February 1829. BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1830. George V, King of Hanover 1819-1878. He was the only son of Ernst August I, King of Hanover (18511866) and 1st Duke of Cumberland (fifth son of King George III of the United Kingdom) and his wife Princess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. He was a first cousin of Queen Victoria. He was the last sovereign ruler of the Kingdom of Hanover and the ancestor of the German branch of the House of Hanover. He was deposed by the Prussians in 1866. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 He lost the sight of one eye during a childhood illness, and the other in an accident in 1833. Georges, see Cadoudal George William, Elector of Brandenburg

1595-1640. Of the Hohenzollern dynasty, he was Margrave and Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia (1619-1640). His reign was marked by ineffective governance during the Thirty Years War. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. George Podiebrad, King of Bohemia 1420-1471. King of Bohemia 1458-1468. He sent Ambassadors to Louis XI to gain support against the King of Hungary Matthias Corvinus, but was dispossessed of his throne by the latter. BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Grard, Baron Franois 1770-1837. The French portrait and historical painter was born in Rome. In Paris, after brief study under Pajou and others, he became a favourite pupil of David, who influenced such works as Psyche Receiving the Kiss of Cupid and Daphnis and Chlo, both in the Louvre. As a leading portraitist, Grard was patronized by the court during the Empire and the Bourbon restoration. His portrait of Mme Rcamier, of this period, is in the Louvre. Louis XVIII appointed him court painter in 1814. Many examples of his historical paintings are in the Versailles Museum. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 The 1805 portrait of Madame Rcamier mentioned here is in the Carnavelet Gallery. BkXXVIII:Chap19:Sec1 His painting Corinne of 1819. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 His full-length portrait of 1802 of Madame Rcamier is at Versailles. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 His painting of St Theresa of 1828 was done at Madame Rcamiers instigation and given to Madame de Chateaubriand. It was installed in the Infirmary chapel on the 3rd of June 1828 and is still in situ. Grard, Etienne Maurice, General, Comte 1773-1852. A Napoleonic general, he distinguished himself at the battles of Austerlitz and Jena, and was made general of brigade in November 1806, and for his conduct in the battle of Wagram he was created a baron. He conducted himself brilliantly throughout the Russian campaign, at subsequent battles, and ultimately at Ligny. Gerard retired to Brussels after the fall of Napoleon, and did not return to France till 1817. He sat as a member of the chamber of deputies in 1822-1824, and was re-elected in 1827. He took part in the revolution of 1830, after which he was appointed minister of war and named a marshal of France. On account of his health he

resigned the office of war minister in the October following, but in 1831 he took the command of the northern army, and was successful in thirteen days in driving the army of Holland out of Belgium. In 1832 he commanded the besieging army in the famous scientific siege of the citadel of Antwerp. He was again chosen war minister in July 1834, but resigned in the October following. In 1836 he was named grand chancellor of the Legion of Honour in succession to Marshal Mortier, and in 1838 commander of the National Guards of the Seine, an office which he held till 1842. He became a senator under the empire in 1852, and died on the 17th of April in the same year. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 On the retreat, at Malojaroslavets. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Mooted as a member of a Provisional Government in July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 His arrest ordered but not carried out on 28th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned on the 30th of July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap15:Sec1 With the Duc dOrlans on the 31st of July 1830. Germain of Auxerre, Saint c380-448. Bishop of Auxerre (418), he died at Ravenna. He was the son of Rusticus and Germanilla, and his family was one of the noblest in Gaul in the latter portion of the fourth century. He went on active missions to Britain. BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Germanicus, Julius Caesar 15BC-19AD. Adopted by his uncle Tiberius in 4AD, in 17 he was appointed to govern Romes eastern provinces and died mysteriously in Antioch, perhaps poisoned. He was the father of Caligula. BkXVI:Chap10:Sec1 His ashes were returned to Rome. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 See Tacitus, Annals, III.2 for Germanicus funeral. Germ, or Germer, Abb A teacher at Rennes college. BkII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Gervais de Tilbury 13th Century. An English historian, he wrote a collection of pieces on physics, history and geography such as De mirabilibus orbis. BkIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned.

Gervaise, Dom Franois Armand 1660-1761. He was a Trappist Abbot and author. A discalced Carmelite, he entered La Trappe in 1695 becoming the third Abbot. He resigned in 1698. He was ultimately banished to the monastery of Reclus, Troyes, by the King, for his wayward views. BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from his Life of Abelard (1720). Gesbert, Jean-Baptiste Sieur de la No-Seiche, he was Seneschal (principal judge, chief of police and administrator for the seigneurie) at Combourg. In 1792 he acted at Chateaubriands marriage. The first elected mayor of Combourg in 1790, he was judge and then president of the tribunal at Nantes from 1804 to 1816. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Gesril, or Gril, du Papeu, Joseph-Franois-Anne 1767-1795. Born 23rd February 1767, and eighteen months older than Chateaubriand, he was a childhood friend of Chateaubriand. They met again at Rennes, then at Brest in 1783. Gesril became a ships lieutenant in 1789. He emigrated in 1791, and saw his friend for the last time in May 1793 between Jersey and Southampton. Captured after the landing at Quiberon Bay by Hoches troops, he was executed by firing-squad on 27th August 1795, at Vannes, aged 28. BkI:Chap5:Sec1 BkI:Chap5:Sec2 His diminutive for Joseph, Joson. Childhood adventures. BkII:Chap7:Sec2 BkII:Chap7:Sec3 Chateaubriand meets him again at Rennes College. BkII:Chap8:Sec2 They meet again at Brest. Gesril had become an aspirant in July 1782 and a member of the marine guard on 1st June 1783. BkV:Chap15:Sec4 Remembered by Chateaubriand as he left for America. BkX:Chap3:Sec3 BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets him on the Southampton packet in 1793. Gesril de la Trochardais, Anglique She was sister to Gesril du Papeu, Chateaubriands childhood friend. BkI:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Gessler, Albrecht c14th century. Gessler was the legendary Austrian bailiff of Altdorf, whose brutal rule led to the William Tell rebellion and the eventual independence of Switzerland.

BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Gessner, Salomon 1730-1788. A Swiss writer, translator, painter, and etcher, he was known throughout Europe for literary works of pastoral themes and rococo style. A town councillor and forestry superintendent, he also ran an important publishing house which published his books with his own excellent etchings. His pastoral prose Idyllen (175672) was praised by Chateaubriand. BkXXXV:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. Gvres (Gesvres), Francoise-Marie de Guesclin, Duchesse de Last of the La Roberie branch of the Du Guesclin line (both branches terminated), she married the Duke (Louis-Paris-Joachim Potier de GvresLuxembourg, Duc de Gvres et de Tresmes, Governor of Paris) in 1758. He was executed in 1794. In 1809, an octogenarian, she received a small pension from Napoleon as the last of the Du Guesclins. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Ghent The city in Belgium, it is one of Belgiums oldest, at the confluence of the canalized rivers Scheldt and Lys. BkXXII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 Louis XVIII sought refuge there during the Hundred Days, from March 1815. Chateaubriand was summoned there. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Ghent is known for its excellent fish. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 By the Pacification of Ghent in 1576, the seventeen provinces of the Low Countries were ceded to Spain. Ghent was then taken by Louis XIV in 1678, and later by the armies of the Republic. BkXXIII:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 The city on the River Lys, which in French means Lily. BkXXIII:Chap16:Sec1 Ghent is about thirty miles or so from the field of Waterloo. BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand leaves Ghent at the second Restoration. BkXXV:Chap6:Sec1 The pension granted to him on the 17th January 1816 of 24000 francs was withdrawn and he was left with his pension as a Peer fixed by royal decree of 29th December 1815 at 15000 francs. Giaour, see Byron

Gibbon, Edward 1737-1794. British historian who wrote the classic text The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (17761788). BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 He retired to Lausanne where he completed his work in 1788. He was friendly with the Neckers after their return to Coppet. He returned to his Protestant faith at the end of his life. Gibert-Arnaud He was a member of the Committee for the Medal-Winners of July. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in April 1832. Gil Blas The work by Le Sage, though nominally set in Spain, is in fact French through and through. The picaresque adventures of its hero are described from naive youth through cunning servant to landed proprietor and nobleman, with a spell in jail, bereavements and fits of remorse along the way. It was an immense hit on publication, and was translated into most European languages. The version by Tobias Smollet was the first in English and one of the best, although rather free in parts. Its influence on Smolletts own work is clear (Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle); Fielding (Tom Jones) and Dickens (Nicholas Nickleby) were also heavily influenced by it or its numerous imitators. BkX:Chap5:Sec1 BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Peltier compared to the hero of the work. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 A reference to a celebrated episode in the work, Book VII, Chapter 4, where the quality of the prelates sermons is questioned. Gilles de Bretagne Brother of the Duke of Brittany, Franois I. Imprisoned and strangled on his brothers orders in 1450. BkI:Chap4:Sec3 Mentioned. Ginguen, Pierre-Louis 1748-1815. French Author, born at Rennes. He hailed the first symptoms of the French Revolution, and joined Giuseppe Cerutti, the author of the Mmoire pour le peuple franais (1788), and others in producing the Feuille villageoise, a weekly paper addressed to the villages of France. He was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror, and only escaped with his life through the downfall of Robespierre. He was appointed a member of the

Tribunate, but Napoleon, finding that he was not sufficiently tractable, had him expelled at the first purge, and he returned to his literary pursuits. He was part of the Commission appointed to continue the Histoire littraire de la France, and he contributed to the volumes of this series which appeared in 1814, 1817 and 1820. Ginguens most important work is the Histoire littraire d'Italie (14 vols., 1811-1835). He was putting the finishing touches to the eighth and ninth volumes when he died. BkII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned as educated at Rennes College. BkIV:Chap12:Sec2 A follower of Chamfort. Description of the man. The Cadran-Bleu was a well-known restaurant in the Boulevard du Temple, until the Restoration. After the incident of his wifes short skirt (en pet-en-lair: not falling below the knee) reported in the Moniteur 26th June 1798, in an article inspired by Talleyrand, Ginguen was recalled. Note that Ginguen as a critic savaged Chateaubriands Atala in 1801 and later in 1802 his Gnie du Christianisme. BkIV:Chap12:Sec3 His friend, the poet Lebrun. BkV:Chap15:Sec2 Argued with Chateaubriand over his politics. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 His reaction to the invasion of the Tuileries in 1792. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand sent him a copy of the Essai. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand saw him again in Paris in 1800. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 His savaging of Le Gnie in his journal La Dcade philisophique (founded 1796, and the sole opposition journal during the Empire). Ginguen, Madame Marie-Ann Poulet married Pierre-Louis Ginguen in November 1786. BkIV:Chap12:Sec2 She warned Chateaubriands family of the imminent atrocities. BkV:Chap15:Sec2 She sent Monsieur Monnet and his daughter to see Chateaubriand. Giocondo, Fra Giovanni c1445-c1525. An Italian architect, antiquary, archaeologist, and classical scholar, he was born in Verona. The most beautiful building in Verona and one of the most perfect in all Europe, the Palazzo del Consiglio, famous for the decorations of its loggia, was designed by Giocondo at the request of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. Thomas de Quincey also attributes the church of Santa Maria della Scala to him. He worked also in France and Venice, and produced a critical version of Vitruvius. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

Giorgini Chateaubriands Italian Courier. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned. Giorgione, Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco c1477-1510. A Venetian High Renaissance painter, he is believed to have been a pupil of Bellini and master of Titian. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Girardin-dErmenonville, Comte Alexander de 1776-1855. The son of Rousseaus patron, and father of the future director of La Presse, he served with distinction as a general. He supported the first Restoration, and though he joined Napoleon during the Hundred Days, he retained royal favour as First Huntsman. He was also Inspector General of the Cavalry from 1816 to 1823. BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1 At the scene of the Duc de Berrys assassination in 1820. Girardin, Delphine Gay, Dame de Girardin, Sophie Gay, Dame de Girodet, Anne Louis, de Roussy Triosson 1767-1824. The French Neoclassical painter studied under David but developed his own cooler atmospheric style. In 1812 he inherited a fortune and from then on mainly worked on poems on aesthetics. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 His 1809 portrait (St. Malo Museum Gallery) shows Chateaubriand, with windblown hair, meditating among the ruins of Rome. Napoleon commented that it looked like that of a conspirator who had come down a chimney. Girona (Gerona), Spain A city located in northeast Catalonia, at the confluence of the rivers Ter and Onyar. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 The inhabitants heroically resisted the French in 1809. Girondin, Girondists

A relatively moderate revolutionary party several of its members coming from the Gironde, hence its name. Vergniaud, Buzot and Brissot were prominent members. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 Powerful in 1792. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Ill-regarded in Toulouse. The cowardly faction, because they spoke in favour of the king and then voted for his execution. Gisors, France A commune in the metropolitan area of Paris it is located 39 miles northwest of the centre of Paris. Gisors is in the Vexin normand region of Normandy at the confluence of the Epte, Troesne and Rveillon rivers . BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there in July 1830. Gisors, Louis-Marie Fouquet, Comte de 1732-1758. He died in battle at Krefeld (June 23rd 1758) during the Seven Years War. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Gisquet, Henri-Joseph 1792-1866. Gisquet first rose to prominence as a somewhat shady and opportunistic businessman before being appointed Prefect of Police by his longtime protector Casimir Perier in 1831. He retained this post for five years, earning widespread condemnation, particularly in liberal circles, for his strong-arm tactics and general disregard for the finer points of constitutional and criminal law. Gisquet was very much in the news in late 1833 and early 1834 for his role as one of the principal point men in LouisPhilippes ongoing legal battle with the recently unshackled press. BkXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap5:Sec1 He visits Chateaubriand in his cell in June 1832. BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Gisquet, Madame She was the wife of the Prefect of Police, Guisquet. BkXXXV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Gisquet, Naomi She was the daughter of the Prefect of Police, Gisquet. BkXXXV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Giubega de Calvi, Laurent,

State prosecutor for Louis XV lived in Calvi, Corsica. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Napoleons godfather. Giustina, Santa The patron saint of Padua, she was said to have been martyred in 304 AD. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 The Basilica of Santa Justina (1502-1587) in Padua is in the Prato della Valle, Veroneses Martyrdom of St Justina (c1575) is behind the high altar. Giustiniani, Giacomo, Cardinal 1769-1843. He lived as a layman from 1798 to 1814, travelling throughout Europe. He was later Archbishop of Imola, and Papal Nuncio in Spain from 1817 to 1825. He was created a Cardinal in 1826. He was Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church from 1837 until his death. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 A candidate for the Papacy in 1829. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 A possible candidate for French veto in the Papal Conclave of 1829. A pro-Jesuit voter. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 Rejected as a Papal candidate by France. Giustiniani, Bishop of Nebbio 1470-1536 An annalist, he was Bishop of Nebbio in Corsica. Translator of the Polyglot Psalter, Genoa 1516 (Psalterium Hebraeum, Graecum, Arabicum, et Chaldaeum). He also wrote a Description of Corsica. BkVI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Genesis I.31 (and behold it was very good) and Psalm XIX verses 1 (The heavens declare the glory of God) and 5 (as a bridegroomas a strong man) are quoted. Givr, Bernard Desmousseaux, Comte de 1794-1854. Attach in London, he was second Secretary to the Rome Embassy in 1829. He was later Deputy for Dreux from 1837 to 1848, then a Member of the Legislature of 1849. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Gjatsk A town in Russia it is near Smolensk. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Globe, Le It was the principal journal of Liberal youth in Paris from 1824 to 1830. BkXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned in 1829.

Gluck, Christoph Willibald 1714-1787. A German composer who reformed opera seria making it less artificial. He composed Orfeo ed Euridice (1762) and Alceste (1767), inspired by Calzabigis librettos. BkXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Frederick-William IIIs liking for his music. Gnathene A courtesan. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Godard, Monsieur Present at the exhumation of the Duc dEnghien, 26th March 1816. BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Godwin, William 1756-1836. English author and political philosopher. A minister in his youth, he was, however, plagued by religious doubts and gave up preaching in 1783 for a literary career. His Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793) recorded the view that men are ultimately guided by reason and therefore, being rational creatures, could live in harmony without laws and institutions. His views are also reflected in his novels - Things as they are, or the Adventures of Caleb Williams (1794), St. Leon (1799), and Fleetwood (1805). In 1797, Godwin married Mary Wollstonecraft, who died the same year after giving birth to a daughter, Mary. He remarried in 1801 and in 1805 established a small, juvenile publishing business. His last years were an unceasing struggle against poverty and debt. Godwins works strongly influenced his younger contemporaries, particularly Shelley, whose elopement with Mary (1814) drew from Godwin an exhibition of sternness at variance with his earlier views. However, he was later reconciled to their marriage. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 His novel Caleb Williams published in 1794. Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 1749-1832. German poet, scholar and statesman, his novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) won him international fame. He settled in Weimar, making a well-documented visit to Italy. His most famous work is his poetic drama Faust (1808). He was a man of multifarious interests, in science and the arts, and was a significant translator of works into German.

Preface:Sect3. He is mentioned by Chateaubriand as having recently died. BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 Gtz von Berlichingen (1773) a Sturm and Drang drama first brought Goethe to public notice. It was translated by Walter Scott (1799). BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 A great exponent of the passion and tragedy of his age. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand labels him as a materialist. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 Goethes Italian Journey documents his travels there 1786-1788. Chateaubriand disliked what he saw as his materialistic and pagan tendency. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His name in the visitors book at Carlsbad. BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 See his Venetian Epigrams and his Italian Journey. Goethe was in Venice September/October 1786. BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Goethes famous poem Kennst du das land BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 See Venetian Epigrams VIII. BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 See his Torquato Tasso of 1789. Goldoni, Carlo 1707-1793. He was a prolific and much imitated Italian playwright. BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Le Baruffe Chiozotto, The Chiozotto Quarrel, is a comedy of 1760-62. Checca and Orsetta are fisher-folk. Goldsmith, Oliver 1730?-1774. Irish writer and physician known for his novel The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), his pastoral poem The Deserted Village (1770, written in memory of his brother), and his plays The Good-natur'd Man (1768) and She Stoops to Conquer (1773). BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 Author of The Vicar of Wakefield (1766). Golfe-Juan A town and harbour between Juan-les-Pins and Cannes. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Napoleon landed there between Cannes and Antibes on the 1st of March 1815 during his return from Elba. Gomer Son of Japhet. See Genesis 10:5. BkV:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Gomorrah

It was one of the five Cities of the Plain of Siddim, which were destroyed by fire, for their wickedness (See Genesis 10:19; 13:10; 19:24, 28). BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 The name is often paired with Sodom, and represents Lesbianism while Sodom represents Homosexuality (see Proust). There is a definite lesbian erotic element in Sands Llia, which is atypical of her books, and which she identified as being in some sense autobiographical. Gonesse, France Gonesse is now a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris. It is located 10 miles from the centre of the city. King Philip II of France was born there on 21 August 1165. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Chateaubriand there with the King in 1815. Gontaut-Biron, ne Marie-Josphine-Louise de Montaut-Navailles, Vicomtesse then Duchesse de 1775-1862. She married the Vicomte de Gontaut-Biron in 1792. From 1819 she was Governess of the royal children, receiving the title of Duchess in 1826, and following Charles X to Prague, where Chateaubriand met her in 1833. BkXI:Chap2:Sec4 Emigrated to London. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap12:Sec1 In Prague in May 1833. BkXLI:Chap4:Sec1 In Prague in late September 1833. Goodwyn, Doctor Edmund 1756-1829. A physician, he was an expert on cases of death by drowning. Author of The Connexion of Life with Respiration (1795). A specialist in pulmonary disease, he practised at Woodbridge in Suffolk. BkX:Chap4:Sec1 Treated Chateaubriand in London (or perhaps later in Suffolk). Gordon, Captain He was Commander of the British fort at Niagara in 1791. BkVII:Chap7:Sec1 The British continued to administer the frontier post until 1796 despite the agreement to hand control to the United States after the War of Independence, as the States were not ready to man it. Gorgon Medusa, or Gorgo, was the best known of the Three Gorgons, the daughters of Phorcys. A winged monster with snaky locks, glaring eyes and brazen

claws whose gaze turned men to stone. Her sisters were Stheino and Euryale. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 The type of ugliness. Goritz The new town of Nova Gorica, Slovenia, was built in 1948. The City Municipality of Nova Gorica lies by the Italian border, between the Alps and the sea. BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 Charles X died in the Graffenberg Palace in Goritz. His tomb is in the crypt of the Church of Saint Mary of the Annunciation, on Kostanjevica Hill (Castagnavizza), along with those of Henri V (Comte de Chambord) and Henris wife, Maria . Gorodnia, Russia The small village was not far from Maloyaroslavets. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleon stayed there on the retreat from Moscow on the night of 24th October 1812. Gttingen, Germany The town in Lower Saxony, halfway between Bonn and Berlin, was a major commercial centre as a member of the Hanseatic League between 1351 and 1572. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 In 1831 students and citizens stormed the Town Hall. 1837 the Gttinger Sieben (seven professors from the University of Gttingen - among them the famous Grimm brothers) protested the annulment of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Hanover and were promptly fired. Goujon, Jean c1510-1568. The French Renaissance sculptor is best known for his marble relief of the Deposition for St Germain lAuxerrois, now in the Louvre, the Tribune of the Caryatids supporting a gallery in the Louvre, and the reliefs pf nymphs for the Fontaine des Innocents. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 The Calvinist sculptor was said to have been killed on St Bartholomews day while working on the decoration of the new Louvre. Gourgaud, Gaspar, Baron 1783-1852. General and Aide-de-camp to Napoleon, he fought through numerous campaigns and at Waterloo. He sailed with Napoleon to St

Helena. He returned to active service in the army in 1830; and in 1840 proceeded with others to St Helena to bring back the remains of Napoleon to France. He became a deputy to the Legislative Assembly in 1849. He wrote a number of works on Napoleon and his experiences. BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 He collaborated with Montholon in the work entitled Mmoires pour servir a lhistoire de France sous Napoleon (Paris, 18221823. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Reference to his Napolon et la Grande-Arme en Russie (1825) BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec3 BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Referenced. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 In 1815, he accused Ney of being responsible for defeat at Waterloo. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Accompanied Napoleon to St Helena in 1815, and shared his captivity till 1818. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 He returned to the army with his previous rank under the July Monarchy. Gouvion Saint-Cyr, Laurent, Marquis de, Marshal of France 1764-1830. He served in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and was made marshal following his victory at Polotsk (1812). After the Bourbon restoration he served twice (1815, 1817-19) as minister of war and was instrumental in passing a law to organize military recruitment by voluntary pledges and lottery and limit the arbitrariness of promotions. Because of these attempts to limit the influence of the migr nobility in the officer corps, he was forced from office by the ultra-royalists. He wrote on the Napoleonic Wars and left personal memoirs. He was an actor in his youth. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand saw him perform as a youth in Beamarchais La Mere coupable in 1792. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 He showed his support for the Royalists in 1815. Gouyon, La Citoyenne An inhabitant of La Ballue, Saint-Servan in 1798. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriands mother died at her house. Gouyon-Miniac, Pierre-Louis-Alexandre de Died 1818. Captain of the 7th Breton Company in the Army of Princes. BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned in 1792.

Goyon, Monsieur de Officer of the Guard in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Goyon-Beaufort, Comte de 1725-1794. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 The Beaufort title passed to the Goyon family. BkIII:Chap1:Sec1 A visitor to Combourg. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 The Goyon family line. Goyon-Vaurouault, Armand de 1769-1809. A naval officer, and cousin by marriage of Chateaubriand, he was executed with Armand de Chateaubriand. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Compromised by sending a detailed report of the defences of Brest to Armand. Goyon-Vaurouault, Julie-Rene Potier de la Savarire, Madame de Died 1847. Wife of Armand. She was the grand-daughter of Julie-Anglique de Bede and Jean-Franois Moreau, therefore a distant cousin of Chateaubriand. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Her intervention achieved a reprieve and then commutation of sentence for the young Bois-Lucas. Gracchus, Gaius and Tiberius Sempronius, the Gracchi Tiberius (163-133BC) was a Roman reformer who as tribune in 1333 proposed land reforms designed to create a class of small landowners. He was killed in a riot. His brother Gaius (153-121BC) was tribune in 123 and renewed Tiberius attempts. He was killed in riots over his proposal to grant Roman citizenship to Latins. The Gracchis attempts at reforms factionalised the aristocracy and prevented peaceful change. BkV:Chap12:Sec1 Mirabeau compared to them. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Their fate mentioned. Graces The Graces or Charites (the Roman Gratia) were the three sisters, daughters of Jupiter-Zeus and Eurynome, attendants to Venus-Aphrodite. Often depicted with arms entwined in dance (See Botticellis Primavera) their names were Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia. They signified giving, receiving, and thanking, later the Platonic triad, love, beauty, truth. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.

Graciosa A volcanic Island in the Azores, nicknamed the White Island for its delicate landscape, it has a mild climate and gently rolling hills. Santa Cruz is the most important town. It was noted for its whaling industry now defunct, and its vineyards. BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 BkVI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand touched there on his voyage to America in 1791. His description of the island. Gradisca dIsonzo, Italy A town in north-eastern Italy, on the Isonzo River, near the Slovenian border, it was founded (late 15th century) by Venice as a fortress against the Turks. From 1754 to 1918 it formed with Gorizia (Grz) the crown land of Grz-Gradisca in the Austrian province of Kstenland. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Taken by Napoleon in 1797. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 The capture of Gradisca on the 17th March 1797, took place in the region of the Drave and Izonzo Rivers. Rising in the Carnic Alps, Northern Italy, the Drava or Drave flows generally east through southern Austria (where it is called the Drau) and enters Slovenia. It forms part of the Croatian-Hungarian border before joining the Danube River east of Osijek. The Mur River is its chief tributary. The So~a River, in Italy the Isonzo River, flows through West Slovenia and Northern Italy. An Alpine river in character, So~a-Isonzo has its source 1,100 m high in the Julian Alps, west from Mount Triglav (2864 m) in the Trenta valley: flowing south 140 km it enters the Adriatic Sea near Monfalcone in Italy. Grammont, Duchesse de d.1794 Executed during the Terror. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 Her name appears on the death warrant exhibited, and she was executed with Chateaubriands brother. Grandmesnil, (Jean-Baptiste Fauchard) 1737-1816. Actor and author. Famous as Harpagon in Molires LAvare (1790, and again in 1799) BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Actor at the Thtre-Franais. Granada The city in Andalusia in south-west Spain, at the confluence of the Darro and Genil rivers, formerly the capital of the Kingdom of Granada, and the

last Moorish stronghold in Spain until conquered in 1492. Its splendid architecture includes the Alhambra. BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned as an exotic city. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807. The area west of Granada was once a crucial frontier between the Moorish kingdom of Granada and the Christian territory. Today, it is now dotted some dramatically sited villages, on rocky crags or hills overlooking the fertile Vega (plain). BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 A letter dated from there. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The Vega is the plain outside Granada. The Zegris, like the Abencerages were noble families of Granada, The Darro (not Duero as Chateaubriand writes) and Xenil Rivers run through and past the city. The Generalife, the country estate of the Kings of Granada, is located just outside the northern fortifications of the Alhambra. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Lausanne compared to it. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 BkXXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Grand-B, Saint-Malo Following plans designed by Vauban, engineer Simon de Garangeau (16471741) extended the town, revamped its fortifications, and built sea forts on the small islands off the city, Petit B, Grand B and Fort Royal, later renamed Fort National, La Conche, and Czembre. BkI:Chap3:Sec4 The site of Chateaubriands tomb (1848). Grande-Force, Paris A now-defunct prison in the Marais district of Paris divided into La PetiteForce for women and La Grande-Force for men. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Armand taken there. Grandella, Italy Manfred was defeated by Charles of Anjou the brother of Saint-Louis, near Benevento on the plain of Grandella in 1266 ending Hohenstaufen rule in Italy. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Grand-Turc A traditional title for the Ottoman Sultan of Constantinople (Istanbul). BkV:Chap15:Sec1 Selim III (1761-1808) was the 28th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 (April)-1807. He sent his ambassador to be presented to Talleyrand in July 1789.

Granet, Franois Omer 1758-1821. A revolutionary, Member of the Convention, and regicide. He returned to Marseilles his native town under the Empire, and was exiled to Brussels under the Restoration, but was pardoned and returned to France in 1818. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Granville The coastal city in Basse-Normandie is sited on a rocky point commanding the Channel. Granville is situated on the Cotentin Peninsula at the mouth of Bosq and Pointe du Roc (Cap Lihou) which in part closes in the north of the bay of Mont-Saint-Michel. It was at one time a corsair city which rivalled Saint-Malo, and it sent a large cod-fishing fleet to fish the Banks of Newfoundland. It was besieged by the English in 1803. Seventeen French Admirals were born there. BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Its oyster-beds in 1822. Gray, Thomas 1716-1771. English poet considered a forerunner of English romanticism. His most famous work is the Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1751). BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Translated by Lemierre. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriands translation of Grays Elegy begins: Dans les airs frmissants, jentends le long murmure/ De la cloche du soir qui tinte avec lenteur He also translates from the Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College, here given in the original. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 A reference to Grays Elegy. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 From Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College. BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 The quotation is from Chateaubriands imitation of Grays Elegy. Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl 1764-1845. Known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807, was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister. He became one of the major leaders of the Whig party. Grey was noted for advocating Parliamentary reform and Catholic emancipation. In 1830, the Whigs finally returned to power, with Grey as Prime Minister. His Ministry was a notable one, seeing passage of the Reform Act 1832, which finally saw the reform of the House of Commons, and the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire in

1833. As the years passed, however, Grey became more conservative. In 1834 Grey retired from public life, leaving Lord Melbourne as his successor. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Gray, for Grey, Lady Jane 1537-1554. She is remembered as the Nine Day Queen, before Mary Tudor was confirmed as queen in 1553, after the death of her half-brother Edward VI. BkX:Chap5:Sec2 She as buried in the courtyard of the Tower of London after her execution. Greenwich, London A Roman foundation Greenwich became associated with the monarchy from an early date. Anglo-Saxon, Tudor and Stuart Kings lived there. Greenwich Palace built around 1427 was demolished in 1661 during the reign of Charles II. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. The Royal Hospital was built by Wren at the end of the eighteenth century for Naval invalids, and became the Naval College in 1873. Grgoire, Jean-Franois He was a co-translator of Saint Jeromes letters. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 The edition with Collombet of Saint Jeromes letters was published 1836-39. Gregory I, Saint Gregory the Great c540-604. Pope from 590, his appointment was confirmed by the Emperor Maurice. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Gregory V, n Bruno c972-999. Pope from May 996. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Silvester II his successor was actually Pope in 1001. Gregory VII, Hildebrand, Saint and Pope d1085. Pope 1073-1085. In Germany, Henry IV in dispute with Gregory was excommunicated (1076). The excommunication cost Henry much of his popularity, and in 1077 he humbled himself before the pope at Canossa. Gregory remained neutral in the civil war that followed in Germany but

decreed (1079) Henry deposed when it became clear Henry would not cooperate with the forces working for peace in the empire. Henry answered by setting up an imperial antipope, Guibert of Ravenna (Clement III). When the civil war ended in Henry's favour, he marched (1081) into Italy. Gregory led the defence of Rome, but when Henry returned a second time (1083) the Romans betrayed Gregory. He fortified himself in Castel SantAngelo until rescued by his Norman ally, Robert Guiscard. The Normans plundered the city. With the antipope and Henry still in Italy, Gregory decided to join the Normans in their withdrawal south. He died a year later at Salerno. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. On Christmas Eve, 1075, as the Pope was distributing Holy Communion at Midnight Mass in Santa Maria Maggiore, a group of men entered the Church, took Gregory captive, and demanded surrender of church property. Gregory refused to. Later that morning the local Roman people forced their way into the castle where Gregory was prisoner and freed him. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Gregory X, Theobald Visconti, Pope 1210-1276. Pope 1271-1276. To him is due the bull which, subsequently incorporated into the code of canon law, regulated all conclaves for Papal elections until the reforms of Pope Paul VI (196378). BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Gregory XVI, Pope Gregory XVI, See Capellari Grgoire de Tours, Saint Gregory of Tours 538-594. A French historian, he was Bishop of Tours (from 573), born in Clermont-Ferrand, of a prominent family. He wrote accounts of miracles of the saints, an astronomical work to determine movable feasts, and a commentary on the Psalms. His masterpiece, Historia Francorum (History of the Franks), in 10 books, is a universal history; its account of contemporary events being of great importance. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to his Historia III.26 Gregorio, Emmanuele, Cardinal de 1758-1839. A member of the Neapolitan nobility he was supposed to be an illegitimate son of Charles III. He was exiled to Paris in 1810, and imprisoned from 1811 to 1814. He was made a Cardinal in 1816, and in 1823 was of the zelante party. He was made Bishop of Frascati in May 1829.

BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 A candidate for the Papacy in 1829 when he received twenty four votes. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 An anti-Jesuit voter. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Supported as a Papal candidate by France. Grenelle The Field of Mars in Paris, the old Plain of Grenelle, between the Military Academy and the Seine, was used by Napoleon for military executions. BkI:Chap5:Sec1 Armand executed there 31st March 1809. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Napoleons instructions to blow up the magazine there in 1814. Grenier, Paul, Comte de 1766-1827. A General, he was appointed by Louis XVIII to the 8th military division. In the spring of 1815 he was elected to the new Chamber of Representatives of which he was elected vice-president. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 A member of the executive committee. Grenoble The City in south-east France is the capital of the Isre department. Capital of the Dauphine until 1341. BkIII:Chap1:Sec2 The monastery of the Grand Chartreux or Charterhouse is the mother abbey of the Carthusian Order. St Bruno founded the Order in the Alpine valley. Chateaubriand visited it in 1805. BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 Prisoners from Zaragoza held at Grenoble in 1809. BkXXIII:Chap13:Sec1 Louis XVIII sent the Fifth Regiment, led by Marshal Ney to counter Bonaparte at Grenoble on March 7, 1815. Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within earshot of Ney's forces, shouted Soldiers of the Fifth, you recognize me. If any man wishes to kill his emperor, he may do so now. Following a brief silence, the soldiers shouted Vive LEmpereur! and marched with Napoleon to Paris. Grenville, William Wyndham Grenville, Baron 1759-1834. British statesman; he was the youngest son of George Grenville. He was foreign secretary in the ministry of his cousin William Pitt from 1791 to 1801. During the French Revolutionary Wars, Grenville led the British war party and favoured Pitts repressive internal measures. He was also a champion of free trade and of Catholic Emancipation. In 1806 he

formed the Ministry of all the talents, which abolished (1807) the slave trade. BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 Chateaubriand heard him speak. Grtry, Andr-Ernest-Modeste 1714-1813. A Belgian composer, who lived and died in France. He was one of the leading opera composers of his time, and an exponent of opra comique. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 His daughters and their death. BkV:Chap15:Sec2 La Barbe-bleue, Bluebeard, a comedy by Sedaine with music by Grtry, staged at the Thtre-Italien in March 1789. Grve, Place de The Place de Grve was, before 1803, the name of the square, now the City Hall Square (Place de lHtel de Ville), in Paris. It was the site of most of the public executions. The gallows and the pillory stood there. The highestprofile executions took place in the Grve, including the gruesome deaths of the regicides Jacques Clment, Franois Ravaillac, and RobertFranois Damiens. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Grew, Nehemiah 1641-1711/2. Botanist. His first important work appeared in 1672 when he published An Idea of a Phytological History of Plants. He was secretary of the Royal Society from 1677, and published his second great work on the Anatomy of Plants (1682), in which he described the function of flowers and announced the sexual reproduction of plants. With the Italian microscopist Marcello Malpighi, he is considered to be among the founders of the science of plant anatomy. BkV:Chap15:Sec3 His work consulted by Chateaubriand. Grey, see Gray Griffi, Count He was the Ambassador of Naples to Florence in 1833. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Grignan, Franoise-Marguerite de Svign, Madame de 1646-1705. Daughter of Madame de Svign she was the recipient of her famous letters, 750 or so, over a period of thirty years. She married, 1669,

Comte Franois de Grignan, a Farmer-General, and lived on his estate of that name in the Drme. BkXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Grignon, Louis, General A general in the Army of the West during the Revolution, he savagely suppressed revolt in the Vende. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Arrested with Huchet and accused of atrocities. Suspended August 1794, re-instated October 1795. Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, Baron von 1723-1807. His acquaintance with Rousseau, through a mutual sympathy in regard to musical matters, ripened into intimate friendship, and led to a close association with the encyclopaedists. A witty pamphlet entitled Le Petit Prophte de Boeh-mischbroda (1753), written by him in defence of Italian as against French opera, established his literary reputation. In 1753 Grimm, following the example of the Abb Raynal, began a literary correspondence with various German sovereigns. Raynals letters, Nouvelles littraires, ceased early in 1755. With the aid of friends, especially of Diderot and Mme dpinay, during his temporary absences from France, Grimm himself carried on the correspondence, which consisted of two letters a month, until 1773, and eventually counted among his subscribers Catherine II of Russia, Stanislas Poniatowski, king of Poland, and many princes of the smaller German States.It was probably in 1754 that Grimm was introduced by Rousseau to Madame dEpinay, with whom he soon formed a liaison which led to an irreconcilable rupture between him and Rousseau. Rousseau was induced by his resentment to give in his Confessions a wholly mendacious portrait of Grimm's character. He became minister of Saxe-Gotha at the court of France in 1776, but in 1777 he left Paris on a visit to St Petersburg, where he remained for nearly a year in daily intercourse with Catherine. He acted as Paris agent for the empress in the purchase of works of art, and executed many confidential commissions for her. In 1792 he emigrated, and in the next year settled in Gotha, where his poverty was relieved by Catherine, who in 1796 appointed him minister of Russia at Hamburg. On the death of the empress Catherine he took refuge with Mme d'Epinay's granddaughter, Emilie de Belsunce, comtesse de Bueil. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 His association with Rousseaus set. Groignard, Antoine

1727-1799. Engineer-General of the Marine, he was Royal ship designer, and designer of the naval dockyards and harbours at Toulon (1774) and Brest (1781-83). He was recalled to service in 1793, and appointed as the naval administrator at Toulon. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleon sends him a letter of criticism. Gros, Antoine Jean, Baron 1771-1835. The French Romantic painter principally remembered for his historical pictures depicting significant events in the military career of Napoleon. He was a pupil of David. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 His painting Bonaparte visiting the Plague-Victims of Jaffa, was displayed in the Salon of 1804. BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 His painting Napolon on the field of Eylau, portraying the battlefield aftermath on the 9th of February 1807. It was displayed in the Salon of 1808. Grotius, Hugo (Huig de Groot) 1583-1645. The Dutch jurist, politician, and theologian, whose major work, On the Law of War and Peace (1625), is considered the first comprehensive treatise on international law. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 His sacred tragedy in Latin, Adamus Exul of 1601. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mare Liberum (The Freedom of the Seas) was published in 1609. Oxiensterna appointed him Swedish Ambassador in Paris in 1634, a position he held until 1644. Grotius, Peter (Pieter de Groot) 1615-1678 Second son of Hugh, he was Pensionary of Amsterdam in 1660, later of Rotterdam, and Ambassador to Stockholm and Paris. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 The fourth volume of de Witts Letters and Negotiations concludes with the correspondence with Grotius during his embassy at Stockholm. Grouchy, Emmanuel de, Marshal of France 1766-1847. A French general during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, he was made a marshal after Napoleons return from Elba during the Hundred Days. His questionable tactical decisions, for example his failure to prevent the Prussians from joining the English, are often thought to be largely responsible for Napoleons defeat in the Waterloo campaign.

BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Commanded a mounted squadron during the retreat from Moscow. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 At Waterloo, it was claimed that Grouchy insisted on pursuing the retreating Prussian army instead of marching to the sound of the guns. His conduct was criticised by Gerard in a noted war of words. Grnstein, Baron Adjutant to the Duc dEnghien. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec2 Present at Ettenheim during the arrest of the Duc dEnghien. Guadagni, Giovanni Antonio, Cardinal 1674-1759. Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina, he was a Cardinal from 1731. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 A pen portrait of him by de Brosses. Guadalquivir The River, c.350 miles long, rises in the Sierra de Cazorla, south-east Spain, and flowing generally south-west past Crdoba and Seville into the Atlantic Ocean near Sanlcar de Barrameda. It is the longest stream in the Andalusia region of southern Spain. Its Arabic name means the Great River, and its Roman name was Betis or Baetis. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Guarini, Gian-Battista 1538-1612. He was an Italian poet, who served at the court of Ferrara and in Rome and Florence. His best known work is his pastoral drama The Faithful Shepherd (1590), emulating Tassos Aminta of 1573. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born in Ferrara. Gubica, Monsieur He was Chief clerk to the State of Corsica. BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1 A letter from Napoleon to him. Guelphs and Ghibellines The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting, respectively, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy during the 12th and 13th centuries. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriands view of the factions.

Gunan, Chevalier de He was an officer in the Navarre Regiment. BkIV:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand encountered him in 1786. Guer, Julien-Hyacinthe de Marnire, Chevalier de 1748-1816. Born at Rennes. Emigre, royalist agent under the Directory, he ended his career as a prefect at the Restoration. BkIV:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand dined with him in Paris in 1786. BkV:Chap3:Sec1 Among the Bretons imprisoned in the Bastille in July 1788 and released in the September when Lomnie de Brienne was dismissed. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 Present at the Brittany States in December 1788. Guerchino, Francesco Giovanni Barbieri llamado, called 1591-1666. He was an Italian Painter and engraver. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Napoleon shipped artworks back to France. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 A painting in Ferrara attributed to him by Chateaubriand. Gurin, Pierre-Narcisse, Baron 1774-1833. A French painter, he won enthusiastic recognition in 1799 for his Marius Sextus (Louvre). A defender of the classicism of David, he became director of the cole de Rome in 1822. He counted among his pupils Delacroix, Gricault, and Ary Scheffer, who were to launch the romantic school. Among his best-known works are Aeneas and Dido, Clytemnestra, and Andromache, all in the Louvre. BkXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He returned to Paris, but in ill health returned to Rome to die there in 1833. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand sees him in Rome in 1828. He was working on designs for his unfinished painting, the Last Night of Troy. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand dined with him on the 11th of December 1828 at the Villa Medici. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Guerins painting of the Virgin, of 1821, disappeared in 1871 during the Commune. Guernon-Ranville, Martial Cme Annibal Perptue Magloire, Comte de 1787-1866. A lawyer he served as Minister for Education in 1829. He was condemned after the revolution of 1830, and was imprisoned in the fortress of Ham for five years, before retiring to his chteau of Ranville (Calvados). BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned.

Guernsey It is the second largest of the Channel Islands, in the English Channel. BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand nearly shipwrecked there. BkX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrives there in November 1792. Guiccioli, Teresa Gamba, Comtesse 1799-1873. Byrons mistress in Ravenna (1819-1823). She married again, in 1851, the Comte de Boissy (1798-1866) a collaborator with Chateaubriand in London and Verona in 1822, who became a Peer under Louis-Philippe, then a Senator of the Second Empire. BkXII:Chap4:Sec3 Chateaubriand met her in Rome. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand sees her in Rome in 1829. BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Byron met her at Contessa Benzonis. Guiche, Antoine VII de Gramont, Comte (called Duc) de 1722-1801. Peer of France. BkXII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Guiche, Antoine IX-Hraclius-Genevive-Agnor de Gramont, Duc de 1789-1855. Having fought under the British flag in the Peninsular War, he became a lieutenant-general in the French army in 1823, and in 1830 accompanied Charles X of France to exile in Edinburgh, then Prague. He returned to France in 1833 and took the title on the death of his father in 1836. He was the Comte dOrsays brother in law and Chateaubraind presented them both to George IV on 12th June 1822. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Visited Chateaubriand in London in 1822. BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 At Saint-Cloud on the 30th of July 1830. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 In Prague in May 1833. Guiche, Anne de Grimaud, Duchesse de 1802-1882. She was the wife of Agnor (1818). BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned in London. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 In Prague in May 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand visits her. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Guillaume le Conqurant, called Le Btard, King of England, see William I

Guillaume le Breton 1165-1227. A historian and poet, he was chaplain to Philippe Auguste. He was the author of La Philippide, a verse chronicle of the kings reign, quoted by Chateaubriand. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 A source of information on Chateaubriands lineage. BkVI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from La Philippide, canto I line 30. BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from La Philippide, canto XII, line 782. (To whom with our help accrued a brilliant victory.) BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes from La Philippide, canto IV:317-321. Ascalon much further south is confused with Acre in the original. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to La Philippide. Guillaume III of Nassau, King of England, see William III Guillaume de Prusse, Maria-Anna of Hesse-Homburg, Princess (William of Prussia) 1785-1846. Wife (1804) of Prince William, she was the daughter of Frederick V Landgraf von Hessen-Homburg (1748-1820) and Princess Caroline of Hessen-Darmstadt (1746-1821). BkXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 The death of her mother 18th September 1821. Guillaume de Prusse, Prince Wilhelm Frederick Louis, future William I of Prussia 1797-1888. Ruled January 1871 March 1888 as German Emperor and January 1861 9 March 1888 as King of Prussia. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Mentioned. Guillaume I, William I of the Netherlands, 1772-1843 He was named Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands in 1813, proclaimed himself King in 1815, ruled until 1830 when he became King of Holland alone, and abdicated in 1840. William I was also the grand duke of Luxembourg. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Guillaume Tell, William Tell A legendary hero (15th century tale) of disputed historical authenticity who is said to have lived in the Canton of Uri in Switzerland in the early 14th

century. His defiance of the Austrians sparked a rebellion, leading to the formation of the Old Swiss Confederacy. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Guillaumy He was a fisherman of Saint-Pierre. BkVI:Chap5:Sec3 BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 Mentioned. Guilleminot, Armand Charles, General Comte 1774-1840. A soldier in the Revolution and combatant at Waterloo, he drew up the plans for the Spanish Campaign in 1823. He was Ambassador to Constantinople 1824-1831. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand in 1829. Guillon, Marie-Nicolas-Sylvestre Guillon, Abb 1759-1847. Former chaplain to the Princesse de Lamballe, he was Bishop of Maroc. A specialist in canon law, attached to the Rome Embassy. Cardinal Fesch demanded his recall at the beginning of 1804. BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1 His lies. BkXV:Chap7:Sec2 Denounced by Fesch as a Russian agent. Guinard, Joseph-Augustin 1799-1874 A radical he was involved in a number of plots, and had an important role in the Society of the Rights of Man. Condemned to deportation he escaped prison in July 1835 and fled to London. He returned to France in 1848 and was elected to the Constituent Assembly. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 At the Tuileries in July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 A member of the Republican Municipal Commission in July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 At the Palais-Royal on the 31st of July 1830. Guiraud, Pierre Marie Jeanne Alexandre Thrse 1788-1847. A French poet, dramatist, and author, he contributed to the opera Pharamond in 1825, for which he was made a Baron by Charles X. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 His Les Macchabes ou Le Martyre was staged in 1822. This may have been an adaptation. The Maccabees were Jewish rebels who fought against the rule of Antiochus IV Epiphanes of the Hellenistic Seleucid dynasty, who was succeeded by his infant son Antiochus V Eupator. The Maccabees founded the Hasmonean royal dynasty and

established Jewish independence in the Land of Israel for about one hundred years, from 165 BC to 63 BC. Guischardt, Karl Gottlieb 1724-1775. A historian of Roman military matters, whom Frederick the Great called Quintus Icilius after Julius Caesars aide de camp. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Guise, Franois de Lorraine, Duc de 1519-1563. 2nd Duc de Guise, he was leader with his brother Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine (1524-1574) of the Roman Catholic party in the Wars of Religion. He was assassinated by a Huguenot. BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 At Thionville in 1558. Guise, Henri I de Lorraine, Duc de, called Le Balafr (The Cicatrice) 1550-1588. Henri de Lorraine, 3rd Duc de Guise, son of Franois, helped to plan the massacre of St. Bartholomews Day and after 1576 formed the Catholic League. Immensely ambitious and popular, called the peoples king, he instigated the revolt of Paris against King Henri III (1588) and took control of the city. After an ostensible reconciliation, the king had him murdered at Blois. BkIX:Chap4:Sec2 BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 His assassination. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 Imprisoned at Blois. BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 Quoted. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 The Paris revolt in 1588. BkXXXV:Chap5:Sec1 His visit to Achille de Harlay after the Day of the Barricades, 12th May 1588. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 His defence of Metz against Charles V (1552) crowned his reputation. After a siege of two months the emperor was obliged to retire with a loss of 30,000 men. Guise, Charles de Lorraine, Duc de 1571-1640 Son of Henri I de Lorraine, in 1595 he captured Marseilles from Dpernon who held it for the League. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Connected with Marseilles. BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 He fought and killed Saint-Pol after an altercation at Rheims on the 25th of April 1594. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned.

Guise, Henri II de Lorraine, 5th Duc de 1614-1664. French leader of the house of Guise, he was already archbishop of Rheims when he became Duc de Guise in 1640. After being sentenced to death for his part in a conspiracy against Cardinal de Richelieu (1641), he fled to Brussels and commanded the Austrian troops against France. He unsuccessfully led the Neapolitans in their war against Spain (1647, 1654), then spent the rest of his life at the French court, trying unsuccessfully to revive the power of the Guise dynasty. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Guitaut, Franois de Comminges, Comte de 1579-1663. He was Captain of the Guards of Anne of Austria (1643) and Governor of Saumur 1650. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 His description of Henri II de Montmorency. Guitton, Colonel Commander 1st Regiment Cuirassiers. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 A member of the commission which tried the Duc dEnghien in 1804. Guizot, Franois Pierre Guillaume 1787-1874. French statesman and historian, he became a professor of modern history at the University of Paris. His friendship with Royer-Collard and his sympathy with the moderate royalists soon drew him into minor political office. As an opposition deputy he was involved in the July Revolution of 1830 and became one of the leading intellectual exponents of the bourgeois July Monarchy of Louis Philippe. As minister of public instruction (183237), Guizot introduced (1833) a new system of primary education. Turning more and more to conservatism, he became (1840) the chief power in the ministry nominally headed by Soult, who had displaced the more liberal Thiers as premier. In 1847, Guizot became premier. His leadership provided a stable government, but his complacent acceptance of the established order led to his overthrow in the February Revolution of 1848, which forced the abdication of Louis Philippe. Guizot devoted the rest of his life to writing. The best known of his many works, Histoire de la Rvolution d'Angleterre (182656), illustrates his critical approach and his devotion to original sources as well as his admiration for middle-of-the-road British politics. He also wrote Mmoires pour servir lhistoire de mon temps (185867) and the brilliant General History of Civilization in Modern

Europe (6 vol., 182932; tr. by William Hazlitt, 3 vol., 1846). The last work, never completed, covers principally the civilization of France up to the 14th cent. In October 1809, aged twenty-two, he wrote a review of Chateaubriands Les Martyrs, which won Chateaubriands approbation and thanks. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Absent from Paris at the moment of the fall of Napoleon in 1814, he was at once selected, on the recommendation of Royer-Collard, to serve the government of Louis XVIII, in the capacity of secretary-general of the ministry of the interior. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 At Ghent in 1815. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 His love for the Countess von Lieven. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 His historical system. Salic law (Latin, lex Salica) was a body of traditional law to govern the Salian Franks that was codified in the early 6th century, during the reign of Clovis I. Ripuary Law, of the Franks on the banks of the Rhine, was reduced to writing about 630 and sanctioned by Dagobert. BkXXXI:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand helped his election as Deputy for a seat in the Calvados, which he won in January 1830. The relations between the two men were initially warm but later hostile as Chateaubriand considered Guizot a supporter of Press censorship and a political opponent in many respects, though he appreciated his literary work. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 He co-wrote the address for the opening of the Session of 1830 on the 2nd of March. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Held a meeting of the monarchist party on 28th July 1830 at his house. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Appointed as a Commissioner on the 30th July 1830 to confer with the Peers. BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Drafts a proclamation on Saturday the 31st of July 1830. BkXXXV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Gumbinnen (Gusev) Formerly in Germany, in the Prussian province of East Prussia, it is on the Pissa, an affluent of the Pregel. Since 1945, as Gusev, it lies in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. It is situated close to the border with Lithuania, east of Chernyakhovsk. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Murat there (17th December) on the retreat from Moscow. He renounces his support for Napoleon. Gundling, Jacob Paul, Freiherr von

1673-1731. An enlightened scholar and historian who was laden with titles in ridicule by Frederick-William I. Humiliated by the king and frustrated at his sense of powerlessness, he gradually drank himself to death. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Gnzburg, Bavaria Ney approached Ulm via Gnzburg on October 9th 1805, and a minor battle resulted in a French victory. The town lies at the confluence of the Gnz and the Danube in Swabia, Bavaria. BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Gurowski, Adam, Count? 1805-1866. A Polish nobleman, and agent of the Polish Revolutionary Government, he took refuge in Paris in 1831. He was the author of The Truth about Russia (1835). He visited the United States in 1849 and died there in 1866. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 If this is the person identified, his name in the visitors book at Carlsbad. Gusev (Gumbinnen), Russia A town in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. It is situated close to the border with Lithuania, east of Chernyakhovsk. Gusev was part of East Prussia and was known by its German name, Gumbinnen. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 Napoleon there in June 1812. Gustaf IV Adolphe, King of Sweden 1778-1837. King of Sweden from 1792 until his abdication in 1809, he was the son of Gustav III of Sweden and his queen consort Sophie Magdalen. His despotism, his mental unbalance, and his disastrous policies led to his forced abdication when the Russians threatened Stockholm (March 1809). The crown was tendered to Charles XIII, who made peace with Russia, and Gustafs descendants were barred from succession. He spent most of his exile as Colonel Gustafsson at St. Gall, Switzerland, where he died. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Protested at the abduction of the Duc dEnghien, and recalled his ambassador to Paris in 1804, finally refusing to recognise Napoleon as Emperor. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 His loss of possessions to France and Russia. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

1594-1632. Gustav II Adolf of Sweden was widely known by the Latinized name Gustavus Adolphus and referred to by Protestants as the Lion of the North. He was King of Sweden from 1611 until his death, and the only Swedish king to be styled the Great. Born in Stockholm, the son of Charles IX of the Vasa dynasty and Christina of Holstein-Gottorp, he was one of the major players in the Thirty Years War. He was married to Maria Eleonora, the daughter of the Elector of Brandenburg, and chose Prussias city of Elbing as base for his operations in Germany. He died in battle on November 6, 1632 at Ltzen in Germany. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Guzman dAlfarache The picaresque hero of a work by the Spanish writer Mateo Alemn (15471614), popularised by Le Sage in 1732. The character is noted for his duality, self-contradictions, and a career dominated by reversals of fortune. BkV:Chap12:Sec1 Mirabeau compared to him. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Mentioned. Gwydir or Gwidir, Clementina Sarah Drummond,Lady 1786-1865. Wife of the 2nd Baron Gwydir, Peter Robert DrummondWilloughby, 21st Lord Willoughby de Eresby (1782-1865) she was a London hostess. Presumably she and not her mother Priscilla (died 1828) is intended. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Hachette, Jean b. 1456. A French heroine known as Jeanne Fourquet and nicknamed Jeanne Hachette (Jeanne the Hatchet). We have no precise information about her family or origin. She is known solely for an act of heroism which on 27 June 1472 saved Beauvais when it was on the point of being taken by the troops of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy. The town was defended by only 300 men-at-arms, commanded by Louis de Balagny. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Mentioned. Hadj-Saleh A Mameluke. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Executed after the fall of Jaffa in 1799. Hadrian, Emperor

76-138AD. Roman Emperor (117-138). Trajans ward, he was a successful military commander in Parthia, and he became Emperor at Trajans death. Defeating a major conspiracy in 118, he toured the provinces from 120 to 131. He had a mainly defensive policy, though he subdued a Jewish revolt in 132-135. He lived in and further beautified Rome from 131 until his death. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 His imitation of various monuments at his Villa Hadriana at Tivoli which Chateaubriand visited on 12th December 1803. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 His tomb on the Tiber was known as Hadrians Mole or Mausoleum but is now commonly referred to as Castel SantAngelo. Hague, Cap de la A rocky promontory, on the Cotentin coast, it forms the westernmost cape of the Cherbourg peninsula. BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Chateaubriand confuses it with the Cap de la Hougue which is the Eastern Cape of the peninsula. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Again Chateaubriand confuses it with Cape de la Hougue. Tourville was defeated by the English here in 1692. Hainault, Phillippa of c1314-1369. The Queen consort of Edward III of England, Philippa was born in Valenciennes (then in Flanders, now France) and was the daughter of William III, Count of Hainaut and Jeanne de Valois, the grand-daughter of Philip III of France. She married Edward at York Minster, in October, 1327. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 She gave birth to John of Gaunt at Ghent. Halcyon Alcyone was the daughter of Aeolus, granddaughter of Polypemon, and wife of Ceyx. She and Ceyx foolishly compared themselves to Juno and Jupiter, for which the gods drowned Ceyx in a storm. Alcyone leapt into the sea to join him, and both were transformed into kingfishers or Halcyons. In antiquity it was believed that the hen-kingfisher layed her eggs in a floating nest in the Halcyon Days around the winter solstice, when the sea is made calm by Aeolus, Alcyones father. (The kingfisher actually lays its eggs in a hole, normally in a riverbank, by freshwater and not by seawater.) BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Hall, Captain Basil 1788-1844. A British naval officer and traveller, in the service from 1802 to 1823, he commanded vessels on scientific assignments and voyages of

exploration. He wrote of them in his Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea and the Great Loo-Choo (1818); in Extracts from a Journal Written on the Coasts of Chile, Peru, and Mexico (1823); and in Fragments of Voyages and Travels (183133). After leaving the Navy he travelled in the United States, his Travels in North America (1829) forming a valuable description of America. He was a member of the Royal Society. His father Sir James Hall was at Brienne Military College with Bonaparte, and was a well-known amateur scientist. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Visited Napoleon on St Helena on the 13th August 1817. Hallay-Cotquen, Jean George Charles Frdric Emmanuel, Marquis du 1799-1867. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Hallay-Cotquen, Comte du Brother of the Marquis. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Halleck, Fitz Greene 1790-1867. American poet, b. Guilford, Conn. He was joint author, with Joseph Rodman Drake, of the humorous lampoons Croaker Papers, most of which were printed in the New York Evening Post in 1819. In the same year he published his long satire, Fanny (1819), in the style of Byron's Beppo. His poem Marco Bozzaris, popular as a recitation, and his Green Be the Turf above Thee, an elegy on the death of Drake, were the best known of Hallecks graceful verses. For many years he was personal secretary to John Jacob Astor. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 His poem Marco Bozzaris. Hamadryads Wood nymphs in Greek mythology. BkIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Hamburg, Germany The city of northern Germany on the Elbe River, it lies northeast of Bremen. Founded by Charlemagne in the early ninth century, the city quickly grew in commercial importance and in 1241 formed an alliance with Lbeck that became the basis for the Hanseatic League.

BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 The French evacuated the city on March 12th 1813. Hamilton, Sir William 1730-1803. British Ambassador at Naples, he was the husband of Emma (Harte) Hamilton, Nelsons Emma. Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, Marquess of Douglas, 10th Duke of 1767-1852. Duke of Hamilton from 1819, he welcomed Charles X to Holyrood Palace during Charles exile after the 1830 Revolution. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 Visits Kensington Gardens with Madame Rcamier. Hamilton, Charlotte, Duchess of Somerset 1772-1827. The sister of Alexander, she married Edward Adolphus St. Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 Visits Kensington Gardens with Madame Rcamier. Hamilton, Emma Lyon, Lady 1765?-1815. Mistress of Horatio Nelson, she had been the mistress of Charles Greville, then of Sir William Hamilton, ambassador to Naples, whom she married (1791). She gained enormous influence with Neapolitan Queen Marie Caroline. Her intimacy with Nelson began in 1798, and after returning to England with him, she bore him a daughter, Horatia, in 1801. Although she received legacies from both her husband and Nelson, she was imprisoned for debt in July 1813, and died in poverty and obscurity at Calais. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 The Cashmere shawl was discovered by English ladies at the end of the 18 century, at a time when oriental influence was visible in European fashion and art: Napoleons soldiers, returning home from the campaign in Egypt, introduced the fashion in France, Lady Hamilton and Nelson took it to Naples and the painter, Vige Le Brun, to St. Petersburg. Hamlet Hamlet is the protagonist of the play of that name by Shakespeare. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 The tradition (due to his first biographer Nicholas Rowe, in 1709) that Shakespeare played the part of the ghost of Hamlets father in the play. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 A reference to the play, possibly Act III and the play within the play. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec3 The gravediggers appear in ActV:I.

Hampton Court, England The Tudor and Stuart Palace on the Thames near London. Built by Cardinal Wolsey, it was appropriated by Henry VIII who added the Great Hall. Wren later worked on developments for William III. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Since the 1530s there has been a Communication Gallery linking the Kings and Queens apartments, although the present gallery was built for William III in the 1690s. The gallery is hung with a series of portraits painted by Sir Peter Lely between c1662-5, known as the Windsor Beauties. They were painted for Anne Hyde, Duchess of York (wife of James II) and represent the most beautiful women at the court of Charles II (1660-85). They were sometimes thought to have been Charles IIs mistresses but the only genuine candidate is the portrait of Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland. Hanau The town in Hesse, Germany is located 10 km east of Frankfurt am Main. The Battle of Hanau was fought between the French and Austro-Bavarian armies on October 30-31, 1813 during the Liberation Wars against Napoleonic France. Bavaria, a former French ally, joined the Sixth Coalition according to the Treaty of Ried concluded just before the battle of Leipzig. An Austro-Bavarian corps under prominent Bavarian Field marshal von Wrde attacked the retreating French army at Hanau, Hesse, however, were routed by Napoleon. Wrde received a wound to the head. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 The Battle. Handel, George Frederick 1685-1759. German composer. He travelled to Italy where he became famous as a harpsichordist and a master of the Italianate style of composition. He visited England in 1712 and remained there. After various appointments he became Director of the Royal Academy of Music on its foundation in 1720. He became blind towards the end of his life. His works include the oratorios Saul (1739) and Messiah (1742), and the Water Music (1717) He was buried in Westminster Abbey. BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 George IIIs favourite composer. Hanka, Wenceslaus 1791-1861. A Bohemian philologist, he was appointed librarian of the Prague Museum in 1818. On the 16th of September 1817 Hanka alleged that he had discovered some ancient Bohemian manuscript poems of the 13th and 14th century in the church tower of the village of Kralodwor, or

Kniginhof. These are now considered a forgery. In 1848 Hanka, who was an ardent Panslavist, took part in the Slavonic congress and other peaceful national demonstrations, being the founder of the political society Slovanska Lipa. He was elected to the imperial diet at Vienna, but declined to take his seat. In the winter of 1848 he became lecturer and in 1849 professor of Slavonic languages in the university of Prague, where he died. BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Hannibal 247-183 BC. The Carthaginian general, who during the second of the Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome, took an army of more than 100,000, supported by elephants, from Spain to Italy in an effort to conquer Rome. The army crossed the Alps, and this troop movement is still regarded as one of the greatest in history. Hannibal won several victories on this campaign but was not able to take Rome. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His legions who died at Carthage. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 Hannibal died by drinking poison near Bithynia in a place called Libyssa. BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 An incident from his life, refer to Polybius and Livy. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Spoleto fended off Hannibal in 217BC. BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned for his sincerity. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 A supposed prediction of his birth in Aeneid IV:625 Hardenberg, Charles-Auguste, Baron then Prince de 1750-1822. A Hanoverian lawyer, he entered the service of the King of Prussia in 1791, having negotiated the Treaty of Basel in 1795. He was Foreign Minister from 1804-6, then Chancellor from 1810, attending the Congress of Vienna. He spent some time in Rome after the Congress of Troppau which annoyed the King. BkXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriands pen portrait of him. BkXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand accused of writing to him prematurely in January 1821. Harel, Jacques He was Governor of the chteau at Vincennes, at the time of the Duc dEnghiens assassination. BkXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned by Hulin. Harlay, Achille de

1536-1639. The first President of the Parliament of Paris during the Day of the Barricades, 12th of May 1588, which drove Henri III from the capital and handed it to the Duc de Guise. BkXXXV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Harmodius c530-514BC. He and Aristogeiton (circa 550 - 514 BC) known as the Liberators or the Tyrannicides became heroes in Athens through their role in the overthrow of the Tyranny of the Peisistratid family. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Harold II Godwinson c1022-1066. King of the Angles, he was the last Ango-Saxon king of England, reputedly designated heir by the dying Edward the Confessor. He was the son of Earl Godwin. Having defeated his brother Tostig and Harold II Hardraade of Norway at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, he was in turn defeated at Hastings, by William the Conqueror. BkIV:Chap3:Sec1 The story of Edith the Swan-necked. Harrowby, Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of 1691-1756. A prominent British politician of the Pittite faction and the Tory party, was the eldest son of Nathaniel Ryder, 1st Baron Harrowby, and was born in London. His long association with the Tories did not prevent him from supporting Catholic Emancipation and the easing of restrictions on Protestant Dissenters, or from supporting the movement for electoral reform; he also favoured the emancipation of the slaves. He met Chateaubriand in Paris in 1814 at Madame de Staels. BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 From 1812 to 1827 he served as Lord President of the Council under Lord Liverpool. Hasdrubal Mid-2nd century BC. A Carthaginian general (surname unknown: a familiar and confusing Carthaginian first name). According to Appian he begged Scipio for his life during the siege of Carthage, but his wife upbraiding him for cowardice killed their two sons and threw herself into the flames. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His wife mentioned. Hassan A Mameluke. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Executed after the fall of Jaffa in 1799.

Haselbach (Liskova, Slovakia) A village in the Ruzomberok district of Slovakia, it was the border crossing post, in 1833, into Bohemia. BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec3 Chateaubriand there in May 1833. The red Alpine goat refers to the wild ibex, Capra ibex, and of course to the customs man! BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Hastings, Battle of The battle between the Normans and English at Senlach Hill on the 14th October 1066, near Hastings, in which William, Duke of Normandy, successfully claimed the English crown. The death of Harold II opened the way to a Norman conquest of England. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Chateaubriands ancestor Brien reputedly fought there. BkIV:Chap3:Sec1 Edith the swan-necked finds the dead Harold. Haugwitz, Christian August Heinrich, Graf von 17521832. He was Prussian foreign minister (18024, 18056). In 1805, after the French victory at Austerlitz, Haugwitz tried to appease Napoleon by concluding treaties that involved a humiliating Prussian subservience to French policy and an open Franco-Prussian alliance. Dissatisfaction with the terms and continued French mobilization on Prussias frontiers finally led in October, 1806, to Prussias declaration of war against France and subsequent defeat at Jena. Haugwitz, dismissed from office, retired to Italy, where he died. BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Haussez, Baron d 1778-1854. He was last Minister of the Navy under the Restoration. BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 He published a work on British History, Great Britain in 1833. Hautefeuille, Charles-Louis-Texier, Comte d 1770-1865. He became a Marshal. BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 Debutant at Versailles with Chateaubriand. Hautefeuille, Anne de Beaurepaire, Comtesse d She was the wife of the Comte.

BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 Authoress of lme exile a novel that appeared in 1837, under the pseudonym Anne-Marie. Hauterive, Alexandre-Maurice Blanc de Lanautte, Comte d 1754-1830. French statesman and diplomatist, was educated at Grenoble, where he became a professor. In 1790 he applied for and received the post of consul at New York. Under the Consulate, however, he was accused of embezzlement and recalled. In 1798, after trying his hand at farming in America, Hauterive was appointed to a post in the French foreign office. In this capacity he made a sensation by his L'Etat de la France a la fin de lan VIII (1800), which had been commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte, as a manifesto to foreign nations, after 18th Brumaire. This won him the confidence of Bonaparte, and in 1805 he was made a Councillor of State, and up to 1813 was more than once temporarily minister of foreign affairs. He attempted, though vainly, to use his influence to moderate Napoleons policy, especially in the matter of Spain and the treatment of the Pope. A difference of opinion with Talleyrand led to his withdrawal from the political side of the ministry of foreign affairs, and he was appointed keeper of the archives of the same department. There is a detailed account of Hauterive, with considerable extracts from his correspondence with Talleyrand, in the Biographie universelle by Artaud de Montor, who published a separate life in 1831. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 His papers. Havr et de Croy, Joseph Annet Auguste Maximilien, Duc de 1744-1839. A member of the French aristocracy, his sister Louise Elizabeth de Tourzel, (1749-1832) was governess to the children of Louis XVI. She played the part of Baronne Korff in the abortive escape to Varennes. She was arrested after August 10, but was released. BkXXII:Chap 22:Sec1 Captain of the Lifeguards at the Restoration in 1814. Haydn, Franz Joseph 1732-1809. An Austrian composer, in 1761, he became Kapellmeister to the Esterhzy family, a post he held throughout his life. He visited London in 1791 and 1794. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 His oratorio The Creation (1798) was performed in Paris, in the presence of the First Consul, on the 24th of December 1800, with Garat, as tenor, in an adaptation by Steibelt. Pleyel published a piano version in 1801. Chateaubriands comment suggests that he mistook

Beethoven for the composer of the oratorio, or was perhaps thinking of the Eroica symphony. Hayms, Monsieur An aide de camp to the Duc dOrlans. BkXXXII:Chap13:Sec1 At Neuilly on the 30th of July 1830. Hazal An officer of Ben-hadad II, king of Syria, who ultimately came to the throne, according to the word of the Lord to Elijah (1 Kings 19:15), after he had put the king to death (2 Kings 8:15) BkXX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Hearne, Samuel 1745-1792. An English explorer, who in 1768 examined portions of the Hudson Bay coasts with a view to improving the cod fishery, and in 17691772 he was employed in north-western discovery, searching for copper mines described by the Indians. On his third attempt (December 1770 to June 1772) he was successful, not only discovering the copper of the Copper Mine River basin, but tracing this river to the Arctic Ocean. He reappeared at Fort Prince of Wales on 30 June 1772. Becoming governor of this fort in 1775 he was taken prisoner by the French under La Prouse in 1782. He returned to England in 1787. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVII:Chap1:Sec1 His discovery of the Copper Mine River. Hebe The Goddess of Youth, and cup-bearer to the gods. She had the power of restoring youth and beauty. BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Canovas statue of her 1796-1817 Heber, Reginald 1783-1836. Bishop of Calcutta (1822), and poet. His fame rests mainly on his fine hymns. A Journey Through India was published posthumously in 1838. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec3 Mentioned. Hecla

Hecla or Hekla, the loftiest of 20 active volcanoes in Iceland (5102 ft.); is an isolated peak with five craters, 68 miles east of Reykjavik; its most violent outbreak in recent times continued from 1845 to 1846; its last eruption was in March 1878. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Hector Prince of Troy, in Homers Iliad, he was a Trojan hero, the eldest son of Priam and Hecuba. BkIII:Chap1:Sec3 A picture of his death displayed at Combourg. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 A scene on a Greek vase, of his body being dragged behind Achilles chariot. BkXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 His lasting fame embodied in his deeds. The reference is to the Palatine Anthology VII:137. Hector, Charles-Jean, Comte d 1722-1808. Distinguished in numerous naval actions. Commander of the port of Brest in 1783, he was charged with a general inspection of the French ports, by Louis XVI. He was made a Vice-Admiral in 1792. Joined the migr Princes at Coblenz, and helped to forward the Quiberon landing. Died in England. BkII:Chap8:Sec1 BkII:Chap8:Sec3 Chateaubriand introduced to him in 1783. Heidelberg A city in Baden-Wrttemberg, Germany, it is halfway between Stuttgart and Frankfurt. The name Heidelberg is an adaptation of Heidelbeerenberg (Blueberry Mountain). Heidelberg lies on the Neckar at the point where the river leaves its narrow, steep valley in the Odenwald to flow into the Rhine valley where, 20 kilometres northwest of Heidelberg, it joins the Rhine at Mannheim. BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1833. The Heidelberg Tun is an extremely large wine vat in the cellars of Heidelberg Castle. The present one with a capacity of approximately 220,000 litres was made in 1751. Helder, Den A port, in the north-western Netherlands, at the northern end of the North Holland Canal, it lies opposite Texel Island on the Marsdiep, a channel linking the North Sea and Waddenzee. In 1794 a French cavalry troop

captured a Dutch fleet icebound in the Marsdiep, and in 1799 Den Helder was the site of the Russo-British troop landing that began the unsuccessful campaign to overthrow the Batavian Republic. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Helen Helen of Troy, is the Greek wife of Menelaus, and lover of Paris, Prince of Troy in Homers Iliad. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Greece, her homeland. BkXXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 A bust by Canova representing her. Helena, Saint c250-c330. The mother of the Emperor Constantine, she was revered as a saint. Her feast day was later moved to the 18th August causing some confusion. BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 Gave her name to the island of St Helena. Helen of Wurtemberg, Frdrique-Marie-Charlotte, Grand-Duchess Elena Paulovna of Russia 1807-1873. Wife (1824) of Grand Duke Michael Paulovitch (the younger brother of Tsars Alexander I and Nicholas I), she took the name Elena Paulovna. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand welcomes her in April 1829. BkXXX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand gave a reception for her in Rome on Tuesday the 28th of April 1829. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Cousin of the King of Wrttemberg. Heliodorus of Emesa A Greek writer known for the ancient Greek romance called the Aethiopica (the Ethiopian Story) or sometimes Theagenes and Chariclea. According to the ecclesiastical historian Socrates Scholasticus (Hist. eccles. V. 22), the author of the Aethiopica was a certain Heliodorus, bishop of Tricca in Thessaly. But it is now thought that the real author was a sophist of the 3rd century AD. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Heliogabulus (Elegabalus) c203-222. A Roman emperor of the Severan dynasty who reigned from 218 to 222, during his reign, he showed a disregard for Roman religious

traditions and sexual taboos. He was one of the most reviled Roman emperors to early Christian historians and later became a hero to the Decadent movement of the late 19th century. BkXLII:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Heliopolis, Egypt Klber defeated the Turks at the Battle of Heliopolis near Cairo on March 20th 1800. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Hell, Franois d.1794 An anti-semitic pamphleteer from Alsace. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 His name appears on the death warrant exhibited, and he was executed with Chateaubriands brother. Hellespont The straits that link the Propontis with the Aegean Sea, and form the entrance to the passage to the Black Sea from the Mediterranean. Named after the mythological Helle, and close to the site of Troy. BkI:Chap3:Sec4 The site of Achilles grave. Hello, Charles-Guillaume 1787-1850. Public Prosecutor at Rennes from September 1830, he had published in 1827 an Essay on the Constitutional Regime. He showed real bitterness in his pursuit of Berryer and his supposed accomplices. BkXXXV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Hlose 1101-1164. The illicit lover of Abelard she was possibly the author of the Letters attributed to them both, and a proponent of the power of secular love. BkIII:Chap14:Sec2 BkIV:Chap8:Sec2 BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from her first letter to Abelard. BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Helvtius, Claude-Adrien 1715-1771. A French philosopher, one of the Encyclopedists, he held the post of farmer-general (i.e., tax collector). In 1751 he retired to the country, devoting himself to writing and philanthropic enterprises. His book De l'esprit (1758, tr. Essays on the Mind, 1807) was condemned by the Pope and by the Parlement of Paris. Agreeing with Lockes doctrine that the

minds of men are originally blank tablets, Helvtius maintained that all men are born with equal ability and that distinctions develop from the totality of educational influences. Like Condillac he maintained that all forms of intellectual activity have their beginning in sensation. In ethics a utilitarian, he judged the good in terms of self-satisfaction and regarded self-interest as the sole motive for action. Both Jeremy Bentham and James Mill acknowledged his influence. De l'homme, was posthumously published (1772) and translated as A Treatise on Man: His Intellectual Faculties and His Education (1777). BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 A major European name. Hnin, Laure-Auguste de Fitzjames, Madame d 1744-1814. Lady-in-waiting to Marie-Antoinette. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Her fashionable soirees. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Her relationship with Lally-Tollendal. Hnin, for Hennin, Pierre-Michel 1728-1807. A clerk in the Foreign Ministry from 1749-1792. His dismissal during the Revolution ruined him. He consoled himself by writing. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Henri II, King of France 1519-1559. King of France 1547-1559, he was the husband of Catherine de Medici from 1533. He was a systematic persecutor of the Huguenots, a persecution which led to the Wars of Religion. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 Signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. It was after the tournament following this, in which he was injured, that he died. Henri III, King of France 1551-1589. King of France 1574-1589, during the Wars of Religion, he was elected King of Poland in 1573, he abandoned that country on succeeding to the French throne. In France he was caught between the Catholic and Huguenot parties. After fleeing Paris in 1588 following an uprising he allied himself with the Huguenot Henry of Navarre. He was assassinated by a Dominican priest Jacques Clment while besieging Paris on 1st August 1589. BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 Assassinated on August 1st 1589 at Saint-Cloud while preparing to advance on Paris.

BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 He found a refuge at Rambouillet during the Wars of Religion. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 The origin of the dandy in his reign. BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 His Protestant leanings. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 The politeness shown at his Court. BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 King of Poland in 1573. BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 A Valois. BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 His mignons, or favourites. The term is used in a sexually derogatory sense. Henri IV, King of France 15531610. King of France (15891610) and, as Henry III, of Navarre (15721610), son of Antoine de Bourbon and Jeanne dAlbret, he was the first of the Bourbon kings of France. Raised as a Protestant, he was recognized (1569) by the Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny as the nominal head of the Huguenots. As a result of the temporary reconciliation (1570) between the Huguenots and the crown, Henry was betrothed to Margaret of Valois, sister of King Charles IX. A few days after his marriage (Aug. 18, 1572) the massacre of the Huguenots (the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre) took place. Henry saved his life by abjuring Protestantism; however, he remained a virtual prisoner of the court until 1576, when he escaped, returned to the Protestant faith, and joined the combined Protestant and moderate Roman Catholic forces in the fifth of the Wars of Religion. Henry became the legal heir to the French throne upon the death (1584) of Francis, duke of Alenon, brother and heir to King Henry III, who had succeeded Charles IX in 1574. The Catholic League, led by Henri, 3rd Duc de Guise, refused to recognize a Protestant as heir and persuaded the king to revoke concessions to the Protestants and to exclude Henry of Navarre from the succession. In the resulting war, known as the War of the Three Henrys, Henry of Navarre defeated (1587) the king's forces at Coutras but was reconciled with Henry III when the League revolted against him (1588). After Henry III's death (1589), Henry IV defeated the League forces under the duc de Mayenne at Arques (1589) and Ivry (1590) but was forced to abandon the siege of Paris when the League received Spanish aid. In 1593 he again abjured Protestantism, allegedly with the remark, Paris is well worth a Mass. He was received in Paris in 1594. His conciliatory policy soon won him general support. To rid France of Spanish influence, Henry declared war on Spain (1595) and brought it to a successful conclusion with the Treaty of Vervins (1598). Henry soon turned to the internal reconstruction of his war-ravaged kingdom. With the Edict of Nantes (1598)

he established political rights and a measure of religious freedom for the Huguenots. Aided by Baron de Rosny (later Duc de Sully), Henry restored some measure of financial order, encouraged agriculture, founded new industries, built roads and canals, expanded foreign trade through commercial treaties with Spain, England, and the Ottoman Empire, and encouraged colonization of Canada. Anxious to see prosperity reach all classes, he is reputed to have said, There should be a chicken in every peasant's pot every Sunday. In his foreign policy Henry sought to weaken the Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs. He was preparing to oppose them on the question of the succession to the Duchies of Cleves and Jlich when he was stabbed to death by a fanatic, Franois Ravaillac. Henrys marriage to Margaret of Valois was annulled in 1599. His mistresses included Gabrielle dEstres and Henriette dEntrangues. In 1600 he married Marie de Medici, who was regent during the minority of their son Louis XIII. Numerous anecdotes and legends about Henry bear witness to his gallantry, his Gallic wit, and his concern for the common people, which have made him probably the most popular king among the French. BkI:Chap4:Sec4 His siege of Saint-Malo. In 1590, Saint Malo refused to sign up with the Ligue or Henry IV, Protestant King of France. They proclaimed their own Republic which lasted four years. Their motto was Ni Franais, ni Breton, Malouin suis. (Neither French nor Breton, but from St Malo.) BkII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 His mistress Gabrielle dEstres. BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. His mistresses. BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 His victory at Ivry. Barnais is the original Gascon language of Gascony and Navarre. BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 His mistress, the Princess de Cond. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 He had visited Fervaques. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 His poor spelling. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 Henris battle-helmet was decorated with a panache of white feathers. He famously said Let my white panache be your rallying point, youll always find it on the path of honour and victory. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Talleyrand wearing a hat in the style of Henri IV. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Bernadotte, born in Pau, was also from Barn. BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Recaptured Amiens from the Spanish in 1597.

BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap19:Sec1 His use of Fontainebleau as a royal palace. It was his favourite residence. BkXXII:Chap18:Sec1 The Bastille was returned to Royal hands on March 22, 1594, when Du Bourg, who had been given command of the castle, capitulated to Marshal de Matignon. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 BkXXXIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 His death. BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 First of the Bourbon dynasty. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 His escape from imprisonment in 1576, at Senlis. BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Mourned at his death, the death of an age. BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 His Protestant leanings. BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 His statue on the Pont-Neuf in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 His adoption of the Catholic faith for political reasons. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 He was buried at Saint-Denis. BkXXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 His murder by Ravaillac on 14th May 1610. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 He visited the Chteau de Fervaques. BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 His struggles to attain the throne. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 His recantation in 1593. BkXXXVII:Chap13:Sec1 His frankness. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Jean Chtel attempted to assassinate Henri on 27 December 1594. The son of a cloth merchant he managed to gain entry to the Kings chamber. When Henry stooped to help two officials kneeling before him to rise, Chtel attacked him with a knife, cutting his lip. BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 He presented his armour, preserved in the Arsenal at Venice, to the city as the first Catholic Power to recognize him. BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 Quoted. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 His admiration for Livys works. Henri V, of France, Duc de Bordeaux, Comte de Chambord 1820-1883. Bourbon claimant to the French throne, posthumous son of Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berry. His original title was Duke of Bordeaux. His grandfather, Charles X, abdicated in his favour during the Revolution of 1830, and he is known to the legitimists as Henry V, although he never held the throne. He accompanied Charles into exile and spent most of the rest of his life at Frohsdorf, Austria. In 1832 his mother, Caroline de Berry,

unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow Louis Philippe. Efforts to reconcile his claims with those of the Orleanist pretender, Louis Philippe Albert dOrlans, after the February Revolution of 1848, met with little success. In 1871, after the fall of the Second Empire, Chambords prospects improved, and in 1873 the Orleanist pretender relinquished his claims in Chambords favor. However, his stubborn adherence to the Bourbon flag in preference to the national flag, destroyed his chance of recognition. He died without issue, and his claims passed to the house of Bourbon-Orlans. BkIV:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned as the Duc de Bordeaux. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 Celebrated in Rebouls verses. BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Lamented here by Chateaubriand. BkXV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Latour-Maubourg became his tutor in 1835. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 His grandfathers abdication in his favour. BkXXV:Chap12:Sec1 BkXL:Chap7:Sec1 His birth on 29th September 1820, St Michaels Day. The phrases used of him derive from Monseigneur Macchi, and Lamartines Ode on the Birth of the Duke of Bordeaux (written in Naples 1820, published 1822) respectively. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand left Berlin to go to his baptism in 1821. BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 An allusion to Chateaubriands support for him. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Support for him in 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap2:Sec1 Leaves Trianon for Rambouillet on the evening of the 31st of July 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Charles X and the Dauphin abdicate in his favour. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Charles X insists vainly on his being recognised as king. BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand promotes him as future monarch. BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 He travels into exile in 1830. BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 The orphan. BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap23:Sec1 At Holyrood in 1832. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 In Prague in May 1833. The arguments over his education. BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 A portrait of him in Prague in May 1833.

BkXXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand implies that he is being kept away from him. BkXXXVII:Chap12:Sec1 At the Hradschin on 29th May 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriands summary of his situation. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 A ward of Madame La Dauphine. BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand discusses his education with the Dauphine. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Sends Chateaubriand a seal. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 At Bustehrad, Prague, 27th of September 1833. Henry of Prussia, Prince 1726-1802. Brother of Frederick II, he was a patron of the philosophes. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned in Mirabeaus Secret History. Henri-Albert de Prusse, Heinrich Albrecht, Prince 1809-1872. He was the son of Frederick-William III. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Mentioned. Henriette dAngleterre, Henrietta Anne of England 1644-1670. Duchesse dOrlans, she was called Madame as the sister-in-law of Louis XIV of France. The daughter of Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria of England, she was taken (1646) to France when civil war raged in England; in 1661 she married Philippe I, Duc d'Orlans, brother of Louis XIV. On Louiss behalf she negotiated the Treaty of Dover with her brother, King Charles II (1670). She died shortly after her return from England, at Saint-Cloud; it was rumoured that she had been poisoned by her husband. Jacques Bossuets funeral oration for Madame is one of his best-known sermons. BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 Her death at Saint-Cloud. Henriot, for Hanriot, Franois 1759-1794. A partisan of the Revolution, Hanriot showed great courage in the rising of August 10, 1792, after which he was elected commandant of the sans-culotte section of the Paris National Guard. His coolness and military ability were decisive in the overthrow of the Girondins in MayJune 1793. Hanriot was elected permanent commander in chief of the Guard, thanks to the favour of the radical sections. A loyal supporter of Robespierre in his

persecution of opponents, Hanriot and Robespierre fell from power in July 1794 and were guillotined together. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Napoleon offered his place. Henry I, King of England 1070-1135. Son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 His daughter Matilda (Maud). Henry VII, Tudor, King of England 1457-1509. Reigned 1485-1509. Henry Tudor was the posthumous son of Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, a half-brother of King Henry VI of England. His mother was Margaret Beaufort, a descendant of King Edward III through John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford. From his father, he inherited the title Earl of Richmond; from his mother, his questionable claim to the throne of England. He was born in Pembroke, Wales, but grew up in exile in Brittany, having fled from the Yorkist kings of England. He was the founder of the Tudor dynasty, unifying the warring factions in the Wars of the Roses. Although supported by Lancastrians and Yorkists alienated by Richard III's usurpation, Henry VII's first task was to secure his position. In 1486 he married Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV, thus uniting the Houses of York and Lancaster. BkI:Chap4:Sec3 His time in Brittany. BkX:Chap5:Sec2 In Westminster Abbey, the Lady chapel he had built now bears his name. The chapel has a spectacular fan-vaulted roof and the craftsmanship of the Italian sculptor Torrigiano can be seen in Henrys fine tomb. The banners of the Knights of the Order of the Bath surround the walls. The tomb of Lady Elizabeth Nightingale (by Roubiliac 1705-1762) shows her being attacked by Death with a spear. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Died at Richmond Palace. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec3 His account books. Henry VIII, Henry Tudor, King of England 1491-1547. King of England and Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) from 1509 until his death, he was the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty, succeeding his father, Henry VII. He is famous for having been married six times and for wielding the most untrammelled power of any British monarch. Notable events during his reign included the break with Rome and the subsequent establishment of the independent Church of England, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and the union of England and Wales.

BkX:Chap5:Sec2 In June 1520 Henry met Francis I of France between Guines and Ardres, not far from Calais, in France, for the purpose of arranging an alliance. Both kings brought large retinues, and the name given the meeting place reflects the unexampled splendour of the pageantry. The political consequences were negligible. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriands perception of his reign. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Henry used Richmond Palace but later exchanged it for Hampton Court, built by Cardinal Wolsey. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 His break with Rome, the Act of Supremacy of 1534. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 As a famous Englishman. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 His schism with Rome. Hentz, Nicholas d. 1838. A member of the National Assembly during the Revolution, he belonged to the party of the Mountain, and was a colleague of Robespierre and Saint Just. After the death of Robespierre he was proscribed by the convention, and sentenced to imprisonment for life in the Castle of Ham, but lived in concealment, under the assumed name of Arnold, for a number of years. Having cast his vote for the death of Louis XVI, he was excepted from the general amnesty on the restoration of the Bourbons, and was ordered to leave France in thirty days; and, accordingly, with all his family, except one son, who remained in Paris, on the 21st of January, 1816, the day on which Louis XVI was beheaded, he sailed from Havre for the United States. From Towanda he removed to Pittsburgh, where be died in 1838. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Herblay, France A commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, it is located 12.5 miles from the centre of Paris. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there in July 1830. Herc, Mgr Urbain-Ren de, 1726-1795. Bishop of Dol 1767-1790. Born Mayenne 6th February 1726, he took refuge in England in October 1792. He was Grand-Almoner of the Royal Catholic Army with the powers of an apostolic-vicar. Taken prisoner in the hospital at Quiberon he was shot after the Quiberon landing. BkII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Herc, Abb Franois de

1733-1795.Younger brother of Urbain, he was born in Mayenne. He was shot after the Quiberon landing. BkII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Herculaneum (Herculanum, Erculano) The ancient Roman town, on the Gulf of Naples was destroyed, along with Pompeii, in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Hercules The Hero, son of Jupiter, was set in the sky as the constellation Hercules between Lyra and Corona Borealis. BkVI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 His pillars, at the entrance to the Mediterranean, were, in ancient times, the limits of the western world (namely Mount Abyla in North Africa, near Ceuta, and Mount Calpe, Gibraltar, well south-east of Seville). BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 The golden vessel in which Hercules sailed to Geryons island of Erytheia. BkIX:Chap8:Sec1 His slavish love for Omphale. BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 His heroic strength. BkXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Hercules Ogmius, the Celtic Hercules, was shown with multitudes following him, drawn by fine chains of gold and amber inserted into their ears, the chains proceeding from his mouth. BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 His death on a pyre on the summit of Mount Oeta, following his torment caused by the shirt of Nessus. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 A reference to his period as a slave to Queen Omphale of Lydia when he dressed in womens clothes and did their work. Chateaubriand applies it to Metternich, to Guizot, and the Countess von Lieven. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 A statue of him by Canova. Herder, Johann Gottfried 1744-1803. German poet, critic, theologian and philosopher, is best known for his influence on authors such as Goethe and the role he played in the development of the larger cultural movement known as Romanticism. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His name in the visitors book at Carlsbad. Hermer Prosecutor. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Signatory to Chateaubriands fathers death certificate.

Hermocrates A miser, he appears in epigram 171 of the Palatine Anthology Book XI. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Hermus (Gediz), River The river drains a large area of the central Aegean region of western Turkey. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Hero A priestess of Venus, she loved Leander. He swam across the Hellespont to visit her. One night he was drowned, and she followed. See Marlowe and Chapmans poem, and Byrons Don Juan Canto II (Byron repeated the swim in 1810) BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Herod, the Great c73-4BC. King of Judea 37-4, he was supported by Mark Antony as Roman ruler in Judea. BkXLII:Chap17:Sec1 The reference appears to be a concatenation of Luke XIII:1 and Acts of the Apostles XII. Herodotus c484-c425BC. The Greek historian, born at Halicarnassus, was exiled for political reasons to Samos. He subsequently moved to Athens and then to the Athenian colony of Thurii in Southern Italy. His account of the GraecoPersian Wars in nine books made him the first critical historian, and the Father of History. BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to Histories III:102-105. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 The young Napoleon studied his works. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 For the Psylli and the Nasamonians see Histories IV:170-176. Herschel, Friedrich Wilhelm 1738-1822. English astronomer (born in Germany) who discovered infrared light, catalogued the stars and discovered the planet Uranus in 1781. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Among the many telescopes he constructed was his 40 foot focal length reflecting telescope, used in 1789 to discover new moons of Saturn. He had already discovered Uranus in 1781 using a smaller telescope, while observing from his house in Bath.

Herschel, Caroline 1750-1848. Noted discoverer of comets, worked with her brother William. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Hesperia The Greek word means Western, and was applied by the Greeks to Italy and subsequently by the Romans to Spain. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Spain. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Hesperia is also the name of one of the nymphs of the Hesperides. Hesperides In Greek mythology, daughters of Atlas, they lived in a fabulous garden located at the western extremity of the world. There they guarded (with the aid of the dragon Ladon) a tree that bore golden apples. Hercules killed the dragon and obtained the apples as one of his 12 labours. Among the names given to them are Aegle (dazzling light), Erytheia (or Erytheis), and Hesperia (or Hespere or Hespereia) BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Hesse In west-central Germany, one of the sixteen federal states (Bundeslnder) its capital city is Wiesbaden (Kassel until 1945 ) while its economic centre and largest city is nearby Frankfurt and the surrounding Rhine Main Area. BkXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Following the reorganization of the German states in 1803, the markgraviate was raised to a principality and Landgrave Wilhelm IX took the title Wilhelm I, Elector of Hesse. The principality became known as Kurhessen, although still usually referred to as Hesse-Kassel. In 1806, Wilhelm I was dispossessed by Napoleon for his support of Prussia, and Kassel became the capital of a new Kingdom of Westphalia under Napoleons brother Jrme. The Elector was restored following Napoleons defeat in 1813, and although the Holy Roman Empire was now defunct, Wilhelm retained his title of Elector, as it gave him pre-eminence over his cousin, the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt. In 1866 Hesse was annexed by Prussia. Heyden, Sigismund Ludwig Gustaf, Admiral Count 1772-1850. Commander-in-chief of the Russian squadron at the Battle of Navarino, he was made a full Admiral in1834.

BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Commander of a squadron in the Mediterranean in 1828. Heygate, Sir William MP for Sudbury (1818-1826). Lord Mayor of London in 1822. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 The Lord Mayors Barge mentioned. Hieronymites Congregations of hermits living according to the rule of St Augustine with supplementary regulations taken from St Jeromes writings. Their habit was white, with a black cloak. Established near Toledo in 1374, the order soon became popular in Spain and Portugal, and in 1415 it numbered 25 houses. It possessed some of the most famous monasteries in the Peninsula, including the royal monastery of Belem near Lisbon, and the magnificent monastery built by Philip II at the Escorial. The order decayed during the 18th century and was completely suppressed in 1835. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 The Escorial congregation. Hilaire, Saint d 368. Bishop of Poitiers, he opposed Arianism. Exiled to Phrygia he wrote De Trinitate in twelve volumes. BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Quoted. Hildebert, Le Vnrable c1056-1133. Bishop of Le Mans (10961125), and archbishop of Tours (112533). He was taken prisoner when Le Mans was captured (1099) by William II of England and was carried away to England, where he spent a year. When he was at Tours he came into conflict with Louis VI of France over the king's supposed right to present the deanery of Tours. Hildebert attended the First Lateran Council. He completed the cathedral at Le Mans. He was one of the most prolific writers of his period; especially noteworthy are his Latin hymns and poems. He wrote several elegies, a mythological poem on the destruction of Troy, lives of St. Hugh of Cluny and St. Mary of Egypt, and miscellaneous works, such as an interpretation of the Mass. BkIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. Hill, George American poet. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 His Poem The Ruins of Athens, in The Ruins of Athens, Titania's Banquet, A Mask; and other Poems (1842).

Hingant de la Tiemblais (or Thiemblaye), Franois-Marie 1761-1827. A Councillor in the High Court of Brittany, he was a former colleague of Chateaubriands brother. He emigrated to England with Chateaubriand. BkX:Chap3:Sec3 Chateaubriand meets him aboard the Southampton packet. BkX:Chap5:Sec1 BkX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 His friendship with Chateaubriand in London in 1793. BkX:Chap6:Sec2 Rescued from extreme poverty by his relatives. BkX:Chap10:Sec1 His absence. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 Chateaubriand remembers him. Hingaut, Jean He was involved in a conspiracy with Arthur de Montauban. BkI:Chap4:Sec3 Mentioned. Hingray, Charles Joseph 1796-1870. A Republican and a Deputy to the National Assembly in 1848. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 A member of the Republican Municipal Commission in July 1830. Hinton An English Sailor on the ship taking Napoleon to Elba in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 Mentioned. Hippocrates c460-c377 BC. A Greek physician, he travelled widely in Greece and Asia Minor and whose followers influenced medical science until the 18th century. BkV:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned as a pioneer of medicine. BkX:Chap4:Sec1 The medical profession generally are his followers. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 The epigram referred to is in the Palatine Anthology IX:53 BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 Thucydides says nothing of Hippocrates, when describing the plague in Athens. Histoire philosophique des deux Indes A work (1780) by Guillaume-Thomas Raynal (1713-1796) that strongly condemned European colonialism for destroying cultures and peoples.

BkIV:Chap6:Sec1 Read by Chateaubriands father. Hoche, General Lazare 1768-1797. A French general in the French Revolutionary Wars, he was given command of the army of the Moselle. In 1793, he drove the Austrians across the Rhine. Accused of treason by his rival, General Pichegru, he was imprisoned in 1794. After his release, he was given the command in the Vende. He pacified (1795) that province, but his attempted invasion of Ireland (1796) was thwarted by bad weather. In 1797 he defeated the Austrians at Neuwied. He died of consumption. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 His ill luck mentioned. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec1 A great general of the Republic. BkXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 His victories paved the way for later achievements. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Hchstadt The 1st Battle of Hochstadt (on the left bank of the Danube in Bavaria, 34 miles north-east of Ulm)) was fought on September 20, 1703, and resulted in a French-Bavarian victory under General Villars against the Austrians under General Stirum. The 2nd battle (known in England as Blenheim) was fought at the town of Blenheim (now Blindheim) on the Danube River, 10 miles southwest of Donauwrth in Bavaria, and engaged about 52,000 English and Austrian troops under Marlborough and Eugene, and about 60,000 French and Bavarian troops under the French marshal Camille, Comte de Tallard. The 3rd Battle of Hochstadt was fought on June 19, 1800 and resulted in a French victory under General Moreau against the Austrians under General Kray. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 The 3rd Battle. Hocquart, Henriette Pourrat, Madame Daughter of the banker, Pourrat. Wife (1789) of Gilles Toussaint Hocquart de Turtot (1765-1835), Baron of the Empire, Peer under the Restoration, she was the sister of Madame Lecoulteux, whom Chnier wrote of as Fanny. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 A friend of Madame de Beaumonts brother. Hofer, Andreas 1767-1810. A Tyrolean innkeeper and patriot, he was the leader of a rebellion in 1809 against Napoleons forces. Captured by Italian troops on January 2, 1810, he was sent to Mantua in chains to face a court martial. Reportedly Napoleon had given an order to give him a fair trial and then

shoot him (although he later claimed to Prince Metternich that Hofer was executed against his wishes). Andreas Hofer was executed by a firing squad on February 20, 1810. He refused a blindfold. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 His death. Hoffman, Franois 1760-1828. Playwright, and critic on the Journal de lEmpire (the new name for Les Dbats) after Bertin was ousted, so that tienne might become editor in chief (August 1807). BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 His articles on Les Martyrs (7th April to July 1807). Hohenhausen, Elise, Baronin von 1789-1857. The daughter of General Adam Ludwig von Ochs, she was a translator of Byron and Scott who ran a famous literary salon in Berlin (1820-1824). She discovered Heine in Hamburg and promoted his work. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Hohenlinden, Battle of The Battle of Hohenlinden near Munich was fought on December 3, 1800, during the French Revolutionary Wars. It resulted in a French victory under General Moreau against the Austrians and Bavarians under Archduke John, forcing him to sign an armistice. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Moreau was the victor. Holbein, Hans c1497-1543. A German painter, born in Augsburg, in 1515 he settled in Basel where he designed the woodcuts of The Dance of Death. Through Erasmus he obtained the patronage of Sir Thomas More in England (152628). He settled in England in 1532 and became court painter to Henry VIII. His father Hans Holbein the Elder (c1465-1524) was also a painter. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 The Dance of Death woodcuts, were designed by Holbein and engraved by Hans Ltszelberger: the series of forty-one dates from around 1524-1527. The prints were collected in a volume produced at Lyons in 1538 and reproduced throughout Europe. The watercolour Chateaubriand saw was Feyerbands 17th century reconstruction of the original fresco, not Holbeins work but dating from around 1440. The fragments were rediscovered in 1805 and are in the Basel museum.

Holbourn, London, England The area of London is named after a tributary to the river Fleet that flowed through the area, the Hole-bourne (the stream in the hollow). Holborn is also the name of the areas principal east-west street, straddling the borders of the London Borough of Camden, the City of Westminster and the City of London. BkX:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriands attic lodging there was at the far western end of Holborn somewhere between the British Museum and Tottenham Court Road. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand lived at 50 Rathbone Place, near St Giles Circus, then from January to August 1797 at 15 Greville Street, Holborn, his editors house. From January to August 1798 he was at 12 Hampstead Road (now 127-129 opposite St James). At the end of 1798 and 1799 he was at 11 Upper Seymour Street (Now number 20) near Portman Square. In the spring of 1799 however he was living in Fitzroy Sqaure. Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3rd Baron 1773-1840. A British politician, nephew of Charles James Fox, he was a member of the Whig opposition party from 1797 and served as Lord Privy Seal in the coalition ministry of 18067. When the Whigs returned to power, he served as the chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster (183034, 183540). He was best known for his influence on literature, politics, and letters through the hospitality that Holland House in London provided for the brilliant and distinguished people of his day. His son the 4th baron edited Holland's Foreign Reminiscences (1850) and Memoirs of the Whig Party (1852). BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as a man of letters in 1822. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 Spoke in the Lords on the 18th May 1817 regarding the conditions of Napoleons imprisonment on St Helena. BkXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand hears him speak in 1822. Hollfeld (Hohlfeld), Bavaria A town in the district of Bayreuth, in Bavaria, Germany, it is situated 20 km west of Bayreuth, and 30 km east of Bamberg. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1833. The dating is confusing, but Saturday 1st June seems likeliest. BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand there again in late September 1833. Holofernes

(Apocrypha) The Assyrian general was decapitated by the biblical heroine Judith. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Mentioned. Holstein, Christian von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, Crown Prince of Sweden 1768-1810. Chosen by the Swedish States on the 14th of June 1809 as heir to the Swedish crown, he was the King of Denmarks brother in law. He died on the 28th of May 1810. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Holyrood, Scotland The Palace of Holyroodhouse, or informally Holyrood Palace, founded as a monastery by David I of Scotland in 1128, served as the principal residence of the Kings and Queens of Scotland from the 15th century. The Palace stands in Edinburgh at the bottom of the Royal Mile. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 Used by Charles X during his two periods of exile in England. BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to the triumvirate of Blacas, Damas and Latil. Homer fl. c 8th century BC. The Greek epic poet is known as the author of the Iliad, concerning the Trojan War, and the Odyssey, concerning the wanderings of Odysseus after the War. Believed to have been born in Ionia, in Asia Minor, and according to legend was blind. He is the archetypal great poet, whose work profoundly influenced Western Civilisation. BkI:Chap4:Sec8 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 The greatness of his verse. BkV:Chap6:Sec1 His genius. BkVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned as writer of the Odyssey. BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 The nature of his gods. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 His imagined giants. BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 A travelling copy of his works. BkIX:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to Odyssey IV:601-609. Telemachus is speaking about Ithaca, the island unfit for horses, to Menelaus who is described as , Menelaus of the loud war-cry. BkX:Chap4:Sec1 Subject of a poets toast. BkX:Chap9:Sec1 Subject of interest to a Hellenist.

BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 For the Prayers, and their halting gait see Iliad IX:502. Creator of Classical literature. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 For the Gate of Ivory through which false dreams pass, see Odyssey XIX:526-527 as well as Virgils Aeneid VI:893-896. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Called Melesigene, the son of Meles, from the stream of that name that runs into the Gulf of Smyrna, at whose source he was supposed to have been born. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 The exemplar of Greek literature. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 A broken plaster bust of him. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand gives him a fictional descendant, Cymodoce, in Les Martyrs. BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 The heroes of the Iliad. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Called Maeonides, as the son of Maeon or born in Maeonia. His works loved by Alexander. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 As writer of the Iliad. BkXXV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand had a Greek copy of his works, an Iliad and Odyssey published by Wettstein of Amstedam in 1707, with facing page Latin translation. He rebound this in 12 volumes, and kept only the first three (Iliad I-XII) in 1817. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 The laughter of the gods in Homer. BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 Every educated man should possess his works. BkXXVIII:Chap15:Sec1 The epithets associated with his deities, e.g. bright-eyed Athene. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 See Odyssey XIV. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec3 His blindness. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned in Voltaires Candide. BkXXXIX:Chap21:Sec1 Ios is an island in the Cyclades group in the Aegean Sea between Naxos and Santorini. Ancient tradition claimed that Homers mother was from Ios, and that he himself was buried on the island there are signs of Mycenaean settlement. BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 Tasso as the Italian Homer. BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned as representative of the Arts. Honoratus, Saint c350-429. Early in the 5th century Honoratus founded an abbey on St Honorat in the Lrin Isles, following the collapse of Roman power in the north of Gaul, one of the oldest in France. The abbey adapted the Benedictine rules early-on, and had many illustrious Bishops and Saints.

Honoratus himself was Bishop of Arles for the last two years of his life (429-430). BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. Honoria, Justa Grata Augusta 417-c455. After plotting against her brother, the sister of the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III, was hurriedly betrothed to Flavius Bassus Herculanus, a senatorial nonentity: at which point she achieved her greatest notoriety, writing a letter to Attila the Hun in spring 450 asking him to save her from the unwanted marriage. Taking the letter which came with her ring as proof it was sent by her as a betrothal and thus an invitation to invade the Western Roman Empire, using the letter as his excuse and asking for half of the western Empire as dowry, Attila ravaged Gaul and Italy from 451 to 453. Only the influence of their mother Galla Placidia convinced Valentinian to exile, rather than kill, Honoria, after the emperor discovered his sisters plan. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Compared favourably with Marie-Louise of Austria. Honorius, Emperor 384-423. Emperor of the West 395-423. Son of Theodosius I, he was a puppet Emperor initially controlled by his father-in-law, the Vandal general Stilicho. After the Visigothic invasion of Italy in 402, Honorius and the imperial court retired from Milan to the inaccessible and heavily defended city of Ravenna. Only rarely did later emperors reside for any length of time elsewhere. Meanwhile, palace intrigues resulted in Stilichos assassination in 408, and Honorius was left to deal with Alaric and the Visigoths. The indecisive Emperor influenced first by one adviser and then another vacillated between resistance and conciliation. The end result was the sack of Rome in 410. BkII:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 The anecdote is from Procopius (The Vandal War: I:2) Honorius raised a hen called Rome. Hospital, Michel, Chancelier de l, 1505-1573. A native of the Auvergne, he was Chancellor of France, appointed by Catherine de Medici. He was a Humanist and advocate of religious toleration, and guided the young Charles IX. He later retired to Vignay. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned.

Horace, Quintus Horatius Flaccus 65-8BC. The Roman poet employed Greek metres in his brilliant Odes and Epodes, and also wrote his Satires, poems of Roman social and political life. BkI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes the Odes: BookI: XI, from the famous ode containing the phrase carpe diem: seize the day, the quotation actually referring to time rather than space (spatio brevi spem longam reseces). BkII:Chap3:Sec4 An unexpurgated Horace falls into the young mans hands. BkVII:Chap8:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes the Odes: Book I: VII line 13. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 Mentioned. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 The precise cadences in the classical pronunciation of his work are unknown today. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 The quotation is from Epodes XVI:41-42 BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 The quotation is from Odes I:XXVII,21. Horace calls Cleopatra fatale monstrum. BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 Irascible and inexorable are epithets applied to Achilles in Ars Poetica:121-122. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Horace travelled the Via Tiburtina on his way to and from Rome. His farm was in the Sabine Hills, north-east of Rome. He may also have had a villa in Tibur. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Imitated by LHpital. BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 His villa in Rome (unknown). His mention of Lydia in the Odes. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Horace speaking of Tibur in Odes II:6 lines 13-14. And an allusion to Odes II:14 lines 23-25. BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 For Carpe diem see Odes I:11 lines 7-8. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned in Voltaires Candide. See Satires I:5 for the Journey to Brundisium. BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 See Odes I:2 lines 7-8. Horatius Cocles Horatius Cocles, 6th Century BC, was a legendary hero of ancient Rome. With two companions he defended the Sublician Bridge against Lars Porsena and the army of the Etruscans, while the Romans cut down the bridge behind. Horatius then threw himself into the Tiber and swam in safety to the shore. A statue was erected in his honour in the temple of Vulcan, and he received as much land as he could plough around in a single day. According to another version, Horatius alone defended the bridge, and was drowned in the Tiber. See Livy II.10, who does not refer to the wound.

BkI:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand refers to his cognomen, Cocles, the oneeyed. Horrion, J., Le Pre A Jesuit priest, he found a manuscript of Livys Books 3 and 30 at Bamberg in 1615. BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland, then Duchesse de SaintLeu 1783-1837. The Queen of Holland (180610), daughter of Alexandre and Josephine de Beauharnais and wife of Louis Bonaparte, she was the mother of Napoleon III and by her lover, the Comte de Flahaut, of the Duc de Morny. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 She had three sons by her husband, one by her lover. BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 Her memoirs in note form were bequeathed to Napoleon III and they were not published fully until 1927. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Made Duchesse de Saint-Leu by Louis XVIII. BkXXXV:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned in 1832. BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 In Constance in September 1832. Houdetot, Elisabeth-Francoise-Sophie de la Live de Bellegarde, Comtesse d 1730-1813. Married to the Comte de Houdetot in 1748, in 1753 she formed with the Marquis de Saint-Lambert a connection which lasted till his death. Mme de Houdetot has been made famous by the chapter in Rousseaus Confessions in which he describes his unrequited passion for her. When questioned on the subject she replied that he had much exaggerated. A view differing considerably from Rousseaus is to be found in the Mmoires of Mme dpinay, Mme de Houdetots sister. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 Present at Le Marais. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 A survivor from the age of philosophy. Hougoumont, Manor of A fortified manor-farm on the field of Waterloo, it was heroically defended by the Allies. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. Huart for Huard de Saint-Aubin, Lonard Jean Aubry, Baron General

1779-1812. A Napoleonic General killed at Borodino in 1812, he fought in Italy and at Wagram. BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 Killed at Borodino. Huchet, General Revolutionary general in the Army of the West, he was denounced for his cruelty in the Vende, having been supported by Robespierre. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Arrested with Grignon. Suspended 4th August 1794, re-instated 30th October 1795. Hudson Bay Company Hudson Bay is a vast shallow oceanic bay in North Central Canada, linked to the Atlantic Ocean by the Hudson Strait, and the Arctic Ocean by Foxe Channel. It is frozen during the winter. The Hudson Bay Company formed in 1670 was a fur-trading company given settlement and trading rights in Canada. Its first governor was Prince Rupert. After uniting with its rival the Northwest Company in 1821 it maintained a monopoly until 1859. It sold its territory to Canada in 1870 but remained a major fur-trading agency headquartered in London. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 It sold 300 thousand square kilometres of land along the Red River (in Manitoba) to Lord Selkirk in 1811, after he had bought enough stock to gain control of the company. Hudson, River In the north-east USA, the Hudson River flows from the Adirondack Mountains to New York Bay, where it forms part of New York Harbour. An important commercial waterway linked by canals to the Great Lakes and the St Lawrence Seaway. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand sailed up-river in 1791. Hugo, Victor 1802-1885. The Poet dramatist and novelist of the romantic school of the 19th century, whose most famous works in English are his two epic novels The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831) and Les Misrables (1862). He was exiled in 1851 by Napoleon III, but returned to France in 1870 in triumph, and his final years marked by public veneration. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 The quotation is from Buonaparte (Odes 1:11) Hugues, see Capet

Hulin, Comte Pierre-Auguste, General 1759-1841. Commander of the Paris National Guard, then had a military career in Italy etc. He was commandant of the Castle of Milan in 1797-8, commander of the Consular Grenadier Guard from 1803. He campaigned in Austria and Germany, commanding in Vienna and Berlin. He returned to Paris as Commander of the 1st Military Division (Paris) till 1814. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 President of the Commission which tried the Duc dEnghien in 1804. He subsequently spoke about the matter. BkXVI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Wounded in the jaw, in Malets attempt on the Emperors life in 1812. He issued a pamphlet regarding the Duc dEnghiens trial in 1823, Explications offertes aux hommes impartiaux. BkXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Suggested the Duc de Rovigo had secret orders. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Nominated Captain Bertrand to investigate Armands case in 1809. Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Heinrich Alexander von 1769-1859. A scientist and explorer, he explored Central and South America (1799-1784) with Aim Bompland (1773-1858). He subsequently explored Central Asia. His great work Kosmos (1845-1862) set out his views on the universe. The Humboldt Current and Glacier were named for him. BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 A friend of Chateaubriand. Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm von 1767-1835. German scholar and statesman, and brother of Alexander, he was a friend of Schiller and Goethe. He founded Berlin University in 1809, and was subsequently employed as a diplomat. His writing on language was innovative. The Prussian Ambassador in Rome, he received Madame de Stal in 1805. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 In Berlin in 1821. Hume, David 1711-1776. Scottish philosopher and historian whose sceptical arguments concerning induction, causation and religion, including the thesis that human knowledge arises only from sensory experience, shaped 19th- and 20thcentury empiricist philosophy. His works include A Treatise of Human Nature (17391740) and History of England (17541762).

BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 He spent time in Paris and welcomed Rousseau to England. His History mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. Huningue, France A canton and a commune in Alsace, France. Now part of the Haut-Rhin dpartement, on the left bank of the Rhine, the town originally passed by purchase to Louis XIV. It was fortified by Vauban and a bridge built across the Rhine. The fortress capitulated to the Austrians in August 1815 and the works were shortly afterwards dismantled. In 1871, the town passed, with Alsace-Lorraine, to the German empire. Alsace-Lorraine returned to France after the First World War, was retaken by Germany in 1940, and finally returned to France once again in 1945. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Mentioned. Hunt, James Henry Leigh 1784-1859. The English poet, critic, and journalist, he was a friend of the eminent literary men of his time, and his home was the gathering place for such notable writers as Hazlitt, Lamb, Keats, and Shelley. With his brother John, Hunt established in 1808 the Examiner, a liberal weekly to which he contributed political articles. Because of an outspoken article casting aspersions on the prince regent, the brothers were imprisoned from 1813 to 1815, but they continued to edit the journal from jail. In 1822, Hunt joined Shelley and Byron in Italy and launched the Liberal (182223), which proved a failure. During other periods Hunt contributed to the Indicator (181921), the Tatler (183032), and Leigh Hunt's London Journal (1834 35). His literary fame rests chiefly on his miscellaneous light essays, his lyrics Abou Ben Adhem and Jenny Kissed Me, and his witty and informative autobiography (1850). The Story of Rimini (1816), based on the love of Paolo and Francesca, is his only long poem of consequence. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as a recognised living poet in 1822. Huss, John (Jan Hus) c1369-1415. A Czech religious thinker, philosopher, reformer, and master at Charles University in Prague. His followers became known as Hussites. The Roman Catholic Church considered his teachings heretical, and Hus was excommunicated in 1411, condemned by the Council of Constance, and burned at the stake. BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.

Hyacinthe, see Pilorge Hyde de Neuville, Jeane-Guillaume, Baron 1776-1857. A French aristocrat, diplomat, and politician, he was the son of Guillaume Hyde, who belonged to an English family which had emigrated with the Stuarts after the rebellion of 1745. He was only seventeen when he successfully defended a man denounced by Fouch before the revolutionary tribunal of Nevers. From 1793 onwards he was an active agent of the exiled princes: he took part in the Royalist rising in Berry in 1796, and after the 18 Brumaire coup tried to persuade Napoleon to recall the monarchy. An accusation of complicity in the conspiracy of 1800-1801 was speedily retracted, but Hyde de Neuville retired to the United States, returning only at the Restoration. He represented France in the United States (1816-1820), Brazil (1820-1822) and Portugal (1823-4), before becoming Minister for the Navy in Martignacs cabinet of 1828. After the revolution of July 1830 he entered an all but solitary protest against the exclusion of the legitimate line of the Bourbons from the throne, and resigned his seat. His Mmoires et souvenirs (1888), compiled from his notes are of great interest for the Revolution and the Restoration. He was a close friend of Chateaubriand whom he met in Cadiz in the spring of 1807. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 At Gonesse in 1815. BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned in Paris in August 1822. BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him in Portugal in 1824. Hyde de Neuville was involved in defending the monarchy of Jean VI against the attempts of his son Dom Miguel to take power. He proposed that the French troops in Spain be moved there. Canning then demanded his recall, which was effected December 1824. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 Chateaubriand suggests him as Minister for the Navy in 1828. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Charles Xs attitude to him. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Appointed as a Commissioner on the 30th July 1830 to confer with the Peers. BkXXXII:Chap10:Sec1 In the Chamber of Peers on 30th July 1830. BkXXXV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap6:Sec1 Arrested with Chateaubriand in June 1832. BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 Mentioned. Hyres, France

The spa resort is in southern France, in the Var department on the French Riviera. Offshore are the les de Hyres, a small group of islands including Porquerolles. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Thierry there for his health. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Thierry writes to Chateaubriand from there in 1829. Hygieia Hygieia was a daughter of Asclepius (Aesculapius). She was the goddess of health, cleanliness and sanitation (and later: the moon), and played an important part in her father's cult. She was often depicted as a young woman feeding a large snake wrapped around her body. Sometimes the snake would be drinking from a jar that she carried. These attributes were later adopted by the Gallo-Roman healing goddess, Sirona. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Hymettus, Hymettos, Mount A mountain in Attica south of Athens, it was famous for its wild-flower pasture for bees (See Pausanias I 32 i.) and had a shrine and statue of Zeus of Rain and Far-seeing. (The long Hymettos ridge bounds the plain of Attica on the east, made up of bluish-grey Hymettian marble overlying Pentelic marble, which was worked in ancient times. The hills were then heavily forested.) BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 The thyme there. Chateaubriand visited in 1806. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 The mountain range near Athens. Ibrahim A mufti or imam present when Napoleon visited the Great Pyramid in 1798. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Mentioned. Ibrahim, a Mameluke A Mameluke. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Executed after the fall of Jaffa in 1799. Ibrahim Pasha 1789-1848. An Ottoman general, he was the son or adopted son of Mehemet Ali, Viceroy of Egypt, commanding his fathers army. He occupied Syria in 1833, becoming Governor General, until forced to withdraw by the European Powers. His modernizing policies were opposed. He succeeded his infirm father as Viceroy of Egypt in 1848 but died after only 40 days in office.

BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 Having occupied Syria (Convention of Kutaya, 1833) he had defeated a Turkish army at Nezib in 1839. BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 In 1827-8 he suppressed the first Greek insurrection in the Sultans name. Ida, Mount, Crete One classical Mount Ida is near Troy. There is a second Mount Ida on Crete mentioned here. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Ignace de Loyola, Saint Ignatius de Loyola 1491-1556. A Spanish churchman, he was founder of the Jesuits. Although the Jesuits became a major force in the Counter Reformation, the society was not founded particularly for that purpose. Ignatius great interests seem to have been foreign missions and the education of youth. Many schools were opened in Europe during his lifetime, and missions were begun in Japan, India, and Brazil. His concept of the soldier of Christ has often been understood too militaristically: he used the image in obvious imitation of St. Paul (Eph. 6.1017). BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 His sword, an attribute. Imola, Italy The town in Emilia-Romagna, in northern central Italy, on the Aemilian Way was a Roman town (Forum Cornelii), which later (11th cent.) became a free commune. The city was subsequently ruled by tyrants (including the Visconti and the Sforza) until it passed to the Papacy in the early 16th cent. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Pius VII passed through on his way back to Italy in 1814. Inconstant, ship A French brig of 300 tons and 18 guns, it formed the main ship in the Elban navy. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Carried Napoleon from Elba on his return, with 900 or so men. Indus The Indus is one of the largest rivers in the world. From its source in the Himalayas to its delta near modern Karachi, it is 3190 kilometers long. It passes through Jammu and Kashmir, along the Punjab, and through the southern part of Pakistan that is now known as Sind.

BkXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Alexander was on the Indus in 326BC. Infernal Machine, The Plot of the Rue Saint Nicaise The plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise, also known as the Machine infernale was an assassination attempt on the life of the First Consul, Napoleon Bonaparte, in Paris on 24 December 1800. It followed the conspiration des poignards of 10 October 1800, and was one of many Royalist and Catholic plots. The name of the plot was a reference to a sixteenth-century revolt against Spanish rule in Flanders. In 1585, during the siege of Antwerp by the Spaniards, an Italian engineer in Spanish service had made an explosive device from a barrel bound with iron hoops, filled with gunpowder, flammable materials and bullets, and set off by a sawed-off shotgun triggered from a distance by a string. The Italian engineer called it la macchina infernale. Cadoudal and Limolan were both involved in the attempt in 1800. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Ingolstadt Ingolstadt, Germany, lies on the Danube and Schutter Rivers, 45 miles north of Munich and 30 miles south of Regensburg. BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1833. Inn, River The Inn flows through Switzerland, Austria and Germany. It is a tributary of the Danube, with 517 km in length. Its lower reaches form the border between Germany (Bavaria) and Austria (Upper Austria). BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Braunau am Inn, Austria, on the south bank of the Inn, is where Hitler was born. Innocent X, Giovanna Batista Pamphili 1574-1655. Pope from 1644. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Invalides In 1670, Louis XIV founded Les Invalides near what was then the Grenelle Plain. An old soldiers home, it was funded by a five year levy on the salaries of soldiers currently serving in the army at that time. The first stones were laid in 1671, for what was to become a complex providing quarters for 4,000. Construction followed plans drawn up by Libral Bruant, and was

completed in 1676. The Esplanade was laid out by Robert de Cotte. Construction of the dome began in 1706. Designed by Jules HardouinMansart and completed by de Cotte after Mansart died in 1708. Many of the arms used by the mob when it attacked the Bastille on 14 July 1789 were taken from Les Invalides on the morning of that day. Despite resistance by the posted sentries, they were overwhelmed by the mob which finally entered the underground rifle storehouse. Roughly 28,000 arms were taken. The most significant event in the history of Les Invalides however, is unquestionably the return of the body of Napolon in 1840. After seven years of negotiation with the British government, Louis-Philippe, King of France, obtained permission to repatriate the Emperor's remains from St. Helena. On 8 October 1840 - 19 years after the death of the Emperor - the coffin was exhumed and opened for two minutes before transport to France aboard the frigate La Belle Poule. Those present claim that the body remained in a state of perfect preservation. After arriving at Le Havre, it was brought up the Seine and landed at Paris at Courbevoie. On 15 December 1840 a state funeral was held, and despite a winter snowstorm, the hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-Elyses, across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade and finally to the cupola in St Jerome's Chapel until the tomb - designed by Visconti - was completed. On 3 April 1861 Napolon I came to his final rest in the crypt under the dome. BkV:Chap8:Sec2 The weapons taken from it in July 1789. BkVI:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. The moat used for the pensioners garden plots. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 BkXXI:Chap4:Sec4 BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 Turennes remains transferred there by Napoleon 22nd September 1800. BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 Visited by Alexander I in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 Its guns fired a salute to the victories on the day prior to Waterloo. BkXLII:Chap18:Sec1 Chateaubriands last residence (1838-1848) at 112 Rue du Bac was due east of, and not far from, the Invalides. He would have been able to see the full moon in this position on several nights during his residence there. However see the note under Chateaubriand. Iphignie, Iphigenia The daughter of Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, and Clytaemnestra, she was sacrificed by her father at Aulis, to gain favourable winds for the passage to

Troy but snatched away by Artemis to Tauris. She is the heroine of the play of that name by Racine. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Irene, Saint c130-177. Martyred in Lyons. BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Iron Mask, Eustace Dauger, The Man in the d.1703. Buried under the name Marchioly, he was a State prisoner held in a number of prisons, including ultimately the Bastille, during the reign of Louis XIV, his face supposedly covered by a black velvet mask. Immortalised by Dumas in the Vicomte de Bragelonne. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleon was said (in a tale spread by his supporters in 1801) to be descended from this prisoner who was said to be the real Louis XIV who had been supplanted by a twin brother. BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Supposedly imprisoned in the Lrin Isles. Iroquois The Iroquois Indians lived in what is now New York State along the St. Lawrence River. The Iroquois Indians were known as the Five Civilized Tribes. These tribes included the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca. At their height around 1680 they occupied territory as far south-west as the Mississippi and as far north as Ontario. Siding with the British they were mostly driven north into Canada, though remnants of the Iroquois Nation remained in the United States. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 The first Indians Chateaubriand encountered were Iroquois. BkVII:Chap4:Sec1 BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 He visits a camp of the Onondagas. BkVII:Chap6:Sec1 Iroquois huts contrasted with settler cabins. BkVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Their dominance of the Lake Erie region. BkIX:Chap10:Sec1 Their smoky camp fires. Irus He is a beggar in the Odyssey. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Irving, Washington 1783-1859. An American short-story writer and historian, he lived in Europe from 1815 to 1832 where he wrote The Sketch Book (1819-1820) which

contains his best tales: Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. He also wrote a biography of Washington (1855-1859). BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 His stay in Europe. Isabelle (Isabeau, Isabella) of Bavaria c1370-1435. She was the widow of Charles VI of France and Regent of the Kingdom until 1422, who signed the Treaty of Troyes in 1420, whereby her daughter Catherine de Valois married Henry V of England. The English title to the French throne was subsequently overturned, but she remains a villainess of French history. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Isabelle de Hainaut 1170-1190. Queen consort of France, Isabelle was born in Lille, the daughter of Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut and Countess Margaret I of Flanders. She married King Philip II of France and brought as her dowry the county of Artois. Isabella was crowned consort of France at Saint Denis on May 28, 1180. As Baldwin V claimed to be a descendant of Charlemagne, the chroniclers of the time saw in this marriage a union of the Carolingian and Capetian dynasties. She died in childbirth. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Isabey, Jean-Baptiste 1767-1855. French portrait painter and miniaturist, he was a pupil of J. L. David and was greatly influenced by Fragonard. His portraits are graceful and strongly individualized. Isabey prospered under all the changing regimes, portraying in turn Marie Antoinette, Mirabeau, David, Napoleon (Versailles), Josephine (National Gallery, London), and Louis Philippe. He was one of the first painters to make lithographs. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned as a painter of Napoleon. Isaiah The book of Isaiah in the Bible was written probably between 735 and 701BC by a man of high rank. He warned the Hebrews of the impending Assyrian invasion, and called them to true worship. BkIV:Chap2:Sec2 An echo here of Isaiah 66:12-13. BkVI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to Isaiah 24:20 The earth shall reel to and fro like a drunkard BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 Lucile refers to Isaiah 22:17-18 quoted from the Vulgate.

BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 A reference to Isaiah 56:10 BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 As a prophet of disaster. Ischia, Italy A volcanic island at the northern end of the Bay of Naples, Virgil called it Inarime, the Romans usually called it Aenaria, or Oenaria, the name that Chateaubriand uses here. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 Mentioned. Ismen The magician charged with defending Jerusalem against the Crusaders in Tassos Jerusalem Delivered (XVIII). BkIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Isnard, Maximin 1758-1825. French revolutionary, was a dealer in perfumery at Draguignan when he was elected deputy for the dpartment of the Var to the Legislative Assembly, where he joined the Girondists. Attacking the court, and the Austrian committee in the Tuileries, he demanded the disbandment of the king's bodyguard, and reproached Louis XVI for disloyalty to the constitution. After August 10, 1792 he was sent to the army of the North to justify the insurrection. Re-elected to the Convention, he voted for the death of Louis XVI and was a member of the Committee of General Defence when it was organized on January 4, 1793. The committee, consisting of 25 members, proved unwieldy, and on April 4, Isnard presented, on behalf of the Girondist majority, the report recommending a smaller committee of nine, which two days later was established as the Committee of Public Safety. On October 3 1793, his arrest was decreed along with that of several other Girondist deputies who had left the Convention and were fomenting civil war in the departments. He escaped, and on March 8, 1795 was recalled to the Convention, where he supported all the measures of reaction. He was elected deputy for the Var to the Council of Five Hundred, where he played a very insignificant role. In 1797 he retired to Draguignan. In 1800 he published a pamphlet De l'immortalit de l'me, in which he praised Catholicism; in 1804 Rflexions relatives au snatus-consulte du 28 floral an XII, which is an enthusiastic apology for the Empire. Upon the restoration he professed such royalist sentiments that he was not troubled, in spite of the law of 1816 proscribing regicide ex-members of the Convention. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

Isoard, Joachim-Xavier, Cardinal 1766-1839. A Cardinal from 1827, Archbishop of Auch, he was made a Duke in 1829. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 He enters the Conclave of 1829. Isotta Nogarola 1417-1461/8. Isotta Nogorola was a learned female humanist, mainly active 1436-1438. Because of her education and eloquence her chastity was attacked and she was forced to live in seclusion in Verona. She wrote to Ludovico Foscarini a Venetian nobleman and humanist, between 1451 and 1453. In letters they debated whether Adam or Eve was more sinful. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Her dialogue in Latin on Adam and Eves respective responsibility for original sin, which was frequently copied. Istria, Duc de, see Bessires Ithaca The Greek island in the Ionian Sea was the home of Odysseus according to Homer. It is an independent municipality of the prefecture of Kefalonia, and lies off its north east coast. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Ithome, Mount A mountain of the south-western Peloponnese, north of Messene, it served as a refuge to Helots in the rebellion against Sparta of 464BC. When, about a century later, Epaminondas, the Theban general, after his victory over Sparta at Leuctra (371) freed the Messenian Helots from Spartas dominion, it is at the foot of Mount Ithome that they built their capital city, Messene. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Referred to in Les Martyrs, Book XIII. Itinraire de Paris Jerusalem A travel book by Chateaubriand, published in February 1811, documenting his Voyage to the East in 1806. BkVII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 BkXXXIX:Chap21:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap21:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 Chateaubriand quotes from the work. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Its publication. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 The Note on Greece was published as a 48 page pamphlet by Le Normant in July 1825, then in a 120 page second edition in December, finally as a hundred and thirty page prelude to his Itinerary in 1826. Ivan He is Emperor of Russia in Voltaires Candide. Ivan the Great, Ivan III 1440-1505. Grand duke of Moscow (14621505), he was the creator of the consolidated Muscovite (Russian) state. He subjugated (1478) Great Novgorod, asserted his sway over Vyatka, Tver, Yaroslavl, Rostov-Suzdal, and other territories, and checked the eastward expansion of Lithuania, from which he gained some former Russian lands. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec4 BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 His bell-tower rises above the Kremlin and was surmounted by a seven-metre cross. The tower survived Napoleons instructions for the Kremlin to be destroyed. Ives, Reverend John Clement 1744-1812. Vicar of Bungay, he was a missionary in America, before marrying. He was named to the neighbouring parish of St Margaret at Ilketshall, at the start of 1794. BkX:Chap9:Sec1 A Hellenist and mathematician. Chateaubriand visited frequently. BkX:Chap9:Sec2 Assumed Chateaubriand might marry his daughter, Charlotte. Ives, ne Sarah Williams, Mrs Died 1822. Wife of John Clement Ives. BkX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXI:Chap1:Sec1 BkX:Chap9:Sec2 Chateaubriand might marry her daughter, Charlotte. Ives, Charlotte, see Sutton, Lady Ivry The Battle of Ivry was fought on March 14, 1590 during the French Wars of Religion. The battle was a decisive victory for Henry of Navarre, the future Henry IV of France, leading Huguenot forces against the Catholic League

Assumed

led by the Duc de Mayenne. Henrys forces were victorious and he went on to lay siege to Paris. The battle occurred on the plain of pieds near Ivry (later renamed Ivry-la-Bataille), Normandy, located on the Eure River and about thirty miles west of Paris, on the boundary between the le-de-France and Beauce regions. BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Jacob The Old Testament patriarch, son of Isaac and Rebekah, and ancestor of the Jewish People, his story is told in Genesis:25-50. He married Leah, and then Rachel, the daughters of Laban. His twelve sons gave their names to the twelve tribes of Israel. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Jacobins, Club des The Jacobin Club was originally formed at Versailles in 1789 as the Breton Club as most of its member came from Brittany. On the removal of the Assembly to Paris it became known as the Jacobin Club because it met in the convent of the Jacobin Friars: Dominican Friars who were known as Jacobins since their first house in Paris was in the Rue Saint-Jacques. Moderate at first it became increasingly revolutionary. It was closed in November 1795. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 BkV:Chap7:Sec1 BkV:Chap14:Sec1 BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 BkIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 The Cordeliers Club later merged with it. BkIX:Chap4:Sec1 Their historical plagiarism. BkXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Their transformation into the new aristocracy in 1800. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Bonaparte joined a Jacobin Club in Ajaccio. Jacowleff, Monsieur Brother of the former Russian minister (Baron von Jacowleff) in Stuttgart. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 Mentioned in 1812. Jacquemin Innkeeper and potter at Cannes in 1838. BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Chateaubriands host. Jacqueminot, Jean-Franois, Colonel

1787-1865. A Colonel at Waterloo, he became a textile manufacturer and Deputy for the Vosges in 1827. He became a Lieutenant-General (1838) under the July Monarchy, Commander of the National Guard (1842) and a Peer of France. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 On the Rambouillet march, 3rd of August 1830. Jacqueminot, Monsieur and Madame They were characters in a story told by Madame de Coislin. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Jacques LIntercis, Saint James the Mutilated 4th century. A Persian Christian martyred by dismemberment, under the rule of King Shapur II. BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Jacquin Nicolas Joseph 1727-1817. Dutch botanist, born in Leyden. He was appointed in 1752, by Francis I, imperial botanist, and two years later went to America in search of unknown plants. He remained five years in South America and the West Indies, and returned to Europe in 1760, with a rich collection of plants and many specimens in natural history, which he presented to the emperor. They became afterward the property of the Museum of Schoenbrunn, which he contrived to make one of the most interesting in Europe. He was appointed in 1774 professor of botany and chemistry in the University of Vienna, and created baron by Joseph II in 1806. His numerous works include Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia (Vienna, 1763), and Enumeratio systematica plantarum quae in insulis Caribaeis, vicinoque Americae continente detexit (Leyden, 1760). BkV:Chap15:Sec3 His work consulted by Chateaubriand. Jacquin Squadron commander of the Gendarmerie. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 Present at the interrogation of the Duc dEnghien in 1804. Jaffa, Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Israel The Mediterranean coastal city is situated in central Israel. Tel Aviv was originally a suburb of Jaffa (ancient name: Joppa). The citys port lies at Ashdod to the south.

BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand left Constantinople for Jaffa on Thursday 18th September 1806. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 A letter dated from there. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 After the Battle of Jaffa (3rd-7th March 1799), 3000 Turkish prisoners-of-war were massacred on Napoleons orders. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 The Turkish ex-Governor Abdalla-Aga. BkXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 See e.g. Gros painting of 1804. James I, Stuart, King of England and Ireland 1566-1625. King 1603-1625. The son of Mary Queen of Scots, he acceded to the Scottish Throne as James VI (1567-1625) on her abdication. A meanspirited Presbyterian he presided over a period of constitutional grievances, which led the Stuarts ultimately to precipitate the English Civil War. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. James II, Stuart 1633-1701. King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1685-1688), the second son of Charles I escaped to Holland after the Civil war and fought for the French and then the Spanish. At the Restoration he became Lord High Admiral. The threat of a Roman Catholic Succession caused his overthrow in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 which saw William III take the throne. He was defeated at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 and at Aughrim in 1691. He died in exile in France. BkXXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Not saved by the House of Lords. BkXXXIII:Chap6:Sec1 The events leading to his overthrow. BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 His fall a delayed consequence of Charles Is reign. BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Jamestown The capital of St Helena it was founded in 1659, when the English East India Company built a fort and established a garrison at the site on James Bay, naming it after the Duke of York (later James II). BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Janiculum A hill in western Rome, the second tallest hill (after Monte Mario), in the contemporary city, the Janiculum does not figure among the proverbial Seven Hills of Rome, being west of the Tiber and outside the boundaries of the ancient city. It was a centre for the cult of the god Janus.

BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 SantOnofrio is built on the slopes of the Janiculum. Criminals, including indicted Senators, in ancient Rome were thrown to their deaths from the Tarpeian Rock on the Capitoline however. The French phrase pres conscrits meant Roman Senators. Janissaries The elite troops of the Ottoman Sultans, they were selected from subject peoples, especially Christian families, and were highly-trained powerful and politically adept. After their insurrection in 1826 they were eliminated by Mahmud II. BkIV:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Janson, Madame la Marquise de Forbin-Janson 1763-?. She owned land by the Rhne (Les Issarts). BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Janus The Roman two-headed god of doorways and beginnings, is equivalent to the Hindu elephant god Ganesh. The Janus mask is often depicted with one melancholy and one smiling face. The first month of the year in the Julian calendar was named for him, January (Ianuarius). His temple, with a statue of the god beneath an archway, stood between the Forum Romanum and Forum Iulium. Its gates were closed in times of peace, opened in times of war. In the time of Augustus it was closed, after he had overthrown Marc Antony; and before that, when Marcus Atilius and Titus Manlius were consuls, it was closed a short time; then war broke out again at once, and it was opened.(Plutarch, Life of king Numa 20.1-2) BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 Napoleon allegorically closed the gates of war. Japhet Son of Noah. See Genesis 10:5. BkV:Chap2:Sec1 The Indo-European family of languages was termed Japhetic as if appertaining to Japhet and his sons, Gomer etc. The Semitic languages were treated as if appertaining to the descendants of Shem, another of Noahs sons. Jassi, Treaty of In 1792, the frontier between Turkey and Russia was fixed, and the freedom of Black Sea navigation confirmed, a further limitation of Ottoman power.

BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Jaucourt, Arnail Franois, Marquis de 1757-1852. He took refuge in Switzerland to escape the Reign of Terror, and returned only after Napoleons 18th Brumaire coup, and the establishment of the French Consulate, entering the tribunate, of which he was the president for a short period. In 1803, Jaucourt entered the Senate, and became attached to the household of Joseph Bonaparte. He accompanied Joseph to Naples, and was created a Count of the Empire by Napoleon. During the following years, Jaucourt distanced himself from the Imperial cause, and, with the Bourbon Restoration became Minister of State and a Peer of France. After the outcome of the Hundred Days (during which he stood by Louis XVIII), he was Naval Minister in July-September 1815, but held no further office. He devoted himself to the support of the Protestant interest in France, and tried to reduce the effects of the White Terror. A member of the upper house after the July Revolution and throughout the reign of Louis Philippe (the July Monarchy), he was driven into private life by the establishment of the Second Republic, but lived to see the 1851 coup and to rally to the government of Louis-Napolon Bonaparte, dying in Paris the next year. BkXXII:Chap17:Sec1 A Member of the Provisional Government in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Acting Foreign Minister during Talleyrands absence at the Congress of Vienna 1814-15. BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 At Mons during the return from Ghent in 1815. Jaug, Thodore A French banker (his father, also Thodore, an aide-de-camp to Lafayette, had been guillotined during the Terror) he was vice-president of the Electoral College for the Seine under the Restoration. He later acted as banker to the Duchess de Berry. BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 He provided Chateaubriand with the funds to travel to Prague in 1833. BkXXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 And the funds for the Venice trip in 1833. Javotte Javotte is Chateaubriands name for the serving woman at Hollfeld. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Jay, for Le Jay, Madame She was the wife of Mirabeaus publisher. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mistress of Mirabeau.

Jean, de la Grille, Saint 1098-1163. Bishop of Aleth, his epithet deriving from the grille around his tomb to protect it from the massed devotion of the pilgrims there. Born in Brittany he entered Clairvaux and was ordained by Saint Bernard. Bernard sent him to Brittany to found the Abbey of Buzay. Appointed Bishop of Aleth he transferred the Episcopal See to Saint-Malo (from c1143). BkI:Chap4:Sec3 Mentioned. Jean (Jan) I of Luxembourg, called The Blind, King of Bohemia 1296-1346. King of Bohemia 1310-1346 as Jan I, he concluded a treaty with Philippe VI of France and was killed supporting him at Crcy. BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Jean II, Le Bon, King of France 1319-1364. King of France 1350-1364. BkIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Captured by the Black Prince at Poitiers in 1356 during the Hundred Years War, he remained in captivity in London, where he was forced to sign the unfavourable Treaty of Bretigny, until 1360. Released, he was unable to raise the ransom demanded, and returned to London where he died. Jean, John or Jan III Sobieksi, King of Poland 1624-1696. King of Poland 1674-1696. A brilliant military commander he was elected King after defeating the Turks at Khotin in 1663. In 1683 he saved Vienna (and Europe) at the battle of Kahlenberg. He subsequently failed to capture Moldavia and Wallachia. BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 Mentioned. Jean III (John III) of Portugal 1502-1557. Nicknamed o Piedoso (the Pious), John was the fifteenth King of Portugal and Algarves. His tomb is in the Monastery of Jernimos in Lisbon. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 His epitaph. Jean VI (John VI) of Braganza, King of Portugal Don Maria Jose Luis de Braganza (1769-1826) second son of Peter III, exercised the regency in his mothers name. He decided on the 24th of

November 1807 to take refuge in Brazil. Proclaimed King as John VI, in March 1816, he did not return to Lisbon until 1821. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned as Jean II in the text. BkXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 His return to Portugal in 1821, which required him to sanction a liberal constitution. Brazil meanwhile proclaimed its independence. Jean V, Duke of Brittany 1338-1399. Duke of Brittany from 1354, known as the Conqueror, he was the son of Duke Jean IV and Joanna of Flanders. BkI:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. Jean-Baptiste, St John the Baptist 5BC-c28/30AD. According to the Gospels, Johns role was to announce the coming of Jesus: see John 1:23. According to Matthew 3:4, he wore clothing made of camel hair and ate locusts and wild honey, and baptized people in the river Jordan. John was executed by Herod; as told in Matthew 14, Herod granted the demand of Salome to give me the head of John the Baptist here on a platter. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec2 See Matthew 3:4 again for St Johns simple way of life in the desert. Jean-Bart 1650-1702. A French naval hero, born in Dunkirk of a seafaring family, he enlisted in the Dutch navy but entered French service as a privateer at the outbreak of the Dutch War (1672). In 1686 he was commissioned a navy captain. As a reward for his spectacular exploits, particularly in the War of the Grand Alliance, he was ennobled (1694) and made a rear admiral (1696) by Louis XIV. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 His visit to Versailles. Jean Le Silentiaire 454-558 Saint John the Silent, John Hesychastes, Son of Enkratios, a military commander, and Euphemia; his brother and other family members were advisors to emperors. His parents died in 471, and at age 18 John used his inheritance to build the Church of the Most Holy Mother of God in Nicopolis. By age 20 he had founded a monastery for himself and ten fellow young monks. Bishop of Colonia (Taxara) by age 28; ecclesiastical duties permitting, he continued to live as a monk. In his tenth year as bishop, his

brother-in-law, Pazinikos, was appointed governor of Armenia, and immediately began meddling in Church affairs. Overwhelmed by secular matters he was not prepared for, he secretly fled to Jerusalem, praying for a place to hide from the world. Accepted as a novice at Saint Sabas monastery, working as a steward and construction worker. After four years at the monastery, he was being considered for ordination, and felt compelled to reveal his secret the the Jerusalem Patriarch Elias. Elias permitted him to take a vow of silence, and wall himself into his cell for another four years. Lived as a hermit in a hut built against a rock face in the desert wilderness for nine years; legend says he was protected from brigands by a lion that stayed nearby. Saint Sava convinced John to return to the monastery. His secret came out, and he lived many years at the monastery under the protection of Sava. Late in life he left his solitude to fight the Origenists. BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Jemmapes, Belgium The Battle of Jemappes (November 6, 1792) took place near the town of Jemappes in Hainaut, Belgium, near Mons. Charles Franois Dumouriez, in command of the French Revolutionary Army, defeated the greatly outnumbered Austrian army under the command of Duke Albert of SaxeTeschen and of Franois Sebastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 The young Duc dOrlans fought there. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. John Sigismond, Elector of Brandenburg 1572-1619. He succeeded his father as margrave of Brandenburg in 1608. He gave the Reichshof Castrop to his teacher and educator Carl Friedrich von Bordelius. He became Duke of Cleves in 1614. He succeeded his fatherin-law as Duke of Prussia in 1618, and held all three titles until his death. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Jean Sans Terre, John Lackland 1167?-1216 King of England 1199-1216. The youngest son of Henry II, he succeeded to the throne on the death of his brother Richard I. He lost the French possessions and in 1215 John was compelled by the barons to sign the Magna Carta. BkIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXLI:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand compares Henri V to him.

Jean de Bruges, see Van Eyck Jeanne dAragon Daughter of Alphonse of Aragon. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Married Brien, younger son of the ninth Baron de Chateaubriand. Jeanne dArc, Joan of Arc 1412-1431. The Maid of Orleans or Jeanne la Pucelle is a national heroine of France and a saint of the Catholic Church. She stated that she received visions from God, through which she helped inspire Charles VIIs troops to retake most of his dynastys former territories, which had been under English and Burgundian dominance during the Hundred Years War. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 The Siege of Compigne (1430) was her final military action. Her career as a leader ended with her capture during a skirmish outside the town on 23 May 1430. BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 She was present at Charles VIIs coronation in Rheims on 17th July 1429. Jeannin, President 1540-1622. President of the Burgundy Parliament, Counsellor to Henri IV and Louis XIII, his Negotiations were published in 1656. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Jefferson, Thomas 1743-1826. Born 13th April he was the third President of the USA (18011809). A lawyer, he began his political career, 1769, in Virginias House of Burgesses. He was elected a delegate to the second Continental Congress of 1775 and was chief author of the Declaration of Independence. He served as Governor of Virginia (1779-1781), Minister to France (1785-1789), secretary of state (1789-1793) and vice president (1797-1801) under John Adams. He approved the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and encouraged US neutrality in the Napoleonic Wars. After 1809 he founded the University of Virginia, and died, as did John Adams, on the 4th July 1826 the 50th anniversary of American Independence, and in the fifty-fourth year since Samuel Adams created the first Committee of Correspondence that launched the American Revolution. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 His beautiful house Monticello is near Charlottesville, Virginia. Three of his daughters and a son died very young, two of his daughters survived into adulthood, Martha (Patsy) died 1836 and Maria

(Polly) died 1804. His wife Martha died in 1782. It is not clear which childs death Chateaubriand is referring to, but if an adult child it must be Maria, Polly, in 1804 when one half of his two surviving daughters was lost. I am unable to find the relevant text of Jeffersons. Jhu Jehu, the son of Jehoshaphat, was the tenth King of the northern kingdom of Israel, who fulfilled a prophecy of Elijah (1 Kings 21:17-24). BkXX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Jena, Germany. The city located in the Gera area on the Saale river; ruled by House of Wettin from the 14th century, by dukes of the Ernestine line from 1485; a noted academic centre, and long the focus of liberal ideas in Germany, including those of the evolutionist Haeckel, and Karl Marx. The Battle of Jena was fought on October 14, 1806, and resulted in a French victory under Napoleon against the Prussians under General Hohenlohe. BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 From 1814 onwards, German students articulated their displeasure over the unsatisfactory reorganization of Germany at the Congress of Vienna. Pro-unification students, vast numbers of whom had fought against Napoleons army in the Ltzow volunteer corps, came together in Jena and founded the first student association (Urburschenschaft), the aim of which was proclaimed in its slogan: Honour, Freedom, Fatherland. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt (older name: Auerstdt) were fought on October 14, 1806 on the plateau west of the river Saale, in modern Germany, between the forces of Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia. The decisive defeat suffered by the Prussian army resulted in Prussias elimination from the anti-French coalition up until the liberation war of 1813. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 Chateaubriand implies that it was Davouts actions at Auerstadt that allowed Napoleon to succeed at Jena. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Presumably the battles of 1806, but perhaps also the French defeat of 19th October 1813. Jenkinson, Charles, see Liverpool

Jenny Chambermaid to the Marquise de Custine. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Jeremiah 7th Century BC. The Old Testament prophet believed to have been born about 650BC near Jerusalem. The Book of Jeremiah contains his prophecies of the fall of Judah, the Babylonian conquest and exile. A Messiah is prophesied to rule over Jews and Gentiles. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 The Book of Lamentations ascribed to him. Jerome, Saint c342-420. The biblical scholar, born in Stridon is a Doctor of the Church, and was the author of the Vulgate Bible, the first Latin translation from Hebrew. After a period as a hermit he was ordained in Antioch. Secretary to Pope Damasius I from 382-385. Settled in Bethlehem where he established a monastery, and died there. BkIII:Chap7:Sec1 The cedar of Lebanon consecrated to him. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 A translation of his letters. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Referred to in Les Martyrs. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 The quotation is from Saint Jeromes letter to Innocentius concerning the woman of Vercelli in Liguria, at the foot of the Alps, struck seven times with the sword. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 From a letter, XXII:18, the phrase signifies in context that prayers should not cease and is most intense at night, but here perhaps signifies transience and memory. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 A reference to his Letter XXII:7 to St. Eustochium. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 His letter XXII:13 to St Eustochium. Jerome of Brescia This is an apparent confusion with the architect and sculptor Andrea Briosco (c1470-1532) who designed the church of Santa Giustina in Padua. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Jrme de Montfort, see Jrme Bonaparte Jrme de Prague 1379-1416. One of the chief followers and most devoted friends of Jan Hus, he was burned at the stake.

BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 Mentioned. Jersey The largest of the Channel Islands, in the English Channel, it was colonized from Normandy in the 11th century. French is the official language. The capital is St. Helier. BkII:Chap3:Sec1 France made an alliance with the American insurgents during the American War of Independence, on 7th February 1778 and planned an attack on Jersey. BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 The principal of the monastery in Santa Cruz was a sailor from Jersey. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 An migr destination in 1792. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriands uncle Bede emigrated there in 1792. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand decides to try and join his uncle there. BkX:Chap3:Sec2 The Caesarea of the Antonine itinerary. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Armands boat left from there in 1808. The Ecrehous is a group of small islands and rocks, officially part of Jersey not France, between Jersey and Carteret, about six miles to the north-east of St Catherines. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Its fishermen raiding the oyster-beds of Granville in 1822. Jersey, Sarah-Sophia Child-Villiers ne Fane, Lady 1758-1867. Wife of the 5th Earl of Jersey, she was the daughter of the more famous Lady Jersey, Frances Twysden, who died in 1821, mistress of George IV and wife of the 4th Earl. Sarah was a society hostess, friend of Lord Byron, and frequenter of Almacks. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Chateaubriand writing apropos 1822 must be referring to her and not her mother. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Present at Chateaubriands reception in 1822. Jerusalem The de facto capital of Israel on the Judea Heights between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, it became a religious centre for Christianity, Islam and Judaism. It was conquered by King David in 1005BC, and the first Temple was built by his son Solomon in 969BC. The Babylonians destroyed the city in 586BC, and the Jews were exiled to Babylon. It was rebuilt by those returning from exile around 538 BC. It was occupied by Alexander, the Romans, the Arabs and Turks, and the

Crusaders. It fell to Saladin in 1187 and was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1516 until 1917. BkI:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 On the evening of his arrival in Jerusalem, 4th October 1806, the Franciscans of Saint-Saviour were celebrating the festival of their founder Saint Francis, his namesake. Chateaubriand considered the day of great importance, and had long believed the 4th October to be his actual birthday (correctly 4th September). The date was symbolic for him, as one which commemorated his entry into life, Jerusalem, and literature. BkIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkVII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriand uses Solyme, from the Latin Solyma, for Jerusalem in the text. He implies in the first reference that he carries a mixture of Greek and Christian heritage. BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there in 1806. The Valley of Josaphat (or Jehoshaphat) is mentioned only once in the Bible (Joel 3), and was later taken to be identical with the Valley of Cedron (Kidron) that runs north-south along the eastern side of the city beneath Zion and the Temple Mount. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 A passport dated from there. BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 Mount Sion is the western hill of Jerusalem, near the Jaffa Gate, to be distinguished from the Jewish Zion on the eastern hill. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 See Lamentations I:1 for the mourning over Jerusalem. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 An example of French influence. BkXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 An olive branch from the Garden of Olives where Jesus reputedly passed his last night, taken to St Helena. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Jesuits Members of the Society of Jesus founded by St Ignatius Loyola, in 1533, to propagate the Roman Catholic faith, they established themselves as educators and missionaries, becoming one of the dominant forces of the Counter-Reformation, famous for their argumentative subtlety. In 1773 Pope Clement XIV suppressed the Order, and it was not reinstated until 1814. BkI:Chap1:Sec6. Christian de Chateaubriand became a Jesuit. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 The activities of the Canadian Jesuits. BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 Pius VII had resolved to restore the Society during his captivity in France; and after his return to Rome he did so with little delay; 7 August, 1814, by the Bull Solicitudo omnium ecclesiarum, In

France, the Society began in 1815 with the direction of some petits sminaries and congregations, and by giving missions. They were attacked by the liberals, especially by the Comte de Montlosier in 1823, and their schools, one of which St-Achuel, already contained 800 students, were closed in 1829. The Revolution of July (1830) brought them no relief; but in the visitation of cholera in 1832 the Fathers pressed to the fore, and so began to recover influence. In 1845, there was another attack by Thiers, which drew an answer from De Ravignan. The revolution of 1848 at first sent them again into exile, but the liberal measures which succeeded, especially the freedom of teaching, enabled them to return and to open many schools (1850). BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Anti-Jesuit feeling in April 1827. BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Their intrigues in Rome in 1828. BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Their status in France in 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 This was probably the church of Saint Nicholas Mala Strana. Jesus-Christ c6BC-c30AD. Jesus, the founder of Christianity, called by his followers the Messiah or Christ. BkI:Chap4:Sec8 BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 Mentioned. BkIV:Chap8:Sec4 Chateaubriand gives an edited quotation from John X.32. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 Chateaubriand refers to the Medieval heresies of the Albigensians etc. BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 Jesus died about the ninth hour (of daylight) that is about three in the afternoon, see Matthew XXVII:46-50, Mark XV:34-37, Luke XXIII:44-46. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 His age at death was traditionally 33 years. BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 See Matthew XXII:21, Mark XII:17, Luke XX:25. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 He was reputedly born in Bethlehem during the reign of Augustus. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 The Agapes were Love-feasts held by the Early Christians in connection with the Lords supper. The Greek word means brotherly love. BkXLII:Chap13:Sec1 See Luke II:7 Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg 1505-1571. Joachim II, nicknamed Hector, was a Margrave of Brandenburg and an Imperial Elector of the Hohenzollern dynasty. He succeeded his father, Joachim I Nestor, in 1535.

BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Joad The Jewish High Priest in Racines Athalie. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Joash (Jehoash) King of Judah, see Second Kings XII:2 and more pertinently the character in Athalie by Racine. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Job The Book of Job in the Old Testament develops the theme of the suffering of the innocent. Job, the protagonist is led to realise that man cannot understand the ways of God (Jehovah). Preface, BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1Chateaubriand quotes Job 7.9, 9.26, 14.2 at the start of the Preface, and 14.2 again in Book XXII. BkII:Chap8:Sec2 BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand quotes Job 38.11. (See also Psalms 88.10) BkIII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes Job 10.1 and 14.1. BkVII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to Job 38:19-25. BkXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes Job 4:15-16. BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes Job 37:10. Jogues, Pre Isaac 1607-1646. French Jesuit, martyred in Canada at the hands of the Mohawks. BkVII:Chap8:Sec2 Mentioned. Johannisberg, Battle of 30th August 1762. The Prince of Cond and Marshal Soubise defeated the Prince of Brunswick in Western Germany. BkXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. John, the Divine, Saint The brother of Saint James the Great, and called one of the Sons of Thunder. The disciple of Saint John the Baptist. Friend of Saint Peter the Apostle. Known as the beloved disciple, during the era of the new Church, he worked in Jerusalem and at Ephesus. He founded churches in Asia Minor and baptized converts in Samaria. He is attributed with the fourth Gospel, three Epistles, and possibly the Book of Revelation.

BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 Lived on the island of Patmos if he is identical with the author of Revelation. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 See John XIX:30. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 Behold the Man!: Pilates words to the crowd. See John XIX:5. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 The quotation is from Thomas of Celanos Dies Irae, based on Revelation V. BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 For the woman of Bethany see John XI:2, for the Woman of Samaria John IV:1-30, and for the woman taken in adultery John VIII:3-11. Woman, why weepest thou? etc comes from John XX:15-16. John, Chrysostom, Saint c347-407. A Doctor of the Church, born at Antioch, John, whose surname Chrysostom (Chrysostomos, golden-mouthed so called on account of his eloquence) occurs for the first time in the Constitution of Pope Vigilius in the year 553, is generally considered the most prominent doctor of the Greek Church and the greatest preacher ever heard in a Christian pulpit. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 Mentioned. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster 1340-1399. The fourth son of Edward III, he was born at Ghent. He was Duke of Lancaster from 1362. He tried unsuccessfully to claim Castile through his second wife Constance. In 1396 he married his mistress Catherine Swynford and in 1397 their descendants were legitimised but barred from succession. They included Margaret Beaufort the mother of Henry VII. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 His birth in Ghent. Johnson, Samuel 1709-1784. The leading literary scholar and critic of his time. His Dictionary of the English Language (1747-1755), edition of Shakespeare and biographies of the poets made him hugely influential. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Chateaubriand refers to Johnsons Life of Milton of 1779, where Johnson paints Milton as an acrimonious and surly republican. Johnston A smuggler, he reputedly had a project to abduct Napoleon from St Helena. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.

Joinville, Franois dOrlans, Prince de 1818-1900. Third son of Louis-Philippe. BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 In command of the return of Napoleons remains from St Helena in 1840. Joinville, Jean, Sire de 1224?1317? The French chronicler, he was biographer of Louis IX of France (St. Louis). As seneschal (governor) of Champagne, he was a close adviser to Louis, whom he accompanied (124854) on the Seventh Crusade. He opposed and refused to take part in the Eighth Crusade. His Mmoires of St. Louis, dictated between 1304 and 1309 for the instruction of Louis X, is an invaluable record of the king, of feudal France, and of the Crusade. It is written in a simple, delightful style, with moving reverence for the saintly and chivalrous king, with a sharp eye for graphic and psychological detail, and with occasional, sly humour. Preface:Sect4 An example of a writer who was also involved with warfare. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 In August 1348, he and his troop of men went down the Sane and the Rhne by boat and embarked at Marseilles. In three weeks they arrived at Limassol, in Cyprus, to join Louis IX. BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from the end of the first part of the Mmoires. Jomini, Antoine-Henri, Baron and General, 1779-1869. A Swiss general and military writer, he organized (1799) the militia of the Helvetic Republic and after 1804 served as staff officer in the French army. In August 1813, after a clash with Marshal Berthier, he defected to the Russian army, in which a commission had previously been arranged. He rose to high rank, becoming a celebrated authority on strategy. His works include a study of the campaigns of Frederick the Great, Trait des grandes oprations militaires (180410); Histoire critique et militaire des guerres de la Rvolution (181924) on the French Revolutionary Wars; and the influential Prcis de lart de la guerre (1836), which he wrote while military tutor to the future Czar Alexander II. He emphasized the capture of major points and the importance of superior numbers and lines of operation, and he advocated the employment of speed and manoeuvrability rather than battle whenever possible. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.

Jordan, Camille 1772-1821. French writer and political figure, he was a moderate supporter of the French Revolution, who fled France during the Reign of Terror and again after the coup of Sept. 4, 1797. He befriended Goethe, Schiller, and Herder. Returning to France after Napoleon came to power, he wrote (1802) the widely read pamphlet, Vrai sens du vote national (the true meaning of the national vote), directed against Napoleon. After the Bourbon restoration Jordan was elected (1816) to the chamber of deputies. He was a friend of Madame Rcamier. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 Used the common linguistic style of the age, as a defender of freedom. BkXXVIII:Chap14:Sec1 His death in 1821. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 An attendee at Madame Rcamiers salon. Jordan, River The Jordan flows through Israel, Palestine and Jordan and is 320 km long. The Sea of Galilee is part of the system, as well as the Yarmuk River of Syria. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Jornandes (Jordanis) c 6th century AD. A historian, he lived about the middle of the sixth century in the Eastern Roman Empire. His family was of high standing, either Goth or Alanic, and his grandfather was notary to Candac, King of the Alani in Msia. Two of his historical works have come down to us. The one is a history of the Goths, or, perhaps it would be better to say, of Msia, it is now commonly entitled: De origine actibusque Getarum and is dedicated to his friend Castulus (Castalius), at whose instance it was begun about 551. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Quoted. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Referenced. De origine: XXIV. Also, XLIX. Joseph le Roi, see Bonaparte Joseph A Milanese ironmonger. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 A fellow passenger on the voyage to Greece in 1806. Josphine de Beauharnais, Empress

1754-1824. Empress of the French (1804-1809). Born Marie Josphe Rose Tascher de la Pagerie in Martinique, she was married in 1779 to Alexandre de Beauharnais. Two children were born, Eugne (later viceroy of Italy) and Hortense (later queen of Holland). Josephine's husband was guillotined during the French Revolution, in 1794, but she escaped with brief imprisonment. In 1796 she was married, by a civil ceremony, to Napoleon Bonaparte, whom she had met through Paul Barras. Before Napoleon became emperor, they were remarried in a religious ceremony. Josephine took a prominent part in the social life of the time. Napoleon had the marriage annulled in 1809 because of her alleged infertility, so that he might marry Marie Louise, daughter of the Austrian emperor Francis I (Holy Roman Emperor Francis II). Thereafter Josephine lived in retirement at Malmaison. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec2 Asks Bonaparte about the arrest of the Duc dEnghien. BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Is supposed to have begged for clemency for the Duc dEnghien. Chateaubriand considers it a myth. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Appealed to by Chateaubriand on Armands behalf, asking her to transmit a letter to the Emperor. BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Her marriage to Bonaparte 9th March 1796. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 His penchant for her in 1795. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 She had been crowned Empress in 1804. BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Her house, Malmaison, was used for receptions. She died on the 29th of May 1814. BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleons private letters to her. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Her concerts given at Fontainebleau. Josephus, Flavius (Joseph ben Mattityahu) c38-c100AD. The Jewish historian helped to defend Galilee during the Jewish Revolt against the Romans of 66AD. Captured, he accompanied Vespasian to Rome where he wrote his histories, and an autobiography. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Chateaubriand refers to Josephus The Jewish War, VI:320 Joubert, Adlade-Victorine-Thrse Wife of Joseph. BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 At Savigny in the summer of 1801. Joubert, Barthlemy Catherine, General

1769-1799. In 1791 he joined the volunteers of the Ain and fought with the French army in Italy in 1793. He was in charge of the retaining force at the battle of Rivoli, and in the campaign of 1797 (invasion of Austria) he commanded the detached left wing of Bonapartes army in the Tyrol and fought his way through the mountains to rejoin his chief in Styria. He held various commands in Holland, on the Rhine, and in Italy, where up to January 1799 he was commander in chief. Resigning the post in consequence of a dispute with the civil authorities, Joubert returned to France. He was almost immediately summoned to take over the command in Italy from General Moreau; but he persuaded his predecessor to remain at the front and was largely guided by his advice. Joubert and Moreau were compelled to give battle by the Russian commander Suvorov, and Joubert fell at the Battle of Novi, which was a victory for the Austrians and Russians. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec1 A great general of the Republic. Joubert, Joseph 1754-1824. Philosopher and moralist, he was a friend of Chateaubriand, remembered for his Penses published posthumously. Joubert published nothing during his lifetime, but he wrote a copious amount of letters and filled sheets of paper and small notebooks with thoughts about the nature of human beings, literature and other topics, in a poignant, often aphoristic style. He was appointed inspector-general of the University under Napoleon. After his death his widow entrusted Chateaubriand with these notes, and in 1838, he published a selection titled Recueil des penses de M. Joubert (Collected Thoughts of Mr. Joubert). BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. A friend of Fontanes. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand probably stayed with his younger brother Arnaud, called Joubert-Lafond (1768-1854). BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 A friend of Chateaubriand and Madame de Beaumont. A description of the man and his way of life. BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 He stayed with Chateaubriand at Savigny in 1801. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 At the theatre with Chateaubriand in Paris in 1802. BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 He talked of accompanying Chateaubriand to Rome in 1803. BkXV:Chap1:Sec1 His concern for Madame de Beaumont. BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 Chnedoll complains of his neglect of him, following the breaking off of his relationship with Lucile.

BkXV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him concerning the Memoirs. BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 He corresponds with Chateaubriand. BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets him at Villeneuve in 1805. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 He was living in the Yonne valley in 1795. BkXXII:Chap10:Sec1 At Madame de Chateaubriands in 1814. BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand remembers him. Joubert, Monsieur A Republican. BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 At the Palais-Royal on the 31st of July 1830. Joubert, Victor 1794-1838. Son of Joseph. BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 At Savigny in 1801. Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste 1762-1833. He fought in the American Revolution, and in the French Revolutionary Wars commanded the Army of the North at Wattignies (1793), won a decisive victory at Fleurus (1794), and led the army of Sambre-et-Meuse into Cologne (1794). He sponsored the law of general conscription (1798) that bore his name. Although initially opposed to the coup of 18th Brumaire (1799), he served Napoleon as ambassador to the Cisalpine Republic (1801) and was made Councillor of State (1802) and Marshal of France (1804). After Napoleon's fall, he rallied to the Bourbons, who later made him a peer. BkXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 His victory at Fleurus paved the way for later achievements. Journal de Francfort Published in French. BkIV:Chap6:Sec1 Read by Chateaubriands father. Journal des Dbats The Journal of Debates, the former Parisian daily newspaper (ceased 1944) which was one of the most influential organs of the French press in the 19th century. Founded in 1789 by Gaultier de Biauzat to report the debates of the National Assembly, the Journal des Dbats was acquired in 1799 by the

Bertin family, which retained control of it until 1871. Moderately liberal in its viewpoint, Dbats was critical of the Restoration monarchy and the Second Empire but favourable to Louis-Philippe. Chateaubriand was a contributor to its pages in opposition. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriands letter advertising Atala published there 31st March 1801. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Hoffmans critical articles on Les Martyrs in the journal ran from April 7th to July 1807. Bertin, the co-proprietor, was ousted as editor to enable tienne to become editor in chief from August 1807. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned in 1830. BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 See the editions of 18th June and 21st June 1832. Journal des Patriotes The Journal des Patriotes de 1789 appeared from 18th August 1795 to 16th August 1796. BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 Revived 1st May to 3rd July 1815 under the title Patriote de 1789. Joussef A Mameluke. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Executed after the fall of Jaffa in 1799. Juan, Don The legendary seducer based on a 17th century Spanish nobleman Don Juan Tenorio. Most authorities agree that the first recorded tale of Don Juan was "El Burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra" by Tirso de Molina. Many subsequent works have elaborated the legend, including Mozarts opera Don Giovanni. BkV:Chap12:Sec1 Mirabeau compared to him. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 The generic name for a seducer. Judas Judas Iscariot was the disciple who betrayed Christ according to the Scriptures. BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 Deutz was born Jewish though later converted to Catholicism. For the Latin quote see Luke XXII:3 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

Judith In the Apocrypha account, Judith enters the camp of Holofernes and ingratiates herself with him. She then beheads Holofernes while he is drunk. She returns to Bethulia with the decapitated head, and the Jews subsequently defeat the attacking enemy. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Mentioned. Juilly A village in Seine-et-Marne, it derived its name from Julius Caesar. Louis XIII commissioned the order of the Oratory to found a seminary for the education of young nobles. The school was called an Acadmie Royale and was allowed to quarter the lilies of France with the crown of thorns of the Oratory. Many famous Frenchmen were pupils at the old Collge de Juilly. Montesquieu, La Fontaine, and Jerome Bonaparte were among the number, as were also two of the most famous of England's illegitimate royalties---the Duke of Monmouth and the Duke of Berwick. Bossuet, as Bishop of Meaux, was closely connected with the school, and La Fayette had an estate near by and always showed great fondness for it. In the Library is still preserved a facsimile of the American Declaration of Independence, given by Congress to La Fayette and by him presented to the College. During the Revolution the College was nearly extinguished, most of the Oratorians going to the guillotine during the Terror, the direction of which was largely in the hands of certain radicals who had formerly been on its faculty. BkII:Chap7:Sec1 The Oratorien college at Juilly, regarded as one of the best in France. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 Fouch a professor there. Jules II, Guiliano della Rovere, Pope Julius II 1443-1513. Pope (1503-1513), he ably completed the work, begun by his enemy Cesare Borgia, of restoring the Papal States to the church. Having joined the League of Cambrai, he was at war with Venice until 1509 and won back Ravenna, Rimini, and Faenza. He then formed (1510) the antiFrench Holy League. In 1512 he assembled the Fifth Lateran Council, which condemned the Gallicanism of the church in France and abolished simony in the College of Cardinals. Julius was a great patron of art, and Raphael (who painted his portrait), Michelangelo, and Bramante enjoyed his favour. He laid the cornerstone of St. Peter's. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Jules III, Pope Julius III

1487-1555. Pope from February 7, 1550 to 1555, he was the last of the High Renaissance Popes, born at Rome, the son of a famous jurist. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 His Villa Giulia is only a small part of the building designed in 1550 by many architects and craftsmen involved in the implementation. Ammannati, Vasari, Vignola and Michelangelo all worked there. The villa was divided up after his death, and the main building as well as part of the gardens became the property of the Apostolic Chamber. It was restored in 1769 on initiative of Pope Clement XIV. It became the property of the Reign of Italy in 1870 and was made into a Museum for Etruscan Art at the end of the century. Julia of Carthage, Saint 5th century. According to legend, Julia was of a noble Carthaginian family who was sold as a slave to a Syrian merchant named Eusebius when Genseric captured Carthage in 439. While on the way to Gaul, the ship on which she was a passenger with her master stopped at Cape Corso in northern Corsica. A heathen festival was just being observed by the islanders when the ship docked. When Julia did not disembark with her master to participate in the pagan ritual, the governor of the island, Felix, discerned that she was a Christian and ordered her to sacrifice to the gods. When she refused to do so, he offered Julia her freedom if she would apostatize. When she still refused, she was martyred. BkIV:Chap2:Sec2 Julie de Farcys patron saint. Julian, Roman Emperor 332-363. Flavius Claudius Julianus, known as the Apostate, was the only non-Christian emperor after Constantine. He embraced Paganism and restored the pagan temples. He was killed fighting the Persians. BkIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand compares Frederick II to this philosopher-prince. BkXXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned as a possible suicide. BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 See the Palatine Anthology IX:368 Julie Julie is a character in Rousseaus La Nouvelle Hlose. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to Letters XXVI and XXVII of the second part of the work. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 The novel was written at Montmorency.

Jullien de la Drme, Marc-Antoine the Elder 1744-1821. Deputy for the Drme during the Convention, he fell with Robespierre but was allowed to retire into private life. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec2 Mentioned. Jullien de Paris, Marc-Antoine the Younger 1775-1848. Son of Marc-Antoine the Elder, he was an intimate of, and private agent for, Robespierre. Imprisoned after Thermidor, in 1796 he obtained a journalistic post in the Army of Italy, and briefly continued his journalistic activity in Naples after the Egyptian Campaign. He later became a noted scientific educationalist and theorist, having observed Pestalozzis work. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec2 Present at the Battle of the Nile, at Aboukir. Julien Potelin, called Julien Chateaubriands man-servant. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 His journal of the Levant voyage. BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 His death. Juliet The tragic heroine of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Julien or Jullien, Auguste b1767. The son of a Geneva-born Paris banker, Louis Julien (c1710-1796), he was the brother of Antoinette-Marguerite Julien, Madame Rilliet (17501836). BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Loaned his box at the theatre to Madame de Beaumont. Junken, Bishop of Dol Early Eleventh Century. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 The builder of Combourg in 1016, according to Chateaubriand. Junot, Andoche, Duc dAbrants 1771-1813. A French general who served under Napoleon Bonaparte in Italy and Egypt. He became ambassador to Portugal (18045) and commanded the French invasion of that country in 1807, thus opening the Peninsular War. Appointed governor-general of Portugal, he was forced to evacuate after his defeat by Arthur Wellesley (later the duke of Wellington) in 1808.

He also served in Spain, Germany, and Russia. Napoleon created him duke of Abrants, under which name his wife, Laure Junot, Duchesse dAbrants, is generally known. Near the end of his life he became insane, and may have committed suicide. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 Married Laure du Comnne in 1800. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 With Bonaparte in Paris in 1795. His passion for Paulette. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 He entered Portugal on November 17th 1807. Jupiter The Roman King of the Gods, a sky god: his Greek counterpart being Zeus. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Alexander the Great believed he had been fathered on his mother Olympias by Jupiter Ammon in the form of a serpent. See Plutarchs Life of Alexander:2 Ammon was an Egyptian and Libyan god, worshipped in the form of a Ram-headed deity, identified by the Romans and Greeks with Jupiter-Zeus. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 Also called Jove. Juno was Jupiters sister and wife. Is Chateaubriand slyly suggesting an incestuous relationship? BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 His high priest, the flamen dialis. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 As a pagan god. BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 Jupiter Tonans, the Thunderer, his Temple in Rome was on the Capitoline. Jura A series of parallel mountain ranges running along the FrenchSwiss frontier between the Rivers Rhne and Rhine, a distance of 156 miles. The highest peak is Crte de la Neige (5,650 ft). The mountains give their name to the Jura dpartement of France, and in 1979 a Jura canton was established in Switzerland, formed from the French-speaking areas of Berne. BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Jussac, Monsieur de fl. 1684, alive in 1677, he was Captain in Monsieurs household. Governor to the Duc de Vendme. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Jussieu, Bernard de 1699-c1777. Naturalist, brother of Antoine (1686-1758, Director of the Jardin des Plantes) was director of the gardens at the Trianon, Versailles;

there he arranged the plants according to a new system of classification, which he never published. He revised (1725) Tourneforts Histoire des plantes qui naissent aux environs de Paris. Another brother, Joseph de Jussieu (170479), accompanied La Condamine to South America, where he remained until c.1771. He introduced into Europe many plants, including the heliotrope. BkV:Chap15:Sec3 His work consulted by Chateaubriand. Juste Lipse, Justus Lipsius 1547-1606. A Flemish philologist and humanist, the publication of his Variarum Lectionum Libri Tres (1567), which he dedicated to Cardinal Granvella, earned him an appointment as a Latin secretary, and a visit to Rome in the retinue of the cardinal. Here Lipsius remained for two years, devoting his spare time to the study of the Latin classics, collecting inscriptions and examining manuscripts in the Vatican. After travels and teaching posts, he finally settled at Leuven, as professor of Latin in the Collegium Buslidianum. BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Justinian, Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus 483-565. He was Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 until his death. He is remembered for his reform of the legal code, and was the Emperor who won back the city of Rome from the Ostrogoths. BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 The Plague of Justinian (541-542) is the first known pandemic, and it also marks the first firmly recorded pattern of bubonic plague. It is comparable to the Black Death of the 14th century, and was nearly world-wide in scope, striking central and south Asia, North Africa and Arabia, and Europe as far north as Denmark and west to Ireland. The plague returned with each generation throughout the Mediterranean basin until about 750. Procopius records its horrors. Juvenal, Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis Late 1st early 2nd century. A Roman poet he was the author of the Satires. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 See Satires XIV:215 Kaiserslautern A city in southwest Germany, located in the Bundesland of Rheinland-Pfalz at the edge of the Palatine Forest (Pflzer Wald). The historic centre dates to the 9th century. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1833.

Kalisz (Kalisch) One of the oldest Polish towns, it has been identified as the Slavic settlement of Calissia mentioned in the 2nd century AD by Ptolemy. It flourished as a trade centre from the 13th century. At Kalisz, Casimir III signed (1343) the treaty with the Teutonic Knights by which he conceded his rule over East Pomerania. The city passed to Prussia in 1793, was transferred to Russia in 1815, and was restored to Poland in 1919. In a treaty signed (1813) at Kalisz, Prussia and Russia formed an alliance against Napoleon I. BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 The Treaty of Kalisz, 1813. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Alexanders proclamation from there of 25th March 1813. Kaluga A city in central Russia on the Oka River 188 km southwest of Moscow. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec4 Kaluga is connected to Moscow by an ancient highway known as the Kaluga Road, which was the favoured escape route from Moscow for Napoleon in the autumn of 1812. Kutuzov repelled Napoleons advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the old Smolensk road, previously devastated by the French during their invasion. Kamchatka The Kamchatka Peninsula is a 1,250-kilometer long peninsula in the Russian Far East. It lies between the Pacific Ocean (to the east) and the Sea of Okhotsk (to the west), and is washed by the Behring Sea. Between the peninsula and the Pacific Ocean runs the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench with a depth of 10,500 m. BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 Chamisso there. Karmine, Franz He was a junior Customs officer in 1833. BkXXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned but not by name. Katte, see Quatt Kaumann A Guards captain in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Kazan, Russia

The capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities. It is a major industrial, commercial and cultural center, and remains the most important center of Tatar culture. Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga (del) and Kazanka (Qazansu) rivers in central European Russia. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Keith, George, Lord, 10th Earl Marischal c1693-1778. He served under Marlborough, and like his brother Francis, Marshal Keith, was a zealous Jacobite, taking part in the rising of 1715, after which he escaped to the continent. In the following year he was attainted, his estates and titles being forfeited to the Crown. He lived for many years in Spain, where he concerned himself with Jacobite intrigues, but he took no part in the rebellion of 1745, proceeding to Prussia, where he became, like his brother, intimate with Frederick the Great. Frederick employed him in several diplomatic posts, and he is said to have conveyed valuable information to the Earl of Chatham, as a reward for which he received a pardon from George II, and returned to Scotland in 1759. BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 He governed the principality of Neuchtel for Prussia in 1762. Rousseau dubbed him Milord Marchal, see Confessions XII. Keith, George Keith Elphinstone, First Viscount 1746-1823. Nephew-in-law of Lord George, he served in the Navy during the Seven Years War, though only commissioned in 1770. He made his name by capturing Charleston, South Carolina, in the spring of 1780 and, still a captain, helped take Toulon in 1793 at the start of the French Revolutionary War. He became a rear-admiral in 1794, took the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch in 1795, Ceylon in 1796 and received a barony in 1797. Keith took part in the British campaigns that drove Napoleons French forces out of Egypt and was an often disapproving commander-inchief over Nelson in the Mediterranean at the time of the latters Neapolitan involvements, after the Battle of the Nile. He was promoted to Admiral in 1801 and in 1803 took command in the North Sea, thereafter being largely concerned in home defence against Napoleons threatened invasion. In 1812 he took over the Channel fleet and, though largely commanding from ashore, prevented the escape of Napoleon from France after Waterloo. As the Prince Regents representative, he received Napoleons final surrender and supervised the deposed French Emperor's removal to his last exile on St. Helena in 1815. He was elevated to Viscount in 1814.

BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Held Desaix at Livorno. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Told Napoleon of the Act imprisoning him on St Helena. Kellermann, Franois-Christophe, Duc de Valmy 1735-1820. A Marshal of France, born in Strasbourg, he served in the Seven Years War and won renown in the French Revolutionary Wars when he and General Dumouriez stopped the Prussians at Valmy (August 1792). In the Reign of Terror, he was accused of treason and imprisoned (179394), but was not convicted. Napoleon made him senator (1799) and Duke of Valmy (1808). Rallying (1814) to Louis XVIII, Kellermann was raised to the peerage. BkIX:Chap15:Sec1 On the Moselle in September 1792. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Suggested as a deputy to Bonaparte in 1796. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Kellermann, Franois-tienne, Duc de Valmy 1770-1835. A French cavalry general, he was the son of FranoisChristophe. In the latter part of Bonapartes celebrated Italian campaign of 1796-97 the younger Kellermann attracted the future emperors notice by his brilliant conduct at the forcing of the Tagliamento. Later at Marengo he initiated and carried out one of the most famous cavalry charges of history, which, with Desaixs infantry attack, regained the lost battle and decided the issue of the war. He distinguished himself at Austerlitz, and later during the Peninsular War. He joined Napoleon during the Hundred Days, and commanded a cavalry corps in the Waterloo campaign. At Quatre Bras he personally led his squadrons in the famous cavalry charge. He was disgraced at the second Restoration, and, on succeeding to his fathers title and seat in the Chamber of Peers in 1820, at once took up and maintained till the fall of Charles X, in 1830 an attitude of determined opposition to the Bourbons. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 His cavalry charge at Marengo. Kensington, London An area of west central London, it borders Hyde Park. Kensington Palace, a Jacobean mansion restructured by Wren for William III and Mary II, was the main royal residence from 1690 to 1760. The grounds form Kensington Gardens, a public park. BkX:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand used to walk there. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 Madame Rcamier there in 1802.

Kepler, Johannes 1571-1630. German mathematician, astronomer, astrologer he is best known for his laws of planetary motion, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonice Mundi and the textbook Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 He died at Regensburg, November 15th 1630. In 1632 his grave was demolished by the Swedish army during the Thirty Years War. Kepler had composed the epitaph for his own tombstone, which read: I measured the skies, now I measure the shades, the mind sky-bound, earth-bound the body rests. Kralieu, for Kersalan, Comte de A naval officer involved, aged 45, in a duel at Rennes in 1789. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Kralio, Chevalier de An inspector of military colleges. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Quoted. He recommended Napoleon for the Military College in Paris in 1784. Keratry, Comte de 1769-1839. Royalist deputy for Finistre 1818-1824, and 1827, he was a liberal who supported Chateaubriand. He wrote a historical novel Le Dernier des Beaumanoir of 1824. He edited the Courrier franais which published Chateaubriands first speech to the Conclave on the 3rd of March 1829. Chateaubriands second speech was delivered on the 10th and responded to by Castiglione. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Kratry, Comte de d. 1779. Jean-Franois de Keratry, an obscure younger brother from Cornouaille who was involved in a duel in 1735 in which he killed a certain Comte de Sabran. BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 Mentioned. Kerkeni, Islands A Mediterranean island group (ancient Cereina) in the north of the Syrtis Minor, the Latin name used in Ancient Rome for the gulf of the Mediterranean Sea along the coast of North Africa, roughly from modern day Tripoli to Sfax, Tunisia. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in January 1807.

Kew Gardens, England The Royal Gardens at Kew, near Richmond, are on land once owned by the Royal Family. The first botanic garden was created there in 1759. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand visited to see the kangaroos. The Queens Cottage at Kew started as a single-storey structure attached to the royal New Menagerie, which housed exotic animals and birds from about 1771. In December 1793 the Kings apothecary, excitedly reported the pregnancy of a kangaroo. I learnt yesterday that the man who has care of it perceived the head of the young one appearing out of its pouch. By the time the menagerie was dispersed ten years later the kangaroos numbered about 20. Kiev The capital of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper river. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleons intention of attacking the city in 1812. Kirgener, Franois-Joseph 1766-1813. A professor of mathematics before the Revolution, he became an officer of engineers. In 1809, he married a daughter of Senator Guhneuc, making him related to the recently deceased Marshal Lannes, whose second wife was a daughter of the senator. He was thus also related to Lannes aide Guhneuc, a son of the senator. Kirgener was instantly killed at Bautzen when a cannonball ricocheted off a tree and struck him. As he died, the cannonball ricocheted again and mortally wounded General Duroc. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 His death. Kirn A town and a municipality in the district of Bad Kreuznach, in RhinelandPalatinate, Germany, it is situated on the river Nahe, approx. 10 km northeast of Idar-Oberstein and 30 km west of Bad Kreuznach. BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1833. Klber 1753-1800. After having achieved a distinguished career in the armies of the Revolution he retired but joined Napoleon on the Egyptian Campaign. He was wounded and appointed Governor of Alexandria. In the Syrian campaign of 1799, however, he commanded the vanguard, took El-Arish, Gaza and Jaffa, and won the great victory of Mount Tabor on 15/16 April

1799. When Napoleon returned to France towards the end of 1799 he left Klber in command of the French forces. In this capacity, seeing no hope of bringing his army back to France or of consolidating his conquests, he negotiated the convention of El-Arish (24 January 1800) with Admiral Smith, winning the right to an honorable evacuation of the French army. But when Admiral Lord Keith refused to ratify the terms, Klber attacked the Turks at Heliopolis, though he had only 10,000 men against 60,000, and utterly defeated them on 20 March 1800. He then re-took Cairo, which had revolted from the French. Shortly after these victories, a Syrian student living in Egypt assassinated Klber by knifing him through the heart at Cairo on 14 June 1800, the same day on which his friend and comrade Desaix fell at Marengo. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Went with Napoleon on the Egyptian Campaign. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 His victory at Heliopolis against the army of the Grand Vizier. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 His achievements in the East. Quoted regarding the siege of Acre. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 On the retreat from Acre. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Napoleons last letter to him of 22nd August 1799. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 His assassination on the 14th of June 1800, the day of Desaixs death at Marengo. Kleinnister, Germany A battle took place there in the Rhineland-Palatinate which Hoche won. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Klosterkamp, Clostercamp A battle on the 16th October 1760, during the Seven Years War, in which Marshal de Castries defeated the army of the Prince of Brunswick. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Knowles, James 1784-1862. Anglo-Irish dramatist; cousin of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, his chief plays, which are noted for their professional, workmanlike construction, include the tragedies Virginius (1820) and William Tell (1825) and the comedies The Hunchback (1832) and The Beggar of Bethnal Green (1834). In 1845, Knowles became a Baptist minister. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as a recognised living poet in 1822. Knoxville, USA

The city in Tennessee, on the Tennessee River, is an inland port and agricultural trading centre. BkVIII:Chap2:Sec1 It seems likely that Chateaubriand having travelled down the Ohio from Pittsburgh, and reached the confluence of the Kentucky and Ohio (near modern Carrollton), then left the river and with the group of traders headed south across Kentucky to strike a Nashville-Knoxville trail in Tennessee, around mid-October 1791. This is supported by places specifically mentioned as being visited, rather than those merely listed. Kniginhof (Drur Kalove) A town situated in north-eastern Bohemia on the left bank of the Elbe, about 160 kilometres from Prague. Founded by King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia (1278-1305), it was given by him to his wife Elizabeth, and thus received the name of Dvur Kralove (the court of the queen). BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 In 1817 Wenceslas Hanka, afterwards for a long period librarian of the Bohemian museum, declared that he had found an ancient MS. containing epic and lyric poems. This has subsequently proved to be a forgery. Krner, Carl Theodor 1791-1813. A German soldier poet, often called the German Tyrtus, born in Dresden; famous for his patriotic songs and their influence on German patriots; he died in a skirmish with the French near Rosenberg. His militaristic works were collected as Leyer und Schwert: Lyre and Sword in 1814. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Quoted. Koller (Kohler), Franz Freiherr, Baron de 1762-1826. Austrian Commissioner for Elba in 1814 (3 May 1814 - 26 Feb 1815, not resident). The Field Marshal was based in Naples and Rome until 1818. He commissioned German artists and collected antique vases and small pieces. (The collection was given to the Berlin museums after his death.) BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 Commissioner for Elba. Kokhanov A town in Belarus. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Napoleon there in 1812. Kolodrina, Russia

A place near Smolensk. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleons army there in 1812. Kolsum An ancient trading site, Suez was the location of the Greek town of Clysma, which became the Muslim Kolsum in the 7th century AD. After the Ottoman conquest Suez developed as a naval station. The port later declined until the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Mentioned. Komierowsky, Colonel A Polish Colonel, aide de camp to Marmont in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Knisberg (Kaliningrad), Russia A city of extreme western Russia on the Baltic Sea near the Polish border, it was founded in 1255 by the Teutonic Knights and joined the Hanseatic League in 1340. As Knigsberg, it was an important Prussian city and the birthplace of Immanuel Kant (1724). Transferred to the USSR in 1945, it was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 Soult took Knigsberg on June 16, 1807. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 Napoleon there in June 1812. Koreff, David-Ferdinand, Doctor 1783-1851. A Jewish medical student, and student of magnetism, from Breslau, he arrived in Berlin in 1803. He lived in France from 1804-1811, and travelled with Madame Custine to Switzerland and Italy. Returning to Prussia he was secretary to Hardenberg from 1814-1822, while still pursuing his scientific studies. Expelled from Prussia in 1822, he returned to Paris. BkXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Kotzebue, Captain Otto von 1787-1846. A Russian naval officer and explorer, he accompanied A. J. von Krusenstern on his circumnavigation (18036) and commanded two voyages around the world (181518, 182326). He discovered some 400 islands in the South Seas, checked the location of others, and gathered new information on the Pacific coast of Siberia. He sailed North through the Bering Strait, explored the northwest coast of Alaska hoping to find a Northwest Passage, and in 1816 discovered and explored Kotzebue Sound. Scientists accompanying his expeditions made valuable reports on

ethnography and natural history. Kotzebues own narratives were translated into English as A Voyage of Discovery (1821) and A New Voyage round the World 1830). BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Kowno Modern Kaunas is a city of central Lithuania on the Niemen (Neman) River south of Riga. Founded in the 11th century, it was a medieval trading post and a Lithuanian stronghold against the Teutonic Knights. Russia acquired the city in the third partition of Poland (1795). BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Napoleons army crossed the Niemen there during the advance into and retreat from Russia in 1812. Krasnoy A town about thirty miles south of Smolensk. BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Napoleon there 15th-17th November 1812. Krdner, for Krdener, Julie de Vietinghoff, Baronne de 1764-1824. Daughter of the Governor of Riga, she married a Russian diplomat in 1782, but soon separated from him. She was a member of the Parisian literary set, and met Chateaubriand in the spring of 1802. She wrote a novel, Valerie, and Chateaubriand published some of her Penses in Le Mercure. BkXV:Chap3:Sec1 A letter from her. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Her relationship with Madame de Coislin. Kutuzov, General Michael Ilarionovich, Prince of Smolensk 1745-1813. A Russian field marshal, he fought against the Polish Confederation of Bar and served in the Russo-Turkish Wars of 176874 and 178792, in which he lost an eye. He took part (1805) in the battle of Austerlitz, which was fought against his advice. In 181112 he again took command against the Ottomans and defeated them in a brilliant campaign that brought Bessarabia to Russia. In August, 1812, Kutuzov replaced Barclay de Tolly as commander in chief against the invading armies of Napoleon I. Kutuzov was expected to engage the French in battle and to abandon his predecessors delaying tactics. The battle of Borodino was the result; after that butchery, Kutuzov resumed Barclays wise policy of retreat, which eventually led to Napoleons ruin. He pursued Napoleon relentlessly after the retreat of the Grande Arme from Moscow (181213). He was created prince of Smolensk for a victory there late in 1812.

BkXX:Chap5:Sec2 At Austerlitz. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleons comment on him in June 1812. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 At Borodino. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec1 His council of war after Borodino on 13th September 1812 in the village of Fili. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 His slow pursuit of the French. BkXXIV:Chap3:Sec1 General Wilson urged him to finish off the French Army. LEstoile, Pierre de 1546-1611. A Chronicler, born in Paris, he was Usher to the Chancellery of Paris. He was imprisoned in 1589. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from his Mmoires et Journal de Pierre de lEstoile concerning the Paris of Henri III and IV and the League. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes from the Journal. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes him. BkXXXIV:Chap1:Sec1 See the Journal. BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 He relates this tale from June 1595. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 See the Journal for January 1595. BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 See the Journal. BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 The lady, Sainte-Beuve, an ardent Leaguer is mentioned several times in the Journal. LHpital, Michel de c1505-1573. A French Statesman, he was Chancellor of France under Catherine de Medici. He favoured the Edict of Romorantin (1560) which deprived the secular courts of jurisdiction in cases involving religion, and was responsible for edicts granting liberty of conscience (1561) and restricted liberty of worship (1562). He withdrew from court during the first War of Religion (156263) but returned to power and in 1566 was the author of important judicial reforms. After the outbreak (1567) of the second War of Religion he was forced out of office (1568) by Charles and Henri de Guise. In his retirement he composed Latin poetry. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 He imitated Horace in Book III of his Complete Works. La Balue, Cardinal, see Balue La Baronnais, Franois-Pierre Collas (?), Monsieur de

b. c. 1726 Father of the Chevalier, a former officer he was an inhabitant of Dinard. He married Rene de Kergu. BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 His son the Chevalier died at Thionville. La Baronnais, Chevalier de Son of Monsieur. BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 Killed at Thionville. La Beauce, France The region in northern France, located between the Seine and Loire rivers. It now comprises the Eure-et-Loir dpartement and parts of Loiret and Loir-etCher. The region shared the history of the county of Chartres, which is its only major city. BkXXXV:Chap16:Sec1 Known for its wheatfields. BkXXXV:Chap17:Sec1 Madame de Colberts house, Montboissier, there. La Bdoyre, Charles Anglique Franois Huchet, Comte de 1786-1815. He brought over to Napoleon the 7th Regiment of the Line, during the Hundred Days, and enabled the successful march on Paris. He was named by Napoleon a general and Peer of France. Arrested on the 2nd of May 1815, he was dragged before a court martial then shot on the Plain of Grenelle, on the 19th of August. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 His speech in the Chamber of Peers in June. La Belinaye, Rene, Mademoiselle de 1728-1816. Aunt of the Comtesse de Trojolif, she was born and died in Fougres. She was also the aunt of the Marquis de La Rourie. BkIV:Chap10:Sec3 Mentioned. La Besnardire, Jean-Baptiste de Gouey, Comte de 1765-1843. A section head in the Foreign Ministry from 1795 to 1819, he collaborated closely with Talleyrand and accompanied him to the Congress of Vienna. He was given a title on his return. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec2 At the Congress of Vienna. La Billardire, David de The son of Monsieur Launay, he was a childhood friend of Chateaubriand. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. La Billardire, Monsieur Launay de

A tobacco bonder, he lived at Combourg. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. La Bletterie, Jean-Philippe-Ren, Abb de 1696-1772. A professor of the Collge de France, he left a Life of Julian (1735) and a translation of Tacitus (1755-1768). BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 His imitation of an epigram of Julians. La Boutardais, Marie-Annibal-Joseph de Bede, Comte de La Bouillerie, Franois Roullet, Baron de 1764-1833. Former Deputy for the Sarthe, and a Peer of France he was Intendant General of the Kings Household. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand had asked him to augment the pension which Charles X had granted Thierry. La Bourdonnais, Franois Mah de 1699-1753. A member of the nobility of Saint-Malo, La Bourdonnais was born in the city in 1699. Lieutenant in the East Indies Company in 1718, he took part in the capture of the main islands of the Seychelles archipelago in 1725 which were called Mah after him. In 1735 he became a very young Governor of Mauritius and the Runion islands, where he instigated economic development. He commanded a squadron in 1741 and defeated the Marathi who was attacking Mah. Dupleix, the Colonial Executive and Nabob of India asked for his help against the English and La Bourdonnais took Madras in 1746. He had dealings with his previous enemies, and Dupleix complained. He was recalled to France and imprisoned in the Bastille for three years. At his trial in 1751, he was acquitted and ended his life in Paris. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 Born in Saint-Malo. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. La Bourdonnaye, Franois-Rgis, Comte de 1767-1839. Fought with the Chouans in the Vende, and was an ultra-right wing member (leader of the White Jacobins) of the Chambre introuvable from 1815. Interior Minister under Polignac in 1829, he was quickly dismissed for extremism. He lost his position as Minister of State and Charles X private advisor in the July Revolution. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 A possible Chief Minister in 1827. BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Interior Minister in 1829.

La Bourdonnaye-Montluc, Chevalier de, of the Order of Malta BkI:Chap1:Sec5. He is mentioned as assisting in the granting of Chateaubriands application to enrol in the order of Malta. La Briche, Adelaide Prvost, Madame de 1755-1844. Married Alexis La Live de La Briche, youngest son of the financier La Live de Bellegarde. Widowed at thirty, her only daughter married Mathieu Mol in 1798. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 She inherited Le Marais, near Saint-Chron, forty kilometres south-west of Paris, from her uncle before the revolution. La Chalotais, Louis-Ren de Caradeuc de 1701-1785. A French magistrate (Advocate-General of the Breton Parlement in 1730-1752, Attorney-General in 1752) who led the Parlement (high court of justice) in a protracted legal battle against the authority of the government of King Louis XV particularly with the Duke of Pivot, who was Governor of Brittany and the King's representative, concerning the influence and fate of the Jesuit order. This led him to be seen as the head of the parliamentary opposition, and in 1765 he was imprisoned by Louis XV and later exiled. He was restored by Louis XVI in 1775. The struggle resulted in the purging and suspensions (177174) of the Parlements. BkI:Chap3:Sec2 The affair involved Chateaubriands maternal relatives. His aunt and his cousin Moreau rashly having made false accusations were obliged to make a public retraction, and paid a heavy fine. BkI:Chap4:Sec4 He wrote his Memoirs (published 1767) while imprisoned in the Chteau of Saint-Malo. La Chartreuse, France The Chartreuse mountain range is close to Grenoble. The mother-house of the Carthusian Order, La Grande-Charteuse was founded there. BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Voreppe is a town between Lyons and Grenoble. Chateaubriand revisited it in July 1838 on his return from Cannes. SaintLaurent is the oldest district of the modern city of Grenoble. La Chiffone, frigate Built for the French fleet in 1801, the 36 ton Frigate Chiffone Captain Pierre Guiyesse captured (June 1801) the British Bellona on her way to London with a rich cargo from Bengal. The Bellona and her prize crew were taken to Mauritius. In the encounter the Chiffone had her mizzen mast crippled, and

while this was being repaired a vessel was seen to approach (19th August), flying the Tricolor. When close to the Chiffone the French flag was replaced by the Union Jack, this vessel being the British frigate Sybille, Captain Charles Adam. Both ships opened fire for a battle lasting 17 minutes before the French surrendered with 50 men dead. The Chiffone was repaired and recommissioned as a British frigate and was in action off the Havre in 1805. Her total complement was 264. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 On the 11th July 1801, she had arrived in the Seychelles carrying exiled Republicans. La Conche, Saint-Malo Following plans designed by Vauban, engineer Simon de Garangeau (16471741) extended the town, revamped its fortifications and built sea forts on the small islands off the city, Petit B, Grand B and Fort Royal, later renamed Fort National, La Conche, and Czembre. BkI:Chap3:Sec4 Mentioned. La Fare, Anne-Louis-Henri, Cardinal de 1752-1829. Archbishop of Sens from 1817, created Duke in 1822, a Cradinal from 1823. He died on the 10th of December 1829. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 He arrives at the Conclave of 1829. La Fayette, Georges-Washington de Motier de 1779-1849 The son of the Marquis, after a military career he retired in 1807, then after 1815 pursued a political career. He accompanied his father to America in 1824. He was aide-de-camp to his father in 1830, and was an opposition politican under Louis-Philippe. He was Deputy for the Seine-etMarne to the Constituent Assembly of 1848. BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. La Fayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Ives-Roch-Gilbert de Motier, Marquis de 1757-1834. General and Politician, he was prominent at the start of the Revolution. His early career was distinguished by military success against the British in American Revolution (1777-1779, 1780-1782). As a representative of the States-General he presented the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. In 1792 the rising power of the radicals threatened him, and he went to Austria. He was later prominent in the July Revolution of 1830 which overthrew Charles X.

BkV:Chap9:Sec1 Appointed to lead the citizens militia which became the National Guard, after the fall of the Bastille in July 1789. BkV:Chap15:Sec3 BkXXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 Burnt in effigy for condemning the attack on the Tuileries. BkIX:Chap5:Sec1 His efforts during the American War of Independence. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 A native of the Auvergne. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 His noble birth. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 He presented Paoli to Louis XVI. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 Used the common linguistic style of the age, as a defender of freedom. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 In Paris in 1815 during the Hundred Days. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 His speech to the House of Representatives after Waterloo. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 Accused by Napoleon of conspiring against him in 1815. BkXXVIII:Chap13:Sec1 He responds to Chateaubriands article. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Mooted as a member of a Provisional Government in July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 His arrest ordered but not carried out on 28th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Receives a students delegation on the 29th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Proposed as President of a Republic in July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 He refused the Presidency on the morning of the 31st of July 1830 and rallied to the Orlanists. BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Louis-Philippes dominance over him. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in April 1832. BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriands description of his life and politics. He received a triumphant welcome in America in 1824 despite his failure at home in the February 1824 elections. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. La Fayette, Marie-Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, Madame de 1634-1693. A French writer, she married in 1651 the Chevalier de Svign, and thus became connected with Mme de Svign, who was destined to be a lifelong friend. Her first novel, La Princesse de Montpensier, was published anonymously in 1662; Zayde appeared in 1670 under the name of J. de Segrais; and in 1678 her masterpiece, La Princesse de Cleves, also under the name of Segrais.

BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 A friend of La Rochefoucauld. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Her charming talent. La Fayette, Marie-Adrienne-Franoise de Noailles, Marquise de 1759-1807. The daughter of Jean-Louis-Paul-Franois, Duc dAyen and Duc de Noailles, she lost her mother and sister to the guillotine and barely escaped execution herself (1794). After a failed attempt to have her husband (they married in 1774) released from an Austrian prison, she shared his prison cell in Olmuts (1795-97). They had four children: Henriette, Anastasie, Virginie, and George Washington. BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. La Feronnays, Pierre-Louis-Auguste Ferron, Comte de 1777-1842. A soldier then diplomat, he was the Ambassador to Copenhagen in 1817, and St Petersburg in 1819. He was French Foreign Minister (4 January 1828 - 24 April 1829). BkI:Chap4:Sec5 A native of Saint-Malo. BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 A plenipotentiary with Chateaubriand at the Congress of Verona. BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him in St Petersburg in 1824, and he replies. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Foreign Minister in 1828, a friend of Chateaubriand. BkXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Informs Chateaubriand of the surrender of Varna in September 1829. He had been obliged to take a few weeks leave due to illness, and rumours had spread of his resignation. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Went to Italy due to illness in 1829. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand reports him cured of his illness in March 1829. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned as unable to fulfil a Ministerial role any longer. BkXXXI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 Sent to Prague by the Duchess de Berry in 1833. BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 In Udine in 1833. He was brother-in-law to Blacas. La Flche, corvette Sunk by the English near the Seychelles on the 2nd September 1801, this French national corvette was commanded by Lieutenant Bonamy and armed with twenty long 8-pounders and two stern chasers. She had landed a number of banished Frenchmen in the Seychelles and was intending to sail

to the Bay of Bengal to prey on British shipping. She was raised again in 1803 and was being refitted, but on being discovered by the English was abandoned and burnt. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Used to transport Republican exiles to the Seychelles arriving July/August 1801. La Fontaine, Jean de 1621-1695. Author of the Fables (1688-1694) sophisticated verse treatments of traditional fables from the collections of Aesop, Phaedrus and others. His many other works include his bawdy verse tales (Contes, 1664) which he supposedly repudiated after his religious conversion in 1692. BkI:Chap5:Sec3 Chateaubriand, perhaps unconsciously, quotes the first verse of La Fontaines fable The Acorn and the Pumpkin (Fables IX.4) BkII:Chap7:Sec3 Chateaubriand quotes from The Monkey and the Cat (Fables IX.16) BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes the last line of Vieillard et les trois jeunes hommes (Fables XI.8) BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from La Cigale et la Fourmi (The Cicada and the Ant, Fables I.1), with himself as the singing Cicada in the first instance and George Sand in the second. BkX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to Le Chat, la Belette et le petit Lapin (Fables, VII.16) BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 His work ignored by the English in 1822. BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 A reference to Discours M. le duc de Rochefoucauld Fables X:14. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 A reference to Fables III:4. BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 A reference to Fables VII:9, The Coach and the Fly, where the Fly goads the horses up the hill, considers it has done all the work, and asks for payment. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 A malicious reference to The Two Cockerels, Fables VII:14, line 3) BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 A reference to La Fontaines, Fables VII:12 BkXXXV:Chap13:Sec1 The reference is to The Cockerel and the Pearl, Fables I:20. The Cockerel would prefer the smallest grain of seed to the pearl he turns up. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 See La Matrone dphse: 149-150 BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 See Fables XI:7 lines 11-13, Le Paysan de Danube. BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 See Fables X:1 line 52, LHomme et la Couleuvre.

BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 See Fables VI:18 Le Charretier Embourb. The Carter Stuck in the Mud. Set in Quimper-Corentin in Brittany. BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 See Fables VII:3 line 10 Le Rat qui sest retir du monde. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 See Fables VIII:9 line 7 The Rat and the Oyster. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 The reference is to an anecdote of Racines in which La Fontaine arrived at Chlons to see his wife who was at prayer and so he left without seeing her. BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 See Fables, the Fox and the Crow. BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 autre injure des ans is from Philemon et Baucis: 66, the sense is another victim of times injuries. La Force, Jacques-Nompar de Caumont, Marshal de 1558-1652. He was a marshal and peer of France. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. La France Valet de Chambre to the Chateaubriand family. BkI:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. La Galaisire Minister under Louis XVI in 1789. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Appointed Comptroller-General in 1789. La Goulette, Tunisia A fishing port, now a quarter of Tunis. Charles Quint built a fortress there in 1537. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807. La Guiche, Philibert de, Seigneur de La Guiche et de Chaumont d. 1607 Grand-Master of the French Artillery (1578). BkI:Chap4:Sec4 Mentioned. La Harpe, Jean-Franois de 1739-1803. Literary critic. Friend of Madame Rcamier. La Haye-Sainte A farm on the field of Waterloo, it was defended by the Allies. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned.

La Hire Lahire, Ogier, Hector and Lancelot were conventional names for the jacks in a pack of cards in France in the fifteenth century. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. La Hoguette, Saint-Malo A sand mound surmounted by a gibbet in Chateaubriands day. BkI:Chap3:Sec4 Mentioned. La Hontan or Lahontan, Louis-Armand de Lom dArce, Baron de 1666-1715. French soldier and writer who explored parts of what are now Canada and the United States and who prepared valuable accounts of his travels in the New World. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 His description of the Canadian Indians. La Laurencie, Chevalier de, of the Order of Malta BkI:Chap1:Sec5. Mentioned as assisting in the granting of Chateaubriands application to enrol in the order of Malta. La Luzerne, Anne-Csar, Comte de 1741-1791. Diplomat. French Minister to the United States 1779. Ambassador to London in 1788. Died in London in 1791. BkII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. La Luzerne, Csar-Guillaume, Duc et Cardinal de 1738-1821. Brother of Anne-Csar, he was Bishop of Langres from 1770. Deputy to the States-General, he emigrated in 1791 to Venice, living there until 1800. He recovered his see, and title in 1814. Created Cardinal in 1817, he never received the red hat and title. He transferred to the Metropolitan see of Paris. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 Wrote an article for the Conservateur. La Luzerne, Csar-Henri, Comte de 1737-1799. Older brother of Anne-Csar. Governor-General of SanDominguo 1786-1787. Minister of the Navy 1788-1789. Died during the Emigration. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Dismissed by Louis XVI in 1789. La Luzerne, Csar-Guillaume, Vicomte then Comte de Son of Csar-Henri. Brother in law of Madame de Beaumont from 1787.

BkXV:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand confuses him with his uncle Anne-Csar. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 Recipient of Chateaubriands description of Madame de Beaumonts last days. La Maisonfort, Marquis de 1763-1827. Former Captain of Dragoons, a printer in Brunswick during the Revolution, and a royalist. Intrigued at Naples, and Fesch ordered his arrest while he was in Rome in 1803, at which he left for Tuscany. He became a deputy during the Restoration and then a plenipotentiary Minister at Florence. He had literary pretensions. BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. La Marche, Friedrich William Moritz Alexander, Comte de (Graf von der Mark, Brandenburg) 1778-1787 He was the beloved illegitimate son of Frederick-William II of Prussia and his mistress the Countess of Lichtenau (1796). His memorial urn of 1788/9 by Johann Gottfried Schadow, found in the lake, was recently restored to the New Garden in Potsdam. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned in Mirabeaus Secret History. La Martinire, Antoine Bruzeu de 1673-1749. He published a Grand Dictionnaire gographique et critique (1726-1730) and was the nephew of Richard Simon. BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned. La Martinire Officer in the Navarre Regiment. BkIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand encountered him at Cambrai in 1786. He describes courting on his behalf (a scene reminiscent of Cyrano only in reverse!). BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 Chateaubriand found him again at Dieppe in 1789 (or perhaps 1787). BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 In the migr army in 1792. La Mettrie, Julien Offray de 1709-1751. Born 25th of December, 1709. He studied natural philosophy then medicine and wrote widely on medical and philosophical matters. He moved to Paris in 1742. Whilst living in Paris he suffered a violent fever which led him to believe that disorders of the mind were due to physical malfunctions of the brain and nervous system. He had his ideas printed

under the title of The Natural History of the Soul. This cost him his job and in 1746 he was forced to flee France, pursued by the priesthood. He escaped to Leyden and continued his work, taunting his critics with his writings including his now famous treatise Man a Machine. The reaction of the priesthood to this work forced him to flee once again, this time escaping to Prussia before moving to Berlin in February 1748. He died on 11 November 1751 aged 43 leaving his wife Louise Charlotte Dreano and a 5 year old daughter. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 Born in Saint-Malo. La Morandais, Franois-Placide Maillard de Steward of Combourg. BkII:Chap3:Sec2 BkII:Chap3:Sec3 Takes Chateaubriand on a trip to SaintMalo. La Motte-Picquet, Toussaint-Guillaume 1720-1791. Commander of a squadron in 1778, he took part in the battle of Ushant. He performed distinguished action during the United States War of Independence. He joined DEstaings squadron in Martinique in June 1779 and took part in the battle off Grenada and the attack on Savannah. On December 18 in front of Royal Fort of Martinique, he attacked the English squadron under Admiral Hyde-Parker who tried to bar the roads. The skill of the operation and the ferocity of the action earned him a letter of congratulation from the English admiral! Commanding in 1781 a division of 6 vessels and 3 frigates, he intercepted the English convoy under Admiral Rodney and destroyed 26 ships. He was named lieutenant-general of the naval armies in January 1782. He died in Brest on June 10, 1791. BkII:Chap8:Sec2 Mentioned. La Noue, Franois de, called Bras de Fer 1531-1591. French Protestant general in the Wars of Religion. He fought at Jarnac (1569) and Moncontour (1569). In 1570 he lost his left arm in battle and had it replaced with an iron hook, whence he became known as Bras-defer (iron-arm), as well as the Huguenot Bayard. He took part in the Netherlands expedition sponsored by Gaspard de Coligny. His reputation for fairness led to his being sent by King Charles IX to negotiate (157273) with the defenders of La Rochelle. After the failure of these negotiations he gave up his commission and assumed the leadership of the Protestant forces in Western France (157478). He fought for the Dutch Protestants against the Spanish, but was captured (1580) and held prisoner for five years. At this

time he wrote Discours politiques et militaires (1587, tr. 1587). He fought under King Henry IV at Arques and Ivry. BkX:Chap1:Sec1 Captured by Spain in 1580 he was handed over to the Duke of Parma, Alexander Farnese, who imprisoned him in the castle of Limbourg until 1585. He died in Brittany, mortally wounded at the siege of Lamballe. La Noue, Monsieur de, see Cordellier La Prouse, Jean-Franois de Galaup, Comte de 1741-1788. The French explorer and naval officer who mapped the west coast of North America in 1786, and visited Easter Island and the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii). He was lost at sea while searching for the Solomon Islands (after reaching Australias Botany Bay). His ships were wrecked, and the survivors probably killed by the inhabitants of Vanikoro. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkII:Chap8:Sec3 Chateaubriand saw him at Brest in 1783. BkVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 His road being the road of death. La Placelire, Mademoiselle de, see Lavigne La Porte, Monsieur de, see Laporte Minister under Louis XVI in 1789. Laqueuille, Marquis de 1742-1810. Resigned as Deputy to organise the migr Compagnie des gentilhommes auvergnats. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 Declared a traitor in December 1791. La Reveillre-Lepaux 1753-1824. A member of the Directory, he invented a new religion of Theophilanthropy. BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. La Rochefoucauld, Ambroise-Polycarpe de, Duc de Doudeauville 1765-1841. An migr, he returned to live quietly on his estate at Montmirail. Made a Peer of France in 1815, he was named Director of the Postal Services (1822), then in 1824 Minister of the Kings Household. BkXXVIII:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Opposes Villle over the disbanding of the National Guard in April 1827. BkXXVIII:Chap21:Sec1 He and his son Sosthnes who had married Montmorencys only daughter, lived at Montmirail. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. La Rochefoucauld, Franois VI, Duc de 1613-1680. A French writer, who as head of an ancient family (in his youth he bore the title prince de Marcillac) opposed Richelieu and was later active in both Frondes. Wounded and disheartened, he made his peace (1652) and retired to his estates in Angoumois. Later he settled (c.1658) in Paris where he moved in the literary circle of Mme de Sabl, which included Mme de La Fayette, whose close friendship had an important influence on him. Although his Mmoires are interesting historically, La Rochefoucaulds place in French literature is assured by his moral maxims and reflective epigrams, which are marked by lucidity and polished brilliance. A collection was published in 1665 as Rflexions ou sentences et maximes morales. The fifth edition, which appeared in his lifetime, contained 504 maxims. BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Loved by Madame de Longueville, he was also a friend of Madame de La Fayette, and Madame de Svign. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 His attempt to harm the Cardinal de Retz. La Rochefoucauld, Sosthnes de 1785-1864. Son of Ambroise, Duke of Doudeauville, son-in-law of Mathieu de Montmorency, he was charged with the department of the fine arts, in the ministry of Charles Xs household until the end of the Restoration. He was thus in control of the museums, royal manufactures, the Conservatory and the five royal theatres: the Opera, the Franois, the Odeon, the OperaComique, and the Italiens. He became Duc de Doudeaville. BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 An avowed Royalist, he was in 1814 aide-de-camp to General Dessoles. La Rochejacquelein, Henri du Vergier, Comte de 1772-1794. A French commander, he was leader of the counterrevolutionary army in the Vende. His legendary gallantry and tactical abilities were of little avail against superior Republican armies. He was killed in battle at Nouaill. BkV:Chap15:Sec3 BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. La Rochejacquelein, Auguste du Vergier, Comte

1783-1868. Younger brother of Henri, he served with Napoleon then fought in the Vende on behalf of the Duchesse de Berry, for which he was condemned to death but later acquitted. BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 At Borodino. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 At Versailles on the 31st of July 1830. La Rochelle A seaport on the Atlantic Ocean, it is the capital of the Charente-Maritime dpartement. The city is connected to the le de R by a bridge, completed in 1988. Its harbour opens into a protected strait, the Pertuis dAntioche. A 10th century foundation it became a Huguenot stronghold reduced by Cardinal Richelieu, and later a centre of the triangular trade. BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. La Romana, Pedro Caro y Sureda, 3rd Marquis of 1761-1811. A Spanish officer he fought in the American Revolutionary War. King Charles IV, bullied and pressured by Napoleon, agreed in 1807 to provide a division to bolster the French army in Germany. La Romana was made commander of this Division of the North and spent 1807 and 1808 performing garrison duties in Hamburg and later Denmark under Marshal Bernadotte. When the Peninsular War broke out, La Romana made plans to repatriate his men to Spain. That 9,000 men of the 14,000-strong division were able to board British ships on August 27 and escape to Spain was chiefly due to his subterfuge and organizational skills. La Romana drove the French from Asturias. In 1809, he was appointed to the Central Junta and served until 1810. He then returned to military operations under Wellington but died suddenly on January 23, 1811 without again seeing major action. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. La Rourie, see Rourie, Marquis de La La Sablire, Marguerite ne Hessein, de 1640-1693. The wife of Antoine Rambouillet, Sieur de la Sablire (16241679), a Protestant financier entrusted with the administration of the royal estates, her salon became a meeting-place for poets, scientists, men of letters, and courtiers of Louis XIV. About 1673 Madame de la Sablire received into her house La Fontaine, whom she sponsored for twenty years. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. La Somaglia, Giulio Maria, Cardinal

1744-1830. Created a Cardinal in 1795, he was expelled from Rome by the French in 1808. He was made Dean of the Sacred College in 1820, and was a zelante in the Conclave of 1823. Named Secretary of State by Leo XII he gave up his functions in June 1828. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. La Suze, Louis-Franois Chamillard, Marquis de 1751-1833. He was Marchal des Logis to Louis XVIII. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 Mentioned. La Tour-Maubourg, Marie-Victor-Nicolas de Fay, Marquis de 1768-1850. He was made a Peer under the Restoration, Ambassador to London in 1819, and Minister of War 1819-1821. He was also Governor of the Invalides. He was wounded at Borodino, and lost a leg at Wachau. BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Commanded the cavalry at Smolensk in retreat in 1812. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 At the Invalides during the July Revolution. BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned as a supporter of the Duchess de Berry. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned as a possible member of Charles Xs Chateaubriand-led government in 1833! La Vallire, Louise Franoise de la Blaume Le Blanc, de 1644-1710. She was the mistress of King Louis XIV of France. Maid of honour to Louis sister-in-law, Henrietta of England, she became the king's mistress in 1661. She bore him four children, of whom two died in infancy. In 1667, by the same government act that legitimized her daughter, she was created duchess. She was replaced in the kings affections by Mme de Montespan. In 1674 she retired to a Carmelite convent and became celebrated for her piety. BkIV:Chap2:Sec2 Her final vows, and Bossuets sermon. BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Madame de Vintimille might have lived in her company. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. La Vauguyon, Paul-Franois de Quelen, Duc de 1746-1818. He was a Minister under Louis XVI. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Replaced Montmorin as Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1789.

Labat, Jean-Baptiste, Pre 1663-1738. A missionary in the Antilles, he was in Italy from 1709 to 1712 and wrote an account of his travels in Spain and Italy published in 1730. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Described. Lab, Louise, or Loyse Labb 1526-1566. A poetess, she was born into a prosperous family of ropemakers. In 1555 Euvres de Louize Labe Lionnoize was published in Lyons: it contained a prose dedicatory epistle to a local noblewoman, a prose Debat de Folie et d'Amour, 24 sonnets (the first in Italian), and three elegies; the work concluded with 24 poems by other writers, praising Labes ability. The book was popular enough that three other editions came out within a year (the first "revues et corrigees par la dite Dame"), and it was widely-read enough to bring both praise from beyond Lyons and criticism for being immodest and unwomanly. Sometime after 1556, she apparently left Lyon to live in the countryside. Her husband died in the early 1560s and she died, perhaps of the plague in 1566. BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Quoted. Laborde, Comte Alexandre-Louis-Joseph de 1773-1842. He was a scholar, writer, Deputy for the Seine and Academician. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Attach in Spain 1801-2. His Voyage historique et pittoresque en Espagne was published in 1807. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 In the matter of the marriage of Marie Louise he was the secret agent between Napoleons Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Prince of Schwarzenberg. BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Attach to the National Guard in 1814. BkXXII:Chap12:Sec1 Sent to meet Schwarzenberg in 1814. BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Named as Prefect of the Seine by the Municipal Commission, 29th July 1830. Laborie, Antoine-Athanase Roux de 1769-1842. A Friend of the Bertin brothers, he was a shareholder in the Journal of Debates. Employed in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs under Talleyrands protection, he was accused by Fouch of leaking confidential information. He had to hide to escape the police and fled France for a time. BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 At Savigny in 1801.

BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Became Private Secretary to the Provisional Government in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 At Ghent in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 General Lamothe was his brother-in-law. Laborie (Roux-Laborie fils) He was the son of Antoine. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec1 His duel with Carrel on 2nd February 1833. Labrador, Pedro Gomez Havela, Marquis de 1775-1850. Spanish Ambassador in Rome 1828, he left a volume of memoirs Mlanges sur la vie prive et publique du marquis de Labrador, par lui-mme (Paris, 1849). BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Lacpde, Bernard Germain tienne de la Ville, Comte 1756-1825. A French naturalist, he won the favour of Buffon, who secured him a position at the Jardin du Roi (later the Jardin des Plantes). His bestknown works deal with the oviparous quadrupeds, reptiles, fishes, and whales; they are frequently printed with Buffons works, which they supplement. Lacpde was active in politics and was exiled during the Reign of Terror. After his return he gave up scientific work for a political career and held several state offices. Napoleon appointed him Grand Chancellor. BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Quoted. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Laclos, Pierre-Ambroise-Franois Choderlos de 1741-1803. His father was a government official who was ennobled but without a title. Laclos joined the army and with the end of the Seven Years War in 1763, was transferred to north-eastern France. It was while stationed there that he published his first literary piece, a poem in a periodical in 1767. In 1769 he moved to Grenoble where he stayed until being garrisoned in Besanon in 1775. During this period he was promoted and published other minor verse. In December 1776 he became a freemason. The following year saw the sole performance in Paris of his comic opera, Ernestine, adapted from the tale of the same name by the successful novelist, Mme Riccoboni. It is possible that Laclos began writing his most famous work, Les Liaisons dangereuses in 1778. He was certainly engaged on the drafting of the novel while working on the fortifications of the island of Aix in 1779. To aid the composition of his novel, he was on leave in Paris in 1780 and 1781 where

he began moves to have his work published. The first edition of the novel appeared in April 1782. In 1788 he entered the service of the Duke of Orlans and accompanied his employer to London in 1790. He engaged in revolutionary activity, using the power of his pen. He resigned from the army in 1791. In the thick of political in-fighting, he was arrested and then released in the spring of 1793, only to be incarcerated again in November. He expected to be guillotined, but was set free in December 1794. After miscellaneous activities in the succeeding years, Laclos was appointed an artillery general in 1800 under Napoleon, and fulfilled various military functions before dying in Italy. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned as involved in the amusements at Monceaux. Lacretelle, Charles 1766-1855. Lacretelle the younger was journalist then historian, and wrote the first great History of the Revolution (1821-26). He was proscribed after Vendmiaire, and imprisoned after Fructidor. He published an account of his tribulations. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 His courage. BkXXXI:Chap4:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand in 1829. Lacretelle, Pierre-Louis 1751-1824. A French politician and writer, he practised as a barrister in Paris; and under the Revolution was elected as deputy in the Legislative Assembly. He belonged to the moderate party known as the Feuillants, but after the 10th of August 1792 he ceased to take part in public life. In 1803 he became a member of the Institute, taking the place of Laharpe. Under the Restoration he was one of the chief editors of the Minerve franaise; he wrote also an essay, Sur le 18 Brumaire (1799), some Fragments politiques et litteraires (1817), and a treatise Des parlis politiques et des factions de Ca pretendue aristocratie daujourd-hui (1819). BkII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned as a lawyer. Lacroix A student of the cole Polytechnique in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Involved in the fighting of 29th July 1830. Ladvocat, Pierre-Franois, known as Charles 1785-1854. A well-known Paris bookseller, then publisher, with premises in the Palais-Royal (having married the proprietress in 1817), who initiated public advertising of new books on placards around Paris. He moved

subsequently to a fine house on the Rue Chabanais. The son of peasants, he had a flair for marketing, and a taste for luxury. He published Hugo, Delavigne, Lamartine and other Romantics, and many translations from English and German. He was bankrupted under Louis-Philippe and died in the Charity Hospital. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand sold him the rights to his complete works, for 550,000 francs, in March 1826. Thirty volumes duly appeared between June and December 1826 (others through to 1832). With Ladvocat in financial difficulties Chateaubriand agreed to a reduction, to 350,000 francs, in February 1827. In November 1828, Ladvocat sold the rights to Pourrat and Delandine for only 10,000 francs. Chateaubriand presumably lost about 200,000 francs on the original deal. Lallemand, Pre Jrme 1593-1673. A Jesuit missionary, he died at Quebec. BkVII:Chap8:Sec2 Mentioned. Laensberg, Matthieu 1600-? A Lige mathematician and astrologer under whose name an almanac of prophecies and predictions was produced from 1626. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 The almanac. Laertes Laertes, the son of Arcesius, was the king of Ithaca and the father of Odysseus. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Lafitau or Laffiteau, Joseph-Franois, Le Pre 1681-1746. A Jesuit missionary and writer, he entered the Society in 1696, and the general, Tamburini, yielding to his entreaties, sent him to Canada in 1711. Appointed to the mission of Sault Saint-Louis (Caughnawaga), he made a thorough study of Iroquois character and usages, as a preparation to his great work Mures des Sauvages amricains compares aux murs des premiers temps: published in 1724. It was then that he discovered ginseng, a root highly prized as a panacea in China and Tartary, one ounce selling for as high as three ounces of silver. This discovery created an excitement comparable to that caused later by the finding of gold in California and Australia; but the exportation of the root, after promising immense profits to Canadian trade, rapidly decreased, owing to over-production and inferiority of quality due to hasty and artificial desiccation. Lafitaus treatise on

ginseng (1718) drew public attention to this apparent source of prosperity. In 1717, he returned to France in the interests of the mission, chiefly to obtain authorization from Court to transfer the Iroquois settlement to its present superior site. He likewise pleaded for the repression of the liquor traffic. In spite of his wish to return to Canada, where his knowledge of Indian languages and customs rendered him so valuable that Father Julien Garnier wished him to have him recalled, he was retained in France. After Charlevoix, Lafitau was the most remarkable historian and naturalist ever sent to Canada by the Society of Jesus. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 His description of the Canadian Indians. Lafitte-Clav A French officer who worked with Lazare Carnot. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Mentioned. Lafitte, Jacques 1767-1844. A French banker and politician, he became a partner in a Perregaux banking house in 1800 and head of the firm in 1804. As governor of the Bank of France (181419), he raised large sums of money for the provisional government in 1814 and for Louis XVIII during the Hundred Days. He saved Paris from a financial crisis in 1818. An early partisan of a constitutional monarchy under Louis-Philippe, he did much to secure LouisPhilippe's accession to the throne, and he briefly served as premier (1830 31) in the July Monarchy. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Joint leader of the left-wing opposition in 1827. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 His arrest ordered but not carried out on 28th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Receives a students delegation on the 29th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Hosts a meeting of Deputies, and is appointed a member of the Municipal Commission on the 29th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 A supporter of LouisPhilippe in July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap15:Sec1 At the Htel de Ville on the 31st of July. He was President of the Chamber of Deputies from 3rd August. BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 He advanced Chateaubriand money in 1832.

Lafontaine, Auguste 1759-1832. A novelist, descended from French refugees, and pastor at Halle, he wrote dozens of family novels, which were highly detailed, and was much appreciated in France during the Restoration. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Laforest, Antoine-Ren, Comte de 1756-1846. Career diplomat and protg of Talleyrand, he participated in the Congress of Luneville, then represented France at the Diet of Ratisbonne. He was plenipotentiary minister in Berlin from 1805-1807. BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Lagarde, Pierre-Franois-Denis de 1769-? A former functionary in the Foreign Office, and Director of Censorship, he was the Commissioner-General of Police in Venice in 1806. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Lagorce, Colonel He was an adjutant at the Palace of Fontainebleau in 1813. BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 He carried communications between Napoleon and the Pope. Lagrange, Joseph-Louis 1736-1813. He was a French mathematician and astronomer, of French and Italian descent. Before the age of 20 he was professor of geometry at the royal artillery school at Turin. With his pupils he organized (1759) a society from which the Turin Academy of Sciences developed. Among his early successes were his method of solving iso-perimetrical problems, on which the calculus of variations is based in part; his researches on the nature and propagation of sound and on the vibration of strings; and his studies on the libration of the moon and on the satellites of Jupiter. On the recommendation of Euler and DAlembert, Frederick the Great invited him (1766) to succeed Euler as director of mathematics at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. During this time he wrote his chief work, Mcanique analytique, a treatment of mechanics based solely on algebra and the calculus and containing not a single diagram or geometric explanation. This was published (1788) in Paris, where he had been called by Louis XVI in 1787. In 1793 he became president of the commission on weights and measures; he was influential in causing the adoption of the decimal base for the metric system. A professor at the cole polytechnique from 1797, he developed the use in teaching of

the analytic method that he so skilfully employed in his research. He wrote Thorie des fonctions analytiques (1797) and Leons sur le calcul des fonctions (1806), both based on his lectures. Under Napoleon, Lagrange was made senator and count; he is buried in the Panthon. His contributions to the development of mathematics also include the application of differential calculus to the theory of probabilities and notable work on the solution of equations. In astronomy he is known for his calculations of the motions of planets. BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 His capitulation to Napoleon. BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 His death in 1813. Laharpe, Jean-Franois 1739-1803. Poet, essayist and member of the Academy, he was already famous by the start of the Revolution, and supported it until he was arrested in 1794. After Thermidor, he was a leader of the anti-Jacobin reaction. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 BkIV:Chap12:Sec3 BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. BkV:Chap15:Sec2 Argued with Chateaubriand over his politics. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 His reaction to the invasion of the Tuileries in 1792. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand sent him a copy of the Essai. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 He reviewed Fontanes first verse favourably. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 He co-founded the Mmorial journal. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from Le Triomphe de la religion chrtienne, ou le Roi martyr. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Celebrated Madame de Vintimille and Madame de Fezensac. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Converted in prison by Madame de Clermont-Tonnerre. BkXIV:Chap3:Sec1 His death in February 1803. He had previously published Du Fanatisme dans la langue rvolutionnaire. His poem on the Revolution was Le Triomphe (Published posthumously by Migneret in 1814): Chateaubriand quotes from Book XII, chapter V. He remarried at 68, with a Mademoiselle de Hatte-Longuerue, much younger than himself, but swiftly divorced in 1797. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Buried in the Vaugirard cemetery. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 His pamphlets in 1795. Lain, Joseph 1767-1835. Politician and magistrate, he was a Member of the Legislature under the Empire and of the Chamber of Deputies after the Restoration,

chairing the latter 1814-16. Minister of the Interior 1816-18. He was a Member of the Chamber of Peers and of the Academy. BkXV:Chap7:Sec2 Regarded by Bonaparte as an agent of England. BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Presided over the Legislature. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 President of the Chamber of Deputies in 1814-15. His agreement with Chateaubriand in 1815. BkXXV:Chap6:Sec1 Buys a ticket in the lottery sale of Chateaubriands property in 1817. BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 Chateaubriand wishes to see him in government and works on his behalf in 1820. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand recommends him to the Dauphine. Lais 4th century BC. A legendary hetaera or courtesan of ancient Greece she was born probably in Corinth. Another hetaera with the same name was Lais of Hyccara. Since ancient authors often confuse them the two are inextricably linked. The philosopher Aristippus (he twice mentions her) was one of her numerous lovers. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Lajard, Pierre-Auguste 1757-1837. Minister of War from June 1792-August 1793, he emigrated to England. Returned under the Empire and became a Marshal under the Restoration. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriands text is in error here. Narbonne dismissed Napoleon in December 1791 when he returned to Corsica. In April 1792 Napoleon became a lieutenant colonel second-class in the National Guard at Ajaccio. In July 1792 Lajard accepted Napoleon back as a captain in the army. BkXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Lalage She was a mistress of Horace, addressed in his Odes. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Lalande, Joseph Jrme Lefranais de 1732-1807. A French astronomer, who under the direction of the French Academy of Science, he went to Berlin in 1751 to make observations on the parallax of the moon for comparison with those that Nicolas Lacaille was

making at the Cape of Good Hope. He was admitted to the Berlin Academy, and in 1760 he became professor of astronomy in the Collge de France, holding the post for 46 years. In 1768 he became director of the Paris Observatory. The Lalande Prize, which he established in 1802, is awarded for the outstanding achievement in astronomy each year. His works include Trait d'astronomie (1764); Histoire cleste franaise (1801), including a catalog of over 47,000 stars; and Bibliographie astronomique (1802). BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 His Voyage d'un franais en Italie (1769) is a valuable and detailed record of his travels in 17651766. Lally-Tolendal, Thomas-Arthur OMullally, Baron de 1702-1766. Last Governor of the Indies, he was condemned to death in 1766 for high treason, but pardoned in 1788. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 His trial mentioned. Lally-Tolendal, Trophime-Grard, Marquis de 1751-1830. Son of Thomas, he obtained the rehabilitation of his fathers name in 1778, his father having been condemned to death in 1766 for high treason. He emigrated in 1790, returning in 1792 to assist in vain in the Kings escape. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 He was one of those who met and harangued the King at the Htel de Ville on the 17th July 1789. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Occupied the house at 31 Rue Mirosmesnil, after Chateaubriand. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 A Minister without Portfolio in Ghent during the Hundred Days. His muse was the fervently royalist wife of the physician Charles, she later inspiring Lamartine. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 Named a Peer at the same time as Chateaubriand in 1815, he supported a liberal government. BkXXVIII:Chap14:Sec1 On the 16th of January 1827, the Academicians voted to present an appeal to the king regarding a proposed law on the freedom of the Press, despite Lally-Tollendals objections. Charles X rejected the petition out of hand. Lama, Grand The Dalai Lama is the temporal and spiritual head of the Tibetan State (in exile since 1959). Its traditional religion is a form of Mahayana Buddhism, with deities, mandalas, and gurus, introduced in the 7th Century AD, which has surviving features of Bon shamanism. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 His entomologists.

Lamarque, Jean-Maximilien, General 1770-1832. Commander during the Napoleonic Wars who later became a member of French Parliament. He was a noted military patriot and orator. As an opponent of the Ancien Rgime, he is known for his active suppression of Royalist and Legitimist activity. His death was also the catalyst of a Parisian uprising in June of 1832. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in April 1832. BkXXXV:Chap2:Sec1 His death from cholera led to an insurrection at his funeral on the 5th of June 1832. Victor Hugo dramatised the events in the fourth part of Les Miserables. Lamartine, Alphonse Louis Marie de Prat, de 1790-1869. He was a French poet, novelist, and statesman. After a trip to Italy and a brief period in the army, Lamartine began to write and achieved immediate success with his first publication, Mditations potiques (1820). Its musicality was developed in Harmonies (1830). His religious orthodoxy becomes a kind of pantheism in Jocelyn (1836) and La Chute dun ange (1838). In politics, his idealism led him to embrace the principles of democracy, social justice, and international peace. His Histoire des Girondins (1847), a glorification of the Girondists, was immensely popular, and after the February Revolution of 1848 Lamartine briefly headed the provisional government and was a member of the executive committee that replaced it. His moderation soon cost him the support of both the right and the left wings of the revolutionists. He competed unsuccessfully for the presidency with Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (later Napoleon III). Lamartine left politics and devoted himself entirely to writing, spending much of the remainder of his life in a hopeless effort to repay the fantastic debts he had accumulated in his youth. His later prose works include the novel Graziella (1849) and Les Confidences (1852). BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 The reference is to an intervention of his in the Chamber of Deputies on the 26th of May 1840 regarding the return of Napoleons remains to France. Je ne suis pas de cette religion napolonienne BkXXV:Chap12:Sec1 The phrase used of the infant Duc de Bordeaux derives from Lamartines Ode on the Birth of the Duke of Bordeaux (written in Naples 1820, published 1822). BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXXI:Chap4:Sec1 Lamartine was elected to the Academy on the 5th of November 1829.

Lambach, Austria The old market town of Lambach lies in the Alpine foreland 15 miles north of the Traunsee and 6 miles southwest of the town of Wels, on the left bank of the River Traun at the spot where, having flowed down from the Salzkammergut, it turns eastward. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1833. Lamballe, Brittany A commercial town in Brittany, it lies between Dinan and Saint-Brieuc. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Lamballe, Marie Thrse Louise de Savoie-Carignan, Princesse de 1749-92. Devoted friend and favourite of Queen Marie Antoinette of France. Extremely unpopular, she was killed by a mob during the French Revolution in the September massacres (1792), and her head was displayed on a pike under the queen's windows. BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1 Imprisoned in La Force. Lambesc, Charles-Eugne-Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Brionne, Prince de 1751-1825. Colonel of the Royal-Allemand Regiment. He fought in the army of the Bourbons, and later in the service of Austria. BkV:Chap8:Sec2 His action at the Tuileries on the 12th July 1789. Lambruschini, Luigi, Monsignor 1766-1854. Archbishop of Genoa 1819, then Papal Nuncio to Paris from 1827-1831. The July Monarchy asked for his recall because of his relationship with the Ultras. He was made a Cardinal in 1831 and Secretary of State in 1836. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 He was involved in intrigue in 1829. Lamennais, Abb Flicit Robert de 1782-1854. In 1816, his Essay on indifference in matters of religion achieved a remarkable success. An ultramontane and one who denounced the secular despotism of Napoleon, he dared to criticise the Charter and to advocate the restoration of absolutism to bring about the reign of God and the freedom of the peoples on earth. A virulent polemicist, he lost no opportunity to stigmatise with bitter zeal the concessions made by the royal

government and the cowardice of those clergy and bishops who were Cartesians, Gallicans and supporters of the Concordat. Eventually condemned by the Pope, he renounced formal religious convictions, and effectively died an apostate. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 A native of Saint-Malo. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 From a Hymn to Poland inserted in Mickiewiczs Books of the Polish Nation. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 He collaborated with Chateaubriand on the Conservateur, in 1818. BkXLII:Chap15:Sec1 He was fined and imprisoned for a year in December 1840 for his pamphlet Le Pays et le Gouvernement. Chateaubriand quotes from his pamphlet published in Septembver 1841, and written in gaol. Lameth, Alexandre Thodore Victor, Comte de 1760-1829. A French soldier and politician, he served in the American War of Independence under Rochambeau, and in 1789 was a deputy to the StatesGeneral. In the Constituent Assembly he formed with Barnave and Adrien Duport a Triumvirate, which controlled the advanced left of the Assembly. He presented a famous report on the organization of the army, but is better known for his speech on February 28, 1791, at the Jacobin Club, against Honor Mirabeau, whose relations with the court were suspect, and who was a personal enemy. However, after the flight to Varennes, Lameth became reconciled with the court. He served in the army but was accused of treason in 1792, fled the country, and was imprisoned by the Austrians. After his release he went into business with his brother Charles at Hamburg and did not return to France until the Consulate. Under the Empire he was made prefect successively in several departments, and in 1810 was created a baron. In 1814 he attached himself to the Bourbons, and under the Restoration was appointed prefect of Somme, deputy for Seine-Infrieure and finally deputy for Seine-et-Oise, in which capacity he was a leader of the Liberal opposition. He was the author of an important History of the Constituent Assembly (1828-1829). BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 Speaking in the Chamber of Peers in June 1815. Lameth, Charles Malo Franois, de 1757-1832. A French politician and soldier, he was in the retinue of the Comte d'Artois (future King Charles X), and became an officer in a cuirassier regiment. He served in the American War of Independence, and was a deputy to the Estates-General of 1789. As the Assembly began to divide into factions, Lameth, a constitutional monarchist, was identified with

the Feuillants. When the French Revolution became a Republic, he emigrated. He returned to France under the Consulate, and was appointed governor of Wrzburg under the First Empire. In 1814, he rose to the rank of Lieutenant General. Like his brother Alexandre, after the Bourbon Restoration, Charles joined the Bourbon camp, succeeding Alexandre as deputy in 1829. In the final years of his life, he was nonetheless a noted supporter of the July Monarchy. BkXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Bonnay satirised him in a poem: La Prise des Annociades regarding surveillance of the convent of the Annonciades at Pontoise. Lamoignon, Les BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Examples of parliamentary magistrates. Lamoignon, Auguste, Marquis de 1765-1845. A Councillor in the Parlement, he crossed to England during the Revolution. Mrs Lindsay was his mistress throughout the emigration. Returning to France he lived a quiet life in the Gironde. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Joined Mrs Lindsay on her return to Paris in May 1800. Lamoignon, Christian de 1567-1636. A pupil of Cujas. Member of the Parlement of Paris. BkII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Father of Guillaume. Lamoignon, Christian, Vicomte de 1770-1827. The brother of Auguste, he served in the migr army, and was wounded at Quiberon Bay. Having emigrated to England, he returned to France under the Consulate, and became the brother-in-law of Mathieu Mol. A Peer of France from 1815, he retired to his chateau at Mry-surOise, before dying in Paris in 1827. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 A friend of Chateaubriand in London in 1798. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 With Chateaubriand at Richmond in the summer of 1799. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 A returning migr in Paris in 1801. BkXXII:Chap12:Sec1 He helped to settle the articles of surrender in Paris in 1814. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand says that Christian introduced him to Madame Rcamier, Chateaubriand having first seen her at Madame de

Stals. This was presumably in 1805, since he did not meet her again for twelve years. Lamoignon, Guillaume de, Marquis de Basville 1617-1677. Became in 1644 master of requests in the Parlement, took an active part in the Fronde of the Parlement against Mazarin. He became first president of the Parlement in 1658. Made Marquis de Basville in 1670.The great work which he did towards preparing the codification of French laws has made him famous. A distinguished member of the Society of the Holy Sacrament, he was greatly devoted to the Catholic cause. BkII:Chap3:Sec2 Mention of his father, Christian. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Mention of his estate at Basville in Languedoc. His circle (entertained at the Hotel Lamoignon in Paris, where Malesherbes a member of the family was born) included Boileau, Madame de Svigny, and Bourdalue. Lamothe, Gourlet de, General 1772-1836. The brother-in-law of Laborie. He took part in the Malet conspiracy. He was re-appointed as a Lieutenant-General at the First Restoration. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 In Roye in 1815. Lamotte, Mademoiselle A friend of Lucile. BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Lamour de Langgu, Ptronille, see Chateaubriand Lampedusa, Island The largest of the Pelagie Islands in the Mediterranean, 205 km from Sicily and 113 km from Tunisia. Politically and administratively Lampedusa is part of Italy, but geologically it belongs to Africa since the sea between the two is no deeper than 120 meters. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Lance, Monsieur de Colonel of the Regiment de La Fre at Auxonne in 1785. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Colonel of Bonapartes regiment. Lancellotti, Ottavio, 1st Prince of

1789-1852. Owner of the Palazzo Lancellotti, now no 18 Via Lancelotti, in Rome. He was created Prince in 1825. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Lancellotti, Giuseppina Massimo, Princess 1799-1862. She was the daughter of Prince Camillo VII Massimo of Arsoli. BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Landau (Landau in der Pfalz), Germany An autonomous city in the Rhineland Palatinate, Landau was occupied by the French from 1680 to 1815, when it was one of the Dcapole, the ten free cities of Alsace, and received its modern fortifications from Louis XIVs military architect Vauban, making the little city (population in 1789 was still only approximately 5,000) one of Europes strongest citadels. After the Hundred Days Landau was granted to Bavaria in 1816 and became the capital of one of the thirteen Bezirksmter (counties) of the Bavarian Rheinpfalz. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec3 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Traded at the Congress of Vienna. Note Maximilian I divided Germany into ten circles (Austria, Burgundy, the Lower Rhine, Bavaria, Upper Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, the Upper Rhine, Westphalia, and Lower Saxony) Lander, Richard Lemon 1804-1834. An English explorer of West Africa, the son of a Truro innkeeper, he investigated the Niger Delta and the Niger River in 18301831, and died there in 1834. BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Landsturm The Landsturm was the Prussian and Austrian equivalent of the Leve en masse, or general levy of all men capable of bearing arms and not included in the other regularly organized forces, standing army or second line formations, of Continental nations. It was introduced in Prussia in 1813. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 The levy of 1813. Langres, Pierre de Possibly the seventeenth century inquisitor (fl. 1612). BkI:Chap5:Sec3 His religious fervour. Lanjamet, Chevalier de, of the Order of Malta

BkI:Chap1:Sec5. Mentioned as assisting in the granting of Chateaubriands application to enrol in the order of Malta. Lanjuinais, Jean Denis, Comte 1753-1827. A French Politician and lawyer, he developed moderate, even reactionary views, becoming one of the fiercest opponents of the Mountain, though he never wavered in his support of republican principles. He refused to vote for the death of Louis XVI, alleging that the nation had no right to despatch a vanquished prisoner. He was President of the upper house during the Hundred Days. Together with G. J. B. Target, J. E. M. Portalis and others he founded under the empire an academy of legislation in Paris, himself lecturing on Roman law. Closely associated with oriental scholars, and a keen student of oriental religions, he entered the Academy of Inscriptions in 1808. After the Bourbon restoration, Lanjuinais consistently defended the principles of constitutional monarchy, but most of his time was given to religious and political subjects. Besides many contributions to periodical literature he wrote, among other works, Constitutions de la nation francaise (1819); Appreciation du projet de loi relatif aux trois concordats (1806, 6th ed. 1827), in defence of Gallicanism; and Etudes biographiques et littraires sur Antoine Arnauld, P. Nicole et Jacques Necker (1823). BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 Used the common linguistic style of the age, as a defender of freedom. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 President of the Chamber of Representatives in 1815. Lannes, Jean, Duc de Montebello, Marshal of France 1769-1809. A Marshal of France, he fought under Napoleon in the Italian and Egyptian campaigns, supported his coup of 18th Brumaire, and distinguished himself at Montebello, Austerlitz, Jena, Friedland, and Zaragoza. Napoleon considered Lannes one of his ablest generals and named him duke of Montebello. Lannes was killed at the battle of Essling. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Went with Napoleon on the Egyptian Campaign. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Wounded in the head at Acre in 1799. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Supported Murat at Aboukir in July 1799. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Returned to France with Napoleon in 1799. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Lannes beat the Austrians at Montebello in the province of Pavia on 9th June 1800. He was then in action at Marengo on the 14th June. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Died after losing a leg to a cannonball at AspernEssling.

Lannes, Napolon-Auguste, Comte then Duc de Montebello 1801-1874. The son of Marshal Lannes, he was made a Peer in 1827, and arrived in Rome in November 1828 with Madame Salvage. He pursued a diplomatic career. BkXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Attach to the Rome Embassy in 1829. Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty Fitz-Maurice, 5th Marquis 1780-1863. A British politician and Irish peer who served successively as Governor General of Canada, Viceroy of India, Secretary of State for War, and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. He had the distinction of holding senior positions in both Liberal and Conservative governments. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand goes to an evening at his house in 1822. Lante, Duchess She was a member of the Roman nobility in 1828. BkXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Lantier, tienne Franois de 1734-1826. Author of Voyages dAntenor en Grce et en Asie, avec des Notions sur l'gypte, Manuscrit Grec trouv Herculanum (1798). Lantiers work of fiction was a tremendous popular success, and of considerable influence. Basically it is an imitation of Barthelemys Anacharsis but lacks his detailed knowledge. For this reason Lantiers work was referred to as Anacharsis des Boudoirs. BkXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Laocoon He was a Trojan priest who tried to warn the Trojans of the Greek threat. See Virgils Aeneid II. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 The sculpture of Laocoon and his sons, found in 1506 in Rome, and now in the Vatican is Hellenistic early 1st century. Laon, France A city and commune of France, capital of the Aisne dpartement, the town was of strategic importance in Roman times. During the Hundred Years War it was attacked and taken by the Burgundians, who gave it up to the English, to be retaken by the French after the consecration of Charles VII. Under the League, Laon took the part of the Leaguers, and was taken by

Henri IV. During the campaign of 1814 Napoleon tried in vain to dislodge Blcher from it in the Battle of Laon. BkXXIII:Chap14:Sec1 Napoleons army assembled there during the Hundred Days. Lapanouze (La Panouse), Csar, Comte de 1764-1836. A Paris banker he was Deputy of the Seine 1822-1827. Named a Peer in 1827, he retired to his estate (Thoiry) in the Dordogne after the July Revolution. BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 The villa was the villa Bartholoni, demolished in 1920 to make way for the Palais des Nations. Laplace, Pierre-Simon, Marquis de 1749-1827. The French astronomer and mathematician, went to Paris at 18, and proved his gift for mathematical analysis to Jean le Rond dAlembert. He was made professor of mathematics in the cole militaire de Paris. He had a seat in the senate (1799) and became its vice president and (1803) chancellor. He was elected to the French Academy in 1816. He investigated the variations of the moon's motions, especially as affected by the eccentricity of the earth's orbit; the inequalities in the motions of Jupiter and Saturn; the motion of the satellites of Jupiter; the aberration in the movements of comets; and the theory of the tides. With J. L. Lagrange he established Newtons theory of gravitation. The results of his researches were published in his famous Mcanique cleste (17991825). In the more popular work, Exposition du systme du monde (1796), a summary of the history of astronomy is included. This work contains also a statement of the nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar system. His Thorie des attractions des sphroides et de la figure des plantes (1785) introduced Laplace's coefficients and the potential function, two means of applying analysis to physical problems. The Thorie analytique des probabilits (1812), a mathematical classic, was followed by Essai philosophique sur les probabilits (1814). BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 Became a supporter of Napoleon. Laporte Minister under Louis XVI. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Replaced La Luzerne as Minister of Marine in 1789. Laporte, Marie-Franois-Sbastien-Christophe Delaporte, called

1760-1823. Member of the Convention. Under the Consulate retired to practise law at Lure. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec2 After 9th Thermidor (27th July 1794) he sat in the Thermidorean Convention. Active at Lyons. Lapoype (or La Poype), Jean-Franois Cornu, Marquis and General 1758-1851. A Revolutionary, and Imperial general, his wife was Frrons sister. He fought at Marengo. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Involved in the siege of Toulon in 1793. Larcanowitz, Prince Michael Russian noble in 1812. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 Mentioned. Lares Beneficent Roman spirits, they watched over the household, fields, public areas etc. Each house had a Lararium where the image of the Lar was kept. The Lares are usually coupled with the Penates the gods of the larder. They represented the family and moved where the family hearth moved. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Lariboisire, Jean Ambroise Baston, Comte de 1759-1812. A Napoleonic General, he was killed at Konisberg. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Larive, (Jean Mauduit) 1747-1827. An actor, he commenced his career in 1770, famously playing Orestes in Iphignie in 1775. He was arrested and released in 1793, and then toured the provinces, returning to Paris but retiring in 1800 due to Talmas dominance of the theatre. In 1804 he opened a school for speech-training. In 1806 he was employed by Joseph, King of Naples, returning to France in 1808. He retired to Montlignon (Val d'Oise) where he became mayor, dying there in 1827. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Acted at the Thtre-Franais. Larivire, Pierre-Franois Henri 1761-1838. A royalist agent in London, a collaborator of Peltiers. He had been banished after Fructidor. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Armand was transmitting letters to him.

Larrey, Dominique-Jean, Baron 1766-1842. Chief Surgeon of the Grand Army, he is regarded by many as the most outstanding surgeon of the Napoleonic era and one of the founders of military surgery. When war broke out in 1792 he became assistant surgeon to the French army on the Rhine. He was the first to take first aid treatment to casualties on the battlefield with the introduction of ambulances and introduced the concept of triage in the evacuation of his patients. He saw service in Corsica and Spain before becoming professor of surgery at the medical school at Val-de-Grace. Larrey accompanied Napoleon on his expeditions to Egypt, Palestine and Syria and in 1805 was appointed Surgeon-in-Chief to the French army. He followed Napoleon to Germany, Poland and Moscow, and in 1810 he was made a Baron. At Waterloo he was shot and left for dead. He was eventually captured by the Prussians and sentenced to death. Having been recognised by the Prussian Field Marshall, Blucher, he was freed and given safe passage to Belgium having earlier saved the life of Bluchers son. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 A witness to the atrocity at Jaffa, related in his account of the Expedition to the East (1803). Larrey, Flix-Hippolyte, Baron 1808-1895. The son of Dominique-Jean, he was a surgeon at the GrosCaillou hospital in Paris in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand confuses him with his father. Las Cases, Emmanuel Augustin-Dieudonn-Joseph, Comte de 1766-1842. The French historian who accompanied Napoleon into exile on St. Helena where the emperor dictated to him a part of his Memoirs. His famous Mmorial de Sainte-Hlne (tr. 1823) is a primary source, although not always an accurate one, for Napoleons last years and his judgment of himself. The Mmorial became something of a bible to Napoleonworshippers. BkXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand cites Chapter 11 of the Memorial (20th November 1816). BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers again to the Memorial where Las Cases derides the foolish legends of Napoleons birth. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec3 Las Cases quoted. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Las Cases referred to. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 Memorial, 5th March 1816.

BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Accompanied Napoleon to St Helena in 1815. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 Compelled to leave St Helena in December 1816, after corresponding with Lucien, he stayed in forced residence at the Cape until 10th August 1817. Las Cases, Emmanuel 1800. Son of Emmanuel. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Accompanied his father to St Helena. Lasalle, Joseph-Henri 1759-1833. Former professor of statistics at the Collge de France, he was a member of the Paris police bureau from November 1798 to June 1799. He was on the commission in charge of migrs after the 18th Brumaire (9th November 1799) when Bonaparte came to power. He was a collaborator on the Journal des Dbats. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him at Mrs Lindsays house in May 1800. Lasaudre for Le Fer de la Saudre, Pierre et Franois de Wealthy merchants of Saint-Malo in the eighteenth century. BkV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Their luxurious chteau, Bonaban (at La Gouesnire), the building of which started in 1776. Lassagne An assumed identity of Chateaubriands, that of a Swiss clockmaker from Neuchtel. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriands pseudonym on his false passport in 1800. The principality of Neuchtel was under Prussian jurisdiction. The passport was delivered on the 21st April by the Baron de Kloest, and gave Chateaubriands height as 1.62 metres. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand obtained a document to support his false identity at the Prussian embassy in Paris, and obtained his permit to stay on Tuesday the 13th May 1800. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand was removed from the list of migrs who had fought against the Republic in July 1801. He was helped by Madame de Stal and Madame Bacciochi, as well as by Fouchs attitude. BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriands sister first sought him out under that name.

Latapie, Colonel An adventurer, he contemplated abducting Napoleon from St Helena in 1817. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Latil, Jean-Baptiste-Marie, Cardinal, Comte then Duc de 1761-1839. Archbishop of Rheims from 1824, he was a Cardinal from 1826, and a moderate. He was chaplain to Charles X from 1804, and joined him in exile in England. BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 He arrives at the Conclave of 1829. BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 A member of the Prague triumvirate. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 At dinner in the Hradschin Palace. BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Unpopular with Henri. BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Latinus, King The King of Latium is a character in Virgils Aeneid. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Latouche, Hyacinthe-Joseph Alexandre Thabaud de, known as Henri de 1785-1851. The French poet and novelist is known for his publication of Andre Chnier (in 1819) and early encouragement of George Sand. (His family name is also spelt de la Touche and Delatouche.) The Constitutionnel was suppressed in 1817 by the government for an obscure political allusion in an article by Latouche. He then undertook the management of the Mercure du XIXe sicle, and began a bitter warfare against the monarchy. After 1830 he edited Le Figaro, and spared neither the liberal politicians nor the romanticists who triumphed under the monarchy of July. The last twenty years of his life were spent in retirement at Aulnay. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 The reference is to his Republican liberalism and probably to his novel Fragoletta (1829). Lauderdale, James Maitland, 8th Earl 1759-1839. Member of Parliament (1780) rose to the House of Lords after acceding to the Earldom of Lauderdale on the death of his father. He was renowned for his hostility and temper and adopted a radical stance, for

example supporting the French Revolution and indeed trying to negotiate a peace treaty with France in the early years of the 19th C. He was created Baron Lauderdale of Thirlestane in 1806. He was also a noted economist, writing an Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Public Wealth (1804). BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 Chateaubriand heard him speak. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 Negotiator in Paris in 1806. Launay, Bernard-Ren Jordan, Marquis de 1740-1789. Governor, and son of a Governor, of the Bastille. BkV:Chap8:Sec2 His death after the storming of the Bastille. Launay de la Bliardire, David-Joseph-Marie b.1766. Son of Gilles. Launay de la Bliardire, Gilles-Marie de Tobacco-bonder at Combourg. Laura de Noves 1310-1348. The wife of Hugues II de Sade, and the possible identity of the lady celebrated in Petrarchs sonnets. He first saw her in the Church of Sainte-Claire in Avignon (April 6th 1327). BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 Her reputed tomb (1348) in the Church of the Cordeliers (mostly destroyed 1806) in Avignon, supposedly opened by Maurice Scve in 1533. Laurent Giustiniani (San Lorenzo Giustiniani) Saint 1381-1456. He was the first patriarch of Venice. BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. Lauriston, Marquis de, Marshal of France 1768-1828. French soldier and diplomatist, he became brigadier of artillery in 1795. Resigning in 1796 he was brought back into the service in 1800 as aide-de-camp to Napoleon with whom as a cadet Lauriston had been on friendly terms. In 1805, having risen to the rank of general of division, he took part in the war against Austria. He occupied Venice and Ragusa in 1806, was made governor-general of Venice in 1807, took part in the Erfurt negotiations of 1808, was made a count, served with the emperor in Spain in 1808-1809 and held commands under the viceroy Eugene Beauharnais in the Italian campaign and the advance to Vienna in the same year. At the battle of Wagram he commanded the guard artillery in the famous artillery

preparation which decided the battle. In 1811 he was made ambassador to Russia; in 1812 he held a command in the Grande Army and won distinction by his firmness in covering the retreat from Moscow. He commanded the V army corps at Liitzen and Bautzen and the V and XI in the autumn campaign, falling into the hands of the enemy in the disastrous retreat from Leipzig. He was held a prisoner of war until the fall of the empire, and then joined Louis XVIII, to whom he remained faithful in the Hundred Days. His reward was a seat in the house of peers and a command in the royal guard. In 1817 he was created marquis and in 1823 marshal of France. During the Spanish War he commanded the corps which besieged and took Pamplona. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 At Wagram. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 Sent as Ambassador to St Petersburg in 1811. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 Sent to Kutuzov in 1812. Lausanne A city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva (French: Lac Lman), and facing vian-les-Bains (France) and with the Jura hills to its north, it is located some 37 miles northeast of Geneva. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 The Chateaubriands there May to July 1826. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The Chateaubriands were there 20th-24th September 1828. BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833. Lautrec, Odet de Foix, Vicomte de, Marshal of France 1485-1528. Hero of the wars of Louis XII, then Francis I, in Italy, his brother Thomas appears in Chateaubriands tale of Le Dernier Abencrage; his sister Franoise de Foix, was the Countess of Chateaubriand loved by Francis I. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned as a flower of chivalry. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 His victory at Ravenna in 1512. Lautrec de Saint-Simon A noble, the friend of Mirabeau the Younger. BkV:Chap13:Sec1 At the National Assembly. Lauzun, Armand-Louis de Gontaut-Biron, Duc de, then Duc de Biron 1747-1793. He took part in the American Revolution, with his Hussars de Lauzun, under Rochambeau. He led at Yorktown in 1781. Appointed to the

States-general he embraced the Revolution. A Lieutenant-general in 1792, he ordered the armies of Ouest against those of the Vende in 1793. Accused of treason, he was guillotined on December 31st 1793. BkII:Chap3:Sec2 Seen by Chateaubriand at the camp at Saint-Malo. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 His power waning. BkV:Chap15:Sec3 BkXII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 His mansion in Montrouge. Laval, Agns de She was the second wife of Geoffroy IV de Chateaubriand. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Chateaubriand claims her as the grand-daughter of the Count of Anjou and Mathilde, daughter of Henry I. Laval, Duc de, see Montmorency, Anne-Pierre-Adrien de Lavalette, Madame The wife of Hyacinthe. BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand staying with her in October 1812. Lavalette, Htel de, Paris The house at 2 Quai des Celestins, built in 1671. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Owned by Hyacinthe de Lavalette. BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in October 1812. Lavalette, Hyacinthe de Ex cup-bearer in the Royal Palace. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Owner of the Htel where Chateaubriand lived during his visits to Paris prior to the Restoration. BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand staying with him in October 1812. Lavalette, Antoine-Marie Chamans, Comte de 1769-1830. Aide-de-Camp to Bonaparte, he married Emilie de Beauharnais (1781-1855) niece of Josephine in 1798. He was a Councillor of State, and Minister of Posts under Napoleon. Condemned to death after the Hundred Days, he made a daring escape from the Conciergerie, by exchanging clothes with his wife, eventually reaching Bavaria. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 His escape was aided by Sir Robert Wilson. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Part of the intrigue of the escape from Elba. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 With Napoleon after the Hundred Days.

Lavandier, Maitre Nol Le The local chemist at Combourg, he was apothecary-surgeon there from 1751. BkII:Chap4:Sec3 Mentioned. Lavarde La Pointe de La Varde, a headland near Saint-Malo. The fort there was rebuilt in 1748. BkIII:Chap14:Sec2 A childhood haunt of Chateaubriand. Lavater, Johann Kaspar 1741-1801. Poet and physiognomist, he was born in Zurich. His patriotic conduct during the French occupation of Switzerland brought about his tragic death. On the taking of Zrich by the French in 1799, Lavater was shot by an infuriated grenadier; he died over a year later, after long sufferings borne with great fortitude. BkXXXV:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. Lavergne, Lonce Gilhaud de 1809-1880. Economist, Senator, and Member of the Academy of Sciences, he assisted at Madame de Recamiers in a reading of sections of Chateaubriands Memoirs in 1834. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Mentioned. Lavigne, Alexis-Jacques-Buisson de Father-in-law of Chateaubriand. Director of the Compagnie des Indes at Lorient. BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Lavigne, Cleste de, see Chateaubriand, Cleste Buisson de Lavigne, Vicomtesse de Wife of Chateaubriand. Lavigne, Cleste Rapion de la Placelire, Madame Buisson de Wife of Alexis. Mother-in-law of Chateaubriand. BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Lavigne, Franois-Andr Buisson de Son of Jacques. Uncle by marriage of Chateaubriand. BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned.

Lavigne, Jacques-Pierre-Guillaume Buisson de 1713-1793. Ships captain for the Compagnie des Indes. Decorated for actions against the English in the Seven Years War, then named Commander of the port of Lorient for the King, and ennobled by Louis XVI. He retired to Saint-Malo, his birthplace, where he lived with his granddaughter Cleste in a house facing the port of Dinan, now 10 Rue dOrlans, which Madame de Chateaubriand sold in 1804. BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriands wifes grandfather. Lavillatte, Joseph Bouyonnet de 1780-1858. A Royalist he was imprisoned at Vincennes until 1810 following the Pichegru conspiracy. He was a grenadier officer in the Royal Guard after the Restoration and later became the Duc de Bordeauxs First Valet of the Chamber. He retired to his native Auvergne at the end of 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 In Prague in May 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Described. BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 Waiting to leave Prague. Laville de Villastellone, Comte Gatan Joseph Prosper Csar de 1775-1848. He was from Piedmont, an Italian (naturalised Frenchman) Napoleonic General, aide-de-camp to Bessieres at Aspern-Essling who also fought at Wagram. He was later Secretary General to the Minister of War during the Hundred Days. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Lavinia The daughter of King Latinus is a character in Virgils Aeneid. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Law, John 1671-1729. The Scottish economist believed money was only a means of exchange that did not constitute wealth in itself, and that national wealth depended on trade. He is said to have been responsible for the wide-spread adoption of paper money or bills. He became Controller General of Finances in France and set up the Royal Bank. In August 1717, he bought the Mississippi Company, to help the French colony in Louisiana. Laws pioneering note-issuing bank was at first extremely successful but later collapsed causing an economic crisis in France and across Europe. The speculation bubble based on over-valued Lousiana land burst in 1720 when

opponents of the financier attempted en masse to convert their notes into coin. By the end of 1720 Philippe II dismissed Law, who then fled from France. BkXXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Law subsequently moved between London and Venice where he contracted pneumonia and died a poor man in 1729. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 A protg of the Duc dOrlans. Laya, Jean-Louis 1761-1833. Academician and former playwright, known for his Amis des lois (1793) who taught literature. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Armand was transmitting royalist letters to him. Laibach (Lyublyana) The Congress of Laibach was a conference of the allied sovereigns or their representatives, held as part of the so-called Concert of Europe, which was the decided attempt of the Great Powers to settle international problems through discussion and collective weight rather than on the battlefield. The Congress was held in Ljubljana (Laibach is the German name of the city), in what is now Slovenia but was then a part of Austrian Empire, from January 26 until May 12, 1821. BkXXVII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Lazarus The brother of Mary of Bethany, who was raised from the dead, see John XI. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Chateaubriand quotes John XI:44 Lazarini, Alessandro Not identified. (Gregorio Lazzarini 1655-1730 was a noted Venetian Painter). BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. Le Borgne, Guy He was a seventeenth century genealogist. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 A source of information regarding Chateaubriands family. Le Chapelier, se Chapelier Le Corvaisier, Julien Tax-collector at Combourg. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned.

Le Douarin de Trevelac A gentleman of the neighbourhood of Combourg. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Signatory to Chateaubriands fathers death certificate. Le Gobien, Charles, Le Pre 1671-1708. French Jesuit and founder (in 1702) of the famous collection of Lettres difiantes et curieuses crites des missions trangres par quelques missionnaires de la Compagnie de Jsus one of the most important sources of information for the history of the Catholic missions. The first eight series were by Pre le Gobien, the latter ones by Fathers Du Halde, Patouillet, Geoffroy, and Marchal. The collection was printed in thirty-six volumes (Paris, 1703-76). BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 His description of the Canadian Indians. Le Gobbien A school friend of Chateaubriands at Dol College. BkII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Le Havre The port in northern France in the Seine-Maritime department, is on the English Channel, at the mouth of the Seine. BkIV:Chap10:Sec1 The first battalion of Chateaubriands regiment was stationed there. BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1Chateaubriand set out for Le Havre when returning from America, on 10th December 1791. He landed on the 2nd January 1792. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriands mother cleared his debts allowing him to leave Le Havre. BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Madame de Longueville took ship from there in 1650. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Suggested as a refuge for Louis XVIII in 1815, and by Chateaubriand for the later Charles X. BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 Napoleons remains landed there in 1840. Le Lavandier, see Lavandier Le Motha, for Lemotheux, Captain Armand 1795-1830. He was a Captain of Carabineers in July 1830 in Paris. BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Lemoyne, Lemoine Saint-Paul

1789-1873. A French sculptor, he settled in Rome in 1825, and worked in the style of Canova. He carried out a number of neo-classical funerary works. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 His work on the Poussin monument in 1829. Lenormant Fils Lenormant, the younger, was Chateaubriands publisher in Paris. (He and his father at various times had premises at 17 and 42 Rue des Prtres SaintGermain-lAuxerrois, and at 8 Rue de Seine near the Pont des Arts). La Maison Lenormant and then Lenormant Fils edited and published all Chateaubriands works from Les Martyrs in 1809 to the Mmoire sur la captivit de Mme la duchesse de Berry in 1832. BkXXIII:Chap6:Sec1 He reprinted Chateaubriands report as a pamphlet: Rapport sur ltat de la France, in Paris in 1815. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 He printed La Monarchie selon la Charte in 1816. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 He printed the Conservateur from the 8th of October 1818 to the 30th of March 1820. It had a stable circulation of about six thousand copies. BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 His premises mentioned at 8 Rue de la Seine, 30th July 1830. They lay on the route from the Palais Royal to the Luxembourg (via the Rue de Rivoli, the Rue de lAmiral de Coligny, the Quai du Louvre, the Pont des Arts, the Quai Malaquais, the Rue de Seine, and the Rue de Tournon). Le Plessis, see Chateaubriand Le Plessis-lpine A village in Brittany, it was part of the titled estates of Chateaubriands father. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Le Sage, Alain-Ren 1668-1747. A French novelist and dramatist, his masterpiece, Gil Blas de Santillane (171535), is a rambling story in the style of Spanish picaresque romances, though unlike them in conception. It was a major influence in the development of the realistic novel. Smollett drew heavily on it, especially in Roderick Random. Of Le Sages lesser novels, Le Diable boiteux (1707) is an adaptation of a Spanish novel, and Le Bachelier de Salamanque (1736, tr. 1737) is an imitation of Gil Blas. Le Sage made his living by writing light pieces for the theatres of Paris; his best dramatic work is Turcaret (1709), a

comedy of character, which bitterly satirizes tax farmers and the world of finance in general. BkX:Chap5:Sec1 BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Gil Blas mentioned. Le Sillon The Furrow, a causeway connecting Saint-Malo to the mainland, 650feet long and originally 46 feet wide, but now three times that width. BkI:Chap3:Sec4 Mentioned. Le Sueur 1617-1655. He was the son of Cathelin Le Sueur, a turner and sculptor in wood, who placed his son with Vouet, in whose studio he rapidly distinguished himself. Admitted at an early age into the guild of masterpainters, he left them to take part in establishing the academy of painting and sculpture, and was one of the first twelve professors of that body. BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 His famous series of the Life of St Bruno, was executed in the cloister of La Grande-Chartreux. These last have a more personal character than anything else which Le Sueur produced, and much of their original beauty survives in spite of injuries and restorations and removal from the wall to canvas. Lear, King A mythical British King (Leir). The protagonist in Shakespeares tragedy of that name. BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 His madness. Lebeschu, Mathilde She was the Duchesse de Berrys maidservant who had pretended to be the Duchess when the Carlo-Alberto, carrying the Duchess, was boarded and searched in April 1832 in the port of La Ciotat, near Marseille. Those captured on board were tried at Montbrison between February 25th and March 9th 1833. Various of those acquitted joined Marie de Berry at Ferrara. BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 In Ferrara, in September 1833. Lebon, Guislain-Franois-Joseph 1765-1795. A defrocked priest, and a member of the National Convention and the Committee of General Security, he is best remembered for his activities of 1793-1794, when he was representative on mission to the departments of the Pas-de-Calais and the Nord, where he organized the

agencies of revolutionary government under the Law of 14 Frimaire (4 December 1793), and applied its principles with energy and zeal. During the Thermidorian Reaction, he was imprisoned for several months, tried for terrorism, and guillotined at Amiens on 16 October 1795. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Tried in 1795. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 A revolutionary priest. Lebrun, Marie-Louise-lisabeth Vige-Lebrun, Madame 1755-1842. French portrait painter; pupil of her father, Louis Vige, she was influenced by Greuze. Summoned to Versailles in 1779 to paint Marie Antoinette, she embarked upon a long and successful career. She became painter and friend to the queen; two of her best-known portraits are of Marie Antoinetteone holding a rose and the other with her two children (Versailles). At the outbreak of the Revolution, she escaped to Italy and in the following years visited Vienna, Berlin, St. Petersburg, Dresden, and London, finding acclaim and prominent sitters everywhere. Her representations show great elegance and facility of execution. Well known are her portraits of Mme de Stal, C. J. Vernet, and two of herself and her daughter (Louvre). She is also highly esteemed for her work in pastel. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Her portrait of Madame de Beaumont. This may be the portrait of 1788 (in private collection, Paris). There was an earlier portrait of 1776, when Lebrun also painted Paulines mother. Lebrun, Ponce-Denis couchard 1729-1807. Called Lebrun-Pindare. French poet, noted for his odes and epigrams. Past sixty, he paid poetic court to Lucile, with Julies agreement in 1789/90. BkIV:Chap12:Sec3 Supported by his friend Ginguen who later (1811) edited his complete works. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 An epigram of his against Laharpes attempts to diminish Corneilles fame. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 Used the common linguistic style of the age. BkXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 A quotation from his Ode To Monsieur Buffon, on his detractors, the third line altered by Chateaubriand. Lech, River From its source in the Alps to the point where it flows into the Danube, the River Lech flows through three states, Vorarlberg, Tyrol and Bavaria. BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleon addressed the Army on the bridge over the Lech on the 12th October 1805.

Leczinska, Marie-Catherine-Sophie-Felicit, Queen of France 1703-1768. The Daughter of Stanislas Leczinski (King of Poland as Stanislas I, 1704), she was the wife of Louis XV. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Leda The daughter of Thestius and wife of the Spartan king Tyndareus, she had twin sons Castor and Polydeuces (Pollux), the Tyndaridae, following her rape by Zeus in the form of a swan. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 A statue of the rape. BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriand attributes a Leda to Canova. Ledoux A French military man, he is mentioned in 1798. BkXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Ledru, Charles A Republican lawyer. BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap26:Sec1 Mentioned. Leena (Leaena = Lioness) 6th century BC. The concubine of Aristogeiton who was a conspirator with his friend Harmodius against the tyrants Hippias and Hipparchus; despite torture, she did not betray her lover, and the Athenians erected a statue of a tongueless lion to commemorate her name and courageous silence. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 See Athenaeus Deipnosophists XIII, where he makes her Harmodius mistress. Lefebvre, see Dantzig, Duc de Lefebvre-Desnouettes, Charles, Comte 1773-1822. A French cavalry general, at Marengo he won promotion, and at Austerlitz was made colonel, serving also in the Prussian campaigns of 1806-1807. In 1808 he was made general of brigade and created a count of the Empire. Sent with the army into Spain, towards the end of 1808, he was taken prisoner in the action at Benavente. For over two years he remained a prisoner in England, living on parole at Cheltenham. In 1811 he escaped, and in the invasion of Russia in 1812 was again at the head of his cavalry. In 1813 and 1814 his men distinguished themselves in most of the great battles,

especially La Rothire and Montmirail. He joined Napoleon in the Hundred Days and was wounded at Waterloo. For his part in these events he was condemned to death, but he escaped to the United States, and spent the next few years farming in Louisiana. His frequent appeals to Louis XVIII eventually obtained his permission to return, but the Albion, the vessel on which he was returning to France, went down off the coast of Ireland with all on board on the 22nd of May 1822. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Involved in the pro-Bonaparte conspiracy in 1815. Lefranc A Republican exiled to the Seychelles in 1801. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 He escaped and reached St Helena. Legendre, Louis 1752-1797. A Paris butcher, known as Legendre de Paris, he was President of the National Convention (October 1794). Though uneducated, he was a great natural leader. Legendre played important parts in the taking of the Bastille, the massacre of the Champs-du-Mars and the August 10th overthrow of the monarchy. As a delegate to the National Assembly, he voted for the death of the King. He survived the Terror by turning against Danton but became an important reactionary after 9th Thermidor. He forced the closing of the Jacobin Clubs and prosecuted Carrier. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Leghorn, Livorno Leghorn (Italian Livorno), in Tuscany, is the capital of the smallest of the provinces of Italy. The city is situated on marshy ground, and is in consequence intersected by many canals hence it has been called Little Venice. A larger canal puts it in communication with Pisa. It has two ports, the old, or Medici, port, and the new port constructed in 1854. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Desaix held there. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Napoleon concluded a commercial treaty between Elba and Leghorn. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm 1646-1716 The German philosopher and mathematician, he invented differential and integral calculus independently of Newton, and proposed an optimistic metaphysical theory that included the notion that we live in the best of all possible worlds.

BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Suggested an Egyptian colony to Louis XIV. BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 His work for religious unification. Leipzig A city of east-central Germany south-southwest of Berlin, it was originally a Slavic settlement called Lipsk, and developed by the early Middle Ages into a major commercial and cultural centre. The battle of Leipzig, October 16 19, 1813, also called the Battle of the Nations, was a decisive victory of the Austrian, Russian, and Prussian forces over Napoleon I. On October 16 the Prussians under General Blcher defeated the French under Auguste de Marmont at Mckern, near Leipzig. A peace offer by the vastly outnumbered French army was rejected on the following day while the Allies closed in. On October 18th the French were driven to the gates of Leipzig, and most of their Saxon and Wrttemberg auxiliaries (but not the king of Saxony himself) passed over to the enemy camp. Leipzig was stormed on October 19, and Napoleons forces began their flight across Germany and beyond the Rhine. It is estimated that 120,000 men (on both sides) were killed or wounded in the battle. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Taken by Davout in October 1806. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 The Battle of the Nations or the Battle of Leipzig of 16th-19th October 1813. the largest conflict in Europe before World War I, with over 500,000 troops involved. It was also the most decisive defeat suffered by Napoleon in the Napoleonic Wars. Lelivre A royalist informant, he identified Armand de Chateaubriand in 1809. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. Lman, Lake The area around Lake Leman (Lake Geneva) dominated by the Alps to the north. The lake is on the Rhone, lying partly in Switzerland and partly in France. Geneva, Lausanne and Montreux are on the Swiss shore. Evian is on the south shore. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Barante its Prefect in 1805. Lemercier, Louis-Jean Npomucne 1771-1840. A Poet and dramatist, he was a late proponent of classical tragedy over Romanticism, and the originator of French historical comedy. An accident caused him lifelong partial paralysis. He made a precocious

literary debut, his first tragedy, Mlagre, being produced at the ComdieFranaise before he was 16. His Tartuffe rvolutionnaire (1795) created a succs de scandale and was quickly suppressed because of its bold political allusions. The orthodox tragedy Agamemnon (1794) was probably his most celebrated play. He had no sympathy with the Romantics, and in the Acadmie Franaise, to which he was elected in 1810, he consistently opposed them, refusing to vote for Victor Hugos election. He also wrote a number of philosophical epic poems. His reputation as a writer declined long before his death. BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 An exemplar of the new nineteenth century literary style. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 Used the common linguistic style of the age, as a defender of freedom. Lemire, for Lemierre, Antoine-Marin 1733-1793. A Poet and dramatist, Lemierre revived his earlier play Guillaume Tell in 1786 with enormous success. After the Revolution he professed great remorse for the production of a play inculcating revolutionary principles. He published La Peinture (1769), based on a Latin poem by the abb de Marsy, and a poem in six cantos. Les Fastes, ou les usages de lannie (779), an unsatisfactory imitation of Ovids Fasti. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Lemire, for Lemierre, Auguste-Jacques Nephew of Antoine. Translator of Gray. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Lemoine (Le Moine), Jean-Baptiste 1751-1829. He managed the Chateaubriands finances from 1814 and was a faithful table companion of the couple. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Lemoine, Pierre, Le Pre 1602-1671. A Jesuit poet of Langres (Haute-Marne), he was the author of an epic poem on Saint Louis and of the work La dvotion aise. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Chateaubriand misquotes from his Saint Louis (1653). Lemontey, Pierre-douard

1762-1826. He published a study of the Plague in Marseilles and Provence in the years 1720 and 1721, which was published in 1821. He was a friend of Madame Rcamier in Lyons. BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from his work. Lenglet-Dufresnoy, Nicolas, Abb 1674-1755. He was a French historian. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 His error in taking the name Cataio to be that of Cathay (China). Lenoir-Laroche, Jean-Jacques, Comte 1749-1825. Born in Grenoble, lawyer, journalist (editor of Le Moniteur from 1795-98), he was Minister of Police in 1797. Senator of the Empire, he was a senior Freemason and Martinist. He became a Peer of France under the Restoration. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 Saint-Martin died at his house La Colinire, at Aulnay. Lenormant, Charles 1802-1859. A French archaeologist, he travelled in Egypt, and the Morea. In 1836 he was appointed Curator of printed books in the Royal Library, and in 1839 was elected member of the Academy. In 1840 he was made Curator of the Cabinet of Medals. After a further mission to Greece, he studied Christian civilisation and became a devout Catholic. In 1848 he was named Director of the commission of historical monuments, and in 1849 an almost unanimous vote of the members of the Academy appointed him to the chair of archaeology in the Collge de France. From that time he devoted himself entirely to the teaching of Egyptian archaeology. BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned indirectly. BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 He had sailed the Mediterranean a few years earlier. BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 He visits Chateaubriand under house arrest in 1832. Lenormant, Marie-Josephine (Amlie) Syvoct, Madame 1804-1894. The wife (1826) of Charles, and niece and ward of Madame Rcamier from 1811, she inherited Madame Rcamiers papers and was the first edit of her Mmoires de ma vie. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Her husband had travelled with Champollion to Egypt (August 1828-January 1829) and returned to France in February 1829, but was preparing to leave for the Morea. She intended to join him, and Madame Rcamier had considered going with her.

Lens, Belgium, Battle of August 20th 1648. a French victory under Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Cond, the Great Cond, against the Spanish army under Archduke Leopold in the Thirty Years War (1618-1648). It was the last major battle of the war. Lens in Flanders was at that time a fortified city. The battle was won by superior French cavalry. BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Leo III, Pope and Saint d.816. Pope 795-816. After his election he was opposed by a Roman faction and forced to flee to Charlemagne who supported his return to Rome. There in 1800 he crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the West. BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 Consecrated the cathedral at Aix-la-Chapelle. Leo IV, Saint and Pope d.855. Pope from 847 to 855, he was unanimously chosen to succeed Sergius II. When he was elected, on April 10, 847, he was cardinal of Santi Quattro Coronati, and had been subdeacon of Gregory IV and archpriest under his predecessor. His pontificate was chiefly distinguished by his efforts to repair the damage done by the Saracens during the reign of his predecessor to various churches of the city, especially those of St Peter and St Paul. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Leo X, Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici, Pope 1475-1521. The second son of Lorenzo de Medici, he was Pope from 1513. He is known primarily for his failure to stem the Protestant Reformation, which began during his reign. He was a patron of Michelangelo. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Michelangelos request, of 1519, reads: I Michelangelo, sculptor, address the same request to Your Holiness, offering to make a tomb for the divine poet worthy of him, in a location in the city which would do him honour. Giovanni was present at the Battle of Ravenna in 1512 where he was taken prisoner temporarily. BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 Raphaels proposal to him for clearing the Roman Forum. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Leo XII, Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola della Genga, Pope 1760-1829. Pope 1823-29. He was generally reactionary and repressive. His election had been opposed by France

BkXV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Prayed at Madame de Beaumonts tomb. BkXV:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 Chateaubriand received by him. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 He was of a family from Genga in Ancona province. He was born in Genga, Ancona, or Spoleto. He was crowned Pope on the 5th October 1823. BkXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriand has an audience with him in October 1828, and on the 2nd of January 1829. There had been a dispute over new laws limiting the rights of Bishops which Charles X and the Pope had amicably resolved, the French bishops then submitting to the new laws. BkXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 He was taken ill on the 5th of February 1829, after a private audience with Bernetti and died on the 10th. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 His election in 1823 had been a compromise. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand inherited his cat. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 The Popes 1833 Jubilee celebrated the eighteen hundredth anniversary of the death of Christ, and in Prgaue as in other cities a traverse of the churches or stations of the Cross was prescribed. Leoben, Austria A city in Styria, in central Austria, it is located on the Mur river. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 The armistice preliminary to the Treaty of Campo Formio, the Peace of Leoben, was signed there in 1797. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 The Bourbon royal family leaving Prague for Leoben in September 1833. Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519. Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist, he was the most versatile genius of the Renaissance. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503). BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 Francis I was his friend and patron. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Napoleon shipped artworks back to France. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Leonardo settled in France, at Clos Luce near Amboise, at the invitation of Francis I, in 1516, and died there in 1519. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 The choir frescoes of the Life of Mary in SantOnorio referred to are by Peruzzi not Leonardo. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Drawings by him in the Accademia in Venice.

Leonidas I, King of Sparta d.480BC. Leonidas was the hero of the Battle of Thermopylae in which he held the pass against the Persians. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand was in Sparta in 1806. Leonora She was a singer whom Milton heard at Cardinal Barberinis house in Rome (On his Italian Tour 1638-1639). See Miltons Latin verses Ad Leonoram Romae canentem. She also sang (una virtuosa, qui avait la voix belle) at the French Court see the Memoirs of Madame de Motteville. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Leonora (Eleonora) dEste 1537-1581. The sister of Alfonso II dEste reputedly loved by Tasso. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Lonore, see Montaigne Leopold II, Emperor of Germany 1747-1792. Father of Francis II of Germany, as Holy Roman Emperor he was also King of Hungary and Bohemia. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 His death on March 1st 1792. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 His successor Francis II was not elected as Emperor until 17th July 1792. Lotaud A police guard in 1832. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Lepanto The Battle of Lepanto took place on 7 October 1571 when a galley fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of the Papacy (under Pope Pius V), Spain Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights of Malta and others, defeated a force of Ottoman galleys. The 5-hour battle was fought at the northern edge of the Gulf of Patras, off western Greece. The Leagues forces were ably commanded by Don John (Don Juan) of Austria, the illegitimate son of Emperor Charles V and halfbrother of King Philip II of Spain. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1

Mentioned. Lepelletier BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 A Commission in July 1830.

member

of

the

Republican

Municipal

Leprince, Abb Rne-Jacques-Joseph d.1782. Master at Dol College. The last cur of Saint-Samson de la Roque, appointed l5 December 1781. BkII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriands teacher at Dol. BkII:Chap4:Sec3 He was dying of consumption (September 1779). BkII:Chap6:Sec3 Appointed to the living near Rouen, where he died. Lrin Isles The Mediterranean islands lie off Cannes. The largest is Ile SainteMarguerite, with a classic coastal fortress designed by Vauban, where the mysterious Man in the Iron Mask and Marshal Bazaine were imprisoned. On Saint-Honorat, the abbey, founded early in the 5th century by Honoratus following the collapse of Roman power in the north of Gaul is one of the oldest in France. The abbey adapted the Benedictine rules early-on, and had many illustrious Bishops and Saints. Honoratus himself was Bishop of Arles for the last two years of his life (429-430). The abbey was destroyed in 730 by the Saracens. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. Lerva Gendarme. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 Present at the interrogation of the Duc dEnghien in 1804. Lesbia She was a mistress of Catullus addressed in his poems. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Lescarbot, Marc c1565-c1629. French lawyer, writer, and historian. His curiosity to see the New World prompted him to follow Poutrincourt to Port-Royal, in Acadia, in 1606. His proficiency in Christian doctrine enabled him to instruct the Indians of the neighbourhood of Port-Royal. His material aid to the settlers was no less efficient: he built a grist-mill for their wheat, a still to produce

tar, and ovens for making charcoal. After his return to France (1607), he published (1609), under the title of Histoire de la Nouvelle-France, a narrative of his voyage which made him famous. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 His description of the Canadian Indians. Lescure, Louis-Marie Joseph, Marquis de 1766-1793. French soldier and anti-revolutionary. Emigrated in 1791. Returned to France, and on the 10th of August 1792 took part in the defence of the Tuileries against the Paris mob. On the outbreak of the Revolt in the Vende, he was arrested and imprisoned with all his family, as one of the promoters of the rising. He was set at liberty by the Royalists, and became one of their leaders, fighting at Thouars, taking Fontenay and Saumur (MayJune 1793), and, after an unsuccessful attack on Nantes, joining Henri de la Rochejaquelein. Their peasant troops, opposed to the republican General F. J. Westermann, sustained various defeats, but finally gained a victory between Tiffauges and Cholet on the 19th of September 1793. The struggle was then concentrated around Chtillon, which was time after time taken and lost by the Republicans. Lescure was killed on the 15th of October 1793 near the chteau of La Tremblaye between Erne and Fougres. BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Lesseps, Jean-Baptiste Barthlemy, Baron de 1766-1834. He was the uncle of Ferdinand de Lesseps, creator of the Suez Canal, and went with his father Martin, the Consul-General, to St Petersburg. Sent on La Prouses expedition he was landed on the Russian Kamchatka peninsula in 1787 to carry charts and other materials to Paris. He subsequently had a diplomatic career serving in Constantinople and Russia, leaving with the retreating French Army, and finally in Lisbon. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 Appointed Head of Administration in Moscow in 1812. Lethe Lethe is the mythological river of the Underworld, whose waters bring forgetfulness. Ovid, in Metamorphoses Book XI says that its stream flows from the depths of the House of Sleep, and induces drowsiness with its murmuring. (Hence the stream of forgetfulness.) BkVIII:Chap4:Sec2 BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Levant The former name for the lands on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea: these are now part of Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Israel.

BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriands travels there mentioned. Levantina, Valley The Italian Levantina Valley becomes Lake Maggiore, the most westerly of the three large pre-alpine lakes of Europe and the second largest after Lake Garda. Airolo is on the southern flank of the Saint-Gothard, Bellinzona being the capital of the Ticino Canton likewise at the end of the Levantina Valley, at the southern end of the Saint Gothard Pass. BkXXXV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Lvier, France A village in the Doubs it lies halfway between Salins and Pontarlier, at the edge of the Lvier forest. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833. Lvis-Ajac, Gaston-Pierre Marc, Duc de 1764-1830. A Member of the Academy (1816), and Peer de France, under the Restoration, he had been a representative at the Estates general in 1789 and belonged to the minority of nobles accepting the principles of the revolution. The events of August 10, 1792, made him an migr: he was wounded at Quiberon, and exiled in England, and only returned to France in 1799 where he lived in retirement, pursuing his literary works (Maxims and Reflections, 1808). With the Restoration he became a member of the Chamber of Peers and in this assembly he dealt in particular with financial matters. He left behind both political and general writings. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 In Ghent in 1815. His friendship towards Chateaubriand. BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 In Mons in 1815. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 Involved briefly with the Conservateur. He published a Letter regarding Quiberon. Lvis, Pauline Charpentier dEnnery, Duchesse de d.1819. Wife of Gaston-Pierre (1785). BkXXII:Chap10:Sec1 At Madame de Chateaubriands in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 In Ghent in 1815. The Lvis occupied the eighteenthcentury Chteau of Noisiel 25km east of Paris in the Park on the banks of the Marne, near to Champs. The Abbey of Chelles nearby was founded for women of the Royal household in the 6th century by Sainte Bathilde. It was suppressed in 1790 and the Abbey demolished in 1793. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 At Cambrai in 1815.

BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets Villle at her house. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in the summer of 1818. Lvis, Marie-Catherine dAubusson, Duchesse de 1798-1854. The wife of Gaston-Franois (married 1821), she was the daughter of the Comte de La Feuillade. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Lvis, Gaston-Franois-Christophe, Duc de Ventadour, then Duc de 1794-1863. The son of Gaston-Pierre, he was aide-de-camp to the Duc dAngoulme in 1814, and fought under the Restoration in Spain, the Morea etc, finishing his career with the rank of colonel. He followed the Royal family into exile during the July Revolution. He was later a friend of Chambord and his political counsellor. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 His friendship for the Count de Chambord. BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 At Saint-Cloud on the 30th of July 1830. BkXXXV:Chap9:Sec1 He went into exile with Charles X at Holyrood in 1832. Lewis He was a footman at the London Embassy in 1822. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Lewis, Matthew-Gregory 1775-1818. English author. In addition to his writing he pursued a diplomatic career and served for a time in Parliament. He was often called Monk Lewis from the title of his extravagant Gothic romance The Monk (1796), the writing of which was influenced by the tales of Ann Radcliffe. Of his melodramatic plays the most famous is The Castle Spectre (1797). His ballads, notably Alonzo the Brave and the Fair Imogene, influenced Sir Walter Scotts early poetry. BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 His novel The Monk. Lexington Near Boston, Massachusetts, where the first great battle, of Lexington and Concord, between Americans and the British troops, intending to destroy American stores, took place on the 19th April 1775. The militiamen were alerted by Paul Revere. The British destroyed the stores at Concord were but were forced to retreat to Boston.

BkVII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand travelled the 340 kilometres from New York to visit the battlefield. Lherminier, for Lerminier, Jean-Louis-Eugne 1803-1857. A jurist and publicist he was also a Saint-Simonist and Professor of Comparative Law at the Collge du France from 1831. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Quoted from his article in the Revue des DeuxMondes of 15th October 1832. Liancourt, Franois-Alexandre-Frdric de la Rochefoucauld, Duc de 1747-1827. A French social reformer, before the French Revolution he established a model farm, two factories, and a trade school on his estate, and in the Constituent Assembly he urged the necessity of public welfare. A royalist during the French Revolution, he was forced to flee to England in 1792. From there he travelled to the United States where he wrote Voyage dans les tats-Unis d'Amrique (1799). Upon his return to France (1799), he resumed his philanthropic activities, working especially for health, educational, and economic reforms. BkXXVIII:Chap15:Sec1 Stripped of his presidency of various charities in 1823 by Corbire. During his funeral (he died March 27th 1827), there was an altercation between pupils of his foundation school at Chlons-surMarne, and the military, as to who was to carry his coffin, during which the bier slipped and was damaged, and the insignia of his peerage fell with it. Libba, or Libbe She was the deaf-mute mistress of Armand de Chateaubriand in 1792. BkIX:Chap15:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 At Thionville. Liberi, Pietro 1605-1687. A Venetian painter of the Baroque era, he was born in Padua BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 There are frescoes by him in the Basilica of SantAntonio in Padua. He worked elsewhere in Padua. Libri, Guillaume 1803-1869. Born in Florence, he was a mathematician and scientist and a historian of mathematics and science. He took political refuge in France where he became a professor in the Paris Science Faculty in 1834. He was appointed to the Academy and became Secretary to the commission charged with cataloguing the libraries of France. Accused of stealing books and

documents from the libraries, he fled to London. He was defended vigorously by Prosper Mrime. BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 He lent Chateaubriand documents regarding Napoleon, apparently derived from Cardinal Feschs archive, and published details of them in 1842. Lichtenstein, Prince Johann I von 1760-1836. In 1806, Napoleon accepted the Principality of Liechtenstein into the Rhine Confederation and laid the foundation for the sovereignty of the country. In the wake of the political reorganization of Europe after the Congress of Vienna, Liechtenstein became a member of the German Confederation in 1815. Prince Johann participated as a colonel in the Turkish Wars, fought in the Napoleonic Wars, and also intervened significantly in the fate of Austria at the negotiating table: He was decisively responsible for the achievement of the Peace of Pressburg (1805) and also conducted, far less successfully, the negotiations on the Peace of Schnbrunn (1809). In 1810, he ended his military career with the rank of field marshal and subsequently engaged only in economic activities. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned in Vienna in 1809. Lige The city in Eastern Belgium on the Meuse. BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 Chateaubriand passed through in 1792. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Troops from there defended the Tuileries. Liegnitz The Battle of Leignitz (Poland) was fought in the early hours of August 15, 1760. The Army of Frederick the Great of Prussia met and defeated the Austrian army under Ernst von Loudon. BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Lieven, Christophe Heinrich, Count, then Prince von 1774-1838. He accompanied Alexander I of Russia during the Battle of Austerlitz and at the signing of the Peace of Tilsit. In 1809 he was sent to represent Russia at the Prussian court and, at the crisis of the Napoleonic Wars in 1812, was transferred as the Minister Plenipotentiary to the court of St. James, a post which he kept for 22 years (1812-1834). Somewhat overshadowed by his more illustrious wife, Dorothea von Lieven, Prince Lieven took part in the Congress of Vienna and died in Rome when he accompanied the future Alexander II of Russia on his Grand Tour.

BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 In London in 1822. Lieven, Dorothea Benckendorff, Countess, then Princess von 1785-1857. The daughter of the Governor of Riga, she became Princess Lieven, in 1826. Wife of the Prince, she was known for her vivacious personality, and was often seen with her high-profile paramours, such as Metternich, Palmerston and Guizot, whose politics she tried to influence. A salon she maintained in London was the most fashionable in the city. Following her husband's retirement, she moved with her salon to Paris, where it rivaled the circle of Madame Rcamier, and she incurred Chateaubriands criticism. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 A frequenter of Almacks, see Cruikshanks caricature. Ligne, Charles Joseph (Frst von), Prince de 1735-1914. Soldier and writer, came of a princely family of Hainaut, and was born at Brussels. He became the intimate friend and counsellor of the Emperor Joseph II. His Brabant estates were overrun by the French in 17921793, and his eldest son Charles Antoine killed in action at La Croix-duBois in the Argonne (September 14, 1792). BkX:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand met with the empty wagons returning from Vienna, where the Prince had heard of his sons death, to the Princes estate. Lignon, River The river Lignon du Forez (or du Nord), the 60 km long left-hand tributary of the river Loire. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Ligny Ligny is a village in the municipality of Sombreffe (in the province of Namur), where Napoleon defeated Blcher two days before the battle of Waterloo while Wellington and Marshal Ney were engaged at Quatre Bras. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 Blcher defeated by Napoleon there on 16th June 1816. Lille The city in northern France, capital of the Nord department, is on the River Dele. After a prosperous period under the Dukes of Burgundy in the 14th century, Lille belonged to Austria and Spain before returning to France in 1668.

BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 Chateaubriand and his brother had forged passports for there in 1792. BkIX:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriands arrival there in 1792. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand suggested the Duc de Berry went there in 1815. Mortier was in command of the garrison there. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 The king fled in that direction in 1815. Chateaubriand and his wife reached the city on the 23rd of March 1815. Lima, Peru The capital of Peru, it lies in the east of the country, near its Pacific port of Callao. It was founded by Pizarro in 1535, and became the main base of Spanish power in Peru. The buildings from the eighteenth century show a strong French influence, as does Mexico City. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 An example of French influence. Limolan de Clorivire, Joseph-Pierre Picot de 1768-1826. A fellow-pupil of Chateaubriand at Rennes and Dinan, he joined the Chouan movement in 1793 to avenge his fathers death. Involved in the Rue Saint-Nicaise conspiracy in December 1799, the aim of which was to assassinate Napoleon, he escaped to America, and became a priest. He died at Georgetown, 1826. BkII:Chap7:Sec2 BkII:Chap7:Sec3 He and Chateaubriand met at Rennes College. His schoolboy prank. Limoges, France The capital of the Haut-Vienne department on the Rivere Vienne in wesrtern France, it is the centre of the French porcelain industry. It was the birthplace of Renoir. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriand there in 1829. Limonade, Julien Prevost, Comte de A talented mulatto, educated in France, Secretary of State and Minister of Foreign Affairs for the new black Kingdom of Haiti (1811), the titles of ministers having been borrowed from plantation names, La Marmelade, La Seringue etc. BkX:Chap5:Sec1 And Peltier. Lindsay, Anne Suzanne ODwyer, known as Mrs 1764-1820. Daughter of humble Irish immigrants of Calais, she was patronised by the Duchesse de Fitz-James. She became the mistress of

Auguste de Lamoignon whom she accompanied to England, and later of Benjamin Constant. She was reputed to be the model for Ellnore in his Adolphe. In 1801 she published an adaptation of a historical novel by Cornelia Knight, Marcus Flaminius (1792), which inspired Les Martyrs. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand introduced to her. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1 She returned to France at the end of 1799, and met Chateaubriand and Madame dAguesseau on their landing at Calais in May 1800. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 She introduced Chateaubriand to Julie Talma. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Her actions on Chateaubriands behalf in 1811. Linn, Carl (Linnaeus) 1707-1778. Swedish botanist and taxonomist, considered the founder of the binomial system of nomenclature and the originator of the modern scientific classification of plants and animals. He studied botany and medicine, and taught both at Uppsala. In Systema naturae (1735) he presented his classification of plants, animals, and minerals, and in Genera plantarum (1737) he explained his system for classifying plants largely on the basis of the number of stamens and pistils in the flower. Despite the artificiality of some of his premises, the Linnaean system has remained the basis of modern taxonomy. Species plantarum (2 vol., 1753) described plants in terms of genera and species, and the 10th edition (1758) of Systema naturae applied this system to animals as well, classifying 4,400 species of animals and 7,700 species of plants. Linnaeus was also known as Karl (or Carl) Linn (of which Carolus Linnaeus is a Latinized version); when he was ennobled in 1761 he formally adopted the name Karl von Linn. BkV:Chap15:Sec3 Mentioned as the most famous of botanists. Linz A city in northeastern Austria, it is on the Danube River. It is the capital of the state of Upper Austria (Obersterreich). BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833. Neubau is now the 7th district of Linz to the south-west of the city. Lippi, Fra Filippo c1406-1469. Also called Lippo Lippi, was a Florentine painter. An orphan he was raised by the Carmelite Friars of the Carmine in Florence. Vasari tells various stories about him: that sometime between 1431 and 1437 he was captured by Barbary pirates, that he virtually abducted Lucrezia Buti in

1458 who modelled for him, their son being the painter Filippino Lippi: and that he may have been poisoned by her relatives. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 His work at Spoleto in the cathedral apse, shows scenes from the Life of the Virgin including an influential Annunciation. Lippold of Prague d.1573. A German physician and financier born in Prague, who lived in Berlin, he was in great favour with the elector Joachim II, acting as his financial adviser and as administrator of Jewish affairs. After the sudden death of Joachim (1571), his son and successor, Johann Georg, accused Lippold of having poisoned the elector. After torture, he confessed the crime; and, though he afterward retracted, he was executed January 28th, 1573, the Jews of Berlin and of the province of Brandenburg being expelled from the country in the same year. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Lisbon The capital and largest city of Portugal, in the western part of the country on the Tagus River estuary, was an ancient Iberian settlement, it was held by the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, taken by the Romans in 205 BC and conquered by the Moors c AD 714. Re-conquered by the Portuguese in 1147, it flourished in the 16th century during the heyday of colonial expansion in Africa and India. The city was devastated by a major earthquake in 1755. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 Wellington landed near Lisbon in August 1808. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 English presence there in 1827 to suppress a revolt against the Portuguese constitutional government. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 The 1755 earthquake. Lisieux, France A commune of the Calvados dpartement, in the Basse-Normandie rgion, Lisieux lies in the bottom of the valley of the river Touques and on the road from Paris to Caen. BkXXXI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Lissa The Battle of Leuthen (Lissa) December 5, 1757. After defeating the French at the battle of Rossbach (November 5, 1757) and still smarting from his defeat at Kolin (June 18), Frederick II set out to Silesia in search of the Austrians and found them arrayed in a 4-mile-long battle line near the town

of Leuthen. Of 65,000 Austrian soldiers engaged, 22,000 were lost (12,000 of them taken prisoner). Leuthen was Fredericks most brilliant victory and the century's greatest military achievement. (A masterpiece of manoeuvre and resolution. - Napoleon.) BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Liverpool, Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of 1727-1808. Made Under-Secretary of State by Lord Bute; he won the favour of George III, and when Bute retired Jenkinson became the leader of the King's Friends in the House of Commons. From 1778 until the close of Lord Norths ministry in 1782 he was Secretary of War. From 1786 to 1803 he was President of the Board of Trade and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and he was popularly regarded as enjoying the confidence of the king to a special degree. In 1786 he was created Baron Hawkesbury and ten years later Earl of Liverpool. His eldest son, Robert, become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Romneys portrait of him (c1786-1788) is in the National Portrait Gallery. Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of 1770-1828. British Tory Prime Minister (1812-1827). Elected as an MP in 1790, he was successively Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary and War Secretary. He is remembered for his unenlightened response to the unrest that followed the Napoleonic Wars. In 1817 he suspended habeas corpus, and following the Peterloo Massacre introduced the repressive Six Acts (1819). He also opposed Catholic Emancipation. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 Visited by Chateaubriand, French Ambassador, in 1822. BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 Chateaubriand dined with him at his country mansion, Coombe House, near Kingston on Thames. BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 A portrait of him. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 His fears for the future. Liverpool, England A major port and city on the Mersey estuary, it started life as a port trading with Ireland, and grew rapidly in the eighteenth century superseding Bristol as the chief west coast port trading in sugar, tobacco, cotton and slaves with the Americas. Britains first wet dock was built there in 1715. BkVI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Livorel, Monsieur

b 1735. He was steward of the Chateaubourg estate from 1777. BkV:Chap6:Sec1 His adventure with a ghost. Livy Titus Livius. 59BC-AD17. The Roman Historian, born in Padua, settled in Rome c29BC. 35 of the original 142 books of his monumental history of Rome survive. They cover the early history up to the 4th Century BC, the second Punic war against Hannibal, and the wars against Macedonia. BkI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned as a chronicler of famous deeds and men. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 As a famous Roman historian. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 He was born and died in Padua. Lloyd, Henry, Major-General 1720?-1783. A Welsh soldier-of-fortune who served in the armies of France, Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Britain. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 His historical accounts of Frederick the Greats campaigns. Lobau, Georges Mouton, Comte de 1770-1838. A Republican officer, he was aide to camp to Napoleon in 1805, then Count of Lobau after the action at Essling in 1809. A prisoner after Dresden in 1813, he returned to France in May 1814. Banished after Waterloo he returned to France in 1818. A Deputy from 1830 he rallied to the Orlanists and became a Marshal of France in 1831. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Appointed a member of the Municipal Commission on the 29th July 1830. Lobineau, Dom, 1666-1727. A Benedictine historian, he was the author of Histoire de Bretagne (1702). BkI:Chap1:Sec3 A source of information regarding Chateaubriands family. Lobkowitz, Bohuslas Hassenstein von (Bohuslav Hasitejnsk z Lobkovic) 1461-1510. A nobleman, writer and humanist from an old Bohemian family (later the princes) of Lobkovic, he studied in Bologna and Ferrara (Doctor of Law, 1482) and converted to Catholicism there. After 1483 he was provost

of Vyehrad in Prague and between 1490 and 1491 travelled to the Holy Land and Egypt. BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 From his Latin ode On the Thermal Baths of Charles IV. Locmaria, Monsieur de A Breton gentleman, he was a contemporary of Madame de Svign. BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 Mentioned. Lodi, Battle of May 10th 1796. A small but dramatic engagement in Bonapartes first Italian campaign, in which he earned the confidence and loyalty of his men, who nicknamed him The Little Corporal in recognition of his personal courage. It was fought at the Lodi Bridge, over the Adda River, 19 miles (31 km) southeast of Milan, between 5,000 troops of Napoleons Army of Italy and Sebottendorf's 10,000 troops, the rear guard of Jean-Pierre Beaulieus Austrian army. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 The bridge was taken on the 10th May. Napoleon reports it on the 11th. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Lodin Mayor of Combourg. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Issued a collation of extracts concerning Combourg in 1812. Loevenhielm (Lowenhielm), Comte Gustave de He was Swedish ambassador to Paris from 1818. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Logan, Indian Chief Tachnedorus (c.17251780), usually known as Chief Logan or John Logan in historical records, was a Mingo Native American leader in the era before the American Revolutionary War, whose revenge for the brutal killing of his family members by white frontiersmen helped spark the conflict known as Dunmores War. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 Chateaubriand quotes from his famous speech to Lord Dunmore, known as Logans Lament.

Lointier A Republican group met at Lointiers in July 1830 and called itself the Runion Lointier. Lointier is described as a restaurateur (restaurant-owner or restorer) BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Loiret Loiret is a dpartement in north-central France named after the Loiret River. Loiret was one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Orlanais. Orlans is its capital. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand was named as a Minister of State on 9th July 1815 the day after Louis XVIIIs return to Paris. The Chamber of Deputies having been dissolved on the 13th, he was designated as the President of the Electoral College of Loiret on the 26th July. The decree of 17th August 1815 named him a Peer along with 94 others. Chateaubriand knew of it at Orlans on the 19th. Lombard, Charles Pilgrim to the Holy Land in 1669. BkVII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Lombardi (Lombardo), Pietro 1435-1515. A leading sculptor and architect in Venice, he built churches and designed tombs, including that of Dante in Ravenna. From 1498 to 1515 he was master mason for the Ducal Palace. BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 His work on the wings of the Torre delOrologio. The existing central tower was built by Mauro Codussi between 1496 and 1499. Lomnie de Brienne, Archbishop of Sens 172794, French statesman, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was archbishop of Toulouse (176388) and of Sens (1788) and a member of the French Academy. In the Assembly of the Notables (1787) he worked against the minister of finance Calonne and, though King Louis XVI looked with disfavour on his notorious immorality, he succeeded (1787) Calonne in control of finances. Thereupon he adopted Calonnes plans for a direct land tax, for calling of provincial assemblies to apportion the tax, and for other reforms. The opposition of the Parlement of Paris to the land tax led him to exile the parlement to Troyes for a time and finally resulted in the calling of

the fateful States-General. Having done nothing to relieve the financial ills of France, Brienne was forced out of office (Aug., 1788). He was made a cardinal. Brienne was one of the few French prelates to swear to the civil constitution of the clergy, promulgated in 1790; for this he was deprived of the cardinalship. Arrested by the revolutionary government (1793), he died in prison. BkV:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. London, England The capital of the UK on the River Thames was founded by the Romans at the highest point at which the Thames could be forded and at the rivers tidal limit on what was later Cornhill and Ludgate Hill. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkVII:Chap1:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 This chapter, and succeeding chapters of this book where indicated, were written in London. Chateaubriand was appointed ambassador on the 9th January 1822. He reached England on the 4th April 1822. BkX:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand returned to London in June 1796, after two and a half fairly obscure years in Suffolk. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Its river, the Thames, is mentioned. London Tavern, London The City of London Tavern in Bishopsgate Street (Within). This imposing old tavern and public meeting-house, home of many charitable initiatives, used to stand opposite the top of Threadneedle Street. It was rebuilt in 1765, seated 355, and was famous for its excellent meals. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Peltier drags Chateaubriand off to dine there. Londonderry, Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, Marquis of 1769-1822. British Foreign Secretary 1812-1822. He fought a famous duel with Canning. He played an important part in the Congress of Vienna, and subsequent congresses. Generally unpopular, London rejoiced when he committed suicide (during Chateaubriands embassy) in the belief that he was being blackmailed for homosexual acts. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. He committed suicide on the 12th August 1822: Chateaubriand is presumably writing in April. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Present at Chateaubriands reception on the 8th July 1822. BkX:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriand sought his help on behalf of Lady Sutton. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 His comments on Waterloo.

BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 His estate at North Cray Place in the village of North Cray (on the River Cray in Kent) about twenty miles from London. Chateaubriand invited to dine there. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand dined with him on St Georges Day, 23rd April, 1822 to celebrate the Kings birthday which was actually the 12th of August. BkXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets with him in May 1822. BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 A portrait of the man. BkXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 His position regarding Spain. Ferdinand VII had abolished the Constitution of March 1812, but an insurrection in 1820 caused its re-instatement. There were ongoing disturbances, resulting in the left taking power in 1822, causing concern across Europe. BkXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 His suicide on the 12th August 1822, the Kings sixtieth birthday. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 His death represented a sea-change in British politics. Londonderry, Amelia Anne Hobart, Marchioness of 1769-1822. The wife of Castlereagh, she married him in 1794. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand met her on the 10th of April 1822. BkXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 Her husbands suicide. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 1807-1882. The American poet, descended from an established New England family, after college he spent the next three years in Europe, preparing himself for a professorship of modern languages at Bowdoin, where he taught from 1829 to 1835. After the death of his young wife in 1835, Longfellow travelled again to Europe, where he met Frances Appleton, who was to become his second wife after a long courtship. She was the model for the heroine of his prose romance, Hyperion (1839). From 1836 to 1854, Longfellow was professor of modern languages at Harvard, and during these years he became one of an intellectual triumvirate that included Oliver Wendell Holmes and James Russell Lowell. He achieved great fame with long narrative poems such as Evangeline (1847), The Song of Hiawatha (1855), The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858), and Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863), which included Paul Reveres Ride. In all of these works he used unusual, antique rhythms to weave myths of the American past. His best-known shorter poems include The Village Blacksmith, Excelsior, The Wreck of the Hesperus, A Psalm of Life, and A Cross of Snow. Longfellow made a poetic translation of Dante's Divine Comedy

(1867), for which he wrote a sequence of six outstanding sonnets. After his death, he was the first American whose bust was placed in the Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 Title of a poem by him. Longhena, Baldassare 1598-1682. He was a Venetian Baroque architect, he completed Vincento Scamozzi, his masters, Procuratie Nuove in St Marks Square. He designed many churches including the cathedral at Chioggia. BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 His church of Santa Maria della Salute in Venice was built to commemorate the end of the plague of 1630. Longueville, Marie dOrlans-Longueville, Duchesse de Nemours 1625-1707. The daughter of Henry II of Orlans, duke of Longueville, she married Henry, Duke of Nemours in 1657, and when he died in 1659, leaving her childless, the rest of her life was mainly spent in contesting her inheritance with her stepmother the Duchesse de Longueville. BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Neuchtel, which she owned, passed out of French hands at her death. Longueville, Anne-Genevive de Bourbon, Duchesse de 1619-1679. She was the daughter of Henry II de Cond and sister of the Great Cond. A noted beauty, she maintained a long liaison with the Duc de La Rochefoucauld and joined him as a leader of the Fronde. A determined enemy of Cardinal Mazarin, she obtained the assistance of her brother Armand de Bourbon, Prince de Conti, during the first Fronde, and that of the Vicomte de Turenne and her brother, the Great Cond, during the second Fronde. She made her peace with the court in 1653. Much of her remaining life was spent in convents, notably that of Port-Royal which through her influence was saved from persecution in her lifetime. BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Introduced into society in 1635 she soon became one of the stars of the Htel Rambouillet, at that time the centre of all that was learned and witty in France. She fled to Stenay to meet Turenne in 1650. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Madame de Vintimille might have lived in her company. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Longus A Greek novelist and romancer, and author of Daphnis and Chloe. Very little is known of his life, and it is assumed that he lived on the isle of

Lesbos during the 2nd century AD, which is the setting of Daphnis and Chloe a pastoral love tale which was the model for La Sireine by Honor d'Urf, the Diana enamorada of Montemayor, the Aminta of Tasso, and The Gentle Shepherd of Allan Ramsay. The celebrated Paul et Virginie is an echo of the same story. Maurice Ravel adapted it for his ballet, Daphnis et Chlo. Longus found an incomparable translator in Jacques Amyot, bishop of Auxerre, whose French version, as revised by Paul Louis Courier, is better known than the original. It appeared in 1559. BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Quoted, I:9 Longwood Longwood House on St Helena was the summer residence of the Lieutenant Governor, John Skelton. Other houses had been inspected and deemed unsuitable. After being shown Longwood, Napoleon on returning to Jamestown, noticed a pleasant house called The Briars and it was agreed he stay there until Longwood was complete. Coincidentally Wellington had stayed at The Briars when visiting the island. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Described. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2 The storm there on the eve of Napoleons death. BkXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 Longwood was abandoned but later bought (1858) by France and restored. Longwy The town in Lorraine, France, near the Belgian and Luxembourg borders. It was ceded to France by the County of Luxembourg in the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659). BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Birthplace of Franois de Mercy. The town fell to the anti-Revolutionary allies on 23rd August 1792. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand left on the 16th October 1792. Four days later on the 20th it fell to Kellermanns army. Loo-Choo (Lewchew, Luchu), Islands The Ryukyu Islands or Nansei Islands, are an island chain in the western Pacific Ocean, forming the eastern limit of the East China Sea. It stretches southwestward from the island of Kyushu in Japan. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Captain Hall had travelled to them. Lope de Vega, Lope Flix de Carpio 1562-1635. A Spanish poet and dramatist, after serving with the Spanish Armada in 1588, he became secretary to the Duke of Alba settling in Madrid

in 1610. He was ordained in 1614, but. His later life was saddened by the deaths of his wife, children and mistresses. His numerous plays such as El caballero de Olmeda (1615-1626) were based on Spanish history. BkIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Dorothea is the leading character in La Nia de Plata (1607-1612), The Girl with Money, a comedy. Lopez, Dom Fernando A Portuguese renegade, on a homeward bound journey, he jumped ship at St Helena in 1516, and lived on the island for almost 30 years. BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Loreto, Italy A hilltown and comune of the Italian province of Ancona, in the Marche. on the right bank of the Musone river BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Notre-Dame-de-Lorette is a famous church in Paris whose name refers to the Italian city of Loreto and its Chiesa della Casa Santa (Basilica of the Holy House), a centre of Marianism. Lorgeril, Comte Louis de 1778-1843. Mayor of Rennes and a keen agriculturalist, he became deputy for Ille-et-Villaine from 1828, resigning in 1830. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 His attempted amendment in March 1830. Lorient, France The port in north-west France, in the Morbihan department, it is on the Bay of Biscay, and was formerly the principal naval shipyard in France. BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 Monsieur de Lavigne was Commander of Lorient. Lormois, France The Chteau of Lormois, 15 miles from Paris near Saint-Michel-sur-Orge, was the seat of the Duc de Maill. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Madame de Castries childhood there. Lothon, Monsieur A student at the cole Polytechnique in July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Loudon or Loudoun, John Campbell, 4th Earl of

1705-1782. An English general defeated by Montcalm in Canada, he was Commander in Chief of his Majestys Forces in America during the French and Indian War. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Louis I, Louis the Debonair 778-840. Emperor and King of the Franks (814-840), he succeeded his father Charlemagne, and was also known as Louis the Fair, and Louis the Pious. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Louis II, Prince de Cond, see Cond Louis VI, Le Gros, King of France 1081-1137. Son of Philippe I. King of France 1108-1137. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Grandfather of Margaret de Lusignan. BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 The cruelties of his reign. Louis IX, or St Louis, King of France 1215-1270. King 1226-1270. Son of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile, born at Poissy, 25 April, 1215; died near Tunis, 25 August, 1270. Louis took the cross in 1244, but did not leave on the crusade to Egypt (the Seventh Crusade) until 1248. Defeated and captured (1250) at al-Mansurah, he was ransomed but remained in the Holy Land until 1254, helping to strengthen the fortifications of the Christian colonies. In 1270, Louis undertook the Eighth Crusade, but he died soon after landing in Tunis. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 BkI:Chap4:Sec2 Chateaubriands ancestor, Geoffroy IV, travelled with him to the Holy Land. BkIV:Chap8:Sec4 BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec3 BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 The Bourbon Kings were the heirs of Saint Louis. BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. BkV:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 25:Sec1 Louis XVI as a descendant of Saint-Louis. The oriflamme, aurea flamma, which was the standard given to the ancient Kings of France by the Angel Gabriel, represented a flame on a golden ground. Those who fought under it were supposedly invincible. BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 BkX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 The Order of Saint Louis ("ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Louis") was a military Order of Chivalry founded on the 5 April 1696 by Louis XIV. It was intended as a

reward for exceptional officers, and is notable as the first decoration that non-nobles could be granted. It is roughly the ancestor of the Lgion d'honneur (Legion of Honour), with which it shares the red ribbon (though the Lgion d'honneur is awarded to military and civilians alike). BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 The Church of the Cordeliers built during his reign. The Sire de Coucy was the guilty party. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 He married Margaret of Provence. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 He had Aigues-Mortes built as a port in the Camargue and left from there in 1248, and fatally in 1270. BkXV:Chap5:Sec1 The church of San Luigi dei Francesi, the French National Church in Rome, is dedicated to him. Cardinal Giulio de Medici, later Pope Clement VII, commissioned Jean de Chenevire to build a church for the French community here in 1518. Building was halted when Rome was sacked in 1527, and it was finally completed in 1589 by Domenico Fontana. The church contains frescoes by Caravaggio and Domenichino, and the painter Claude Lorraine (1600-1682) is buried there. BkXV:Chap7:Sec3 Saint Louis asked to be placed on a bed of ashes as he lay dying. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 His death in Tunis. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec2 In 1249, Louis was defeated and taken prisoner in Mansoura, Egypt. Louis and his companions were then released in return for the surrender of the French army and a large ransom. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from the Annals of the Reign of King Louis by Guillaume de Nangis, cited by Joinville. BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 His use of Fontainebleau as a royal site. He founded a convent there for the Trinitaires. BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Mourned at his death, the death of an age. BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 His feast day is August 25th. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 He was buried at Saint-Denis, though the tomb was destroyed during the Revolution and only a finger-relic remains. BkXXXVII:Chap13:Sec1 His piety. Louis XI, The Prudent, King of France 1423-1483. King of France (1461 - 1483). He was the son of Charles VII of France and Mary of Anjou. He was a member of the Valois Dynasty and was one of the most successful kings of France in terms of uniting the country. His 22-year reign was marked by political machinations, resulting in his being given the nickname of the ubiquitous spider.

BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 Having visited Pronne for an interview with Charles the Bold, Louis was made (1468) a prisoner and forced to sign a treaty granting important concessions and compelling him to participate in suppressing the revolt of Lige, which he had helped instigate. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 In 1477 he captured Arras and incorporated the Burgundian territories in France by the treaty of Arras of 1482, when the leading citizens were harshly treated. BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Philippe de Comines was his Ambassador to Venice. BkXLII:Chap1:Sec1 His cynicism, and cunning. Louis XII, King of France 1462-1515. King 1498-1515. His reign was dominated by the wars his father Charles VIII had initiated in Italy, and he suffered major defeats (15111513) on several fronts at the hands of the Holy League. BkV:Chap2:Sec1 BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Louis XII defeated the Venetians at Agnadello in Lombardy in 1509. BkXXXVII:Chap13:Sec1 His compassion and sense of justice. Louis XIII, King of France 1601-1643. King 1610-1643. His reign was dominated by the chief minister Cardinal de Richelieu. He was the son of the assassinated Henri IV and Marie de Mdicis, who was regent during his minority. He defeated two Huguenot uprisings in 1622 and 1628 taking their fortress at La Rochelle in 1628. BkI:Chap4:Sec4 Assisted at La Rochelle by Saint-Malo. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 His comment after his fathers death. Louis XIV, King of France 1638-1715. King 1643-1715. Born at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 16 September, 1638; died at Versailles, 1 September, 1715. The son of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria, he became king at the age of 4, on the death of his father, 14 May 1643. Anne of Austria ruled on his behalf until 1651. Until 1661 the government was largely in the hands of the Italian Cardinal Mazarin, thereafter Louis controlled the State, built Versailles, and fought numerous wars, and his long reign left France politically strong but financially weak, requiring economic and social reform. He was nick-named Louis-le-Grand (Louis the Great).

BkI:Chap1:Sec4 His reform of the nobility in Brittany, 1669. BkI:Chap1:Sec11 Anecdotes of his court, related to Chateaubriands mother. BkI:Chap4:Sec4 Saint-Malo lent Louis money for the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14). BkIII:Chap1:Sec3 BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkIV:Chap3:Sec1 BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkIV:Chap1:Sec3 BkIV:Chap9:Sec1 His palace at Versailles. BkVII:Chap11:Sec1 The language of his time. BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 His statues removed from the Place des Victories and the Place Vendme during the Revolution. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 His monuments at Marseilles. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 His destruction of a roman temple at Bordeaux. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 The legend of his twin brother romanticised in Dumas novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He visited Saint-Cyr in 1689 for Racines production of Esther, and again later for Athalie. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 His poor spelling. BkXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Bossuet recommended he sponsor excavations in Egypt. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 The memory of the two defeats at Hchstadt (Blenheim) in 1703/4. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 His grandson Philippe, later Philip V of Spain, was born at Versailles. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 He invaded the United Provinces (Holland) in 1672. BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 His use of Fontainebleau as a royal palace. BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 His expansion of the monarchy. His magnanimity after Ramillies. BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 He commissioned the building of the Invalides. BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Mourned at his death, the death of an age. BkXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 Adverse public reaction at his funeral. BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 His Catholicism. BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 His attack on Algiers in 1681. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Turennes actions during the Fronde. BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 His brother Philippe I dOrlans. BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 His mistresses. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 His extension of the borders of France. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 His long reign and old age.

BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Louis assumed as his emblem and that of France, the Sun, with the motto Nec pluribus impar: Inferior to none. BkXLII:Chap1:Sec1 His despotism. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 His death in 1715. Louis XV, King of France 1710-1774. King 1715-1774. Known as Louis the Well Beloved (Le BienAim) His weak rule discredited France and led to the Revolution of 1789. Almost all of Frances colonies were lost in the Seven Years War (175663). BkI:Chap4:Sec4 During the Seven Years War, Saint-Malo lent the King thirty millions. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 The immorality of his Court. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 His shameful reign. The War in Canada. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 The language of his age. BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 The hairstyle of his age. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Madame de Coislin was a favourite of his. She was thought to have been his mistress. The De Nesle descendants said regarding possibly inherited traits: God forgives, the world forgets, but the nose remains! BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 His ability in making alliances. BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 His free-thinking spirit. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 His attitude towards Voltaire. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 He expelled Bonnie Prince Charlie from France in accordance with a provision of the second Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748). BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 His mistresses. BkXLII:Chap1:Sec1 His corruption. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Louis XVI, King of France 1754-1793. King from 1774, he was guillotined on the 21st January 1793. The opposition of his wife, Marie Antoinette, and the aristocracy thwarted he reforms of Turgot and Necker. The consequent economic crisis forced the king to summon the States General of 1789 whose disaffected Third Estate precipitated the Revolution. The Royal family was confined to the Tuileries Palace from which they attempted to flee in 1791, reaching Varennes. Louis was deposed after the people stormed the Tuileries, and was executed in 1793.

Preface:Sect1 BkI:Chap1:Sec3 BkI:Chap1:Sec5 BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand mentions his presentation to the King, and his brothers presentation also in 1787. BkIV:Chap8:Sec4 Chateaubriands presentation in February 1787. Later he was a member of the commission charged with identifying the royal remains, on exhumation from the Madeleine cemetery, on 18th January 1815. BkIV:Chap9:Sec3 Chateaubriands faux pas at the Royal hunt. BkV:Chap1:Sec1 Louis as an unwitting agent of social change. BkV:Chap8:Sec2 Popular calls for his abdication in 1789. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 He addressed the National Assembly after the fall of the Bastille. BkV:Chap12:Sec3 His awareness of Mirabeaus royalist sentiments. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 The immorality of his Court. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXV:Chap7:Sec3 BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 The anniversary of his death on the 21st January. BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand wears His Majestys uniform at Santa Cruz. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 News of the flight to Varennes in 1791. BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Doomed to execution. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 25:Sec1 His communications with Germany in December 1791. His nicknames of Monsieur Veto and Monsieur Capet. Louis exercised his powers of royal veto guaranteed by the Constitution of September 1789 on a number of occasions in 1792, for example to block the decree concerning refractory priests in May, and this earned him the first nickname. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 The National Assembly became independent of the Kings decrees on 25th June 1791 after the Flight to Varennes. The Kings functions were suspended until his acceptance of the Constitution on the 14th September. Protest in support of the King being tried had resulted in the Massacre of the Champ de Mars on the 17th July. BkIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkX:Chap5:Sec2 BkXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 He met the same fate as Charles I of England. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 Chateaubriand had returned from America to serve him. BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 Responsible for improving the French Navy prior to the Revolution. BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap1:Sec1 Nicknamed Monsieur Capet. BkIX:Chap14:Sec1 His actions in supporting military action against the Revolution.

BkX:Chap3:Sec1 News of his death reached Jersey in late January. BkX:Chap8:Sec1 Monsieur de Malesherbes had been a noted royalist. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 The Memoirs of his valet, Clry. BkXI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXII:Chap5:Sec2 His execution. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 25:Sec1 His bones disinterred and removed to Saint Denis in 1815. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 The Kings Musketeers, which Bonald joined in 1773, were dissolved in 1776. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Paoli presented to him by La Fayette. BkXIX:Chap8:Sec1 His dethronement in August 1792. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 His blood treated as that of a martyr. BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 The brother of Louis XVIII (and Charles X). BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 His planting of trees at Fontainebleau. BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 He bought the Chteau at Rambouillet as a summer residence. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2 The religious clauses in his will. BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 His note recommending Hippolyte Chamisso. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 BkXXXVII:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 He visited Cherbourg in July 1786, to inaugurate the construction of the sea-wall, where he was received enthusiastically. BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Louis XVII 1785-1795. He was recognised by the emigrants as King of France 17931795 following the execution of his father Louis XVI during the Revolution. He died in prison. BkV:Chap8:Sec2 Chateaubriand called the Chamber of Peers attention to the neglect of his memory in his speech of 9th January 1816. BkV:Chap10:Sec1 Appeared at the provocative banquet given by the Guardes du Corps for the officers of the Flanders Regiment, on 1st October 1789. BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand is reminded of his early death. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Toulon recognised him in 1793. BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 He had no coronation. Louis XVIII, King of France 1755-1824. King 1814-1824. Comte de Provence, Monsieur, the elder brother of Louis XVI. He was King in name from 1795 following the death in prison of his nephew Louis XVII, and in fact from 1814 following

Napoleons overthrow. He fled Paris when Napoleon left Elba, and returned in the baggage train of the Allied armies. His attempts to be a moderate monarch were thwarted by the ultra-royalists. His and Louis XVIs younger brother was Charles X. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand is writing in 1817 during his reign. After a promising start to his career, under the Restoration, which linked his fate to that of the chambre introuvable of 1815, he was not long in arousing the mistrust of minister and king. When the administration was dissolved on the 5th September 1816 he protested energetically in a post-script to La Monarchie selon la Charte. The book was seized on publication and the author stripped of his title of Minister of the State on the 21st September. This chapter was written after the spring of 1817 when he had been obliged to sell the Valle-aux-Loups as well as his library. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 Called Monsieur in 1789. Mentioned as remaining with the King until the flight to Varennes. BkV:Chap15:Sec1 He wrote for the Journal de Paris in 1790. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand his ambassador to London in 1822. BkIX:Chap7:Sec2 Chateaubriand describes him as the last King of the French (in 1821). BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 At Thionville in September 1792. BkX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand accompanied the King during the Hundred Days. BkX:Chap3:Sec2 Anticipates the Restoration. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand gives a reception to celebrate the anniversary of his return to Paris on the 8th July. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1 His burial at Saint Denis in 1824. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Returned his Order of the Golden Fleece to Spain after the death of the Duc dEnghien. In Warsaw when the Duc dEnghien was abducted. BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Talleyrand writes a memoir regarding the Duc dEnghiens assassination and presents it to him. BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriands Essai revived after his restoration. BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 In 1813 he was living at Hartwell House in Buckinghamshire, England. The proclamation was dated 1st February 1813. He occupied Hartwell sixty miles from London between 1809 and 1814. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 His return to Paris in 1814. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 His comment on De Buonaparte et Des Bourbons.

BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 Napoleons advice for him. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 He left Dover for Calais on the 24th April 1814. He resurrected the Maison-Rouge, the Kings companies who wore a red uniform. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 He fled to Ghent in March 1815 during the Hundred Days. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap15:Sec1 Occupied the Prinsenhof at Ghent during the Hundred Days. BkXXV:Chap1:Sec1 His inconsequentiality compared with Napoleon. BkXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 His concern over Monsieur Decazes. BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand gives a dinner in his honour in London in 1822, on the feast of Saint Louis, 25th August. BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 He died on the 16th of September 1824 at four in the morning. The body was transported to St Denis on the 23rd where it lay in state for a month before inhumation. BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 He had no coronation. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 His comment regarding the death of Moreau. BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 His reign an interlude in the revolutionary trend. BkXXXVII:Chap13:Sec1 The brother of Charles X (and Louis XVI). BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 The reasons behind his Restoration. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1824. BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Louis XIX. See Duc dAngoulme Louis-Philippe-Joseph, Duc dOrlans, Philippe Egalit 1747-1793. Father of Louis-Philippe, a cousin of Louis XVI he nevertheless voted for his death. He joined the radical Jacobins in 1791. He was himself executed after his son had joined the Austrian coalition against France. BkV:Chap8:Sec2 Popular support for him in the streets of Paris in July 1789. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 His mistress, Marguerite de Buffon. BkV:Chap15:Sec1 He spent several months in England between October 1789 and July 1790, returning on the 7th July and declaring his obedience to the King. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 His bawdy activities at Monceaux. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 His sons claims to the throne. BkXLII:Chap1:Sec1 His execution.

Louis-Philippe III, Duc dOrlans, King of the French 1773-1850. King of the French 1830-1848. He supported the Revolution until 1793 when he deserted to the Austrians living abroad until 1814. He joined the liberal opposition to the restored Louis XVIII and came to the throne after the July Revolution ousted Louis successor Charles X. Called the Citizen King by Thiers he relied on middle class support. He instigated repressions against the many rebellions against his rule, and abdicated in the revolution of 1848. He retired to England, dying at Claremont, in Surrey. BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Charte-Vrit was an ironical allusion to the closing words of Louis-Philippes Constitutional Charter of the July monarchy, in 1830 La Charte sera dsormais une vrit: the Charter will be a reality from now on. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 He initiated the First French Algerian War (1830-148) It took less than three weeks for the French armed forces to achieve victory in the summer of 1830. French dominion was formalized on July 5 by a surrender agreement which was forced on the Dey (local ruler), Hussein. Five days later Hussein and his family went into exile in Naples. Achieving victory over the forces led by the man now regarded as the first Algerian national hero, Abd al Kedir, who at one time controlled two-thirds of the country and whose army reached the gates of Algiers, however, would require an increase in army numbers to 110,000 before it was generally considered, in 1848, that a degree of effective military control had been established. Even then, that control was only over the most northerly part of the country. BkXXII:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand writing this chapter during his reign. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 At the time of Napoleons landing from Elba in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand suggested he leave for Metz in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec1 His claims negotiated at the Congress of Vienna. BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1 At the scene of the Duc de Berrys assassination in 1820. BkXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 Madame Rcamier meets him at the Opera in 1802. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 In July 1830 he stayed outside Paris during the disturbances. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 His royalty harmed by his method of reaching power. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned as a possible ruler on 28th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 The Orlanists working on his behalf on the 29th of July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriands refusal to serve under him.

BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 He fought at Jemmapes and Valmy. BkXXXII:Chap13:Sec1 His desire for power. BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 At the Palais-Royal, 30th July 1830 a little before midnight. BkXXXII:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 At the Htel de Ville on the 31st of July. BkXXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Speaks to the Peers and Deputies on the 3rd of August 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Wishes Chateaubriand to serve under him. BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand suggests him as Regent only. BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 He becomes King of the French in 1830. BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Lafayette deceived by him. BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 His treatment of the Duchess de Berry and his milking the state of cash. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Technically the legitimate heir of Henri V. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 Not recognised by the Duke of Modena. BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 His attempts to have the Duchess of Berry detained, in Italy in 1833. BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXL:Chap7:Sec1 In 1831 the Belgians sought a new king. The village of Tegelen near Vanloo proposed Chateaubriand. Leopold of Saxe-Cobourg was elected and in 1832 married Louise, Philippes daughter. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 His usurpation of the throne. BkXLII:Chap1:Sec1 A further description of the man and his reign. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Louis I of Bavaria 1786-1868. King of Bavaria from 1825, he was a patron of the arts and an ardent philhellene, who wished to make his capital a New Athens. The events of 1848 and his liaison with the dancer Lola Monts, forced him to abdicate in favour of his son. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 He visits Chateaubriand in 1829. Louis, Louis (Ludwig) Joseph Anton Johann, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Hungary, Prince of Bohemia and Prince of Tuscany, Archduke 1784-1864. 15th son of Emperor Leopold II of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Maria Luisa de Bourbon, Infanta of Spain. He joined the Austrian Imperial Army at an early age and soon gained the rank of General Field Marshal. He

retired after the revolution of 1848 and lived quietly until his death in Vienna BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Defeated at Abensberg in April 1809. Louis-Ferdinand of Prussia, Prince 1773-1806. Probably the most gifted Prussian soldier of the post-Frederick era, his promise was never fulfilled because of his tragically early death in action at the battle of Saalfeld. He was commanding 8,300 men against Lannes V Corps when the French left-hand column tried to break out from the Thuringerwald passes early in the Campaign of 1806. He was killed by Guindet, quartermaster of the 10th French Hussars. As a prominent leader of the Prussian court war-party, his death was a major blow to Prussia. BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1 BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Louis, Joseph Dominique, Abb and Baron 1755-1837. French statesman and financier, at the outbreak of the Revolution Abb Louis (he had earlier taken orders) already had a reputation as a financial expert. In 1792 he emigrated to England, where he spent his time studying English institutions and especially the financial system of Pitt. Returning to France on the establishment of the Consulate he served successively in the ministry of war, the council of state, and in the finance department in Holland and in Paris. Made a baron of the empire in 1809 he nevertheless supported the Bourbon restoration and was minister of finance in 1814-1815. Baron Louis was deputy from 1815 to 1824 and from 1827 to 1832. He resumed the portfolio of finance in 1815, which he held also in the Decazes ministry of 1818; he was the first minister of finance under the government of Louis-Philippe, and held the same portfolio in 1831-1832. In 1832 he was made a peer of France. BkV:Chap15:Sec1 Assisted at the celebration of the Mass during the Festival of the Federation in July 1790. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Minister of Finance, 1814. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 In Ghent during the Hundred Days. BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 At Mons during the return from Ghent in 1815. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Named as Commissioner for Finance of the Municipal Commission, 29th July 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Chateaubriand writes to him in August 1830. Louise Auguste Wilhelmine Amelie of Mecklenberg-Strelitz, Queen of Prussia

1776-1810. She was born in Hanover where her father, Karl of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, was field marshal of the household brigade. Her mother was Princess Friederike Caroline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt. In 1793, at Frankfurt, Louise met the crown prince of Prussia, afterwards King Frederick William III. They were married on December 24 of the same year. After the battles of Eylau and Friedland, she made a personal appeal to Napoleon at his headquarters in Tilsit, but without success. BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 During the war Napoleon attempted to destroy the queens reputation in his Bulletins of the Grand Army. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Her death on the 19th of July 1810. Louise de France, Princesse, Mademoiselle 1819-1870. Elder sister of the Duc de Bordeaux, she married Charles-Louis of Bourbon-Parma in 1845. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 In Prague in 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 At the Hradschin 27th May 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand compares her to Shakespeares Perdita in Bohemia. BkXXXVII:Chap12:Sec1 At the Hradschin on 29th May 1833. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Sends Chateaubriand a seal. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Lourdes, France A town in the Hautes-Pyrnes dpartement in France. It is the largest Catholic religious pilgrimage location in France. It is situated in the southwest of the country in the foothills of the Pyrenees mountains. BkXXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in August 1829. Louvel, Louis-Pierre 1783-1820. A Bonapartist saddler, he assassinated the Duc de Berry on February 13th 1820 as the Duke was leaving the Paris Opera House. He was executed. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 He told the police he had sworn to kill all the Bourbons, and had gone to Calais in April 1814 intending to stab Louis XVIII. BkXXV:Chap5:Sec1 His assassination of the Duke caused, indirectly, Decazes fall from grace.

BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1 Described. BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 His crime mentioned. Louvois, Franois Michel Le Tellier, Marquis de 1641-1691. A French statesman and minister during the reign of Louis XIV, he was associated in office after 1654 with his father Michel Le Tellier and from 1666 he functioned as war minister officially replacing his father in 1677. The devastation of the Palatinate (1689) by the French army under his orders during the War of the Grand Alliance earned him condemnation throughout Europe. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Lovelace, Richard 1618-1658. The English poet, friend and defender of Charles I, was imprisoned in the Tower of London by Cromwell. He was the author of the famous lines Stone walls do not a prison make, nor iron bars a cage from his poem To Althaea: from prison. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Lovelace, Robert The character, a libertine and rapist, appears in Samuel Richardsons novel, Clarissa, or the History of a Young Lady (1747-48). The longest novel to have been written in the English language, it is Richardsons darkest work. Centred round the attempted seduction of a beautiful young woman, Clarissa is a complex, haunting and psychologically compelling exploration of desire, duty and the social dynamics of eighteenth-century culture. Richardson (1689-1761) was admired by Madame de Stal and Denis Diderot, and inspired two important epistolary novels, La nouvelle Hlose (1761) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Les liaisons dangereuses (1782) by Choderlos de Laclos. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Lowe, Sir Hudson, 1769-1844. A British general, he fought with credit throughout the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, mainly in the Mediterranean region, and served (181621) as Governor (appointed by the British Government, the island belonging still to the East India Company) of St. Helena and custodian of Napoleon I. He was criticized severely for his alleged

mistreatment of the French exiles on St. Helena. His later years were largely spent in controversy on this score, and he wrote a self-vindication. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 Mentioned. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 The antagonism between Napoleon and himself. Lowe arrived on St Helena on the 14th of April 1816. Loyola, Ignacio Lpez de Loyola, St Ignatius of 1491-1556. The principal founder and first Superior General of the Society of Jesus, a religious order of the Catholic Church professing direct service to the Pope in terms of mission. Members of the order are called Jesuits. BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Lozzano, Madame She was a member of the Roman nobility in 1828. BkXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Lbeck The second largest city in Schleswig-Holstein, in northern Germany, it was for several centuries the capital of the Hanseatic League (Queen of the Hanse)The old part of the town is an island enclosed by the Trave river. It is the largest German port on the Baltic. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Troops under Bernadotte occupied the neutral Lbeck after a battle against Blcher on November 6th, 1806. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 The thirty metre painting of the Dance of Death by Bernte Notke of 1436: a copy of the painting made in 1701 was destroyed in the Second World War. A second original by Notke exists in Tallinn. Le Luc en Provence, France A town in the Var, in 1598, the Edict of Nantes declared Luc one of the three towns in Provence where Protestants could freely exercise their religion. Their temple was destroyed in 1685, after the revocation of the Nantes edict. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 Austrian hussars there in 1814. Lucan, Marcus Annaeus Lucanus 39-65 AD. The Latin poet, born in Crdoba, Spain, he was a nephew of the philosopher Seneca. At first in Neros favour, he was later forced to commit suicide when his part in a plot against the emperor was discovered. Ten books of his epic Bellum Civile (on the civil war between Caesar and Pompey), erroneously called Pharsalia, survive. Though the poem is written

in a severe style and is often digressive and extravagant, it has a kind of vigorous beauty and grandeur, which gave Lucan a high place in the esteem of later writers. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 A reference to Pharsalia, Canto III. BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 See Pharsalia, Canto VI. Lucca, Italy An ancient Etruscan city in Tuscany, northern central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plain near (but not on) the Ligurian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Lucca. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 In 1805 Lucca was taken over by Napoleon, who made his sister Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi Queen of Etruria. After 1815 it became a Bourbon-Parma duchy, then part of Tuscany in 1847 and finally part of the Italian State. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Lucchesi-Palli, Comte Hector 1808-1864. He was the son of the Duca della Grazia, Prince of Campo Franco. A young diplomat he made a morganatic marriage with the Duchess de Berry, the widow of the Duke, which was declared to have taken place on the 14th of December 1831, though the matter is confused, and may have been contrived to legitimise her pregnancy in 1832. BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 In Ferrara in September 1833. Luchesi-Palli, Marie-Caroline de Bourbon, Comtesse de, see Berry Lucerne The town in Central Switzerland is on Lake Lucerne. The Lion of Lucerne, a monument to the Swiss Guards who fell in Paris in 1792 is a notable feature. It also has a Benedictine monastery and a 17th century cathedral. BkXXXV:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand left Paris on the 8th of August 1832, his wife was to join him at Lucerne some weeks later. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes his journal there 14th-16th August. The bridge mentioned is the Kappelbrcke, then the Hofbrcke, ornamented with a hundred and twelve historical and saintly pictures. Mount Rigi is to the north of the lake, Mount Pilatus to the south-west.The Bay of Uri is the easterly basin of the lake. Lucian of Samosate

120-d. later than 180. A Roman rhetorician and satirist, he wrote in Greek. The first printed edition of a selection of his works was issued at Florence in 1499. His best known works are The True History (a romance, with a trip to the moon), and Dialogues of the Gods and Dialogues of the Dead. BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 His Treatise On Amber and Swans. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Musarium, and her mother, who speak the dialogue, and Chaereas (Musariums admirer) are characters in Lucians Dialogues of the Heterae VII, here edited by Chateaubriand. Lucrce=Lucrezia Buti The story goes that in 1458, Filippo Lippi was commissioned to paint a picture for the convent chapel of S. Margherita of Prato, and there saw Lucrezia Buti, the beautiful daughter of a Florentine, Francesco Buti; she was either a novice or a young lady placed under the nuns guardianship. Lippi asked that she might be permitted to sit for the figure of the Madonna (or it might rather appear of S. Margherita); he made love to her, abducted her, and kept her despite the utmost efforts of the nuns to reclaim her. A later myth suggests her relatives poinsoned him in a vendetta. Their son was the painter Filippino Lippi. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned. Lucretius c98-55BC Titus Lucretius Carus, the Roman philosopher and poet, whose single extant work, De rerum Natura, consists of six books expounding the philosophy of Epicurus, including the atomic theory of phenomena and the materiality and mortality of the soul. BkII:Chap3:Sec4 Chateaubriand quotes from the first verse of the work, the celebrated invocation to Venus: Aeneadum genitrix, hominum divumque voluptas: Mother of Aeneas, delight of men and of gods BkIII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes De rerum Natura 222-223. BkVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes De rerum Natura II 578-580. Quoted also in Montaignes Essais I.19 from which essay Chateaubriand derives the thoughts utilised here. BkIX:Chap7:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes De rerum Natura 828. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 The quotation is from De rerum Natura 1083. In context it means (some birds with age even modify their raucous) song: thus the crows centuries old (and the flocks of rooks). BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 See De rerum Natura VI 1138. Lucrezia Borgia

1480-1519. She was the illegitimate daughter of Rodrigo Borgia, the powerful Renaissance Valencian, who later became Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei. Her brother was the notorious despot Cesare Borgia. The subject of many tales portraying her as wicked, possibly all apocryphal. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Ludwig I of Bavaria 1786-1868. King of Bavaria from 1825 until the 1848 revolutions in the German states, he supported the Greek fight for independence: His second son Otto was elected king of Greece in 1832. After the July Revolution in France 1830, his previous liberal policy became more and more repressive. Ludwig was tainted by scandal associated with one of his mistresses, Lola Montez and he abdicated on March 20, 1848 in favour of his son, Maximilian. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 In Rome in 1829. Lugano, Lake A lake in the south-east of Switzerland, at the border between Switzerland and Italy, it is named after the city of Lugano, and situated between Lago Maggiore and Lago di Como. BkXXXV:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriands destination in August 1832. The Tremola Valley road, built between 1827 and 1830 on the southern flank of the Gotthard Pass, rises in hair-raising serpentines 1000 meters between the ridge of the Pass and Airolo. Luke, Saint d.c 84. The Evangelist is by tradition the author of both the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles, the third and fifth books of the New Testament. In Catholicism, he is patron saint of painters, physicians and healers BkXXXV:Chap21:Sec1 See Luke XXIV:5 BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 For the widow of Nain and her son see Luke VII:11-15. For the woman who touched the border of his garment see Luke VIII:43-48. BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 See Luke XXIII:46, the last words of Jesus on the Cross. BkXLII:Chap16:Sec1 See Luke XI:46. Luna, Pedro de 1328-1422/3. An anti-Pope (illegal claimant to the Papacy) he was elected at the Conclave in Avignon in 1394 and took the name Benedict XIII. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned.

Lunville The Treaty of Lunville (in Lorraine) was signed on February 9 1801 between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire by Joseph Bonaparte and Louis, Count Cobentzel, respectively. The treaty marked the end of the Second Coalition; Britain was the sole nation still at war with France. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 A major military camp in 1830. Lusignan, Marguerite de c1220-1288 Daughter (not widow) of John Lackland, King of England (son of Louis VII Le Jeune) and Isabelle dAngoulme. Grand-daughter of Louis VI le Gros. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Married Geoffroy V de Chateaubriand about 1269. Luther, Martin 1483-1546. The German Protestant reformer was the founder of Lutheranism. An Augustinian monk and priest, he was professor of theology at Wittenberg in 1511. He attacked the corrupt Papacy and believed in salvation by faith alone, and that human will was incapable of following the good. He appeared before Charles Vs imperial diet at Worms but refused to recant and was outlawed. He married a former nun and opposed the Peasants Revolt (1524-1525). With the Augsburg Confession (1530) a separate Protestant church emerged. BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 His chair in the Protestant Cathedral at Potsdam. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 His tomb in Wittenberg visited by Chateaubriand in 1821. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Nominated Pope by the soldiers of the Constable de Bourbon! BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Ltzen, Battle of The town lies in the district of Weienfels, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated approximately 18 km southwest of Leipzig. The first major engagement of the War of the Sixth Coalition during the Napoleonic Wars was fought there. Frances hastily assembled army consisted of just over 200,000 largely inexperienced recruits and was severely short of horses. Napoleon crossed the Rhine into Germany to link up with remnants of his

old Grand Army, and quickly defeat this new alliance before it became too strong. On May 2, 1813, the Russian commander, Prince Peter Wittgenstein, attacked Napoleons advanced column near Ltzen, in an attempt to undo Napoleons capture of Leipzig. After a day of heavy fighting, the combined Prussian and Russian force retreated, but without cavalry the French were unable to follow their defeated enemy. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Krner wounded there. Lutzow, Count He was Austrian ambassador in Rome in 1828, having previously served in Constantinople and Turin. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. Lutzow, Countess The wife of the Count. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Luxembourg, Franois-Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, Duc de Piney, Marshal, called Duc de 1628-1695. A French general, marshal of France, famous as the comrade and successor of the great Cond. He was Head of the Army of the Rhine in 1676. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Luynes, Albert, Duc de 1578-1621. Being adept at training little sporting birds, called butcher-birds (pies griches, or shrikes), then all the rage, Louis XIII made him his falconer and lived on familiar terms with him. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Luxor, Egypt A city in Upper Egypt and the capital of the Al Uqsur governorate, beside the Nile, it is the site of the ancient Egyptian city of Thebes. The ruins of the temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor stand within the modern city. BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 Source of the obelisk in the Place de la Concorde in Paris. The obelisk with inscriptions from the reigns of the Pharaohs Ramses II and III once graced the entrance to the Temple of Amon at Luxor.

Lycas, or Lichas In Greek mythology he was the courier who brought Hercules (Heracles) the poisoned shirt of Nessus and whom Hercules flung into the Euboean Sea where he became a rock avoided by sailors. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Lycurgus ?700-630BC. The legendary lawgiver of Sparta, he established the militaryoriented reformation of Spartan society in accordance with the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi. Later he is supposed to have returned to Delphi and on being told that his reforms were good, chose not to return but to end his life there and starved himself to death . BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 See Plutarch Lycurgus LX-LXI. Chateaubriand compares his self-sacrifice with that of Lycurgus. Lydia A mistress of Horace addressed in his Odes. BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Lyon (Lyons), France The third largest city in France, it is the capital of the Rhone department at the confluence of the Rivers Rhne and Sane. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1802. BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrived there Saturday 28th May 1803. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1805. BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec3 He returned to Lyons on 31st August 1805. Les Brotteaux is a district of Lyons near the Rhone, urbanised in the eighteenth century. A massacre occurred there during the Revolution. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Napoleon there in 1799. La Route Bourbonnaise runs to Fontainebleau via Nevers. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Defensive deployments undertaken there in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 Napoleon passed through in 1814 on his way to Elba. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 The Chateaubriands there in early May 1826. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 The Jardin des Plantes was established in 1792 by Jean Emmanual Gilbert a Doctor of Botany, above the site of the GalloRoman Amphitheatre des Trois Gaules, on the hill of Croix-Rousse in the

north of the City. (The Three Gauls were Lugdunenis, Belgica, and Aquitania, Lyons being the Roman capital of the three regions of Gaul.) The Abbaye was an ancient pre-Revolutionary foundation. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 Madame Rcamier was born in Lyons, and so is Chateaubriands daughter of the Rhne. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 Ballanche came from Lyons. BkXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Equipped with a telegraph station in 1829. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 The second Council of Lyons met from 7th May to the 27th July 1274. BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in May 1831. He and his wife left Paris on the 16th, arriving in Lyons on the 18th, and staying till the 22nd. BkXLII:Chap1:Sec1 There was republican insurrection in Lyon in November 1831 and again in the spring of 1834. Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de, Abb 1709-1785 A French philosopher and politician, and brother of Condillac, his works contributed to the later concepts of both Communism and Republicanism. His best known work is Entretiens de Phocion, a dialogue first published in 1763, which introduced themes of his mature thought. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 The young Napoleon studied his works. Macbeth The protagonist in Shakespeares play of that name. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Macbeth, Lady The character in Shakespeares play, Macbeth, a role made famous by Mrs Siddons. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. MacCarthy, Nicholas Tuite, Abb 1769-1833. Born in Dublin but educated in Paris, he was ordained in 1814 before becoming a Jesuit in 1818. After the July Revolution he retired to Italy where he died of a fever on the 3rd of May 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 He had died before being able to respond to Charles Xs summons. Macchi, Vincenzo, Cardinal

1770-1860. Papal Nuncio to France (1819-1826), he was in Paris from January 1820. He was a Cardinal from 1826. He was Bishop of Ostia at his death. BkXXV:Chap12:Sec1 The phrases used of the infant Duc de Bordeaux derived from a speech of condolence to Louis XVIII on behalf of the diplomatic corps. BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. Macdonald, Jacques tienne Joseph Alexandre, Duc de Tarente, Marshal of France 1765-1840. A Marshal of France, of Scottish descent, he distinguished himself in the French Revolutionary Wars, particularly in Italy, but was defeated by Russian forces under Alexander Suvorov at the battle of Trebbia (June, 1799). He aided Napoleons coup of 18th Brumaire (1799). Temporarily in disgrace for defending Jean Victor Moreau, he returned to favour, was created duke of Taranto, and played an important part in the battle of Wagram (1809), the Peninsular War, and the Russian campaign. In the Hundred Days he was loyal to King Louis XVIII. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 Withdrew from Naples in June 1799. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 Rallied to Louis XVIII at Compigne in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Hastened to Lyons when Napoleon landed from Elba. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 At Gonesse in 1815. Macerata A city in Italy, the capital of the province of Macerata in the Marche region. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2 Napoleons 1787 proclamation from there. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand there in October 1828. Machault dArnouville, Jean Baptiste de, 1701-1794. A French statesman, he held a succession of government offices and was (174345) Intendant of Valenciennes. Louis XV appointed him Controller General of finances in 1745. To raise funds for the War of the Austrian Succession and to alleviate the government's chronic deficit he proposed (1749) that a tax of one twentieth (vingtime) of all incomes be levied. Opposition and evasion by the nobility, clergy, and certain privileged groups made the tax inequitable and decreased its revenue. Finally in December 1751, he was forced to suspend payment of the vingtime by the clergy and to abandon fiscal reform. In 1754, Machault was made Minister for the Navy. Having incurred the enmity of Madame de Pompadour, he was

dismissed (1757) by Louis XV. He was arrested (1794) during the French Revolution and died in prison. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Machiavelli, Niccolo 1469-1527. Florentine political philosopher, musician, poet, and romantic comedic playwright, Machiavelli was also a key figure in realist political theory. His best known work is his political treatise Il Principe (The Prince). BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 A reference to The Prince and its cynical view of power politics. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Mack, Karl Freiherr, Baron von Lieberich 1752-1828. Austrian soldier, commander of the defeated forces at the Napoleonic battles of Ulm and Austerlitz. He was subsequently courtmartialled and imprisoned for two years, but later re-instated. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Defeated at Ulm. Mackenzie, Sir Alexander 1755-1820. Alexander Mackenzie was born in Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides, in 1764. His family emigrated to North America when he was 12. Mackenzie worked for the North West Company as a fur trapper and trader and became convinced that there had to be a river route to the Pacific and set out to find it. On his first trip in 1789 he followed a river which the local Indians called the Big River. It was later to be called the Mackenzie River but instead of reaching the Pacific it ended up in the Arctic. Three years later he began a voyage on the Peace River but, when it became impassable, the rest of the journey had to be completed overland on foot through the Rocky Mountains. He eventually reached the Pacific, carving on a rock the words Alex Mackenzie from Canada by Land 22 July 1793. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Chateaubriand in 1802 wrote an appreciation of his Voyages, published in 1801. BkVII:Chap1:Sec1 His 1789 trip. Mackintosh, Sir James 1765-1832. The British writer and public servant, was born in Scotland. He was trained as a physician, but after settling (1788) in London he became a writer and lawyer. His Vindiciae Gallicae (1791), a spirited reply to Edmund Burke's Reflections on the French Revolution, was the leading Whig statement in favour of the French Revolution, but from 1796 he grew hostile

to French radicalism. Mackintosh served as recorder of Bombay (18046) and judge in Bombay vice-admiralty court (180612). As a Member of Parliament after 1812, he supported penal and parliamentary reform. His writings include several historical works. He defended Peltier in 1803. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 Peltier at first and wrongly hoped General Bonaparte would reinstate the monarchy. He then abused Bonaparte in his English journal LAmbigu. Napoleon demanded his extradition after the Peace of Amiens with England. He took Peltier to Court in England in February 1803 for libel, but Mackintosh obtained the moral victory for Peltier, who was not sentenced, and continued to inveigh against Napoleon. Madame Mre, see Bonaparte, Maria Letizia Madeleine, Mary Magdalen Mary Magdalene of Magdala, See Luke vii:2. Identified with the sinner of Luke vii:37 BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Madelonnettes A convent in Paris founded in 1620, it was converted to a Prison for male prisoners during the Revolution. The building was later razed by Haussman. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Machault died there. Madrid, Spain The capital and largest city in Spain, located on the Manzanares river in the centre of the country. Cultural highlights include the Escorial, the Royal Palace of Madrid, and the nearby royal monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, built by Philip II in the sixteenth century. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 A letter dated from there. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 BkXXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 The Escorial palace. BkXX:Chap8:Sec1 Napoleon left Spain in January 1809. BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 The paintings at the Prado and the Escorial. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 The Spanish capital. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 An example of French influence. BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 France supplied troops to put down the Carlist insurrections in Madrid in 1836. Thiers wished to increase the force but was opposed and resigned in August 1836, to be replaced by Mol at the Foreign office.

Maeotian Sea, Sea of Azov The Sea of Azov, a northern section of the Black Sea, linked to the larger body through the Strait of Kerch, is bounded on the north by Ukraine, on the east by Russia and on the west by the Crimean peninsula. In antiquity, it was known as the Maeotian Lake or Maeotian Sea (Palus Maeotis). BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 The reference is to a comment in Jornands. Chateaubriands text has Palus Motides. Maffliers, France A commune in the Val dOise, it lies near Beaumont-sur-Oise, thirty kilometres north of Paris. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 Madame de Stal took refuge there. Magellanic Clouds The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds are satellite galaxies which accompany our own. They are situated near the south pole of the heavens. They were first recorded by the great navigator, Ferdinand Magellan (c14801521) in 1519. BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Magon de La Gicquelais, Hervine Childhood playmate of Chateaubriand. BkI:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Mahamet, Mahamed Mamelukes. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Executed after the fall of Jaffa in 1799. Mahmud II, Sultan 1784-1839. The Ottoman sultan (1808-39) was the younger son of Abd alHamid I. He was raised to the throne of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) upon the deposition of his brother, Mustafa IV, and continued the reforms of his cousin, Selim III. During his reign, the Eastern Question assumed increasing importance. Mahmud inherited the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-12, which ended with Turkeys loss of Bessarabia. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Napoleon asks for an alliance in 1812. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 The brutal elimination of the Janissaries in 1826 displayed his political determination. At the end of 1831 he started on the path of reform.

BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Supported by England. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 The threat from him in 1828 analysed. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. The lady who wrote to Chateaubriand in 1829, and was pro-Mahmud, was the Comtesse de Castellane whose friendship with Chateaubriand in 1823 lead Madame Rcamier to leave Paris for a long stay in Italy. BkXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 The French Liberal view of him. Mahomet, or Mohammed, or Muhammad c570-c632. The founder of the Islamic faith, he was born into the noble Quraish clan, he was orphaned at an early age. He became a successful merchant then a contemplative. Following a supposedly divine vision he spent the rest of his life winning converts and uniting Arabia behind his faith, known as Islam (Submission, to the Will of God). His teachings later formed the basis of the written Koran (or Quran). BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 The militaristic origins of Islam. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Bonaparte as a friend of Islam. In Islam, Munkar and Nakir (the Moukir and Quarkir of the text) are two black, blue-eyed malaikah (angels) who test the faith of the dead in their graves. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Muslim faith in an afterlife. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 The tomb of the prophet is in Medina. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec3 Chateaubriands dislike of Islam as a pernicious religion. Mahomet, for Mehmed II, the Conqueror, Sultan 1432-1481. He was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople, bringing an end to the Medieval Greek Byzantine Empire. From this point onward, he claimed the title of Caesar in addition to his other titles. BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 In 1490 his son Bayezid II (1447-1512) was Sultan. Mailhes, for Mailhe, Jean-Baptiste 1754-1834. Deputy to the National Convention from Haute-Garrone, he reported in 1792 the decision of the Committee on Legislation that the person of Louis XVI was not inviolate as a matter of law. As one of the first to vote in the question of death after the trial, he voted for death but suggested that the Convention might delay the execution. Mailhe survived

the persecution of the Gerondists and, after the fall of Robespierre, moved the disbanding of the Jacobins. As a regicide he was exiled to Brussels at the Restoration; he prospered there and returned to Paris a wealthy man in 1830. Welcomed the Provisional Governments BkXXII:Chap18:Sec1 condemnation of Napoleon in April 1814. Maillard de Lescourt, Major An artillery officer in 1814. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Ordered to blow up the Grenelle powder-magazine. Maillis, Thodore Berbis de Officer in the Navarre Regiment. BkIV:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand encountered him in 1786. Mailly, Louise-Julie de Mailly-Nesle, Comtesse de 1710-1751 Mistress of Louis XV, she was the daughter of Louis, Marquis de Nesle. In 1726 she married her cousin, Louis Alexandre de Mailly. Although Louis XV had paid her attentions from 1732, she did not become titular mistress until 1738. She did not use her position either to enrich herself or to interfere in politics. She was supplanted by her sister, the Duchess of Chteauroux, and obliged to leave court in 1742. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Maine de Biron 1766-1824. Lawyer and writer. BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 A Member of the Legislative commission in 1813. Maintenon, France The chteau, near Chartres, was bought in 1674 and enhanced by Franoise d'Aubign, the widow of the poet Scarron and future Marquise de Maintenon. In 1698 it passed to the Noailles family. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned as a place where part of the Memoirs was written. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 The Maintenon road from Rambouillet. Maintenon, Franoise dAubign, Marquise de 16351719. The second wife of the French king Louis XIV, her grandfather was Agrippa d'Aubign, the Huguenot hero. The family spent some years in Martinique, but upon her father's death she and her mother returned to France. Although baptized a Roman Catholic, the child was educated by a

Protestant aunt. Later cared for by Catholic relatives, she became a very devout Catholic. At 16 she married the poet Paul Scarron and became a figure in the literary and intellectual world of Paris. After his death in 1660 the queen mother continued the poet's pension to his widow, and later Mme de Montespan obtained a pension for her. She became (1669) the governess for the children of Mme de Montespan and the king and gradually supplanted Mme de Montespan in the esteem and affections of Louis XIV, who made her a marquise. Mme de Maintenon exercised considerable influence over Louis and greatly lifted the moral tone of the court, although the ascription to her of Louis's mistakes (particularly the revocation of the Edict of Nantes) is an exaggeration. The queen, Marie Thrse, was devoted to her and died in her arms. In 1684 she was morganatically married to the king. In her later years Mme de Maintenon gave much of her attention to the famous school of Saint-Cyr, which she had founded for the daughters of poor but noble families. She also wrote remarkable essays and letters dealing with education. BkI:Chap1:Sec11 Her school at Saint-Cyr. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Madame de Vintimille might have lived in her company. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Mainz, Germany Capital of the Rhineland-Palatinate, West Germany, a port on the east bank of the Rhine River opposite the mouth of the Main River. Its French name is Mayence. Mainz is one of the great historical cities of Germany. It grew on the site of the Roman camp of Maguntiacum, or Mogontiacum (founded 1st cent. BC). The city was (74647) the seat of the first German archbishop, St. Boniface (c.675754). The later archbishops acquired considerable territory around Mainz and in Franconia, on both sides of the Main, which they ruled as princes of the Holy Roman Empire. Very early they received a vote in the imperial elections and had precedence over the other Electors; they crowned the German kings. From the 16th cent., with the emperors-elect, the archbishops-electors were ex officio arch-chancellors of the Holy Roman Empire. Under the rule of the archbishops-electors Mainz flourished as a commercial and cultural centre. Johann Gutenberg (c.13971468) lived in Mainz, which he made the first printing centre of Europe. Occupied in 1792 by the French, the city was ceded to France by the treaties of Campo-Formio (1797) and Lunville (1801), and the archbishopric was secularized and reduced to a diocese in 1803. The last archbishop, K. T. von Dalberg, became (1806) prince-primate of the Confederation of the Rhine. The

Congress of Vienna made (1815) Mainz a federal fortress of the German Confederation and awarded it, with Rhenish Hesse, to the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt. The city was made (1816) the provincial capital of Rhenish Hesse. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Ceded to the French (as Mayence) in 1797. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Napoleon there in 1806. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Napoleon retreated there after Hanau in November 1813. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand crossed the Rhine there in 1821. Maison, Nicholas-Joseph 1771-1840. General under Napoleon, he was a Peer of France under Louis XVIII, and Governor of Paris, a Marshal of France under Charles X, and ambassador to Venice (1831) and St Petersburg (1833) under LouisPhilippe, and finally Minister of War in 1835. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 Met Louis XVIII landing at Calais in April 1814. He was made a Marshal in 1829 for his action leading the expedition to the Morea. BkXXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Appointed as one of the three Commissioners charged with escorting Charles X to Cherbourg in 1830. Maison-Blanche He was secretary to Deshayes in 1647. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Maitland, Rear Admiral Sir Frederick Lewis, 1777-1839. A Naval commander, he was born in Rankeilour (near Cupar, Fife), the son of a naval Captain, who had fought much of the Seven Years War in the West Indies, and grandson of Charles Maitland, the 6th Earl of Lauderdale. Maitland began his naval career at the age of 8, as servant to his father who was, by that time, Captain of the Royal Yacht Princess Augusta. He was a Midshipman by the age of 16, Lieutenant by 18, Commander by 22 and Captain of his own ship by 24. He served in the Mediterranean, supported General Sir Ralph Abercromby (1734 - 1801) at Aboukir Bay, but also in Canada, America and the West Indies. While in command of HMS Bellerophon, he took Napoleon on board at Rochefort (France) after the Hundred Days. Maitland went on to be promoted to Admiral (1830), knighted (1831) and ended his career (and his life) as Commander-in-Chief

in the East Indies. He acquired an estate at Lindores through his wifes family and built a country house there. BkXXIV:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Captain of Bellerephon. Majorat On March 1, 1808, Napoleon established a legal system of titles, but the word nobility is not used anywhere in the legal texts, and no privileges were attached to it. Nevertheless, in common parlance it is often called nobility (noblesse dEmpire). Titles were created by Letters Patent of the Emperor, or, for the most part, were automatic and came with certain positions. However, the titles did not become hereditary until certain conditions were met (in particular the constitution by the grantee of an endowment in land to be attached to the title, the majorat), and a newly created Conseil du Sceau des Titres was in charge of verifying compliance. BkXXII:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. Majorien, Emperor Julius Valerius Majorianus d. 461. Soldier, Western Emperor from 457, he campaigned in Gaul, Italy and Spain. BkIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Malavalle Saint William of Malavalle (William X, Duke of Aquitania and Count of Poitiers) supporter of anti-pope Anacletus II, was converted by Bernard of Clairvaux. He withdrew to Malavalle di Castiglione della Pescaia, an isolated valley in Tuscany in Siennese territory, to live a hermits life. He died in 1157, and was canonized in 1202. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Malcolm, Admiral Sir Pulteney 1768-1838. The Naval Commander at St Helena, replacing Cockburn, he was a friend of Walter Scott. He entered the navy in 1778. He distinguished himself by his support of Nelson against the French fleet in the West Indies in 1805. Promoted to Rear Admiral, he was given command of a convoy carrying troops to America in 1813. Malcolm was involved in the British attack on Washington DC, the battle of Baltimore, and the battle of New Orleans. He returned to duty in the North Sea, providing naval support for the army under Wellington. He was made commander on the St. Helena station, maintaining a blockade of the island to guard Napoleon. He

completed his active naval career with two terms as Commander in Chief of the Mediterranean between 1828 and his retirement in 1834. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Met Napoleon on St Helena. Malescot, Gilles Attorney-general to Louis XIV. BkI:Chap1:Sec4 Signatory to the order granting rights to Christophe II in 1669. Malesherbes, Chrtien-Guillaume de Lamoignon de 1721-1794. A leading figure of the pre-Revolutionary era in France. Minister of State under Louis XVI, he defended the King in front of the Convention. He was banished from court in 1771 for criticising the monarchy, but was guillotined as a Royalist, 22nd April 1794. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkI:Chap1:Sec6. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 Great-grandfather on the mothers side, and godfather, of Christian de Chateaubriand. BkI:Chap2:Sec1 Grandfather-in-law of Jean-Baptiste. BkIII:Chap6:Sec1 He admired Lucile. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkIX:Chap15:Sec1 His two daughters were MarieThrse who married President de Rosanbo, and Franoise-Pauline who married Baron de Montboissier. His grand-daughter was Madame dAulnay. Sympathetic to the revolutionary ideals. BkV:Chap12:Sec2 Executed with Le Chapelier and Chateaubriands brother. BkV:Chap15:Sec3 BkVII:Chap1:Sec1 His support for Chateaubriands voyage to America to search for the North-West Passage. BkVII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him from Niagara. BkIX:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand visits him again in Paris in 1792. BkIX:Chap6:Sec1 Godfather of Christian de Chateaubriand. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 In fact Malesherbes had married in 1749 the daughter of the financier Grimod de la Reynire. His second daughters mother-in-law, Madame de Montboissier was Charlotte Boutin, but not a daughter of Boutin of the Tivoli Gardens, rather the daughter of Charles-Robert Boutin, the Intendant of Guyenne. BkX:Chap2:Sec1 He invited Chateaubriands brother to return to France from Brussels in late 1792. BkX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriands brother staying with him in Paris in January 1793.

BkX:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand learnt of his death and those of his other relatives, executed on the 22nd of April 1794 at 5pm, in the Place de la Rvolution. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 His name appears on the death warrant exhibited, and he was executed with Chateaubriands brother. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Stumbled on leaving for the Tribunal. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 A monument to him at Montboissier. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 The Malesherbes estate passed to Louis de Chateaubriand. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Malestroit en Dol A village in Brittany, it was part of the titled estates of Chateaubriands father. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Malet, Claude-Franois, General 1754-1812. Malet tried to overthrow Napoleon and was later executed. A member of an aristocratic family, Malet was disinherited for supporting the revolution. He was opposed to the crowning of Napoleon as emperor, and was accused of belonging to the Philadelphes, a secret Republican society. He was under house arrest at the time of his conspiracy, but disguised himself as a current general with a fictitious name, Lamotte, in order to free his co-conspirators from prison. He shot the governor of Paris in 1812 but got no closer to the emperor, and was captured, court-martialed and executed. BkXVI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 He smashed Hulins jaw in the attack. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec3 Napoleon made aware of the conspiracy in Russia. Malfiltre, Alexandre-Henri de 1757-1803. A Counsellor at the High Court of Brittany, he was a cousin of the poet. BkIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 Secretly loved by Lucile. Malfiltre, Jacques-Charles-Louis de Clinchamp de 1732-1767. A French poet, he led a difficult and impoverished life in Paris. He left verse fragments of a translation of Virgil and a poem Narcisse dans l'le de Vnus (1769). BkIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

Malibran, Maria Felicita, Madame 1808-1836. Daughter of the tenor Manuel Garca, she began her brief but intense career at a very early age, making her debut in London in 1825 when she stood in for Pasta in the Barbiere di Siviglia. Famous throughout the world for her performances in the operas of Rossini and Bellini, she was considered one of the greatest singers of the nineteenth century, thanks to her fine stage presence and a voice (soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto) with extraordinary extension. She died in Manchester, England, at the age of twenty-eight, after a fall from a horse. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Mallet du Pan, Jacques 1749-1800. Born in Geneva, he left for Paris after the 1782 Revolution. A Royalist partisan, he was editor/writer of the Mercure de Paris. He fled to Geneva, then in 1792 Brussels and finally England, where he was an effective counter-revolutionary agent. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Malleville, Claude de 1597-1647. A French poet, he became Secretary to the King. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Malmaison (Rueil-Malmaison), France Located six miles outside Paris, on Josephines initiative the chteau was purchased by Napoleon in 1799 and transformed by the architects Percier and Fontaine into what was to become the couples preferred residence during the entire Consulate period. Although Josephine was occasionally elsewhere during the first years of the Empire, Malmaison became her refuge after the divorce in 1809 and it was here that she died in 1814. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec2 BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Bonaparte there while the Duc dEnghien was executed. BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 Used for receptions for the foreign sovereigns in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 Napoleon writes from there in June 1815. BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 Napoleon retires there after his second abdication. BkXXIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleon there from the 25th to the 29th of May 1815. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned.

Malodeczno (Molodetschino) The modern Maladzechna in the Minsk province of Belarus, it is located on the Usza River, and has been a settlement since 1388 when it was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Napoleons 29th Bulletin is headed from there, dated December 3rd 1812. Maloyaroslavec (Malojaroslavets), Russia A town near Moscow, on the Luzh River, it was where Eugnes corps won a battle on 24th October 1812 during the retreat from Moscow. French casualties were about 5,000, including Delzons killed, while the Russians lost 6,000. Strategically, though not tactically, it was a victory for the Russians. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Taken during the French retreat. Malo, Saint Born in Glamorgan, Wales c487. A disciple of Saint Brendan. The British Saint Aaron crossed into Armorica (Brittany) and lived as a hermit on the island of Cesambre, called Saint Aaron until 1150 and now Saint Malo. Eventually Aaron was joined by a group of disciples and became their abbot. Among the disciples was Saint Malo, who arrived from Wales c538 and was warmly welcomed. BkI:Chap4:Sec3 Malos building of a church on the island. Malout, Pierre Victor, Baron 1740-1814. French publicist and politician, born at Riom (Puy-de-Dme), he entered the civil service and was employed in Lisbon, San Domingo, and in France under Napoleon, who created him Baron, and the first Restoration when he became Commissary of the Navy. He had previously emigrated to England in September 1792. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him at Mrs Lindsays. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Commissary of the Navy in 1814. Malouine Islands, The Falklands The Falkland Islands were first sighted by English navigator John Davis of the Desire in 1592. They were re-identified by another English navigator Sir Richard Hawkins in 1594 who named them Hawkins Maydenlande after himself and Queen Elizabeth. The first recorded landing by the British on the Falkland Islands occurred in 1690. The name Falkland's Land was given to the whole archipelago in 1708 by Captain Woode Rogers, an

English privateer who was later made Governor of Jamaica. The first settlement was established in February 1764 by the French nobleman, Antoine Louise de Bougainville, who named the Islands Isles Malouines after Saint-Malo, the port from which the expedition set out. Bougainville dreamt of founding a new colony for the Acadians who had been expelled from Canada to Saint-Malo. He chose the Falkland Islands because he believed their remote location would protect the colonists from harassment. In 1766 Political expediency forced the French to accede to Spanish demands that France abandon the colony, which the Spanish claimed contravened both the papal bull of 1494 and the recently signed 'Family Pact'. Bougainville was instructed to sign away the colony in return for 25,000 and reimbursement of the expenses which he had incurred in setting it up. The formal act of cession was carried out at Fort St. Louis (renamed Port Soledad or Port Solitude by the Spanish) on 1 April 1767 in the presence of Bougainville and a small contingent of Spanish settlers lead by the new Governor of the Islas Malvinas Don Felipe Ruiz Puente. The disputed islands (claimed successively by Britain, France, Spain, and Argentina) were reclaimed by the British during the mid-nineteenth century, and subsequently defended against invasion. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 Named by Bougainville after Saint-Malo. Malta, Order of

The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (commonly known as the Order of Malta) is a lay, religious order of the Catholic Church, founded in Jerusalem during the eleventh century. With the Bull of 15 February 1113, Pope Paschal II approved the foundation of the Hospital and placed it under the aegis of the Holy See, granting it the right to freely elect its superiors without any interference by other secular or religious authorities. The Order first settled in Cyprus, then Rhodes, after the abandonment of the Holy Land, and driven from Rhodes established itself in Malta which it defended from Sultan Soliman in the great siege of 1530. Its fleet contributed to the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 which destroyed Ottoman naval power. The Order was forced to leave Malta in 1798 when Napoleon occupied the island, and the Order settled in Rome. The earliest members of the Order were drawn from throughout Europe. Most were of noble birth, being the younger sons of enfeoffed knights and other feudal lords. They belonged to one of three ranks, namely knights, who were of noble birth, chaplains, and serving brothers. Much later, the Order instituted the practice of investing as knights worthy gentlemen who, though not of noble birth, were received by the grace of the Grand Master. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 Chateaubriand mentions his affiliation to the Order. BkI:Chap1:Sec5 BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkV:Chap4:Sec1 His application for enrolment. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriands affiliation to the Order would have entitled him to certain benefices. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec2 Napoleon landed there and seized the island on the 9th of June 1798. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec3 The Bailli de Crussol a survivor of the Order from Malta. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Its churches. BkXXXIX:Chap21:Sec1 Mentioned. Malte-Brun, Malte Conrad Bruun, called 1775-1826. A Danish geographer, living in Paris from 1802. He published a number of significant works on Geography and wrote for the Journal des Dbats. First Secretary-general of the French Geographic Society from 1822-1824. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Advised Chateaubriand regarding Les Martyrs. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 His news sheet, La Semaine.

Mandaroux-Vertamy, Jean-Baptiste-Julien He was a lawyer in the Court of Cassation, and one of Chateaubriands literary executors. BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 Mentioned. Mandelot, Franois de, Seigneur de Pacy, Vicomte de Chalon d. 1588 Governor of Lyons at the time of the St Bartholomews Day Massacres in 1572. He was responsible for the Huguenot massacre there. BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Mandini, Stefano 1750-c1810. Singer at the Opera Buffa. The baritone sang the role of Count Almaviva in Mozarts The Marriage of Figaro. He later sang in Vienna, Venice, Naples and St. Petersburg. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Mandini, Madame A singer at the Opera Buffa, she was the wife of Stefano. The soprano sang Marcellina in the Marriage of Figaro. She was born in France, the daughter of a court official at Versailles, joining the newly formed Italian Opera company with him in Vienna in 1783. Her dbut with the Italian Opera company was as Madama Brillante in L'Italiana in Londra by Cimarosa. She also appeared as Britomarte in L'arbore di Diana by Vicente Martn y Soler - another opera to a libretto by Da Ponte. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Mamelukes, Mamluks Slave soldiers who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ottoman Empire. Over time they became a powerful military caste, and on more than one occasion they seized power for themselves, for example in Egypt from 1250 to 1517. Napoleon defeated Mameluke troops when he attacked Egypt in 1798 and drove them to Upper Egypt. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 BkXIX:Chap14:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 BkXIX:Chap15:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Chateaubriands Mameluke sabre was a souvenir from his trip to the Orient. Manfrin, Girolamo

d. 1801. An art collector from Friuli, whose wealth derived from a tobacco monopoly, he built up a fine collection (from 1748) displayed from 1787 in his palace (the Palazzo Venier renamed Palazzo Manfrin) in the Canareggio quarter. The collection mainly specialized in paintings from the Veneto. The collection was added to by his son, see Hobhouses journal and Byrons Beppo: Stanzas 11-12. The collection was later sold and dispersed ( Paris 1870). BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand visits the gallery. Mangin, Jean-Henri-Claude 1786-1835. Magistrate and Orator, Councillor at the Court of Cassation from 1827, he was Prefect of Police during the 1830 Revolution, having taken up his post in August 1829. BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 He attempted to seize the Nationals presses on 27th of July 1830. Manin, Ludovico d. 1797. He was the last Doge of Venice. His tomb is in the church of Santa Maria Nazareth on the Grand Canal. BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 Mentioned. Maniots The Maniots (also known as Maniates) are the Greek inhabitants of the Mani Peninsula in southern Peloponnese in the Greek prefecture of Laconia. The peninsula itself is an extension of the Taygetus mountain range. The Maniots are deemed an ancient Greek people who descend from the Lacedaemonians (Spartans). They played a prominent part in the wars of Greek Independence. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Bonaparte writes to them. Mannheim A city in Germany. It is now the second largest city in the state of BadenWrttemberg after the capital Stuttgart. Mannheim is situated at the confluence of the rivers Rhine and Neckar, in the northwestern corner of the state of Baden-Wrttemberg. BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Blchers army crossed the Rhine there in 1813. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand on his way there in June 1833.

BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1833. Mannheim gold is a kind of brass made in imitation of gold. It contains eighty percent copper and twenty percent zinc. Manouf It was the site of an Egyptian canal project. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 Mentioned. Mansfield, Frederica Markham Murray, Lady 1774-1860. Society hostess. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Manso, Giambattista, Marchese della Villa 1560-1645. Founder of the College of nobles at Naples, he published a Life of Tasso. BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 Mentioned. Mantua, Italy A city of northern Italy south-southwest of Verona, it was originally an Etruscan settlement, was ceded to Austria in 1714 and was finally returned to Italy in 1866. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Napoleon took the strategic Austrian fortress there finally after a long siege on 2nd February 1797. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 On the 14th-15th September 1796 the French had won against Wurmser at San-Giorgio (a suburb of Mantua containing the ducal castle) BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 The second siege of Mantua in 1799. Manuel, Jacques-Antoine 1775-1827. French politician and orator, he left the army in 1797 to become a lawyer. In 1814 he was chosen a member of the Chamber of Representatives, and in 1815 he urged the claim of Napoleons son to the French throne and protested against the restoration of the Bourbons. After this event he actively opposed the government, his eloquence making him the foremost orator among the members of the Left. In February 1823 his opposition to the proposed expedition into Spain to help Ferdinand VII against his rebellious subjects produced a tumult in the Assembly. Manuel was expelled, but he refused to accept this sentence, and force was employed to remove him. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 His support for Napoleons son and his claims.

BkXXVIII:Chap14:Sec1 His death in 1827. Manzoni, Alessandro 17851873, An Italian novelist and poet, in 182127, under the influence of Sir Walter Scott, Manzoni produced his most famous work, I promessi sposi (translated as The Betrothed, 1827), a novel of 16th-century Milan, that reveals a detailed understanding of Italian life and remains one of Italys most enduring novels. By 1875, 118 editions had appeared, and the work was widely translated. Preface:Sect3. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 His ode on the death of Napoleon entitled: Il cinque maggio (1821) BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 See the second plague in Milan in The Betrothed of 1827. BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 See his tragedy of 1820-1822 Adelchi IV:1 lines 15-16. Sento una pace! Stanca, foriera della tomba. BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 See Adelchi IV:1 lines 98-102. Marais, Le The chteau of Le Marais, near Saint-Chron, forty kilometres south-west of Paris belonged to Madame La Briche. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Marat, Jean-Paul 1743-1793. A Swiss-born scientist and physician, who made much of his career in England, he is best known as a French Revolutionary. A member of the radical Jacobin faction he helped to launch the Reign of Terror. From a relatively early date, Marat advocated doing away with the monarchy and raged against more moderate revolutionary leaders. In July 1790 he wrote Five or six hundred heads cut off would have assured your repose, freedom and happiness. A false humanity has held your arms and suspended your blows; because of this millions of your brothers will lose their lives. He approved of the September 1792 massacres of jailed enemies of the Revolution and established the Committee of Surveillance whose role was to root out antirevolutionaries. Marat composed the death lists from which the innocent and the guilty alike were executed. One of his victims may have been the chemist Antoine Lavoisier. He was stabbed in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday, a Girondist, in 1793. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 BkV:Chap9:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned.

BkV:Chap10:Sec1 BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Active, publishing Lami du peuple from1789. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 Publishing Lami du people in early 1792 despite the decree against him. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 He and his friends described. He had achieved fame as a doctor, and in 1777, the comte dArtois, afterwards Charles X of France, made him, by brevet, physician to his guards with 2000 livres a year and allowances. BkIX:Chap4:Sec1 One of Dantons Furies. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 His bust, by Bonvalet, was displayed in the councilchamber, and widely replicated as part of the cult following his death. Marathon The site of the battle during the Greek-Persian Wars, in 490BC, it was where Miltiades and the Athenians defeated the Persians. Phidippides was sent to summon Spartan help (the Marathon distance) but the Spartans arrived too late to influence the battle. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Marathon, New York State. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 The plains of Marathon in Greece. Marbeuf, Charles-Louis-Ren, Comte de 1712-1786. A Breton general from a military family, born in Rennes, he rose to the rank of Brigadier before becoming gentleman-in-waiting to King Stanislas I of Poland. He was subsequently Governor of Corsica (17721786), where he died. James Boswell, Samuel Johnsons biographer, stayed with him when visiting Corsica. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He sponsored Napoleons schooling at Autun and Brienne. Marceau-Desgraviers, Franois-Sverin, General 1769-1796. A Revolutionary General, he joined in the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789. He took part in the defence of Verdun in 1792 and the defence of Saumur against the Vendean Royalists, distinguishing himself at Saumur on 10 June 1793. With Klber, he won important victories near Le Mans (December 12-13) and Savenay (23 December 1793). He took part in the 1795-1796 campaign with the armies of the Sambre and Meuse, fighting on the Rhine and the Lahn and distinguishing himself alongside Klber near Neuwied and Sulzbach. In 1796, Jourdan and Jean Victor Moreaus invasion of Germany ended in disaster and Marceaus men covered Jourdans retreat over the Rhine. Marceau fought in the

desperate actions on the Lahn (16-18 September 1796) until at Altenkirchen on September 19, he received a mortal wound. He died two days later. The Austrians competed with Marceaus own countrymen to honour the dead general. His body was burned and the ashes placed under a pyramid in Koblenz designed by Klber. They were transferred to the Panthon in 1889. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec1 A great general of the Republic. Marcellus, Marie-Louis-Jean-Andr Demartin du Tyrac, Vicomte then Comte de 1795-1865. A Diplomat and writer, and a cultivated man he brought the Venus de Milo to France. He served in Constantinople from 1816-1820. He was the author of Souvenirs de LOrient (1839), Twenty Days in Sicily (1841). BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriands main confidante in London. Became First secretary and then chargs daffaires at the time of the Congress of Vienna. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets Rivire at his house in 1827, he having served under Rivire in Constantinople. Marchais, Andre-Louis-Augustin 1800-1857. A Republican he was in 1830 secretary to the Aide-toi society. Aide-toi, le ciel taidera: Aid yourself, and Heaven will aid you was founded by Guizot in 1827, its President in 1830 being Barrot a moderate Republican who favoured a Constitutional monarchy hedged by Republcian institutions. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 His arrest ordered but not carried out on 28th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 At the Palais-Royal on the 31st of July 1830. Marchal, Pierre-Franois 1785-1864. A Deputy from 1827, he used the telegraph to consolidate the new regimes grip on France. Re-elected 1831-1834 and 1837-1845. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Named as Commissioner for Telegraphic Services of the Municipal Commission, 29th July 1830. Marchand or Le Marchand, Abb A teacher at Rennes college. BkII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Marchand, Louis Joseph, Comte

1791-1876. Napoleons head valet on St Helena, and an executor of his will. He joined the Imperial service in 1811, remained loyal to Napoleon and retired to France after Napoleons death, where he married in 1823. Napoleon made him a Count on his death-bed, an act ratified in 1869 by Napoleon III. He participated in the ceremonial return of Napoleons remains in 1840. His Memoirs were published in 1955. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 At St Helena. Marche, Jean-Franois de la, Comte de Lon, Bishop of Saint-Pol-deLon 1729-1805. Royalist reactionary. BkXI:Chap2:Sec4 Emigrated to London. Marchenna, Jos 1768-1821. Exiled in France because of his unorthodox views, he collaborated with Marat for a time. He was expelled after Fructidor (1797) for his counter-revolutionary views. He is known as a translator and for his erotic Latin pastiches. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 His pamphlets. Marco Polo c1254-1324. A Venetian traveller, he journeyed with his uncle Niccolo Polo and his uncle Maffeo Polo who had made a trip to Beijing (Peking) in 12601269, in 1271. He entered the Mongol Emperor, Kublai Khans service there and conducted missions to South India. He left China in 1292. He subsequently fought for the Venetians against the Genoese, was captured, and in prison (1296-1298) dictated his account of his travels, which remained a major source of knowledge on the East until the 19th century. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand attributes him with a 27 year trip. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus Caesar 121-180. He was the last of the Five Good Emperors who governed the Roman Empire from 96 to 180, and is also considered one of the most important Stoic philosophers. BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Quoted. Marchal, see Keith, Lord Marengo

The Battle of Marengo witnessed the defeat of the Austrians on 14 June 1800 by a French army under Napoleon, during his Italian campaign, near the village of Marengo in Piedmont, Italy. It was one of Napoleons most significant victories and resulted in the Austrians ceding northern Italy to France. BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 BkXVI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Marengo County, Alabama. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Bonaparte wept at Desaixs death there. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 The battle fought there on the 14th of June 1800. Maret, Hughues-Bernard, Duc de Bassano 1763-1839. A French statesman and publicist, born at Dijon, he was a Feuillant. He helped to publish the Moniteur universel, which gained a wide reputation for correctness and impartiality. Representative of the Revolutionary Government in London and Naples. Secretary of State to Napoleon, the Moniteur became the official journal of State. Made a Minister 1804, and a Duke 1809. Remained as private secretary to Napoleon through 1814-1815. Exiled after the second Restoration, he retired to Gratz. Returned to France in 1820. After the 1830 Revolution he was made a Peer by Louis-Philippe. He was noted for his loyalty to Napoleon, his moderation, sense, and hard-work. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in 1792. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleon writes to him in October 1812. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec1 He takes Chateaubriands pamphlet to Napoleon in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 With Napoleon after the Hundred Days. Marguerite dcosse, Margaret of Scotland c1418-1445. Daughter of James I of Scotland, she married Louis XI of France in 1436. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 The legend of the virtuous kiss she gave to Alain Chartier while he was sleeping. Marguerite de France, Duchesse de Berry

1523-1574. Daughter of Francis I of France and his first wife Claude of France, the daughter of Louis XII and Anne de Bretagne. Marguerite married Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy. Their only child was Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Supported Cujas. Marguerite de Navarre 1492-1549. Margaret of Angoulme was queen consort of Navarre, and sister of King Francis I of France. After the death of her first husband she married (1527) Henri dAlbret, king of Navarre; their daughter was Jeanne dAlbret. Margaret was an ardent supporter of religious liberty and mild church reform. Her brilliant court at Navarre was frequented by literary men, among them tienne Dolet, Clment Marot, and Franois Rabelais. A writer herself, she is best known for the Heptamron (1558), an original collection of 72 stories in the manner of Boccaccio. She also wrote plays and poems. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 The second Marguerite is Marguerite de Valois. Marguerite de Provence c1221-1295. A daughter of Raymond Berenger IV, Count of Provence, and Beatrice of Savoy. She was queen consort of Louis IX, Saint Louis. Her older sister Sanchia of Provence became the Queen consort of Richard, Earl of Cornwall and rival King of the Germans. Her sister of similar age Beatrice of Provence was the Queen consort of Charles I of Sicily. Her younger sister Eleanor of Provence became the Queen consort of Henry III of England. See Dantes Paradiso Canto VI:112 for a famous mention of Raymond and his four daughters every one a queen. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Noted for her beauty. Marguerite de Valois 1553-1615. Queen of France and Navarre, she was the daughter of King Henry II of France and of Catherine de Medici. She was known as Queen Margot. Her wedding (1572) with Henry, Protestant king of Navarre (later Henry IV of France), which was intended to mark the peace between Roman Catholics and Protestants, instead was a prelude to the massacre of Protestants on Saint Bartholomews Day. The marriage was one of mutual toleration. Margaret took part in the intrigues of her husband and her brother Francis, duke of Alenon and Anjou. In 1583 her brother King Henry III exiled her from Paris because of her promiscuous conduct. Estranged from both her husband and her brother, she took up arms against them and seized Agen. She was taken prisoner by royal troops (1586) and confined at the

castle of Usson, but she soon became mistress of the castle. Although sympathetic with the Catholic League, she took little part in the succeeding troubles. She refused to agree to Henry IVs demand for the annulment of their marriage so he could marry his mistress, Gabrielle dEstres, although she finally consented (1599) to the annulment after Gabrielles death. In her retirement at Usson (15871605), she maintained a small court, in which men of letters were prominent. She spent her last years in Paris. See Dumas Queen Margot. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Her lover Aubiac. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Pibrac was her chancellor. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Maria She was a maidservant in the London Embassy in 1822. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Maria-Christina of Bourbon, Princess of the Two Sicilies, Queen of Spain 1806-1878. Queen Consort of Spain (1829 to 1833), Queen Regent of Spain (1833 to 1840). Maria Christina was the fourth wife of her uncle King Ferdinand VII of Spain. BkXXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Married in 1829. Marie-Antoinette, Queen of France 1755-1793. Daughter of Francis I, and Maria Theresa, she was the wife (from 1770) of Louis the Dauphin (Louis XVI of France) and Queen from 1774-1793, her extravagance, alleged immorality, and uncompromising attitude to the Revolution contributed to the monarchys demise. She was guillotined on the 16th October 1793. BkIV:Chap1:Sec3 Living at Versailles in all her youth and beauty in 1786. BkV:Chap3:Sec1 The affair of the Queens necklace was a scandal that took place at court just before the Revolution. An adventuress who called herself the comtesse de La Motte duped Cardinal de Rohan, the grand almoner, who was out of favour with the queen, into believing that she could regain the queens regard for him. Mme de La Motte and her accomplices then engineered a sham correspondence between the cardinal and the queen and even arranged an interview between him and a woman impersonating the queen. In the interview the cardinal was led to believe that the queen wished to acquire a diamond necklace of enormous value and that she had chosen him as her confidential agent. When Rohan obtained the necklace from the

jewellers, he turned it over to the Comtesse; her husband took it to London, where it was broken up for sale. The affair became public after Rohan failed to meet the payments to the jewellers. The cardinal was arrested and tried by the parlement; he was acquitted but lost his position in court. Mme de La Motte was punished and imprisoned, but she escaped to London, where she wrote her highly questionable memoirs. Alessandro Cagliostro, at first suspected of complicity, was acquitted. The queen, noted for her extravagance and frivolity, was unjustly implicated in the affair; her enemies hinted that she had schemed to ruin the cardinal or that she had used her favour to obtain the necklace and then refused to pay. The scandal added greatly to her unpopularity at a critical time. A vast literature grew around the subject, notably Dumas romance The Queens Necklace and Carlyles Diamond Necklace. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand saw her at Versailles in July 1789. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 She remained with the King after the fall of the Bastille. BkV:Chap10:Sec1 Appeared at the provocative banquet given by the Guardes du Corps for the officers of the Flanders Regiment, on 1st October 1789. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 The anniversary of her death on the 16th October. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 She intervened on behalf of Charles Asgill. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 Madame Roland sought her execution. BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 Owner of the Chteau of Saint-Cloud. BkXXII:Chap 25:Sec1 Her remains exhumed 18th January 1815. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 Her will, a letter to Madame Elisabeth was found among the papers of Courtois a deputy who had hidden it, and published in 1816. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Her liking for the Trianon. BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 Mentioned. Marie-Caroline, see Berry Maria Christina Albertina Carolina of Saxony 1779-1851. She married the Prince de Carignan, Charles-Emmanuel of Savoy. After his death in 1800 she married again. Her son Charles-Albert became King of Piedmont-Sardinia in 1831. BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Maria-Christina, Johana Josephe Antonie of Austria, Archduchess 1742-1798. Called Mimi, she was the fourth daughter and fifth child of Maria Theresa of Austria and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor. She is buried

in the Tuscan Vault of the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, along with her husband and daughter. The famous and moving monument sculpted by Canova, her husband erected to her memory, is in the Augustinerkirche. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Her splendid monument by Canova. Maria-Fedorovna, Sophie Marie Dorothea Auguste Louise of Wrttemberg 1759-1828. The second wife of Paul I of Russia. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 She died on the 4th of November 1828. The reference is to the Decembrist conspiracy which broke out in December 1825, and resulted in the executions of 13th January 1826. Marie de France Late 12th century. A poetess born in France according to her works, she later lived in England. She wrote a form of continental French that was copied by Anglo-Norman scribes. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 The langue dOl is the linguistic and historical designation of the Gallo-Romance languages which originated in the northern territories of Roman Gaul now occupied by northern France, part of Belgium and the Channel Islands. It takes its name from the word for yes, now pronounced oui. Marie-Louise, Empress of the French, Duchess of Parma 1791-1847. She was Marie Louise Lopoldine Franoise Thrse Josphine Lucie, the daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria. Empress of the French (181015) as consort of Napoleon I she was also duchess of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla (181647). She was the mother of Napoleon II. When Napoleon I was defeated (1814), she fled to Vienna. Her duchies were awarded to her at the Congress of Vienna; she ruled them ineptly from Parma, with the assistance of her lover, Count Adam Adalbert von Neipperg, whom she married morganatically in 1821. After his death (1829) she married the Comte de Bombelles. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. She visited Dresden and met her father with Napoleon in May 1812. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 She married Napoleon by proxy in the church of St. Augustine, Vienna, on the 11th of March 1810 after delays due to the divorce from Josephine. Her son the future King of Rome, and ultimately Duc de Reichstadt was born on March 20th 1811. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 She joined Napoleon in Dresden in May 1812.

BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 She sent their sons portrait to Napoleon in Russia in 1812. BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec2 Head of the Regency Cabinet in 1814. She fled Paris in 1814. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Passed through Blois on her way to Vienna in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 She was expected to visit her husband, Napoleon, on Elba but went to Vienna. BkXXIII:Chap13:Sec1 She remained in Vienna despite Napoleons return from Elba. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2 Napoleon ordered on his death-bed that she was to receive his heart. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Her sons by Count von Neipperg were Wilhelm Albrecht I Prince of Montenuovo (1819-1895), and Gustav Count of Montenuovo. She was Duchess of Parma and Plaisance from 1815. BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Marie-Stuart, see Mary Stuart Marie-Thrse, Empress Maria Teresa 1717-1780. The first and only female head of the Habsburg dynasty, she was Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and ruler of other territories from 1740 until her death. She also became the Holy Roman Empress when her husband was elected Holy Roman Emperor. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 The Military Order of Maria Theresa (Militr-MariaTheresien-Orden in German) was an Order of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, founded on June 18, 1757, the day of the Battle of Kolin, by the Empress to reward especially meritorious and valorous acts by a commissioned officer. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 She had the Mill Baths at Carlsbad re-built in 1762. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Her daughter Marie-Antoinette. Marie-Thrse of France, see Duchesse dAngoulme Marie-Thrse Infirmary, Paris Founded in 1819 by Chateaubriands wife in Paris, for aged priests and widows, and named after the sister of the Duc DEnghien. It was sited originally at 92 Rue Denfert-Rochereau (then Rue dEnfer, the Chateaubriands lived at the present 88), then in addition 261-285 Boulevard Raspail (next to the present Cartier Foundation building, where there is a Cedar of Lebanon planted by Chateaubriand in 1823). See Balzac Ferragus,

Ch. V. The Infirmary was transferred to the Archbishopric of Paris in 1836 and Cleste de Chateaubriand was buried in the Infirmary chapel in 1847. BkIII:Chap13:Sec1 BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 BkXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Chateaubriand left the Infirmary in July 1838 to take up residence at 112 Rue du Bac. BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes from there in December 1831. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in 1833. The Foundlings Hospital is that of Saint-Vincent de Paul. The boulevard is now Boulevard Raspail. Marignan, Battle of On 13th-14th September 1515, near the village of Melegnano on the Lambro, 10 miles south-east of Milan, Francis I defeated the Swiss mercenary troops supporting the Duke of Milan, and was knighted by Bayard on the field of battle. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Marigny, France The chteau was seven miles north-west of Fougres, in Saint-Germain-enCogls. It served as an active centre for the Chouans, and under the restoration was transformed by the Pommereul family, who hosted Balzac there in 1828. As Vivetire it appears in Balzacs Les Chouans. It was demolished after the First World War. BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand visits his sister there. BkIV:Chap10:Sec1 The chteau was altered significantly after it was sold. Marigny, Franois-Jean-Joseph-Geffelot, Comte de d. 1793. Brother-in-law of Chateaubriand. Married Marie-Anne-Franoise de Chateaubriand 11th January 1780. BkII:Chap3:Sec3 His marriage. Marigny, Marie-Anne-Franoise de Chateaubriand, Comtesse de 1760-1860. Wife of Franois, sister of Chateaubriand. Born 4th July 1760. Married 1780. Widowed 1793. Died, aged over 100, on 17th July 1860. BkI:Chap2:Sec1 Her birth. BkII:Chap3:Sec3 Her marriage. BkII:Chap7:Sec5 Settled in Fougres with her husband. BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand stayed with her.

BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 Sought Chateaubriand out first on his return to France. Marin, Louis de?, Le Chevalier He was the leading harpist in 1802. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 Played Mozart with Madame Rcamier in London in 1802, possibly a favourite Salon piece, the harp variations O dolce contento (published later by Marin in 1810) based on an air from The Magic Flute. Marin, Scipion 1799?-d.after 1840. He wrote a Life of Chateaubriand published 1832. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned, for its false claim that Chateaubriand was deformed. Marion, Charles Stanislaus, Baron de, General 1758-1812. A Napoleonic General. BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 Killed at Borodino. Marius, Gaius 157-86BC. Roman general and politician elected Consul an unprecedented seven times during his career. He was also noted for his dramatic reforms of Roman armies, authorizing recruitment of unlanded citizens and reorganizing the structure of the legions into separate cohorts. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 He was exiled to Africa. BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 His conflict with Sulla. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. Mark, Saint The disciple is considered the author of St Marks Gospel. BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 For Simons mother-in-law see Mark I:30-31 BkXXXIX:Chap21:Sec1 See Mark IV:39. Marlborough, John Churchill, 1st Duke of 1650-1722. An English military officer during the War of the Spanish Succession, Marlborough is often considered the greatest military genius that Britain has produced. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 Sent to meet with Charles XII of Sweden in 1707. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Defeated Tallart at Blenheim.

Marmont, Auguste-Frdric-Louis-Viesse de, Marshal of France, Duc de Raguse 1774-1852. He concluded a truce with Russia in 1814, and was regarded by Bonapartists as a traitor. He tried to suppress the 1830 Revolution, and escorted Charles X to Cherbourg in 1830. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Returned to France from Egypt with Napoleon in 1799. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Defending Paris in 1814. BkXXII:Chap12:Sec1 He accepted the surrender of Paris in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 His agreement with Chateaubriand in 1815. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Commanding for the King during the July Revolution. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to the incident when Marmont agreed the surrender of his corps with the Allies in March 1814, while previously defending Paris, an action Napoleon never forgave. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 He writes to the King on the 28th of July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Active on the 29th of July. BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 His scene with the Dauphin on the 30th. Marmontel, Jean-Franois 1723-1799. A French poet, literary critic, novelist and historian, he entered the French Academy in 1763 as one of Frances principal historiographers. Marmontels reputation was largely extended after contributing many works of literature, and articles, notably in the Mercure and in the great Encyclopdie. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 Mentioned. Marnes, Comtesse de, see Duchesse dAngoulme Maroboduus (Marbod) d. 37 AD. King of the Marcomanni, he organized a confederation of several Germanic tribes in about 9 BC to deal with the threat of Roman expansion into the Rhine-Danube basin. The Marcomanni formed a confederation with neighboring Germanic tribes in what are now Silesia and Saxony. He was the first historical ruler of Bohemia. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Marolles, Abb Michel de

1600-1681. He was the son of an officer in the Royal Guard. Author of Mmoires (1656-1657). Abb of Villeloin (Indre et Loire, 1626, effective 1630). He made a prose translation of Virgil (1649) and wrote a history of the Roman Emperors (1677). A notable collector of prints and engravings, his prints, gifted to the King in 1627, formed the core of the Cabinet des estampes. BkIII:Chap1:Sec2 At the start of his Memoirs, Michel mentions acquiring the team of white horses, with a little carriage, later used by his mother to go to church. Marot, Clment 1496-1544. The French Renaissance poet won the patronage of Francis I and Margaret of Navarre. Imprisoned for Reformationist heresy in 1526 he based his allegorical satire Enfer on the experience. Exiled from France for his Calvinist sympathies, he eventually died in Turin. He translated the Psalms into French for the Geneva Psalter BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 He was in exile in Venice July to November 1536. Mars The Roman war god, equivalent to the Greek Ares, was the son of Jupiter and Juno. BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 His skill with weapons. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Canovas statue of Napoleon as Mars. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Tyr or Tiw was the Teutonic god of war, hence the equivalent of Mars. Mars, Mademoiselle, Anne-Franois-Hippolyte Boutet-Monvel 1779-1847. French actress, the natural daughter of the actor-author named Monvel and Mlle Mars Salvetat, an actress whose southern accent had made her Paris debut a failure. Mlle Mars began her stage career in childrens parts, and by 1799, after the rehabilitation of the Comdie Franaise, she and her elder sister joined that company, of which she remained an active member for thirty-three years. Her beauty and talent soon placed her at the top of her profession. She was incomparable in ingenue parts, and equally charming as a coquette. Molire, Marivaux, Sedaine, and Beaumarchais had no more accomplished interpreter, and in her career of half a century, besides many comedy roles of the older repertoire, she created fully a hundred parts in plays which owed success largely to her. For her farewell performance she selected Elmire in Tartuffe, and Silvia in Jeu de lamour et du hasard, two of her most popular roles; and for her benefit, a few days

after, Climne in Le Misanthrope and Araminthe in Les Femmes savantes. She retired in 1841. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Actress at the Montansier Theatre. Marseilles, France The principal French seaport, capital of the Bouches-du-Rhne department, it is flanked by limestone hills and overlooks the Gulf of Lions. Founded about 600BC it was destroyed by Arabs in the 9th century, redeveloped during the Crusades, and came under the French crown in 1481. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand was there in 1802. Its history. NotreDame de la Garde developed as a religious complex on the traditional lookout post of the Garde hill. Francis I fortified the hill, the first church was founded in 1241, and from the 16th century it became a site for pilgrimage and religious devotion. A large Basilica was later built in 1853. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Letizia Bonaparte fled to Marseilles in 1793. BkXIX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. The Marseillaise, written by Rouget de Lisle, first called the Chant de la guerre pour larme du Rhin when published at Strasbourg, became known by its present title when published by the Marseilles Federalists in Paris. It was banned for a time by Napoleon and after the Restoration. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Subject to Corsair raids from the Barbary Coast/ Algiers. BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 The plague there in 1720 and 1721. The glise Notre Dame des Accoules, in the Accoules quarter of the city, was built in the 12th Century and modified in the 14th and 17th Centuries. It was mostly destroyed during the Revolution for hosting meetings of the Sections who were outraged by the Convention. The fine belltower, built above an older square tower, remains. Phocea was an Ionian Greek city near Izmir from which Marseilles, the Roman Massilia, was founded traditionally around 600BC. BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 The Duchesse de Berrys failed attempt to stir insurrection there at the end of April 1832. Martha of Bethany She was the sister of Mary and Lazarus. See Luke 10, John 11. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. Martignac, Jean-Baptiste Sylvre Gay, Vicomte de

1776-1832. A French statesman, he was elected (1821) to the chamber of deputies and was named a member of the council of state in 1822. In 1828 he was made minister of the interior and virtual head of the new cabinet by King Charles X after the fall of the ministry of the Comte de Villle. Martignacs cabinet, composed of both liberals and reactionaries, was ineffective; his liberal reforms were killed by the ultra-royalists. The king had never liked Martignacs moderate concessions to the liberals and in 1829 dismissed him and appointed the reactionary Prince de Polignac to succeed him. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 President of the Council 1828. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in 1829. Martin A character in Voltaires Candide. Martin Saint 316-367. A bishop of Tours whose shrine became a famous stopping-point for pilgrims on the road to Santiago de Compostela.. His miraculous cloak was preserved among the relics gathered by the Merovingian kings of the Franks. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 His cloak mentioned. Martinez de la Rosa, Francisco 1787-1862, Spanish dramatic poet, statesman, and historian. He was an outspoken liberal professor of philosophy, a deputy, and an ambassador. His major plays include La conjuracin de Venecia [the conspiracy of Venice] (1834), a landmark of the romantic theatre in Spain; Abn Humeya (in French, 1830, Span. tr. 1836); and the neoclassic Edipo [Oedipus] (1829). Among his poems the best known are the elegy entitled Epstola al duque de Frias and El recuerdo de la patria [memory of our country]. Martnez de la Rosa also wrote historical novels and political histories. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. Martyrs, Les A work by Chateaubriand entitled Les Martyrs ou le triomphe de la religion chrtienne (1809). BkIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 The quotation is from Book IV.

BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 The question is asked by Paul, of Eudore, in Book XI, a reference to the Lives of the Desert Fathers. BkXV:Chap7:Sec3 The Bay of Naples described in Book V. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand working on the descriptive passages on the voyage to Tunis in December 1806. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand working on it at the Valle-aux-Loups in 1807. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 It went on sale on the 27th of March 1809. The third edition with major corrections was published in January 1810, the fourth in September 1822. The definitive edition is that in the Complete Works of 1826-7. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 The reference is to Book XI. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from the work. BkXXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 Its influence on Augustin Thierry. BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 For the description of Vellda see Book IX. Mary, the Virgin Traditionally she was the mother of Jesus Christ. BkI:Chap4:Sec8 BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Traditional prayer to her. She is called Stella Maris, the Star of the Seas. BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 Pictures of her in church. Mary of Bethany The sister of Martha and Lazarus. See Luke 10:38-42, John 11 and 12. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Maryland, USA An eastern seaboard state. One of the 13 original colonies it was first settled by the English. It was granted in 1632 to George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore by Charles I and named after his wife Henrietta Maria. It became a refuge for Catholics under the 2nd Baron Baltimore. BkVI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriands ship becalmed off the coast in 1791. Marylebone (High) Street, London Located in the City of Westminster, London, south of the Marylebone Road and running into Paddington Street.

BkX:Chap6:Sec2 Chateaubriand lodged by Saint-Georges cemetery (17311857) off Paddington Street, near Paddington Street Gardens. Bodysnatching (for anatomical dissection) was a common problem at the time. Mason, William 1725-1797. English poet, editor and gardener, he was born in Hull and studied at St Johns College, Cambridge. He was ordained in 1754 and held a number of posts in the church. Among his works, none of them highly regarded today, are the historical tragedies Elfrida (1752) and Caractacus (1759) and a long poem on gardening, The English Garden (three volumes, 1772-82). His garden designs included one for the 2nd Earl of Harcourt. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Massa, Italy The Duchy of Massa and Carrara controlled the towns of Massa di Carrara and Carrara; the area is now part of unified Italy, but retains its local identity as the province of Massa-Carrara. It lies in the north-west of Tuscany and passed to the Duke of Modena in 1814. The Duchesse de Berry lived there from the start of 1832. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Massna, Andr, Duc de Rivoli, Prince dEssling, Marshal of France 1756-1817. He fought in Napoleons Italian campaign, winning an important victory at Rivoli in 1797. He subsequently defeated the Russians in Switzerland in 1799, fought again in Italy, and against the Austrians, 180910. He was defeated by Wellington in the Peninsular War, and was relieved of his command. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Commanding in Nice, under Napoleon, in 1796. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleons early opinion of him. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap13:Sec1 In Switzerland in 1799. He fought the Battle of Zurich on the 26th of September 1799 defeating Korsakov and driving Suvorovs army off. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 He surrendered Genoa as ordered on 4th June 1800. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 At Wagram Massna was overpowered by the Austrian troop concentration. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 On the evening of 3rd March 1815 he sent a courier from Marseilles to Lyons carrying the news of Napoleons landing from Elba, it was passed by telegraph to Paris and arrived in the Kings hands late on the morning of the 6th. The Moniteur published the news on the 7th. Note

the skilful literary use of the delay (and the innovation of the telegraph) in Dumas: The Count of Monte Cristo. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Devious in his dealings with the monarchy in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 Speaking in the Chamber of Peers in June 1815. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 Madame Rcamiers white ribbon. Masseria, Philippe (Antonio Filippo) 1739-1814. A nationalist who acted as a British secret agent in the Corsican nationalist movement, the friend and confidante of Paoli. He was President from 1790 of the Jacobin Club in Ajaccio, and helpful to Napoleon. BkXIX:Chap7:Sec1 His praise of Napoleons pamphlet. Massillon, Jean-Baptiste 1663-1742. Bishop of Clermont from 1717. He was celebrated for his preaching, especially at the courts of Louis XIV and Louis XV. Collections of his sermons include a series for Advent and a series for Lent. BkII:Chap3:Sec4 His sermons on the Adulteress and the Prodigal Son. BkIII:Chap7:Sec2 His verbal portraits depicting the effects of passion. Massimo, Prince Camillo VII of Arsari 1730-1801. Father of Princess Lancellotti. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Massorah, al-Mansurah Battle of, 1250. At this battle, the Egyptian army under Turan Shah defeated the armies of the Seventh Crusade commanded by Louis IX, King of France, who was taken captive and imprisoned in Dar bin Luqman in Mansurah, near Cairo. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 Chateaubriands ancestor Geoffroy IV taken prisoner there. Mathilde, Plantagenet 1101-1169. Daughter of Henry I of England. Married Geoffrey V (Plantagenet) of Anjou. After much internecine warfare, her son Henry II became King. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Grandmother of Agns de Laval. Matignon, Madame de Angelique-Elisabeth le Tonnelier de Breteuil, married the Comte de Grac, Louis Charles Auguste de Goyon-Matignon in 1772. She was the mother of the Duchesse de Montmorency.

BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. Matthew, Saint One of the twelve apostles in the New Testament, he was a tax-collector who became a follower of Jesus. According to tradition he preached in Judea, Ethiopia and Persia, and suffered martyrdom. His gospel draws material from that of Saint Mark. BkII:Chap6:Sec2 Chateaubriand alludes to Matthew XVI.19 BkIII:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand alludes to Matthew XX.12. unto us which have borne the burden and heat of the day. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 The reference is to Matthew IX.6. BkXXIII:Chap16:Sec1 The casting of lots for Christs garments: see Matthew XXVII.35, also Mark XV.24, Luke XXIII.34, John XIX.23-24. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 See Matthew IV.7, also Luke IV.12. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 See Matthew V.7. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 See Matthew XXVII:30 Maubreuil, Marquis de 1782-1855. A French political adventurer, who was equerry to the King of Westphalia, he was implicated at the start of 1814, in a theft to the detriment of the Queen of Westphalia. He tried to exonerate himself by claiming he had been charged by Talleyrand and the Allies with liquidating Napoleon. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 Mentioned. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 At Saint-Denis on 21st January 1827 he revenged himself on Talleyrand, whom he considered responsible for his arrest, and during the funeral service for Louis XVI struck him, knocking him to the ground. Mauduit He was a sergeant of the gendarmerie at Saint-L in 1809. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. Mauguin, Franois 1785-1854. A Liberal lawyer he joined the Chamber of Deputies in 1827. He remained in opposition under Louis-Philippe. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Speaks against admitting Mortemart on the 30th JUly 1830. Maunoir, le Pre Julien

1606-1683. A revered seventeenth-century Jesuit, he was one of the most active missionaries of the Counter-Reformation in Brittany. He spent fortytwo years traversing Brittany, recording his many missions in his Latin Journal. BkI:Chap4:Sec8 Chateaubriand quotes him. Maupeou, Chancellor 1714-1792. Chancellor of France (1768-74). He was president of the parlement of Paris before he succeeded his father as chancellor. He was the chief mover in the attempt of Louis XV to master the parlement and end its opposition to the fiscal measures needed to replenish the treasury. Maupeou dissolved (1771) all the parlements, exiled the magistrates from Paris, and abolished the sale of many offices. He then substituted a new high court (nominating all the members) and a system of superior courts. He became highly unpopular with the nobility, whose interests had been protected by the parlement. Louis XVI on his accession dismissed Maupeou and restored the old parlements. Although Maupeou's reforms have been regarded by many enlightened leaders as an act of tyranny, his measures, if Louis XVI had allowed them to stand, might have brought about enough fundamental reform to have prevented the fall of the monarchy. BkV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de 1698-1795. A mathematician, famous for his journey to northern Sweden to measure the meridian degree of the Arctic Circle, which established the slight flattening of the ice-cap. He was elected by Frederick II to the new Academy of Berlin, and lived at his court from 1745 to 1756. BkI:Chap3:Sec2 His parents were friends of Chateaubriands mother. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 Born in Saint-Malo. Maurepas, Jean-Frdric Phlypeaux, Comte de 1701-1781. On the accession of Louis XVI in 1774 he became a minister of state and Louis XVIs chief adviser, a position he held until 1781. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Maxime, Sextus Quintilius ValeriusMaximus? He was the recipient of a letter from Pliny the Younger. BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 See Plinys Letters VIII:24. Maximilien I, see Bavaria

Mayenne, Charles de Lorraine, Duc de 1554-1611. French Catholic general in the Wars of Religion, brother of Henri, 3d Duc de Guise, and Louis de Lorraine, Cardinal de Guise. After the murder of his brothers (1588), he became the head of the Catholic League. Defeated by Henry IV of France at Arques (1589) and Ivry (1590), he nevertheless raised Henrys siege of Paris (1590). For a time he wielded almost royal power over the parts of France that supported the League. He became estranged from the pro-Spanish faction, which supported the claim to the French crown of the Spanish Infanta Isabella, a granddaughter of King Henry II of France. In 1596, Mayenne made his final peace with Henry IV, who had previously abjured. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. Mayeux A grotesque character representing the National Guard, a hero of July, created by Charles Travis in 1831, and the subject of anecdotes and engravings.. BkXXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal 1602-1661. A French statesman, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, born in Italy, his original name was Giulio Mazarini. After serving in the papal army and diplomatic service and as nuncio at the French court (1634 36), he entered the service of France and made himself valuable to King Louis XIIIs chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu, who brought him into the council of state. Although he had received only minor orders and had never been ordained a priest, he was raised to cardinal upon the recommendation of Louis XIII (1641). After the deaths of Richelieu (1642) and Louis XIII (1643), he was the principal minister of the regent, Anne of Austria. The theory that he was secretly married to the widowed queen has been widely credited. He won favourable terms for France in the Peace of Westphalia (1648), but his attempts to raise money through taxation and his centralizing policy provoked the troubles of the Fronde (164853), during which he was several times forced to leave France. After the defeat of the Fronde, Mazarin was securely in control of France. By clever diplomacy he strengthened the crown and negotiated the favourable Peace of the Pyrenees at the end of the war with Spain (1659). BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 More powerful in fact than the Regent or King.

Meaux, France A commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, it is located 25.5 miles eastnortheast from the centre of Paris. Meaux is a sous-prfecture of the Seineet-Marne dpartement, being the seat of the Arrondissement of Meaux. BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Bossuet was called the Eagle of Meaux, being Bishop there. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand passes through in June 1833. Mecca A city of western Saudi Arabia near the coast of the Red Sea, the birthplace of Muhammad, it is the holiest city of Islam, and a pilgrimage site for all devout believers of that faith. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec2 The Kaaba is a building located inside the mosque known as al-Masjidul-Harm in Mecca. The mosque was built around the original Kaaba. The Kaaba is the holiest place in Islam. Mchin, Alexandre, Baron 1772-1849. A Prefect from 1801 to 1814, he was a liberal Deputy from 1819, a translator of Juvenal, and a supporter of the Duc dOrlans. He became Prefect of the North, then Councillor of State. BkXXXII:Chap15:Sec1 At the Htel de Ville on the 31st of July 1830. Mecklenburg Mecklenburg is a geographical area located in Northern Germany. Its borders are the Baltic Sea to the north, the rivers of Recknitz and Trebel to the east, the Elbe river to the southwest, and Lower Saxony and Holstein to the west.The name derives from a castle named Mikilenburg (Old German: big castle), located between the cities of Schwerin and Wismar. It was the ancestral seat of the House of Mecklenburg. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Krner was buried at Wubbelin near Ludwigslust in Mecklenburg. Medea The mythological sorceress of Chalcis, she appears as a character in Corneilles Mede. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 See Act I, Scene V: Moi!/Moi, dis-je, et cest assez. BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned.

Megacci for Mattei (?), Alessandro 1744-1820. After the French occupation of Rome, he was named pro-datary on March 26, 1808. Expelled from Rome on June 10, 1809 by order of the French authorities as a reprisal for posting the bull of excommunication against Emperor Napolon; he was exiled to Paris; he refused to attended Napoleons wedding to Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria on April 2, 1810, and because of this he was prohibited by Napoleon from wearing the red cardinals habit and became one of the thirteen black cardinals. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned? The name Megacci in the text is unknown. Megara Megara is a city in Greece, northeast of the Isthmus of Corinth in the modern Attiki region. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 Phocions body was taken there and burnt. Mhmet-Ali c1769-1849. An Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey, who was made viceroy of Egypt, and wrested control from the Ottoman Empire to establish Egypt as a modern state. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 BkXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Meillerie Several scenes in Rousseaus best-seller, La Nouvelle Hlose, are set in Meillerie, a village on the edge of Lake Lman, close to Evian, which became a romantic place of pilgrimage for tourists. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1826. Mlas, Michael, General 1729-1806. Born in Transylvania, he fought in the Seven Years War (17561763) but was a solid, rather than exceptional, soldier and advanced slowly up the ladder. In 1799, he rose to command the army in the Italy campaign and began it well with victories at Cassovo, Novi and a successful siege that forced Massena to surrender Genoa. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 At Marengo he failed to push home his advantage and handed over control prematurely to a subordinate. Melchthal, Arnold von A character (possibly the name of a historical person) in the reconstructed and therefore mythical Swiss legend of William Tell, according to which Albert of Austria, with the view of depriving the Forest lands of their ancient

freedom, sent bailiffs (among them Gessler) to Uri and Schwyz, who committed many tyrannical acts, so that finally on 8th November 1307, at the Rutli, Werner von Stauffacher of Schwyz, Walter Frst of Uri, and Arnold von Melchthal in Unter-walden, each with ten companions, among whom was William Tell, resolved on a rising to expel the oppressors, which was fixed in literature at New Years Day 1308. The underlying reference is to a legend of the Swiss Confederation the origin of which dates back to the agreement between the three mountain cantons of Uri, Schwytz and Unterwalden in 1291. Supposedly representatives of the three cantons met in the Grutli (or Rutli) meadow in 1307, and took an oath of loyalty in the joint struggle against Austrian rule. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Melinde An ancient kingdom, Melindum, it lay on the east coast of Africa, near Zanzibar. The Portuguese traded there. BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 It was used by poets as a romantic location. Melun The capital of the Seine-et-Marne, 33 miles south south-east of Paris, on the Seine. The nearby chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte is considered a smaller predecessor of Palace of Versailles. BkVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Melzi dEril, Francesco, Comte de Magenta, Duc de Lodi 1753-1816. An open-minded politician of broad education (he travelled in France, England and Spain), he was a champion of moderate liberalism. Opposed to the republican rgime, he would have preferred a strong monarchic state in northern Italy, to ensure a balance of power between France and Austria; nevertheless, when Napoleon constituted the Italian Republic (Congress of Lyons: 1802), he agreed to become its Vice-President (the President was Napoleon himself). With the advent of the Kingdom of Italy he ceased to hold any position. In 1807 he acquired the title of Duke of Lodi. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand dined at a reception given by him in Rome in 1803. Memnon In Greek mythology a dark-skinned Ethiopian king, the son of Tithonus and Aurora (the Dawn), he fought for Troy in the Trojan War with Greece. He

was killed by Achilles, but his mother Aurora begged Zeus for funeral honours, and he created the warring flock of birds, the Memnonides, from his ashes. BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 Chateaubriand refers to the Colossi of Memnon, two massive stone statues of Pharaoh Amenhotep III (14th century BC) in the Theban necropolis, across the Nile from the modern city of Luxor. The Greek historian and geographer Strabo writing in the early years of the 1st century, tells of an earthquake (in 27 BC) that shattered the northern colossus, collapsing it from the waist up. Following its rupture, this statue was then reputed to sing every morning at dawn: a moaning or whistling probably caused by rising temperature and the evaporation of dew from the porous rock. The reputation of the statues oracular powers caused several Roman Emperors to visit. The mysterious vocalisations ceased in 199, however, when Emperor Septimius Severus reassembled the two shattered halves. Mmoires sur de Consulat It is a work by Thibaudeau. Memphis, Egypt An ancient city of Lower Egypt, south of modern Cairo, it was founded as the capital of Egypt after its unification by Menes (c3100 BC) remaining so until supplanted by Thebes (c1570 BC). The necropolis of Saqqarah, and the Pyramids and Sphinx complex at Giza form part of its extensive ruins. BkIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 Napoleons Egyptian Campaign in 1798. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Memphis, Tennessee. Menelaus King of Sparta. The younger son of Atreus, brother of Agamemnon, hence called Atrides minor. Pariss theft of his wife Helen instigated the Trojan War. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Greece, his homeland. Menneval, for Mneval, Claude Franois, Baron de 1778-1850. He was private secretary to Napoleon from April 1802, until St. Helena in 1815, and published various Memoirs. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Menichini, Luigi, Abbot

He was one of the instigators of the Carbonari uprising in Naples in July 1820. BkXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 A reference to him as one of the instigators. Menou, Jacques-Franois, Baron de 1750-1810. He represented the nobility in the States-General, committed himself to the Revolution and fought in the Vende. He succeeded Klber in Egypt in 1800 but was unable to avoid abandoning Egypt in 1801. He was Military governor of Rosetta when the famous stone was discovered, and had the Greek characters translated which enabled the deciphering of the hieroglyphic script. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Went with Napoleon on the Egyptian Campaign. Mot He was a restaurant owner of the Palais-Royal, his restaurant becoming highly popular during the Revolution. Once chef to the Duc dOrleans. Hired by Joseph Bonaparte and followed him to Naples and Madrid. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Mercoeur, lisa 1809-1835. A poetess, born in Nantes, she lived in Paris from 1828. Her complete works were published in 1843. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Mercure de France c 1672-1785. A long running publication, taken over by Chamfort and Mirabeau it became an important periodical of the Revolution. BkIV:Chap6:Sec1 Read prior to the Revolution by Chateaubriands father. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Issued under Lucien Bonaparte, as Minister of the Interior, with Fontanes as editor, helped by La Harpe. It ran from June 1800, and Chateaubriand collaborated on the journal in 1800-1. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand became sole editor for a sum of 20,000 francs paid to Fontanes probably in 1807. His article appeared in the Mercure on the 4th July 1807, at the same time as the bulletin announcing the victory of Friedland. On the 9th the Treaty of Tilsit was announced. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 The publication terminated with its incorporation in the Revue philosophique (the former Dcade) in 1807. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 The letter of 22nd December 1800 to Citizen Fontanes. BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 The letter of 3rd March 1804 to Fontanes.

BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriands article of 1807 quoted. Mercy, Franois de = Franz Freiherr von Merci c1595-1645. Lord of Mandre and Collenburg, he was a German general in the Thirty Years War, who came of a noble family of Lorraine. He was made general field marshal in 1643 when he won his great victory over the French marshal Rantzau at Tuttlingen (Nov. 24-25). In the following year he opposed the French armies, under the duke of Enghien (afterwards the great Cond) and the Vicomte de Turenne. He lost the desperate battle of Freiburg, but the following year inflicted on Turenne the defeat of Mergentheim (Marienthal). Later on 3rd August 1645, fighting once more against Enghien and Turenne, Mercy was killed at the battle of Nordlingen (or Allerheim). On the spot where he fell, Enghien erected a memorial, with the inscription Sta viator, heroem calcas (Stop passer-by, you tread upon a hero). BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Born at Longwy. Merdrignac Town in Brittany, near Dinan. BkI:Chap1:Sec8 Franois-Henri, rector there. Mre coupable, La Work by Beaumarchais. Mrville, Chteau de The chteau, Essonne, le-de-France, in the Juine valley, belonged to JeanJoseph de Laborde, and was inherited by Nathalie de Noailles his daughter. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Mentioned. The column, a sort of replica of Trajans column, 37 metres high, sometimes served as a telegraph relay station. It was a feature of the Park. Chateaubriand travelled to the Pyrenees again in 1829, and to Toulouse in 1838. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Chateaubriand met Claire de Duras there. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand remembered Lontine de Noailles as a child there in 1806-7. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Merfeld (Merveldt), Maximilian Freidrich, Baron von

1764-1815. An Austro-Hungarian soldier and diplomat, as a General commanding the 2nd Corps he was captured at Leipzig. He was Ambassador to St Petersburg from 1806-8, and to London from 1814, where he died. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Captured at Leipzig. Mricourt, see Throigne Mrilhou, Joseph 1788-1856. A Liberal lawyer. BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 His advice sought in July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Named as Commissioner for Justice of the Municipal Commission, 29th July 1830. Merlin, J. S. A Paris bookseller, he was still active in 1832. BkXXV:Chap6:Sec1 Auctioned Chateaubriands library of almost 1800 volumes in April 1817, at 30 Rue des Bon-Enfants Merlin de Douai, Philippe-Antoine, Comte 1754-1838. As a member of the Convention he instigated the Law of Suspects, and was a Director and Councillor of State in 1806. He was proscribed as a regicide by the law of 25th July 1815. BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 Suggested by the liberals as Minister of Justice. Mrona, Monsieur de In Lisbon in 1824. BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Mesmer, Franz Anton 1734-1815. A German physician who claimed to cure disease by correcting the flow of animal magnetism in his patients bodies during sance like sessions. Investigations concluded that cures were due to his powers of suggestion and prompted studies of hypnosis. BkV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Mesmerism was popular in Paris among the nobility. Mesnard, Louis-Charles, Comte de 1769-1842. A co-pupil of Bonapartes at Brienne, he emigrated to England. There he entered the service of the Duc de Berry. He was his aide-de-camp during the Restoration and then principal Master of Horse to his widow. He

was involved in the abortive uprising of 1832, tried and acquitted in 1833. He replaced de Brissac at Blaye, and accompanied the Duchess to Italy. BkXXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Mesnier, Louis-Marthe A Royal notary (1814-1819) he had offices at 30 Rue du Bac. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand at his office in 1816. Messager des Chambres, Le It was an ultra newspaper in Paris (in 1829), owned by Count ColonnaWalewski (1810-1868), Napoleons son by Countess Walewski. He sold the paper to Thiers in 1840. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Its dispute with the Constitutionnel in March 1829. Messenia A prefecture in the Peloponnese, a region of Greece, Messenia is bounded on the east by Mount Taygetus, on the north by the river Neda and the Arcadian Mountains, on the south and west by the sea. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Messina The port in north-eastern Sicily on the Strait of Messina, originally known as Zancle, was successively occupied by Greeks, Carthaginians, Mamertines, Romans, Saracens, Normans and Spaniards. In 1860 it became part of united Italy. BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned as an exotic location. Mestre, Italy The industrial town is in the Veneto near Marghera, not far from Venice on the mainland. BkXL:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand sets out for Mestre in September 1833. BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand passes by in the night. Metastasio, Pietro, (Pietro Antonio Domenico Trapassi) 1698-1782. An Italian poet and librettist, in 1730 he was appointed Court poet in Vienna, where he wrote classical libretti. These include LAdriano (1731), and La clemenza di Tito (1732) set to music by Mozart and others. BkX:Chap6:Sec2 His early poem, Scendi propizia col tuo splendore, o bella Venere, madre d'Amore, from Epitalamio, II.

Mtel, Hugues, Hugo Metellus 1080-1157. A pupil of Anselm, Canon of the abbey of Saint-Lon, at Toul (Lorraine) he was a contemporary of Abelard to whom he addressed letters. BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 His fable of Le loup qui se fit ermite. Metella, Cecilia 1st Century BC. The famous circular turret-like tomb of Cecilia Metella, daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metello, the Consul who conquered Crete, and wife of the triumvir Marcus Licinius Crassus son, who served with Caesar in Gaul from 57 to 51BC, is on the Appian Way and its most important symbol. It was commonly called Capo di Bove, and was converted into a fortress by the Caetani (their coat of arms is still there), who added the pinnacles and built a palace. They fortified with walls a little village which included a church (S. Nicola di Bari). The fortress was attacked and damaged several times and eventually became a brigands' retreat. BkXV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 Chateaubriand mentions the tomb. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Her sarcophagus from the tomb is in the courtyard of the Villa Farnese. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand sets his nocturne near her tomb, near the catacombs of St Sebastian and not far from the valley of the nymph Egeria. Metropolitan In hierarchical Christian churches, the rank of Metropolitan pertains to the diocesan bishop or archbishop (then more precisely called Metropolitan archbishop) of a metropolis; that is, the chief city of an old Roman province, ecclesiastical province, or regional capital. His jurisdiction is called a metropolia. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 In 1812, Platon Levshin (1737-November 1812) was the Metropolitan of Moscow. In 1775 he was enthroned archbishop of Moscow, and throughout the reigns of Catherine II, Paul, and Alexander I diligently promoted the religious, moral, intellectual, and material welfare of his archdiocese, It was Platon who crowned both Paul (1797) and Alexander I (1801); Shortly before his death, he was evacuated from Moscow, which was about to be surrendered to Napoleon. Metternich, Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Prince von

1773-1859. An Austrian nobleman and political leader; he was Chancellor of the Austrian government for nearly forty years. Through his leadership at the Congress of Vienna and elsewhere, Metternich restored order in Europe after the fall of Napoleon. He did so, however, to the advantage of the European kings and princes and at the expense of movements toward democracy in Europe. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 His intrigues regarding the Congress of Vienna. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 His admiration for the Countess von Lieven. BkXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 In 1822. BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned in 1824. BkXXVIII:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXXXII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 His view of the July 1830 decrees. BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 Count Choteck writes to him on Chateaubriands behalf in 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 His potential for meddling in French affairs. BkXL:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned in 1833. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 The transaction took place in 1817, with Metternichs agreement. Metz The city in north-east France, capital of the Moselle Department, is situated on the Moselle River. Part of the Holy Roman Empire until seized by France in 1552, it fell to Germany in 1871 but returned to France after World War I. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand suggested that the Duc dOrlans might go there in 1815. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1833. Defended by Guise (1552) and fortified by Vauban (1648). Meunier, Captain A captain of the 3rd Guards Regiment in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Wounded in the fighting on the 29th of July 1830. Mzeray, Franois Eudes de 1610-1683. French historian, He had two brothers, one of whom, Jean Eudes, was the founder of the order of the Eudists. He studied at the university of Caen, and completed his education at the college of Ste Barbe

at Paris. His Histoire de France depuis Faramond jusqu' a Louis le Juste (3 vols. 1643-1651), is a fairly accurate summary of French and Latin chronicles. BkII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Mzy, Antoinette Vron, Madame de d. 1824 Daughter of a Tax-Collector. Wife of Charles Dupleix de Mzy (1766-1835), Prefect under the Restoration, Peer of France under the July Monarchy. The Manor of Mzy (at Mzy-sur-Seine, Yvelines) on the right bank of the Seine, downstream from Melan, contained a garden by Le Ntre. Her daughter Louise was killed in an accident in 1812, and she later lost a son to consumption. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Micara, Ludovico, Cardinal 1775-1847. A Cardinal from 1824, he was a friend and then defender of Premier Lamenais. His brother Clemente was an economist. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 An anti-Jesuit voter. Micetto Chateaubriands cat (micetto simply means kitten) inherited from Leo XII. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Michaud, Joseph-Franois 1767-1839. A Royalist journalist and editor, he was a close friend of Madame de Krdner. He wrote at times for Le Mercure. He edited La Quotidienne, from 1796, being arrested and sentenced to death for his royalist polemic. He edited it again under the Directory, was briefly imprisoned in 1800 under the Consulate, and temporarily abandoned journalism. From 1814 he edited the paper again under the Restoration. He lost his post as Kings Reader for his opposition to the law on censorship in 1827. He was Deputy for the Ain in 1815, and wrote a monumental History of the Crusades (1808-1822) and the first Universal Biography (1811-1828, with his brother). BkXV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVIII:Chap14:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand. Michelangelo di Ludovico Buonarroti Simoni 1475-1564. Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet, he trained under Ghirlandaio and in the school in the Medici Gardens under the patronage of

Lorenzo de Medici. His later works include the David in Florence, the Pita in Rome, the Medici Chapel in Florence (San Lorenzo) and the Sistine Chapel ceiling and Last Judgement (1534-1541) frescoes in Rome (Vatican). BkV:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes slightly incorrectly from the second verse of his poem Dal ciel discese.. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 He designed (1547) the dome of Saint Peters in Rome, dying when the drum for the dome was virtually complete. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Napoleon shipped artworks back to France. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 Napoleon comparable to him in his fields of war and politics. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 The Franciscan monks of Ravenna hid Dantes remains, when Pope Leo X decided in 1519 to deliver them to Florence to Michelangelo, who planned to construct a glorious tomb. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Michelangelo in 1589 completed the cornice etc of the Farnese Palace in Rome, begun by Sangallo. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Titian met Michelangelo on his 1545-56 journey to Rome. Michelangelos tomb, designed by Vasari in 1570, is in Santa Croce, Florence. Michelangelo worked on the Villa Giulia in Rome. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 His Last Judgement in the Sistine. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 His frescoes in the Sistine. BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 A head of Christ by him (unknown). BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Drawings by him in the Accademia in Venice. Mickiewitz, Adam 1798-1855. The Polish romantic poet and playwright, born in Belorussia, studied at the University of Vilna, where he was arrested (1823) for panPolish activities and deported to Russia. He was permitted (1829) to travel through Europe, remaining there following the Polish uprising of 1830. Later he served as professor of literature in Lausanne (1839) and in Paris (184044). In the revolutionary upheavals of 1848 and again in the Crimean War he organized legions for Polish emancipation. He died in Constantinople during a cholera epidemic. Mickiewiczs poetry gave international stature to Polish literature. His powerful verse expressed a romantic view of the soul and the mysteries of life, often employing Polish folk themes. His major works include the fantastic drama The Forefathers

(1823); the philosophical poem Konrad Wallenrod (1828); The Books of the Polish Nation and of Polish Pilgrimage (1832); and the great epic Pan Tadeusz (1834). This poem, Mickiewiczs masterpiece, is a comprehensive and Homeric treatment of the life of the Polish gentry. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 Quoted from the Books of the Polish Nation. Miels, Saint-Malo Sand dunes near the town. BkI:Chap3:Sec4 Mentioned. Migneret, Mathieu Before the Revolution, Migneret was shop floor supervisor for the guild printer Franois Gueffier. With the declaration of the freedom of the press he opened his own printing shop on the Rue Jacob. He published a series of Franois de LaHarpes works as well as operas and dramatic comedies. In 1799 Migneret published an English novel, Le Faux Ami, by Mary Darby Robinson. During the next few years Migneret published Chateaubriand: first Le Gnie du christianisme, and then Atala. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec2 BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 He agreed to print Chateaubriands Le Gnie du Christianisme in Paris in 1800. BkXIV:Chap3:Sec1 A dinner at his house. Mignet, Auguste 1796-1884. He was a historian and politician. BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Editor of the National. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Goes into hiding on the 27th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 At a meeting of the monarchist party on 28th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 A supporter of Louis-Philippe in July 1830. BkXXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriands friendship with him. Mila A little Indian girl, her name used in Atala. BkVII:Chap9:Sec1 Her singing. BkVII:Chap11:Sec1 Her youth and sweetness. BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 A reference. Milan The capital of Lombardy in northern Italy on the River Olona, it was founded by the Gauls c600BC and captured by the Romans in 222BC. Later

devastated by the Huns and Goths it became prosperous from the 12th century. It was ruled by the Visconti from 1310 to 1447 when it passed to the Sforza family, who ruled it until it fell to Spain in 1535. It was under Austrian rule from 1713-1796, and in 1797 Napoleon made it the capital of the Cisalpine Republic and the capital of Italy (1805-1814). BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand passed through in 1803 on his way to Rome. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 The Ambrosian Library founded c.1605 in Milan by Cardinal Federigo Borromeo, was one of the earliest libraries to be opened to the public. The librarys collection is rich in classical manuscripts notably Homer and Virgil, in incunabula, and in Oriental texts. It also contains Leonardo da Vincis profusely illustrated Codex Atlanticus. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 Suvorov occupied the city on the 18th of April 1799. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Occupied by Napoleon on the 2nd of June 1800. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The Chateaubriands were there in September 1828. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 In Austrian hands in 1829. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 The Teatro alla Scala was founded, under the auspices of the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, to replace the Royal Ducal Theatre, which was destroyed by fire on 26 February 1776 and had until then been the home of opera in Milan. It was built on the site of the church of Santa Maria alla Scala, hence the name, and opened in 1778 with an opera by Salieri. Chateabriand was in Milan in September 1833. Millesimo, Battle of April 14th 1796. The French under Augereau defeated the AustroPiedmontese under Provera. Millesimo, is now the City of Truffles, the commercial centre for 13 mountain communities in the upper Val Bormida. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Miloradovich (Miloradowitch), Mikhail Andreyevitch, Count 1770-1825. A career soldier, he commanded Russias rearguard during the evacuation of Moscow. His earlier campaigns had been against the Turks and Poles and he fought with Suvarov against France in Italy and Switzerland. Promoted to general in 1810, Miloradovich fought at Borodino and beat Murat at Tarutino. Highly regarded for his calmness and bravery, Miloradovich was killed in an 1825 Decembrist mutiny when he tried to negotiate with the disaffected troops. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec2 Fought at Viasma in November 1812. Milton, John

1608-1674. The English poet was the author of Paradise Lost (1667). During the 1640s and 50s he supported the Puritan Revolution and wrote many pamphlets. In 1649 he was appointed Latin Secretary to the Council of State, but he sight began to fail and by 1652 he was totally blind. After the Restoration he retired to write his epic poems BkV:Chap12:Sec1 BkX:Chap5:Sec2 BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 Pandemonium, in Paradise Lost, is the capital of Satan and his peers where the solemn council of demons is held. In Book II of Paradise Lost, Sin is the daughter of Satan. BkX:Chap11:Sec1 His portrayal of Eve. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 His place in English literature. Chateaubriand quotes from Miltons An Epitaph on the admirable dramatic poet W. Shakespeare of 1630. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 His familiarity with the Vatican buildings. He visited Rome in 1638. BkXVI:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes edited extracts from Paradise Lost, Book X. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes from his Second Defence of the English People against an Anonymous Libel, of 1654 (The translation used here is by Robert Fellowes, Philadelphia 1847). BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Milton uses the phrase grove of Academe in Paradise Regained IV:244, from Academus the man or demi-god after whom Platos garden near Athens, where he taught, was named. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 An allusion to Paradise Lost, end of Book II. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 A reference to his A Brief History of Moscovia: and of other less-known countries lying eastward of Russia as far as Cathay. Gatherd from the writings of several eye-witnesses (Published posthumously, 1682). See paragraph 2. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 See Paradise Lost, IV. BkXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 He was as involved in politics as in poetry. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 As a famous Englishman. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 His visit to Rome in 1638. BkXXXII:Chap13:Sec1 The quotation is from Miltons letter to Charles Diodati of 23rd September 1637 in his Familiar Letters, translated from the Latin. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned in Voltaires Candide. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 See Paradise Lost II:754-758

Minden A town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Located on the Weser river below the Porta Westfalica, it is the capital of the district of MindenLbbecke. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 The Minden painting of the Dance of Death. Minerve Franaise, La A liberal newspaper, it appeared in February 1818, and its collaborators included Benjamin Constant, Jouy, Lacretelle, and Tissot. Its editor was tienne. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Minims, Order of the Followers of a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Francis of Paola in the fifteenth century in Italy. The order flourished in France until the time of the French Revolution. The name refers to their humility as the least of all religious and is derived from a passage in the Vulgate, specifically Matthew 25:40. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Pre Dupuis a member of the order. Minos The semi-mythical King of Crete, ruler of a hundred cities. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Minsk The capital and largest city in Belarus is situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Miollis, Sextius-Alexandre-Franois, Comte de 1759-1828. Fought and was wounded at Yorktown (1781) in the War of American Independence. A Napoleonic general, he was Governor of the Roman States. Took Rome and became commander of the Division de Rome, February 1808. Ordered the arrest of Pius VII, 6 July, 1808 Commanded the 30th division in Rome (1810) until the convention agreed between Murat and Fouch forced him to leave, 10 March, 1814. During the Hundred Days made governor of Metz by Napoleon, April 1815. He was retired by Louis XVIII, 25 August, 1815, on full pension. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 In Rome in 1809. As Governor of Mantua he had inaugurated an annual fete in honour of Virgil, born there.

Mionnet, Thodore 1770-1842. A numismatist who between 1806 and 1837 published his Description of Greek and Roman coins, with their degree of rarity and their value, in five volumes. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 An expert valuer. Miot, Jacques-Franois b1779. French commissary in Egypt he was present at the Battle of the Pyramids. He wrote Mmoires pour servir l'histoire des expditions en Egypte et en Syrie pendant les annes VI, VII et VIII de la Rpublique franaise (1804). BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 His Memoirs quoted. Miquelon An Island in Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon archipelago, off the coast of Newfoundland, it is a French department, being all that remained to France of its Canadian territories after 1763: the islands were traditional fishing and smuggling bases. BkVI:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand touched at Saint-Pierre on the 23rd May 1791. Mirabeau, Andr-Boniface-Louis-Riqueti, Vicomte de 1754-1792. Soldier and Orator. Mirabeaus brother. Deputy for the nobility of Limoges. He was known as Mirabeau-Tonneau (the Barrel) because of his corpulence. Though he fought in America, he was an ardent Royalist. Emigrated 1790 to Germany and raised a regiment under his own name. BkV:Chap12:Sec2 Quoted. BkV:Chap13:Sec1 In the National Assembly. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Raised the Legion of the Black Hussars in 1792, the Hussards de la Mort, whose insignia was a skull and crossbones. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 Declared a traitor in December 1791. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 A collaborator on the Actes des Aptres. Mirabeau, Honor-Gabriel Riquetti , Comte de 1749-1791. Orator and Statesman, his ancestors were merchants of Marseilles in Provene. In the years before the Revolution he was a notorious libertine and profligate. In 1789 he was elected to the States General, championing the cause of the Third Estate. However he was out of

sympathy with growing Republicanism and advocated a constitutional monarchy on the British model. He was increasingly attacked by the Jacobins, but died of natural causes before the crisis point was reached. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkII:Chap10:Sec1 A rival for the ambassadorship desired by Chateaubriands brother. Joined the Royalist party. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 Mentioned. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 His influence over Royal policy in the summer of 1789. BkV:Chap11:Sec1 His dominance of the Constituent Assembly. BkV:Chap12:Sec1 Described. His father was Victor Riqueti Marquis de Mirabeau (1715-1789), physiocrat economist, who exchanged with his brother Bailli de Mirabeau (1717-1794) a voluminous correspondence. BkV:Chap12:Sec2 Chateaubriands meetings with Mirabeau. Chateaubriand quotes Mirabeaus Mmoire mon pre of December 1777 from his Lettres crites du donjon de Vincennes. The quote oiseau haggard; a wild bird was said by Mirabeaus father of himself not of his son, in a letter to his brother. Chateaubriand was no doubt thinking of himself in relation to Combourg. BkV:Chap12:Sec3 His royalist sentiments. BkV:Chap13:Sec1 In the National Assembly, Mirabeau shouted against the turbulent minority of the left (the thirty votes) when he presided in February 1791 during the debate on the migrs. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 The song La sainte chandelle.. makes an ironic reference to Mirabeau, whose family hailed from Provence. The Petit Almanach was a satirical squib published in 1791 under the title Petit Dictionnaire des Grands Hommes et des grandes choses qui ont rapport la Revolution, compos par une socit daristocrates. Mirabeau was involved in saving the life of Besenval. BkV:Chap15:Sec1 He fell from favour in 1790. BkV:Chap15:Sec2 BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 His thunderous addresses to the galleries. BkV:Chap15:Sec4 A letter announcing his death, on 2nd April 1791, sent from Chateaubriands brother to his mother. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 No longer on the scene in 1792. BkIX:Chap4:Sec1 Danton compared with him. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 His noble birth. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 He was involved as a young man in the expedition to Corsica, was in Berlin 1786-1787 on a diplomatic mission, and was later exiled in Holland. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 He proposed an amnesty for Corsican exiles in 1789.

BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 Quoted. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Reference to his Histoire secrte de la cour de Berlin (1787), XXVI:2 and 5, then XXI, XXII, XLIII, XLVII-XLIX,, LV, LXI, LXV, then XXIV (17th August 1786). BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 His remonstrations in favour of order. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Imprisoned in the fortress of Joux in 1775. Miseno, Cape Misenum, Italy The Cape lies at the northwest end of the Bay of Naples. Augustus founded (1st century BC) a naval station (Misenum) there, which was destroyed by the Arabs (9th century AD). BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 Mentioned. Mississippi River It is the second longest river in North America, rising in Minnesota and flowing to the Gulf of Mexico. With the Missouri, its chief tributary, it forms the third longest river system in the world. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Its steam-boats and three-masters. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Misson, Franois Maximilien 1650-1722. His A New Voyage to Italy was published in 1691. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Missouri River The longest river in North America and the chief tributary of the Mississippi, it rises in the Rocky Mountains and flows through Montana and North and South Dakota before joining the Mississippi at St Louis. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Its steam-boats and three-masters. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 The natural canals through the Missouri swamplands. Mithridates VI, King of Pontus 132-63BC. Mithridates the Great also called Eupator Dionysius was king of Pontus in northern Anatolia from 120 to 63BC. He is remembered as one of Romes most formidable enemies who engaged three of the most prominent generals of the late Roman Republic: Sulla, Lucullus, and Pompey the Great. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 The subject of Racines play. Mitla, Mexico

The ruins of the Zapotecan tomb site and city lie near Oaxaca, Mexico. BkVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Mnata, Duke c738-804. Duke Mnata (The Rememberer) of Bohemia was a legendary early ruler, grandson of Pqemysl the Ploughman (husband of Libue the granddaughter of the ancestor of the Czech people Protech ech (Bohemus), she being the founder of Prague. BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Mocenigo, Tommaso, Doge 1343-1423. Doge of Venice 1413-1423. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 His tomb in Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice. The tombs of Pietro Mocenigo (1406-1476), Doge from1474-1476, and Giovanni Mocenigo (1409-1485), Doge from 1478-1485, are also in the same church. Mocenigo, Madame Unidentified: she was a member of the famous Mocenigo family of Venice. BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets her again in Venice in 1833. Mocha A town in south-west Yemen, on the Red Sea coast, it was once famous for its coffee. BkI:Chap4:Sec4 Saint-Malo merchants traded there. Modon, Methoni A port in Messenia in the south-west Peloponnese, once held by Venice. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand landed there when visiting Greece, not as he says in the text at Coron (Coroni). BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand landed there on Sunday the 10th of August 1806. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 A letter dated from there. Modena, Francesco IV Giuseppe Carlo Ambrogio Stanislao d'Absburgo-Este, Duke of 1779-1846. He was Duke of Modena, Reggio, and Mirandola (from 1815), Duke of Massa and Prince of Carrara (from 1829), Archduke of AustriaEste, Royal Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. His father was Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este, Duke of Breisgau, his mother Maria Beatrice Ricciarda dEste, Duchess of Massa

and Princess of Carrara, Lady of Lunigiana. He was the model for the Prince in Stendhals The Charterhouse at Parma. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 Cardinal Albani related to him. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned as owning Cataio. Mollendorf, Richard Joachim Heinrich von 1724-1816. He commanded the Prussian army on the Rhine in 1794. In the disastrous campaign of Jena (1806) Mollendorf played a considerable part, though he did not actually command a corps. He was present with the king at Auerstadt, falling into the hands of the French in the debacle which followed. After his release, he passed the remainder of his life in retirement. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Mohawk River The Mohawk River empties into the Hudson 150 miles to the north of what became New York City. The Mohawk, which extended nearly all the way to the Great Lakes, was a main water highway through the lands of the five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. The Mohawk Indians in particular travelled down it in their canoes, bringing furs to trade with the Dutch. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand crossed the Mohawk in 1791. Mohilov (Mogilov), Russia This city lies on the left bank of the Dniester across from the Bessarabian city Otek. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Mose, Moses The Biblical leader who led the Israelites out of Egypt to the Promised Land, it is also the title of a work by Chateaubriand. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to Exodus II:11-22. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Chateaubriand refers to Exodus XIV:15-31. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriands ill-fated tragedy, an abandoned project. BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 See Exodus XXXIV:29-30 for the horns of fire. Mojaisk, Russia A town near the Borodino battlefield about seventy miles west of Moscow. BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 Napoleon headquartered there 10th-12th September 1812. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec1 Murat took the town after Borodino.

BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleon passed through in retreat in 1812. Mol, Ren-Franois 1734-1805. An actor, he acted with Lekain in 1771 as Gaston in Belloys Gaston et Baard. He created the role of Count Almaviva in Beamarchais Figaro in 1784. His elegant tomb is in the Heller Park. Paris. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Actor at the Thtre-Franais. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Mol, Les BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Examples of parliamentary magistrates. Mol, douard-Franois d.1794 President. Son-in-law of the Marquis de Lamoignon. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Guillotined April 1794. Mol, Matthieu-Louis, Comte 1781-1855. Son of douard, he was Foreign Minister and Prime Minister under Louis-Philippe. He married the only daughter of Madame de La Briche in 1798. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 He was a friend of Chateaubriand and Madame de Beaumont from 1801. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 He regained possession of his fathers estate Champltreux (near Luzarches) and restored the house and grounds. There is a reference here regarding the painting (by Vincent, 1779) to his ancestor the statesman, Mathieu Mol (1584-1656), first President of the Parliament (1641) and his efforts during the Fronde. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Molire, Jean-Baptiste-Poquelin 1622-1673. French dramatist, and the father of modern French comedy, his plays include Tartuffe (1664) and Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (1670). His ridicule of hypocrisy and his satire on contemporary manners brought him into conflict with the religious authorities. He frequently acted in his own productions and died on stage. BkII:Chap3:Sec3 BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 An exemplar of French theatre. BkIV:Chap1:Sec3 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriand refers to Monsieur de Pourceaugnac Act I, scene 3, where the hero, actually from Limoges, arrives in Paris and thinks everyone is mocking at him. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 His play Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, of 1669.

BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Ignored by the English in 1822. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 In Les Fourberies de Scapin (1671), Act II:Scene 7, Gronte is asked for ransom money for his son, allegedly held in a galley. He repeats, What the devil was he doing in that galley? (Que diable allaitil faire dans cette galre?) The word galre (galley) is used in French nowadays to mean a cumbersome, painful affair, often with this sentence from Les Fourberies de Scapin. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 The Abb de Pradt nicknamed Napoleon JupiterScapin, after the Roman god and the character in Molires play. BkXXV:Chap1:Sec1 His comic genius. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 The quotation (slightly inexact) is from Le Mdecin malgr lui Act II:4. BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 The jumbled quotation is from LAvare (The Miser, 1668) II:1 BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 The quotation is from Amphitryon I:2, line 525. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Fleurant and Purgon are the apothecary and the doctor in Le Malade imaginaire (1673). BkXXXV:Chap6:Sec1 See Tartuffe V:4 lines 1741-1742. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 See LAvare I:1 BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap15:Sec1 See Tartuffe, III:2 lines 856857. Moligny, Abb de A young priest selected in 1830 to be confessor to the Duc de Bordeaux. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Molin, Captain He was a Captain in the 18th Infantry Regiment. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 Present at the interrogation of the Duc dEnghien in 1804. Moltedo, Jean-Andr-Antoine 1751-1829. Member of the Convention. Consul at Smyrna (1797-1798). BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Monaldeschi, Gian Rinaldo, Marquis d.1657. Equerry (and lover) of Queen Christina of Sweden, and executed by her at Fontainebleau, during a visit to France, for supposedly betraying her plans. BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

Monarchie selon la Charte, La Monarchy according to the Charter, Chateaubriands pamphlet of 1816 which deprived the author of both the title and income of Minister of State. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 Its impact mentioned. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Morellet regarding the work. BkXXIII:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriand referred to Blacas in an addition to the preface printed a few days after the first edition. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 See Part I: Chapter 29. BkXXV:Chap3:Sec1 Written during July and August 1816 at the Valleaux-Loups, and printed at the start of September. BkXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Monceaux The Duc dOrlans country house near Paris, acquired in 1778, in the village of Monceaux (Montchauf), on the old road to Arguenteuil (Now Rue des Lvis, Paris: the Place des Lvis is the old centre of the village). It became the favoured meeting place of the beau monde under the name of the Folie de Chartres. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1There are accounts of the Duke and his friends indulging in the pastime of collecting girls from the lowest quarters of Paris, and thrusting them nude and inebriated into the park of Monceaux. Moncey, Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Duc de Conegliano, Marshal of France 1754-1842. A professional soldier from 1769 he served in various units before being made an officer in 1779. Five years later he was a general of division and, after capturing San Sebastian, led the West Pyrenees campaign for a year. In 1797, he was removed from command after the leaders of the coup of Fructidor suspected he was a pro-royalist. He returned to favour in 1800 and served in Switzerland and Italy, before becoming Inspector General of the Gendarmes. In Spain, Moncey fought at Tudela and Saragossa, but did not see action again until he led the Paris National Guard against the invading allies in 1814. After Napoleons final fall, Moncey was jailed for three months for refusing to lead the court martial of Marshal Ney. He was later reinstated in 1819 and in 1823 won his last victories at Barcelona and Tarragona in Spain. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 Rallied to Louis XVIII at Compigne in 1814. BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Present at Napoleons Coronation in December 1804 and that of Charles X in May 1825.

Monchoix, Chteau of Near Plancot in Brittany. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Built by the Comte de Bede. BkI:Chap4:Sec2 The joyful life there. BkII:Chap10:Sec2 BkX:Chap3:Sec3 Chateaubriand visited his uncle there. BkXI:Chap6:Sec1 The Comte did not see the chateau again before he died, on returning to France from exile. Mondovi The battle of 21st April 1796, saw Bonaparte pursuing General Baron Collis Piedmontese and catching him near the hilltop town of Mondovi. With a small advantage in numbers, 17,500 to 13,000, Bonaparte went on the attack but had his first assault driven off. The French general was not to be denied and a further advance forced Colli to move. The Piedmontese signed an armistice two days later. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 Pius VII passed through the town in 1809 on his way to France. Monet, for Monnet, Antoine 1734-1817. Thanks to Malesherbes he obtained the post of InspectorGeneral of Mines in 1774. He taught mineralogy at the Jardin des Plantes. BkV:Chap15:Sec2 He and his young daughter visited Chateaubriand in 1790. Monge, Gaspard 1746-1818. A French mathematician, physicist, and public official, he was distinguished for his geometrical research, which laid the foundations of modern descriptive geometry. He also made important contributions to differential geometry and inspired his pupils, who included J. B. Biot, J. V. Poncelet, and C. Dupin, to new advances in several branches of geometry. He was professor of mathematics (1768) and of physics (1771) at Mzires. One of the founders of the cole polytechnique, he served there as professor of descriptive geometry. From 1792 to 1793 he was minister of marine. He was a close and loyal friend of Napoleon and was stripped of all his honours and positions following the restoration of the monarchy in 1815. He wrote Feuilles d'analyse applique la gometrie (1795) and Gometrie descriptive (1799). He accompanied Napoleon on the Egyptian Campaign. BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 A supporter of Napoleon.

BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Returned to France from Egypt with Napoleon in 1799. Monica, Saint c322-387. Born of Christian parents at Tagaste, North Africa; died at Ostia, near Rome, in 387. The mother of Saint Augustine. BkI:Chap4:Sec8 Her words to her son: Nihil longe est a Deo: Nothing is far from God. (St Augustines Confessions IX.11.28) Monlouet for Montlouet, Comte de Monnier, Marie-Thrse-Richard de Ruffey, Comtesse de, called Sophie 1754-1789. Mistress of Mirabeau who called her Sophie. She is immortalised in his Lettres crites du donjon de Vincennes. BkV:Chap12:Sec2 Mentioned. Monroe, James, President of the United States 1758-1831. Fifth President of the United States from 1817-1825, his declaration of 1823 prohibited European intervention in American (especially South-American) affairs, later known as the Monroe Doctrine. As Minister to France in 1794-1796, he had displayed strong sympathies for the French cause; later, with Robert R. Livingston, he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Mons The city in Belgium, it is situated near Brussels. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 The French fought the Austrians there on the 28th-29th April 1792 in the French War of the First Coalition (1792-1798). The French were repulsed but the Austrians did not follow up their offensive. BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand there during the return from Ghent to Paris. Monsieur, see Charles X Mont Blanc The highest mountain in the Alps lies on the French-Italian border. It was first climbed in 1786. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Visible from Lyons. A milliaire is a Roman milestone.

BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand sees it from where he writes in Geneva. Mont-de-Pit Originally created in Italy by the Franciscans to avoid usury, the Monts (regulated pawnbrokers) offered credit against security. They were given Royal authority in a number of cities by Louis XIV. Created by Louis XVI and Charles-Pierre Lenoir, the Paris Mont was opened in 1778 in the Marais. Napoleon in 1804 granted it a monopoly on loans against security. It became known colloquially as Chez ma tante. The origin of the phrase is proverbially attributed to the Prince de Joinville who claimed to have left his watch at his aunts house. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Flins used it. Mont-dOr, Mont Dore The highest mountain near Riom, it is in the Auvergne. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 In 1791, the name was proposed and rejected for the region subsequently called Puy-de-Dme. BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 A spa town. Madame de Beaumont went to take the waters there in 1803. Mont Saint-Jean A village on the heights south of Waterloo it contains the Mont-Saint-Jean Farm which belonged to the Templar Order since 1230 before being rebuilt in 1778 by the Knights of Malta. It was used as a field-hospital by the British during the battle, and the extant building comprises a large square of whitewashed brick, stone and granite. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de 1533-1592. The Essayist, who after the death of his father, a wealthy merchant, in 1568, resigned his position as a magistrate in Bordeaux and began composing his Essais. He travelled in Europe and was Mayor of Bordeaux from 1581 to 1585. His Essais began a new literary genre, expressed his humanism, and are a fine self-portrait. They were published in 1580, in 1588, and post-humously, incorporating his revisions. They were translated into English by John Florio in 1603. BkII:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes from Essais: I.9 BkII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand slightly misquotes from Essais III.4 (On Diversions).

BkIII:Chap2:Sec1 In the Essais I.26 Montaigne describes how his father had him woken with music. BkIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from the first edition of the Essais II.VIII in which Montaigne quotes the Marshal de Montluc regarding his regrets concerning his treatment of his son. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 The troubled times in which he lived. BkVII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from Essais I.31 (On Cannibals), both the song and the final comment. BkIX:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from Essais III.12 (On Physiognomy). The Guelphs and Guibellines were warring factions in Medieval Italy, for Pope and Empire respectively (See Dantes Divine Comedy) BkX:Chap5:Sec2 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Essais II:12. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from Essais, III.9 (On Vanity). BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Chateaubriand quotes approximately from Essais, III.9 BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 His familiarity with the Vatican buildings. He visited Rome in 1581. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 The reference derived from Essais, III.9 (On Vanity). BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 A condensed quotation from Essais, II.36 (On the finest men.) BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 The quotation is from Essais III.8 (On the Art of Conversation) BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Montaigne a compatriot of Henri IV. In 1577 he became a gentilhomme de la chambre to Henri. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 See the opening of Essais III:1. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Had a silver plaque showing himself his wife and daughter affixed to the wall in Santa Casa in Loreto. He was there in the spring of 1581 during his travels in Italy (1580-81). BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to the Journal de voyage en Italie. Montaigne was given Roman Citizens rights by a Bull of 13th March 1581. The 16th century house he stayed in was on the corner of the Via dellOrso and the Via Monte Brianzo. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 See Montaignes Essais II:17 On Presumption where he quotes Chancellor Olivier. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 See the Essais III:5 (On Virgils poetry) BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 See Essais II:33. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 See Essais III:2. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 See Montaignes Journal of his travels in Italy (1580-1581)

BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 See Essais II:12. I have altered the meaning of Chateaubriands text to reflect XXIX:Chap7:Sec1 where Chateaubriand acknowledges Montaignes compassion for Tasso. Montaigne, Lonore de She was the daughter of Michel de Montaigne. She married Gaston de la Tour. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned. Montaigu The town near Nantes, is in the Vende, which is the area of the west coast of France between Nantes and La Rochelle. BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 The Duchess de Berry arrived at the Chteau de la Preuille there on the 17th of May 1832. Montalivet, Camille Bachasson, 3rd Comte de 1801-1880. A French statesman and Peer of France, he joined the July Monarchy during the Revolution of 1830 and was made Minister of the Interior, where his main task was to prevent any troubles during the trial of the former ministers of Charles X. Afterwards, he was alternatively Minister of the Interior and Minister of Education in different cabinets. After 1839, he became Intendent of the Civil List, and created the Museum of Versailles. After the 1848 Revolution, he defended the actions of the July Monarchy, and acted as executor of the will of Louis-Philippe. After the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870, he rallied to the conservative republican ideas of his friend Adolphe Thiers, and thus considerably eased the voting-in by the centre right of the constitutional laws of 1875, establishing a Republic in France. BkXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Rallied to Chateaubriand in 1825. BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 Minister of the Interieur on several occasions between 1830-1839. He telegraphed the Prefect of the Charente on the 5th of June demanding Berryers arrest at Angoulme. The Duchesse de Berry meanwhile took refuge at Nantes. BkXXXV:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Montansier, Theatre At Versailles, created by Mademoiselle (La) Monsantier (Marguerite Brunet, 1730-1820) and opened by Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette in 1777. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.

Montargis A commune of the Loiret dpartement in France, the town is located about 110 km south of Paris and 70km east of Orlans, on the River Loing, at the heart of the region known as the Gtinais. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Jan the Blinds embalmed heart and entrails were housed in the Dominican Abbey at Montargis where his sister Queen Maria of France was entombed. His body however was taken to Luxembourg. Montauban, Arthur de d.1479 Magistrate and Prelate, belonged to one of the great families of Brittany. To satisfy a private grudge against Gilles, brother of Duke Francis II of Brittany, he intrigued to such good purpose that Gilles was arraigned for treason, and finally assassinated in prison in 1450. When his duplicity was discovered he was deprived of his office of bailli of Cotentin and banished. He then turned monk, and through the support of his brother, John de Montauban (1412-1466), Louis XIs favourite, obtained the archbishopric of Bordeaux in 1468. He died in Paris on the 9th of March 1479. BkI:Chap4:Sec3 Mentioned. Montbel, Guillaume-Isidore, Comte de 1787-1861. An Enthusiastic royalist, he was mayor of Toulouse and deputy of Haute-Garonne in 1827. In the Polignac ministry from August to November 1829 he functioned as Secretary of State at the Department of Ecclesiastical Affairs and State Education; he was then Minister of the Interior and finally Finance Minister. Condemned to civil death and perpetual detention at the time of the prosecution of the ministers of Charles X in 1830, he was amnestied in 1837. BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Joined the Cabinet in 1829. BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXL:Chap7:Sec1 He published a Notice sur la vie du duc de Reichstadt in 1832. BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 Acting for the Duchesse de Berry in Rome in 1833. BkXL:Chap7:Sec1 Acting as courier for the Duchess to and from Prague in September 1833. Montboissier, France Formerly Le Houssay it is located in the Eure-et-Loire department, south of Chartres. BkII:Chap9:Sec1 BkIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes this chapter there. During the summer of 1817, when the Chateaubriands were literally homeless, they stayed with friends or family members in the

country. From 2nd July to 3rd August he stayed at Montboissier where Madame de Chateaubriand was gravely ill. The chateau belonged to Pauline de Montboissier, the Comtesse de Colbert-Montboissier. BkIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand left Montboissier in the autumn of 1817. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned as a place where part of the Memoirs was written. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 Previously purchased by Courtois, a deputy. Montboissier Beaufort Canillac, Charles-Philippe-Simon, Baron de 1750-1802. He was Deputy in 1789 for Chartres to the States-General, where the voted for the abolition of feudal rights. He Emigrated. He was son-in-law to Malesherbes. BkIX:Chap8:Sec1 BkIX:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriands brother became his aide-de-camp. Chateaubriand may be confusing him here though with his uncle, Comte Philippe-Claude de Montboissier (1712-1797), the elderly Marshal, who commanded the Light Brigade. BkX:Chap2:Sec1 In Brussels in September 1792. Montboissier, Franoise-Pauline de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, Baronne de 1758-1827. Daughter of Malesherbes. Wife of the Baron. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkIX:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Montboucher, Comte de Captain of Dragoons in 1789. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 The Montboucher family line. Montcalm, Armande-Marie de Vignerot du Plessis-Richelieu, Marquise de 1777-1832. Daughter of the Duc de Fronsac she married Hippolyte de Montcalm, separating from him shortly afterwards. Her half-brother the Duc de Richelieu was nominated as First Minister under the Restoration. She was a friend of Chateaubriands. BkXXII:Chap10:Sec1 In Paris in 1814. BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 She encouraged him to seek a reconciliation. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Montcalm-Gozon, Louis-Joseph de, Marquis de Saint-Vran

1712-1759. A veteran of the War of the Polish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession, he was sent (1756) to defend Canada in the French and Indian Wars. His position was subordinate to that of the Marquis de Vaudreuil de Cavagnal, governor of New France, and protests to the home authorities against the dishonesty of the provincial administration and the evil consequences of divided command were without avail. Montcalm's capture of Fort Ontario at Oswego (1756) restored control of Lake Ontario to France, and he besieged and captured (1757) Fort William Henry on Lake George. This victory was marred by the massacre of English prisoners by his Native American allies, although Montcalm finally restored order at the risk of his life. In 1758 he concentrated a force of 3,800 at Ticonderoga and successfully withstood an attack by a large British force under Gen. James Abercrombie. In 1759, still handicapped by Vaudreuil's interference, Montcalm successfully defended Quebec against the siege of Gen. James Wolfe until the strategy of the English effected an open engagement. The British were victorious (Sept. 13, 1759), but both Wolfe and Montcalm were killed. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 His death. Montebello, Duc de, see Lannes Montenotte, Battle of 12th of April 1796. At the head of 45,000 starving troops, Napoleon Bonaparte moved into Lombardy and found himself between a large Piedmontese army under General Baron Colli (25,000) and an Austrian force of 35,000 under Jean Pierre Beaulieu. Moving between them, he took 10,000 men and smashed through a small force of 4500 troops on Beaulieus right at Montenotte, near Savona. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Mentioned. Montereau, France The town at the confluence of the Seine and Yonne, is south-east of Paris. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Napoleon fighting there in 1814. He had captured shakos thrown into the Seine so they could be seen in Paris. Monterossi, Italy Between Rome and Radicofani. BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 Pius VII passed through on his journey to France. Montespan, Franoise-Athnas de Rochecouart, Marquise de

1641-1707. The mistress of Louis XIV from 1667 until replaced by the governess of their seven children, Madame de Maintenon. She remained at court until 1691 when she retired to a convent. BkIV:Chap3:Sec1 She and her sisters were noted beauties. BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de 1689-1755. French jurist and political philosopher, he was councillor (1714) of the parlement of Bordeaux and its president (171628). He gained a seat in the French Academy in 1728. His Persian Letters (1721) brought him immediate fame. Supposedly written by Persian travellers in Europe and their friends, they satirized and criticized French institutions. In 1734 he produced a scientific historical study of the rise and fall of Rome, Considrations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur dcadence. His greatest work, The Spirit of the Law (1748), is a comparative study of three types of governmentrepublic, monarchy, and despotism and shows John Lockes influence. Its main theories are that climate and circumstances determine the form of governments and that the powers of government should be separated and balanced in order to guarantee the freedom of the individual. Written with brilliance of style, it had great historical importance and influenced the formation of the American Constitution. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 His familiarity with the Vatican buildings. He visited Rome in 1729. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 His Defence of The Spirit of the Law, against the criticism it had attracted, was published in 1750. The book was still put on the proscribed list by the Church in 1751. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 His Temple of Gnidus of 1725, a short novel of a sensuous turn written for the licentious society of the Regency epoch. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 As a model of 18th century style. BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 See Lettres persanes, XXXI and CXLI. Anais appears in the latter. BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 Quoted. Montesquiou-Fezensac, Anne-Elisabeth-Pierre, Comte de 1764-1834. Grand Chamberlain to Napoleon who made him a Baron. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Montesquiou-Fezensac, Anatole, Comte then Marquis de

1788-1878. Aide de camp to Napoleon in 1814, he entered the service of the Duc dOrleans, as aide de camp in 1816, then from 1823 as knight of honour to the Duchess. A poet, he translated Petrarch. He was a Deputy 1834-1841, and then a Peer of France. BkXXXII:Chap13:Sec1 Sent to Raincy to find Louis-Philippe on the 30th of July 1930. BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Makes an approach to Chateaubriand in 1830. Montesquiou-Fezensac, Franois-Xavier-Marc-Antoine, Abb then Duc de 1756-1832. Appointed to the States General of 1789, he chaired the Parliament of the 4th-18th January 1790. He emigrated to England then to America in September 1792. He returned to France after 9th Thermidor and was one of the agents of Louis XVIII. A Member of the Royalist Committee of Paris, he was exiled for a time to Menton. Under the first Restoration, he was named Minister of the Interior (May 13 1814 - March 19 1815). Under the second Restoration, he had the title of minister of State. He left manuscripts on the history of Louis XV and of Louis XVI. BkXXII:Chap17:Sec1 A Member of the Provisional Government in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Minister of the Interior 1814-5. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 In London during the Hundred Days. Montfort, Comte de, See Jrme Bonaparte Montfort, Jean, Comte de 1339-1399. Jean V of Brittany, known as the Conqueror, was duke of Brittany, from 1345 to his death. He was son of Duke John IV and Joanna of Flanders. The first part of his rule was marred by the Breton War of Succession, fought against his cousin Joanna of Dreux and her husband Charles of Blois. In 1364, John V won an important victory against the House of Blois in the battle of Auray, with the help of the English army. His rival Charles was killed in battle and Joanna forced to sign the Treaty of Gurande. In the terms of the treaty, Joanna gave up her rights to Brittany and recognized John V as sole master of the duchy. Surprisingly, John V declared himself a vassal to king Charles V of France, not to Edward III of England who helped him to become duke. Nevertheless, the French exerted pressure over Brittany and the local nobles and forced John V into exile between 1373 and 1379. BkV:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

Montfort, Simon de c1160-1218. Count of Montfort and Earl of Leicester. A participant in the Fourth Crusade (12024), he did not join in the sack of Constantinople, but instead proceeded to Syria. He later led the crusade against the Albigenses. Capable, ambitious, and fanatically religious, he commanded the Crusaders who remained in S France after the taking (1209) of Carcassone and, with papal approval, was elected viscount of Bziers and of Carcassone by the armies. In 1211 he attacked the remaining territories of Raymond VI of Toulouse and overran all but Toulouse and Montauban. Pope Innocent III attempted to make him recognize Peter II of Aragn as overlord, but in 1213 Simon defeated Peter and Raymond at Muret. He was proclaimed lord of Toulouse and Montauban by the Crusaders (1215), and his title was confirmed by the pope at the Lateran Council. Raymond recaptured (1217) some of his territories, and Simon renewed the warfare; he was killed while besieging Toulouse. Through his mother he claimed the English earldom of Leicester, to which his right was intermittently recognized by King John. His son, also Simon de Montfort, was the leader of the English barons. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Mentioned. Montgascon, Clment Acher, Baron de A Royalist volunteer from Toulouse he was in service with the Dauphin from 1814 to at least 1830. He was made a Baron in 1827. BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 At Saint-Cloud in July 1830. Montgelas, Maximilien-Josef Garnerin, Graf von 1759-1838. A Bavarian statesman, from a noble family in Savoy, in the field of internal politics he may be regarded as the most successful German politician of the early 19th century. He created the first modern constitution for Bavaria in 1808, and reinstituted the civil service on ethical lines, creating a group of servants loyal only to the crown and kingdom of Bavaria. His enemies persuaded the king to dismiss him in 1817, and he spent the remainder of his life as a member of the Bavarian House of Lords. BkXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned, as a progressive (though he was not a parliamentarian). Montholon, Charles-Tristan, Marquis de 1783-1853. Followed Bonaparte throughout his career, and became an aidde-camp to the Emperor. He and his wife went to St Helena and remained there until Napoleons death in 1821. Montholon had to spend many years in Belgium; and in 1840 acted as chief of staff in the absurd expedition

conducted by Louis Napoleon from London to Boulogne. He was condemned to imprisonment at Ham, but was released in 1847; he then retired to England and published the Rcits de la captivit de Napoleon Ste Hlne. In 1849 he became one of the deputies for the Legislative Assembly under the Second French Republic. BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 He collaborated with Gourgaud in the work entitled Mmoires pour servir a l'histoire de France sous Napoleon (Paris, 18221823. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Accompanied Napoleon to St Helena in 1815. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 He transmitted Napoleons complaints about conditions on St Helena to England. BkXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 See Mmoires pour servir IV. Montholon, Albine Hlne (de Vassal), previously Madame Roger, Comtesse de 1779 or 1780-1848. Wife of above (1812). She left Memoirs. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 She accompanied her husband to St Helena. Monti, Vincenzo 1754-1828. Poet and tragedian, he is representative of Italian neo-Classical literature. Preface:Sect3. Mentioned by Chateaubriand. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born in Ferrara. Montlar, Monsieur then Prince of He married Marie-Christina of Saxony in 1800. BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Montlhry, France Montlhry lay on the strategically important road from Paris to Orlans. It was an old Gaulish site, called Mons Aetricus by the Romans. Under the Merovingians it was owned by the church in Rheims, and in 768 it was given to the abbey of St. Denis in Paris. It is famous for its castle, of which only the tower remains today. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec3 Mentioned as a typical ancient tower site of France, local to Paris, therefore a humdrum site to visit! Montlosier, Franois Dominique de Reynaud, Comte de

1755-1838. He was returned in 1791 to the Constituent Assembly, where he sat on the Royalist side, and he emigrated on its dissolution in September 1791, joining the emigrant army at Coblenz. After Valmy, he withdrew to Hamburg, and then London. In his Courrier de Londres, he advocated moderation and the abandonment by the exiles of any idea of revenge. He was recalled to Paris in 1801. The Courrier was soon suppressed, nevertheless, its editor being compensated by a comfortable sinecure in the ministry of foreign affairs. Next year he sold his pen to the government to edit the violent anti-English Bulletin de Paris. At Napoleon's request he undertook an account of the ancient monarchy of France, which was rejected because of the stress laid on the feudal limitations of royal authority. His views were no more acceptable to Louis XVIII than they had been to the emperor, and he devoted himself to agriculture until he was roused by the clerical and reactionary policy of Charles X. His anti-clerical Memoire a consulter sur un systems religieux, politique (1826) rapidly passed through eight editions. He had no part in the revolution of 1830, but supported Louis Philippes government and entered the House of Peers in 1832. Ecclesiastical burial was denied him because he had refused to abjure his anti-clerical writings. BkX:Chap5:Sec1 The Courrier mentioned. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him at Mrs Lindsays. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 His celebrated phrase uttered on 7th January 1791 in the Assembly regarding the refractory Bishops: If you took away their cross of gold, they would still possess a cross of wood, and it is a cross of wood that saved the world. BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 His attacks on the Jesuits 1825-1826, which made him a spokesman for the anti-clerical liberal left. He owned the Chteau de Randanne (at Aurires in the Puy-de-Dme, Auvergne), from which he writes. Montlouet, Francois-Jean-Raphal de Brunes, Marquis de 1728-1787. He was Commissioner for the States of Brittany. BkIII:Chap1:Sec1 Visited Combourg. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Signatory to Chateaubriands fathers death certificate. Montluc, Blaise de Lasseran-Massencme, Seigneur de, c.15021577. Marshal of France, he was a Gason soldier of fortune who fought in the Italian Wars and the Wars of Religion. His famous Commentaires (1592), which King Henry IV called the soldiers bible, constitute an admirable military history.

BkIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand mentions his regrets regarding his son. Montluc was wounded and disfigured in 1570. His second son had died in Madeira in 1566. BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Montmirail, France A town north of Troyes it is in the Marne. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Napoleon fighting there in 1814. BkXXVIII:Chap21:Sec1 The Chteau of Montmirail was the seat of the Duc de La Rochefoucauld. Montmirel or Monmirail Chateaubriands chef during the London Embassy in 1822, who supposedly invented the Chateaubriand steak, named after his master, or alternatively the Chateaubriant steak named after his native town. BkXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 In Paris in 1823. BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned in 1833. Montmorency, France In the Val d'Oise department of northern France, a suburb north of Paris, J. J. Rousseau lived there (175662), first at the nearby Hermitage a cottage on the estate of his friend, Madame Louise de Lalive dEpinay, and after his quarrel with her, in Montmorency itself. Rousseau lived at the cottage during 1756-1757. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand visited it in 1792. Montmorency, Anne de, Constable of France 1493-1567. Named, it is said, after his godmother Anne of Brittany, was the first to attain the ducal title (1551). He was made a Marshal (1522) by Francis I, was captured with Francis at Pavia (1525), helped negotiate (1526) Francis release, and soon after the kings return received the governorship of Languedoc, which remained in his family until 1632. He was made constable in 1538. His enemies at court and his policy of peace with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V finally led to his disgrace (1541), which lasted until Francis death (1547). King Henry II restored him to a degree of favour limited by the influence of Franois and Charles de Guise. He took Metz from the Spanish (1552) and was captured (1557) by Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy at Saint-Quentin, but was soon released. Dismissed by Francis II, he was restored to office by Catherine de Medici. He joined the Guises in the

Wars of Religion, was captured at Dreux (1562), and was killed in the siege of St. Denis. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec3 His death at Saint-Denis. Montmorency, Anne-Louise-Caroline de Gouyon-Matignon, Baronne de 1774-1846. Grand-daughter of the Baron de Bretueil, she was the daughter of the Comte de Gac, Louis-Charles-Auguste de Goyon-Matignon, and Madame de Matignon. She married Anne-Charles-Franois de Montmorency (1768-1846), Marquis de Fosseux, Premier Baron de France, Premier Baron Chrtien, Prince dAigrenons, Peer of France. BkIX:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand met her in 1792. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 She intervened unsuccessfully on behalf of Monsieur de Goyon. Montmorency-Laval, Anne-Pierre-Adrien de, Duc de Laval 1768-1837. He married, 1788, his cousin Bonne-Charlotte de MontmorencyLuxembourg. He was at the court of Louis XVI in 1785. He emigrated during the Revolution and enlisted in the Princes army as his fathers aidede-camp, returning to France in 1800. Named marshal in 1814, he was successively Ambassador to Madrid, Rome (1822-1828), Vienna (18281829), and London in September 1829, after refusing the Foreign Ministry. He was an admirer of Madame Rcamier and friend of Madame de Stal. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned, in 1802. BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 An avowed Royalist. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand was appointed Ambassador to Rome on the 2nd June 1828, the Duc de Laval was appointed to Vienna on the 11th of June. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 An attendee at Madame Rcamiers salon. BkXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Mention of Chateaubriands correspondence with him in 1823 when Montmorency was Ambassador to Rome at the time of Pius VIIs death. BkXXX:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Laval was appointed Foreign Minister on the 24th April 1829, and this was known in Rome on the 7th of May, meanwhile Laval turned down the post and Portalis was appointed. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 His involvement in the Treaty of Trinit dei Monti. BkXXXI:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand recommends him for the Rome Embassy in 1829.

Montmorency, Charlotte de, see Cond Niece of Franois. Montmorency, Franois, Duc de, marshal of France 1530-1579. Elder son of Anne. Married Diana, natural daughter of Henry II. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Ambassador to Elizabeth I. Montmorency, Henri II, Duc de 1595-1632. He succeeded his father as governor of Languedoc in 1608 and became grand admiral in 1612. Duke de Montmorency from 1614, he campaigned against the Huguenots in 1620 and took part in the sieges of Montauban and Montpellier. Marshal of France from December 1630, he joined the faction of Gaston, Duke dOrlans, and tried to raise Languedoc against Cardinal de Richelieu. After he was defeated in battle at Castelnaudary (Sept. 1, 1632) and taken prisoner, he was tried before the Parlement of Toulouse and, despite the pleas of several prominent persons, was executed as a traitor. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Chateaubriand quotes from Michaud (1821). BkXIX:Chap7:Sec1 The drinking of his blood by his supporters. Montmorency-Laval, Mathieu-Jean-Flicit, Vicomte then Duc de 1767-1826. A French politician, he served with his father, the Vicomte de Laval, in America, and returned to France imbued with democratic opinions. He was governor of Compigne when he was returned as deputy to the States-general in 1789, where he joined the Third Estate. He moved the abolition of coats-of-arms on June 19, 1790. The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in September 1791 set him free to join Lckners army on the frontier early in the next year. After the revolution of the 20th of August he abandoned his revolutionary principles; and he took no part in politics under the Empire. At the Restoration he was promoted marchal de camp, and accompanied Louis XVIII to Ghent during the Hundred Days. At the second restoration, in 1815, he was made a peer of France, and two years later received the title of viscount. He adopted strong reactionary and ultramontane views, and became minister of foreign affairs under Villle in December 1821. He recommended armed intervention in Spain, to restore Ferdinand VII, at the Congress of Verona in October 1822, but he resigned his post in December, being compensated by the title of duke and the cross of the Legion of Honour in the next year. He was elected to the French Academy in 1825, though he appears to have had small qualifications for the honour, and in the next year became tutor to the six-year-old Henri, duke of

Bordeaux (afterwards known as the Comte de Chambord). He died two months after receiving this last appointment, on the 24th of March 1826. He was a type of the Christian knight in modern times. BkV:Chap10:Sec1 He attacked aristocratic privileges in the National Assembly on 4th August 1789. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 A close friend of Madame de Stal. BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 An avowed Royalist. BkXXV:Chap6:Sec1 Bought the Vall-aux-Loups from Chateaubriand in 1818. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 Involved with the Conservateur. BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand, who had been given the post of Plenipotentiary Minister to Berlin in the second half of November 1820. BkXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 Foreign Minister from December 14th 1821. Chateaubriand writes to him from the London Embassy. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 His refusal to negotiate with England over the Spanish colonies in South America. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 His reluctant appointment of Chateaubriand to the Congress of Verona. BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 He died on 24th March 1826, Good Friday. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 Louis XVIIIs comment to him regarding Moreau. BkXXVIII:Chap21:Sec1 Banished from Paris in September 1811 with Madame Rcamier. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 He co-rented the Valle-aux-Loups in 1817. An attendee at Madame Rcamiers salon. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1826. Montmorin, Gustave-Auguste de Brother of Pauline de Beaumont, he drowned in 1793, near Mauritius. BkXV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Montmorin, Calixte de 1772-1794. Son of Armand-Marc, he was guillotined May 1794. Montmorin, Comte de He was the commander of a cavalry unit of Musketeers in 1792.

BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Montmorin-Saint-Hrem, Armand-Marc, Comte de 1746-1792. Foreign Minister 1787-1791 under Louis XIV, he was the father of Pauline de Beaumont. He had been commandant for the King in Brittany from 1784 to 1787. He was a devoted admirer of Jacques Necker, whose influence at court he helped maintain. He retired when Necker was dismissed, but on Neckers recall again resumed his office. He worked closely with Mirabeau whose death in April 1791 was a severe blow to Montmorin, the difficulty of whose position was enormously increased after the flight of the royal family to Varennes, to which he was not privy. He was forced to resign office, but still continued to advise Louis, and was one of the inner circle of the king's friends, called by the revolutionists the Austrian Committee. In June 1792 his papers were seized at the foreign office, without anything incriminating being discovered; in July he was denounced, and after August 10 was proscribed. He took refuge in the house of a washerwoman, but was discovered, taken before the Legislative Assembly, and imprisoned in the Abbaye, where he perished in the September Massacres. His relative, Louis Victor Henri, Marquis de Montmorin de Saint Herem, head of the senior branch of the family, also perished in the massacre. BkV:Chap1:Sec2 BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 BkXV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Dismissed by Louis XVI in 1789. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 His house a fashionable meeting place. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Father of Madame de Beaumont. His career and death. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 A colleague of Neckers. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 The house built on the Rue Plumet is now 27 Rue Oudinot, it held the nonciature of Cardinal Caprara. Montmorin, Franoise de Tanes, Comtesse de 1742-1794. The wife of Armand, she was guillotined May 1794. Montolieu, Jeanne Pauline Isabelle Polier de Bottens de Crousaz, Baronne de 1751-1832. A prolific writer, adaptor and translator, her translation of Swiss Family Robinson by Wyss was well-known. She adapted Jane Austens Sense and Sensibility among other texts. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand met her in Lausanne in 1826.

Montpellier, France The ancient university (founded 1220) town in southern France, six miles from the Mediterranean coast, it is the capital of the Languedoc-Roussillon region. The original name was Monspessulanus, perhaps meaning the bare hill. It came to prominence in the 10th century as a trade city, and had a rich Jewish, Muslim, and Cathar culture. It later became a Protestant stronghold and was besieged by Louis XIII. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 Chateaubriand was there in 1802. BkXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Pius VII passed through on his way back to Italy in 1814. Montpensier, Louis Antoine Philippe dOrlans, Duc de 1775-1807. He was the younger brother of Louis-Philippe. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 Madame Rcamier meets him at the Opera in 1802. Montrond, Casimir, Comte de 1768-1843. A French diplomatic agent, he was the son of a military officer; his mother, Anglique Marie dArlus, comtesse de Montrond (d. 1827), was a royalist writer, said to be the author of the Troubadour barnois, a song which has the refrain Louis, le fils de Henri, Est prisonnier dans Paris.He was the confidant and political agent of Talleyrand, and his inside knowledge of politics enabled him to make a large fortune on the Bourse. In 1809 he was disgraced for some imprudent comments on the imperial system, and exiled from Paris. He returned to France at the first Bourbon restoration, and during the Hundred Days was entrusted with a mission to Vienna to convert Talleyrand to Napoleons interests, to see Metternich and Nesselrode, and to bring back, if possible, Marie Louise and the King of Rome. On Talleyrands fall he accompanied him to Valencay and continued to help with his intrigues. He followed Talleyrand to London in 1832, but returned to Paris some time before his death. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec1 His intrigues in Ghent in 1815. Montrouge, Paris The Montrouge Plain lay within the current XIVth Arrondissement. Like Montparnasse to the north or Montsouris to the east, it was an area containing quarries, used as catacombs and to provide hiding places, storage etc over the centuries. From 1785 to 1786, in 15 months, millions of bones and rotting corpses were transported from the unsanitary city cemetery in Les Halles to the catacombs, in huge carts at night across the city.

BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Just before the Revolution, Charles X threw wild torch-lit parties in the catacombs, which Chateaubriand here compares to the landscape of hell. BkXXXV:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. The Barrire du Maine was on the site of the existing Place Bienvenue. The Moulin Jansniste was a name given to the Moulin des Trois-Cornets on the Chemin de Vanves (Rue Raymond Losserand) because of its proximity to the Oratoriens College. The Pavillon de Lauzun was between Boulevard St Jacques and Rue Jean-Dolent, formerly Rue de Biron. The ruined mill was the so-called Moulin des Frres de la Charit, since it served as a rendezvouz for walkers from the Jesuit College of Louis le Grand. The cemetery was that of Montparnasse brought into service in July 1824. Monvel, (Jacques-Marie Boutet) 1745-1812. An Actor, he debuted in 1770. Secretly left Paris for Sweden about 1781, and became reader to the king, a post which he held for several years. At the Revolution he returned to Paris, embraced its principles with ardour, and in 1791, joined the theatre in the Rue Richelieu (the rival of the Comdie Francaise), which, under Talma, with Dugazon, his sister Mme Vestris, Grandmesnil and Mme Desgarcins, was soon to become the Thatre de la Rpublique. After the Revolution Monvel returned to the reconstituted Comdie Franaise with all his old companions, but retired in 1807. He wrote six plays and a historical novel. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Actor at the Thtre-Franais. BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 His comic opera (music by Nicolas Dalayrac) Ambroise, premiered at the Thtre-Italien on 21st January 1793. Moore, Thomas 1779-1852. The Irish poet who composed new verses to traditional tunes, and published ten volumes of his Irish Melodies was a friend of Lord Byron, and published Byrons journals after his death. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as a recognised living poet in 1822. Morand, Charles Antoine Louis Alexis, Comte 1771-1835. A Napoleonic General he fought in Italy, Egypt, Prussia and Austria. He was Governor of Hamburg 1810-1812. He campaigned in Russia and was wounded at Borodino. His support for Napoleon carried on to Waterloo. He was subsequently exiled to Poland, and condemned later to death, but acquitted and re-instated in 1819. BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 At Borodino.

Morault A gentleman of the neighbourhood of Combourg. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Signatory to Chateaubriands fathers death certificate. Morbihan Morbihan is a dpartement in the northwest of France named after the Morbihan (small sea in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. It was one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790, from part of the former province of Brittany. BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 BkXXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Morea The name Morea (Greek: uvwxyz) was used to refer to the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. The name was also used to refer to a Byzantine province in the region, known as the Despotate of Morea. BkVIII:Chap4:Sec2 The short-lived insurrection there in 1770, incited by the Russians, against the Ottoman Empire which held the region. Greeks then fled to Florida. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 Chateaubriands passport issued by the Pasha. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 An example of French influence. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 A French expeditionary force of fifteen thousand men under General Maison occupied the Peloponnese in August-September 1828. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Its churches. Moreau, Annibal d.1812. Son of Julie de Bede, Madame Moreau, and a cousin of Chateaubriands. He married and became a tobacco-bonder in Fougres. BkIV:Chap2:Sec1 BkIV:Chap3:Sec2 Julie-Anglique de Bede married Jean-Franois Moreau, Procureur of the High Court of Brittany and Municipal Magistrate of Rennes, in 1744. Annibal was their son. He met the young Chateaubriand in Paris in 1786. BkIV:Chap8:Sec1 He was not in Paris in 1787 when Chateaubriand stayed there. BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets him again at Thionville in September 1792.

BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 He turns up at the Valle-aux-Loups in 1808. He had emigrated to Russia, and on his return in 1808 retired to Nantes where he died. Moreau, Jean-Victor-Marie, General 1763-1813. A French Breton general in the Revolutionary Wars who despite his successes on the Rhine and in Germany (179697), was dismissed for withholding compromising information about General Pichegru after the coup of 18 Fructidor (1797); he was later reinstated (Apr. 1799) at the head of the French army in Italy. After helping Napoleon in the coup of 18 Brumaire he was given command (1800) in Germany and routed the Austrians at Hohenlinden. At the conclusion of the war Moreau began to oppose Bonaparte. Informed of the royalist Cadoudal plot of 1804, he neither joined nor revealed it; after its discovery he was arrested and sentenced to imprisonment for two years. The sentence was commuted to exile, which he spent in Spain and America. Returning to Europe in 1813, he assisted the allies as an adviser in their war against Napoleon, but was killed fighting against France at the Battle of Dresden. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkII:Chap7:Sec2 They met at Rennes College. Moreau was on the point of leaving to pursue his law studies. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 Provost of the law school at Rennes in 1789. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 He was arrested on the 15th February 1804. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 A quotation from him. The Battle of Tourcoing (1794) established Moreau's military fame, and in 1795 he was given the command of the Army of the Rhine-and-Moselle, with which he crossed the Rhine and advanced into Germany. He was at first completely successful and won several victories and penetrated to the Tsar, but at last had to retreat before the Archduke Charles of Austria. However, the skill he displayed in conducting his retreatwhich was considered a model for such operations greatly enhanced his own reputation, the more so as he managed to bring back with him more than 5000 prisoners. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Apparently opposed to Napoleon on the latters return to France from Egypt. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 His ill luck. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 His German campaign of 1800, including the victory at Hchstadt in June, and Hohenlinden in December. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 His civilised attitude to war. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 His involvement in anti-Bonaparte sentiment. His death at Dresden.

BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Returned from America to die at Dresden. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec1 A great general of the Republic. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 His comment on Bonapartes character. BkXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 His victory at Hohenlinden paved the way for later achievements. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 Chateaubriand considers him worthy to rank alongside Napoleon. His deportation and his letter to Madame Rcamier mentioned. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 In Prague in 1813 at the Tsars headquarters. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Moreau, Madame The wife of Jean-Victor, she was called La Marchale Moreau. BkX:Chap3:Sec2 Louis XVIII gave her the honorary title after General Moreau was killed at Dresden in 1813, and was made a Marshal of France posthumously. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 She joined her husband in America. Moreau de Saint-Mry, Mdric-Louis-lie 1750-1819. The Deputy representing Martinique, he became President of the Paris electors. He emigrated to the United States after the 10th of August 1792. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 He was one of those who met and harangued the King at the Htel de Ville on the 17th July 1789. Morellet, Abb Andr 1727-1819. Encyclopaedist and critic. BkIX:Chap15:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 He published in May 1801 his Observations critiques sur le roman intitul Atala. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Chateaubriand met him in 1811. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 His pamphlets in 1795. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 His reception of La Monarchie selon la Charte. Morri, Louis 1643-1680. b. at Bargemont in the Diocese of Frejus, France, 25 March, 1643, d. at Paris, 10 July, 1680. Roman Catholic priest and scholar. Author of a Grand dictionnaire historique. Translated as Louis Moreris Great Historical, Geographical and Poetical Dictionary; Being a Curious

Miscellany of Sacred and Profane History, printed for Henry Rhodes, Luke Meredith, John Harris, and Thomas Newborough in London in 1694. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 A source of information regarding Chateaubriands family. Morice, Dom Pierre-Hyacinthe Eighteenth century historian. Author of the Histoire ecclsiastique et civile de Bretagne (1750 ) BkI:Chap1:Sec3 A source of information regarding Chateaubriands family. Mormoran (or Monmuran or Morman) There was a Breton family (and chteau of that name) between Fougres, Dol and Rennes, from which Chateaubriand claimed descent. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Mornay-Duplessis, Charlotte Arbeleste de 1550-1606. The wife of Philippe de Mornay (1549-1623), she married him in 1576 at Sedan. BkXXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Her Memoirs were issued in 1824. The reference is perhaps to his flight through the Porte Saint-Denis at the time of the Massacre in 1572. Morosini, Michele, Doge 1308-1382. He was Doge of Venice in 1382. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 His tomb in Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice. Mortemart The three daughters of Gabriel de Rochechouart, Duc de Mortemart: Gabrielle, Marquise de Thiange: Francoise-Athnas, Marquise de Montespan: Marie-Gabrielle, Abbess of Fontevrault. BkIV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as celebrated beauties, and for their resemblance to Julie de Farcy. Mortemart, Victurnien-Bonaventure-Victor de Rochecouart, Marquis de 1753-1823. Colonel of the Navarre Regiment. Lieutenant-General in 1815, and Member of the Chamber of Peers alongside Chateaubriand. BkIV:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand first encountered him in 1786. BkV:Chap15:Sec1 He left his regiment because of his promotion to FieldMarshal in March 1790. He subsequently quit his post by September 1791. BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 Leading the Navarre Regiments migr officers in 1792.

Mortemart, Casimir-Louis-Victurnien de Rochechouart, Duc de 1787-1875. Having served Napoleon, Louis XVIII appointed him Colonel of the Cent Suisses and Peer of France (1814). After Ghent he commanded the Paris National Guard. A General in 1828 he succeeded La Ferronays as Ambassador to St Petersburg (1831-1833). BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 At Saint-Cloud on the 29th of July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Nominated by Charles X as his First Minister on the 29th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets him at the Luxembourg Palace on the 30th of July. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned on the 30th of July. Mortier, douard-Adolphe-Casimir-Joseph, Marshal of France, Duke of Treviso 1768-1835. A Napoleonic General he had fought in the French revolutionary wars. He distinguished himself under Napoleon in Germany and Spain, and led the Young Guard into battle at Borodino. He joined Napoleon on his return from exile, but illness stopped him having any hand in the 100 Days Campaign. He subsequently served at Marshal Neys court martial. After the second restoration he was for a time in disgrace, but in 1819 was readmitted to the Chamber of Peers. In 1830-1831 he was Ambassador of France at St Petersburg, and in 1834-1835 minister of war and president of the council of ministers. In 1835, while accompanying Louis Philippe to a review, marshal Mortier and eleven others were killed by the bomb aimed at the king by Fieschi. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 Appointed Governor of Moscow in 1812. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec4 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Ordered to blow up the Kremlin on retreating. The order was only partially carried out, and major features survived including Ivan the Greats bell-tower. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Defending Paris in 1814. BkXXII:Chap12:Sec1 He accepted the surrender of Paris in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 His proclamation to the garrison of Lille in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Escorted the King from Lille to the border in 1815. Morus, Sir Thomas More 1478-1535. He was a Renaissance English author and Catholic martyr. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Morven, Scotland

The Scottish mainland, over the sound from Mull, is much mentioned in the Ossian legends. BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 The women of the legends. Moscow The capital of Russia on the River Moskva, it was the centre of the Muscovy Principality from the 13th century. In 1712-13 the capital was transferred to St Petersburg. The city was invaded by Napoleon and destroyed by fire in 1812. BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 The Battle of the Moskowa, September 7th 1812, was the largest single-day battle of the Napoleonic Wars, involving nearly a quarter of a million soldiers. It was fought by the Grande Arme under Napoleon and the Russian army of Alexander near the village of Borodino, west of the town of Mozhaysk. The battle ended with inconclusive tactical results for both armies, and only strategic considerations forced the Russians to withdraw. BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 BkXXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 Napoleons Russian Campaign of 1812. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 The retreat from Moscow. Poklonnaya Gora or the Hill of Salutation is, at 171.5 metres, one of the highest spots in Moscow. Its two summits used to be separated by the Setun River, until one of the summits was razed in 1987. Historically, the hill had strategic importance, as it commanded the best view of the Russian capital. In 1812, it was the spot where Napoleon in vain expected the keys to the Kremlin to be brought to him by obedient Russians. The name Poklonnaya derives from poklon or bow, a Russian gesture of respect to a person or object of high reverence. The Peterskoi (Petrovsky) Palace was built for Peter the Great, by Kazakov, in 177582, on the road to St Petersburg just north of Moscow. The giant bell standing on display in the Moscow Kremlin is actually the last of the four bells which bore the nickname Tsar-Kolokol or Tsar-Bell. In 1730, Empress Anna Ioanovna gave the order to re-cast the remains of the third Tsar-Bell, with the addition of 32 tons of new metal, bringing the weight to 220 tons. It was damaged by fire and never rang. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec4 The Kremlin contains the Double throne of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich and his younger brother Peter (Peter the Great). BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 The cross from Ivan the Greats bell-tower (built on the site of St John Climacus-beneath-the-bells) was removed by Napoleons troops. Moskirch (Messkirch)

A town in the Sigmaringen district of Baden-Wrttemberg, Germany. BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1833. Motteville, Franoise Bertaut de c1621-1689. A French memoir writer, she was the daughter of Pierre Bertaut, a gentleman of the kings chamber. After the death of her husband, she was summoned to court in 1642. Her chief work is her Mmoires, which are in effect a history of Anne of Austria BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 A reference to her Memoirs. Mouchy, Duc de, see Noailles Moulins, France The capital of the Allier department, central France, on the Allier River was formerly the capital of the duchy of Bourbonnais (c.10th-16th century). The dukes resided at Moulins from the mid-14th century, though the city did not become capital of the duchy until the late 15th cent. The duchy was confiscated by the French crown in 1527. In 1566, Charles IX held an assembly at Moulins where important administrative and legal reforms were adopted. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 Napoleon passed through in his way to Elba in 1814. Mounier, Claude Edouard Phillippe, Baron 1784-1843. Former secretary to Napoleon, he became a Peer at the Restoration (1819). In 1820/21 he was Director General of Police. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 In Ghent in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 At Monsieur de Talleyrands in Mons. Mousset, Louis-Pierre Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 1756-1791. The Austrian composer was born in Salzburg. After a precocious musical childhood he went on to produce many of the greatest works of the Classical repertoire. He fused the German and Italianate styles of composition. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 He wrote a set of piano variations (K265, 1778) on this eighteenth century French folk song for children, which has the tune of Twinkle, twinkle little star. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 Madame Rcamier plays variations on a theme of his in 1802.

Muhamed A mufti or imam present when Napoleon visited the Great Pyramid in 1798. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Mentioned. Muiron, Captain An aide-de-camp of Napoleons, killed at Arcola. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Mller, Johannes von 1752-1859. Swiss Historian, author of a History of Switzerland (1786-1795). BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Munich, Germany A city of southeast Germany on the Isar River, near the Bavarian Alps southeast of Augsburg, it was founded in 1158. In 1806 the city was made capital of the kingdom of Bavaria. Under the kings Louis I (182548), Maximilian II (184864), and Louis II (186486), Munich became a cultural and artistic centre. BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleon entered the city on the 20th October 1805. Munich, Christopher, Count of 1687-1777. A German General in the Russian Army. BkI:Chap1:Sec9 Commanded the Russians at Danzig in 1734. Munster, Peace of Munster in Germany was capital of the Prussian province of Westphalia, and formerly the capital of an important bishopric. It lies in a sandy plain on the Dortmund-Ems canal. The Thirty Years War, during which Munster suffered much from the Protestant armies, was terminated by the Treaty of Westphalia, sometimes called the Peace of Munster, because it was signed there on the 24th of October 1648. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Murano A cluster of small islands connected by bridges in the Venice Lagoon, it has been the centre of the glassmaking industry since 1291 when the furnaces were moved there to reduce the risk of fire. BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand visits in 1833.

Murat, Chevalier de, of the Order of Malta BkI:Chap1:Sec5. He is mentioned as assisting in the granting of Chateaubriands application to enrol in the order of Malta. Murat, Joachim 1767-1815. Marshal of France, and King of Naples 1808-1814. He served in Napoleons campaigns in Italy (1796-97), and Egypt (1798-99), and fought at Marengo (1800) and Austerlitz (1805). In Naples he carried out reforms, and treated with the Austrians after Napoleons defeat in 1813, but was unable to regain his kingdom. He was defeated at Tolentino and executed. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 A member of the new Kings Guard in 1792. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Commanding in Milan in 1803. The baptism mentioned was presumably that of his second son, Prince Napoleon Lucien Charles Murat (1803 - 1878). BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 With Napoleon at the Tuileries in March 1804. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Governor-general of Paris in 1804, at the time of the execution of the Duc dEnghien. Chateaubriand considers him innocent of anything more than transmitting orders onwards. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 King of Naples from 1808. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 Murat was with Napoleon in Paris in May 1795. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Went with Napoleon on the Egyptian Campaign. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 His achievements in the East. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Defeated the Turks at Aboukir 25th July 1799. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Returned to France with Napoleon in 1799. His role on the 18th of Brumaire. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 On March 15th 1806, Murat was appointed Grand Duke of Berg (a medieval territory in todays North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, roughly located between the rivers Rhine, Ruhr and Sieg) and Cleves (a state of the Holy Roman Empire in present North Rhine-Westphalia, and the Netherlands including parts of Limburg, Noord-Brabant and Gelderland. Its territory was situated on both sides of the river Rhine, around its capital Cleves) BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Murat entered Warsaw on November 28th 1806. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 Re-called from Madrid; on the 1st of August 1808 he was appointed by Napoleon to the throne of Naples, vacated by the transference of Joseph Bonaparte to Spain. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 Sent Neapolitan troops to General Miollis in Rome in July 1809. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 In pursuit of the retreating Russians at Smolensk. BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 At Borodino.

BkXXI:Chap4:Sec1 At Mojask. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 A meeting with Bennigsen in 1812. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 At Gorodnia during the retreat from Moscow. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 At Smorgoni, urged Napoleon to return to France. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 He writes to the Pope in April 1814. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Napoleons neighbour while the Emperor was exiled on Elba. BkXXIII:Chap13:Sec1 During the Hundred Days, he realized that the European Powers, meeting as the Congress of Vienna, had the intention to remove him and give back the Kingdom of Naples to its pre-Napoleonic rulers. Murat deserted his new allies, and, after issuing a proclamation to the Italian patriots in Rimini, moved north to fight against the Austrians to strengthen his rule in Italy by military means. He was defeated by Frederick Bianchi, a general of Francis I of Austria, in the Battle of Tolentino (May 2May 3, 1815).He fled to Corsica after Napoleons fall. During an attempt to regain Naples through an insurrection in Calabria, he was arrested by the forces of his rival, Ferdinand IV of Naples, and was eventually executed by firing squad. Chateaubriand covered this in a section removed from the definitive edition of the Memoirs. BkXXV:Chap5:Sec1 He came originally from Cahors, hence was a southerner. Murat, Caroline Bonaparte, Madame 1782-1839. Wife of Murat, she became Queen of Naples. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 She accompanied Marie-Louise to Paris in 1810. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec2 Naples traded at the Congress of Vienna. Murat, Napolon-Charles-Lucien, Prince Murillo, Bartolom Estban 1617?-1682. Spanish religious and portrait painter, he was born in Seville, where most of his life was spent. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Paintings of his looted, restored in Paris, now in Madrid. Muse

The nine Muses are the virgin daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne (Memory). They are the patronesses of the arts: Clio (History), Melpomene (Tragedy), Thalia (Comedy), Euterpe (Lyric Poetry), Terpsichore (Dance), Calliope (Epic Poetry), Erato (Love Poetry), Urania (Astronomy), and Polyhymnia (Sacred Song). BkI:Chap1:Sec8 The Muse mentioned, as the goddess of poetry. BkII:Chap4:Sec1 BkX:Chap1:Sec1 The Muses appear together. BkII:Chap7:Sec2 An invocation to Terpsichore, and Polyhymnia, that is Dance and Sacred Song. BkIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkIII:Chap13:Sec1 BkVII:Chap7:Sec1 The Muse as poetic inspiration. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 The Muses of Greece. BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Their haunt by the Castilian spring on Mount Parnassus. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 As the goddesses of literary inspiration. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Called the Aonides from Mount Helicon in Aonia, an earlier name for Boeotia, and the Maeonides from Maeonia where Homer was reputedly born. Mustapha A Mameluke. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Executed after the fall of Jaffa in 1799. Mutualis Shite Muslims, they followed Ali, the closest relative of Muhammad, as Muhammad's successor. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Mentioned. Mycale The Battle of Mycale was one of the two major battles that ended the Persian invasion of Greece, during the Greco-Persian Wars. The battle took place on or about August 27, 479 BC on the slopes of Mount Mycale, in mainland Ionia opposite the island of Samos. During the Greek War of Independence, Samos bore a conspicuous part, setting up a revolutionary government. It was in the strait between the island and Mount Mycale that Canaris set fire to and blew up a Turkish frigate, in the presence of the army that had been assembled for the invasion of the island, a success that led to the abandonment of the enterprise, and Samos held its own to the end of the war.

BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Nagot, Abb Franois-Charles 1734-1816. Superior of the Saint-Sulpice Seminary in Paris, he was sent to America to found a new seminary at Baltimore and create a new Catholic diocese. BkV:Chap15:Sec4 BkVI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand sailed with his party to America in April 1791. Nain Jaune The Yellow (or Green) Dwarf was a satirical journal written by members of Queen Hortenses salon (Etienne, Jouy etc) which contained epigrams on Louis XVIII. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 The pun on duck feathers, plumes de cane, was a reference to Cannes, and the Golfe de Juan where Napoleon would land. Namur The town in southern Belgium, strategically positioned at the confluence of the Rivers Sambre and Meuse. It was besieged and captured many times. BkX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand passed through in 1792. Nangis, Guillaume de Mid 13th Century-1300. He was a monk of Saint-Denis, archivist from 1285, who produced a chronicle of his times (c1292). BkIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. Nantes The major port in western France, it is the capital of the Loire-Atlantique Dpartement on the Loire estuary. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 A seat of the royal court of Brittany. BkV:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 At the height of the Terror in 1793 two thousand captives at Nantes were towed out in barges into the Loire and drowned, some stripped naked and bound in couples. These were the republican marriages Chateaubriand mentions. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 Its young men summoned to agitate at the Brittany States in Rennes in 1789. BkII:Chap7:Sec5 The Edict of Nantes in 1598 guaranteed French Protestants, the Huguenots, religious liberty. Proclaimed by Henri IV, it

established religious tolerance, freedom of worship and limited civil equality. Henri hoped to prevent further wars of religion in France. it was revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV prompting a Huguenot diaspora and draining France of talent and skill. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 Fouch named as head of the college there in 1789. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Chateaubriand there in 1802. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriands cousin Moreau retired there in 1808, and died there in 1812. BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap6:Sec1 Berryer there in June 1832. He was tried for his involvement with the Duchesse de Berrys plot. Napflion, Greece On the eastern coast of the Peloponnese, south of Argos, the city served as the Greek seat of government from 1829 to 1834. It was probably the naval station for Argos in Mycenaean times and according to legend, was founded by Nafplios, son of Poseidon, and his son Palamedes, who is said to have invented dice, chess, and other board games to amuse his fellow Greeks during the Trojan War. In 1388, Nafplion was taken by the Venetians, who called it Napoli de Romanie and fortified it so securely that it resisted repeated Turkish attacks until finally handed over to the Sultan in a peace treaty in 1540. Except for a brief period of recovery by the Venetians (16881715) Nafplion remained under Turkish domination until won by Greece during the War of Independence. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Canaris letter dated from there. Naples, Italy The city in southern Italy, the capital of Campania, situated on volcanic slopes overlooking the Bay of Naples. Founded by Greek colonists about 600BC, it fell under Roman rule in 326BC. In 1139 it became part of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. After the Revolt of the Sicilian Vespers in 1282, it became the independent Kingdom of Naples, until it fell to Garibaldi in 1860, and was united with the rest of Italy. BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned as an exotic place. BkXV:Chap7:Sec3 Chateaubriand arrived there 2nd January 1804. The Elysian Fields are the Campi Flegrei, the Fields of Fire, to the west of Naples. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 On 23 January 1799 the French-supported Parthenopaean Republic was proclaimed: the name Parthenope refers to an ancient Greek colony on the site of the future city of Naples. It lasted until June 1799 when the French withdrew.

BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec3 The Kingdom of Naples was a bargaining chip at the Congress of Vienna. BkXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 There had been a Carbonari insurrection there in July 1820. There was a Congress at Laybach to resolve the crisis which Chateaubriand asked in vain to attend. It was left to Austria (directed by Metternich) to occupy Naples, King Ferdinand I (1759-1825) of the Two Sicilies, who had fled, returning in May 1821. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 Madame Rcamier there in 1814. Naples was called Parthenope from the Siren who threw herself into the sea out of love for Ulysses and was cast up in the bay of Naples. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec3 Mentioned as a major Italian port. BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Its lazzaroni, the homeless idlers who lived by chance work or begging so called from the Hospital of St. Lazarus, which served as their refuge. Naples, King of, see Joachim Murat Napolon, Saint d. c300. Neopolus of Alexandria, martyred during the reign of Diocletian. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 His feast is celebrated on the 15th of August. Napoleon I, Emperor of France 1769-1821. First Consul of France 1799-1804. Emperor of the French 18041815. Born Napoleon Bonaparte in Corsica, he became an artillery officer and rose to prominence in 1795 while defending the Convention in Paris. After campaigning in Italy (1796-97) and Egypt (1798-99) he became First Consul in the coup dtat of 18th Brumaire (9-10th November 1799). After his brilliant European campaigns which greatly expanded the French Empire, and his ultimately disastrous Russian Campaign of 1812, Europe rose up against him and he was defeated at Leipzig and exiled to Elba. In 1815 he escaped and after the Hundred Days was defeated decisively at Waterloo, spending the remainder of his life confined to the island of St Helena. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkI:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriands ambivalence towards Napoleon. He calls him Bonaparte rather than Napoleon. BkII:Chap8:Sec1 Napoleons armies. BkII:Chap9:Sec1 BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 Napoleon had been exiled to St Helena in 1815.

BkIV:Chap2:Sec2 BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 His fame. BkIV:Chap12:Sec3 Viewed by Chateaubriand as an oppressor of freedoms. BkV:Chap12:Sec3 The representative of despotism. BkV:Chap15:Sec3 His rise from obscurity paralleled Chateaubriands. BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand compares Bonaparte and Washington. Napoleon had died at St Helena on the 5th May 1821, Washington in 1799. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 His farewell to his troops. BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 See Mmorial de Sainte-Hlne XI, 8th November 1816. BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 The master of Europe. BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 Anticipation of his crowning. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 His absurd court action against Peltier. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXV:Chap7:Sec1 He officially became First Consul in February 1800 after the popular vote ratified the new Constitution. BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Popular songs about him in May 1800. BkXIII:Chap5:Sec1 The transformation from Republic to Empire. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 The police activity under Napoleon. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand introduced to his sister lisa and brother Lucien. Napoleon was officially First Consul from February 1800. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 His re-institution of religion, BkXIII:Chap11:Sec1 His control and censorship of the arts. BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 His patronage of scientists. BkXIV:Chap3:Sec1 Alluded too as the representative of the Revolution. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand went to see him on the 18th or 19th March 1804, on the eve of leaving for Valais. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 The impact on his career of the execution of the Duc dEnghien. BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 His involvement in the execution of the Duc dEnghien. BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Moral errors the cause of his downfall. The reference to the Corsican monster is to the island where Bonaparte was born, not far from Sicily where the monster Polyphemus devoured Odysseus men in Homers Odyssey. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 After Friedland and the Treaty of Tilsit, by August 1807 Napoleon was at the height of his powers. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 His comment on Chateaubriands portrait. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 The episode of the Florentine lion refers to the one which escaped from the Grand Duke of Tuscanys menagerie, which desisted from tearing apart a child on seeing its mothers tears. Nicolas Monsiau (1754-1837) entered a painting depicting the scene in the Salon of 1801.

BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 He inaugurated the Decennial Prize in 1804 to mark the coup of the 18th Brumaire (9th November 1799), every ten years. Chateaubriand (Le Gnie) was recommended for it in 1810 (the year fixed for the first award), but the work was rejected as inadequately structured though showing good style, interesting detail and beauties of the first order. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 His various titles and domains, and his bargaining for the hand of Marie-Louise of Austria. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 An allusion to Alexander and Caesar as peers. BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Birth and childhood. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 A reference to Las Cases Mmorial. Napoleons early love affair. His poor spelling. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Saint Florent harbour at the foot of Cap Corse, Corsica, is where the Genoese built a citadel in 1440. The defensive tower at Martella, Corsica, became the prototype for the hundred or so circular Martello towers built by the British, between 1805 and1812, for coastal defence of the southern English shoreline. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Napoleon witnessed the march to the Tuileries of 20th June 1792. BkXIX:Chap8:Sec1 The siege of Toulon and Napoleons swift rise to the rank of brigadier-general. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 The physical change in his appearance over time. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Bonaparte defended the Convention, that is the Revolution, on the 13th Vendmiaire Year IV (5th October 1795), using cannon brought by Murat, from Sablons, 200 or so being killed on each side, particularly around the Saint-Roch church, on Rue Neuve Saint-Roch. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 The plot to kill Napoleon of 10th October 1800 was discovered. On 19 Nivse (January 9) the four conspirateurs des poignards the Jacobins Ceracchi (the sculptor), Arna (a Corsican), Topino-Lebrun (the painter) and Demerville (Barres former secretary) were found guilty of plotting to murder the First Consul and condemned to death. The plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise, also known as the Machine infernale, was an assassination attempt on the life of Napoleon, in Paris on 24 December 1800. The machine infernale attempt on Napoleons life was planned by seven royalist Breton Chouans: Pierre Robinault de Saint-Rgeant (17681801) a supporter of Louis XVIII, Saint-Rgeant had tried to stir a revolt in western France the previous year, and had publicly torn up Napoleons offer of amnesty to the vendens; Pierre Picot de Limolan (1768-1826) was the gentleman son of a guillotined royalist nobleman; Georges Cadoudal (17711804) was the great chouannerie leader; Jean-Baptiste Coster (1771-1804):

one of Cadoudals ablest lieutenants, was known as Saint-Victor. The other three plotters were the noblemen Joyaux dAssas, Jrme Ption de Villeneuve, and La Haye-Saint-Hilaire. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 His decree reorganising the Comdie-Francaise was signed on the 15th of October 1812 not long after the fire which ravaged the city. The parallel with Nero fiddling while Rome burned is suggested. BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 He had berated the Directors in 1799 regarding their betrayal of the 1797 Constitution (18th Fructidor). BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 The four regiments of Napoleons Gardes dhonneur, were raised in 1813 during the frantic rebuilding of the French cavalry after the huge losses in Russia. Recruited from the leading social classes, uniformed and equipped at their own expense, and accompanied by servants to take care of such unpleasant chores as stable duty, these men were promised commissions as officers after a years service in the ranks. Though spectacularly unready for combat upon their arrival with the army, the Guards of Honour served alongside the lite cavalry of the Imperial Guard in the campaigns of Saxony and France, 1813-14, and distinguished themselves in battle at Hanau and Rheims. BkXXII:Chap16:Sec1 The order of the day mentioned (5th April 1814) was published by Baron Fain (Manuscrit de 1814). BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec3 Napoleon created the Legion of Honour in 1802, the medal being given for outstanding service to France regardless of the nationality or status of the recipient. A school for the daughters of members of the Legion of Honour was founded at the Abbey buildings of Saint-Denis in 1809. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap12:Sec1 The news of Napoleons death on the 5th of May 1821 at St Helena was not widely known in Europe until the beginning of July. BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand compares him to the Exterminating Angel who executes vengeance in the name of the Deity. BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 His early patronage of Chateaubriand. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 His irritation at Madame Rcamiers successful salon. BkXXVIII:Chap20:Sec1 Madame de Stal writes to him in 1810. BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 His death marking the end of an era. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 His inability to re-invigorate Italy. BkXXX:Chap8:Sec1 The banishment of the Imperial family. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 His military successes in Europe. BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriands respect for his greatness. BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 His effect on the revolutionary trend.

BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 His nephew Napoleon III. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleon convened a representative assembly of eleven delegates of the Jewish communities in Paris in August 1806. The Grand Sanhedrin proper occurred February-April 1897. The Venetian delegates were Foa Ventura, Jacob Cracovia and the banker Aaron Latis. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 His remains returned to France in 1840, were placed in St Jeromes chapel in the Invalides, and in 1861 re-sited beneath the dome. BkXLII:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriand here adopts a date for Napoleons birth of 15th August 1768, compared with the official date of 15th August 1769 and the alternative date of the 5th February 1768 which he suggests in Book XIX. Napoleon II, Emperor of the French, King of Rome, Prince of Parma, Duke of Reichstadt 1811-1832. The son of Napoleon I and Marie Louise, he was known as the King of Rome (181114), as the prince of Parma (181418), and after that as the Duke of Reichstadt. Napoleons abdication in 1815 was in favour of his son, so that he was known to the Bonapartists as Napoleon II, although he never ruled. After 1815 he was a virtual prisoner in Austria, where he died of tuberculosis. In 1940 his remains were transferred from Vienna to the dome of the Invalides in Paris, where he now rests beside his father. The pitiful life of the Eaglet is the subject of Edmond Rostands drama LAiglon. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 His birth celebrated. He was born on March 20th 1811. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 His portrait sent to Napoleon in Russia in 1812. BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Left Paris with his mother in 1814. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Passed through Blois on his way to Vienna in 1814. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec1 Talleyrand favoured his succession in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 He and his mother were expected to visit Napoleon, on Elba but he was taken with her to Vienna. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec1 Discussions regarding him at the Congress of Vienna. BkXXIII:Chap13:Sec1 He remained with his mother in Vienna despite Napoleons return from Elba. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 Napoleon wished to abdicate in his favour and declare him Emperor after Waterloo. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2 Napoleon ordered on his death-bed that he should sent his post-mortem report.

BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 The King of Romes cradle was created by PierrePaul Prudhon (1758-1813) the painter, Henri-Victor Roguier (1758-after 1830), Jean-Baptiste-Claude Odiot (1763-1850) and Pierre-Philippe Thomire (1751-1843) in Paris in 1811. The golden cradle was a gift from the city of Paris to the Empress. The decorative motifs glorify Napoleon. More than 280 kilograms of precious materials were used in the design. The piece is now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. BkXXX:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand suggested he should be made Captain of the Kings Guards. BkXXXV:Chap12:Sec1 He had died in Vienna on the 22nd of July 1832. The news had reached Paris on the 25th just before Chateaubriands departure for Switzerland. BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXL:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Napoleon III, Charles-Louis-Napolon Bonaparte 1808-1873. Known as Louis-Napolon, he was President of France from 1849 to 1852, and then Emperor of the French under the name Napolon III from 1852 to 1870. A nephew of Napoleon I, he led the Bonapartist opposition to Louis Philippe and became president of the Second Republic (1848). After proclaiming himself emperor (1852), he instituted reforms and rebuilt Paris. His successful imperialist ventures were overshadowed by a failed campaign in Mexico (18611867) and the Franco-Prussian War (18701871), which resulted in his deposition. BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 In Constance with his mother in September 1832. BkXXXV:Chap23:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him in October 1832. Narbonne, France A market town in the Aude in south-east France, it was an important Roman settlement. Its port silted up in the 14th century. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 Visited by Chateaubriand in 1802. The Canal des Deux Mers is the combination of the Canal du Midi and the Canal Latral la Garonne. Begun in 1666 it was created by Pierre-Paul Riquet, the Languedoc salt-tax farmer, to connect the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. Narbonne-Lara, Louis-Marie-Jacques Amalric, Comte de 1755-1813. A French soldier and diplomat, he was the son of one of the ladies-in-waiting to Elizabeth, duchess of Parma, and his father was either a Spanish nobleman or as has been alleged Louis XV himself. He was brought up at Versailles with the Princesses of France, and was made a colonel at the

age of twenty-five. He became marchal de camp in 1791, and, through the influence of Madame de Stal, was appointed minister of war. But he showed incapacity in this post, gave in his resignation, and joined the Army of the North, Incurring suspicion as a Feuillant and also by his policy at the war office, he emigrated after the 10th of August 1792, visited England, Switzerland and Germany, and returned to France in 1801. In 1809 he reentered the army as general of division, and was subsequently minister plenipotentiary at Munich and aide de camp to Napoleon. In 1813 he was appointed French ambassador at Vienna, where he was engaged in an unequal diplomatic duel with Metternich during the fateful months that witnessed the defection of Austria from the cause of Napoleon to that of the Allies. He died at Torgau, in Saxony. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 An associate of Lauzun. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 Sent to Alexanders headquarters in 1811. Narbonne-Pelet, Raymond-Jacques-Marie, Duc de 1771-1855. A Peer, and Ambassador to Naples 1816-1821. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 At Bustehrad, Prague, 27th of September 1833. Narbonne-Pelet, Anne-Anglique-Marie-milie de Srent, Duchesse de 1770-1856. She married Raymond in 1788. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 At Bustehrad, Prague, 27th of September 1833. Narischkin, Madame She was a Russian society lady, known to Alexander I. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Nariskin, Count A young Russian officer. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Brought before Napoleon at Borowsk. Narni, Italy An ancient hilltown and comune of Umbria in central Italy, at altitude 787 ft it overhangs a narrow gorge of the Nera River in the province of Terni. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand there in 1828. Natchez, Les Work by Chateaubriand. An American novel which started life entitled Ren et Cluta, and was offered to a Paris publisher in 1798. It was revised with Fontanes help. The Natchez Indians were among the last native-American

groups to inhabit the area now known as south-western Mississippi. Their culture began around A.D. 700 and lasted until the 1730s when the tribe was dispersed in a war with the French. Their language, related to the Muskogean language family, indicates that the Natchez Indians probably developed from earlier cultures in the Lower Mississippi River Valley. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 Written in London. BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 An incident from it set on Corvo. (Les Natchez, Book VII) BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 BkXXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 The Natchez Indians. BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 Fontanes approved of the work. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 Atala and Ren separated out of the manuscript in 1800. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned as an early work. Its four thousand pages fastened together with string. National, Le A French opposition newspaper issued from 3rd January 1830. BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 The editors of the Press met at its offices on the 26th of July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Its type-presses were under threat on the 27th of July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 A meeting at its offices on the 31st of July 1830. BkXXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 Produced by Carrel, Thiers and Mignet. BkXXXVII:Chap12:Sec1 Available in Prague in May 1833. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec1 An article in the National on 4th May 1834 giving sections of the Memoirs entitled the Future of the World, reproduced in the Revue des Deux-Mondes on 15th April. Navarino The naval Battle of Navarino was fought on 20 October 1827, during the Greek War of Independence (182129) in Navarino Bay, western Greece. A combined Ottoman and Egyptian armada was destroyed by a combined British, French and Russian naval force, at the port of Navarino. It is notable for being the final large-scale fleet action in history between sailing ships. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Navarre, Marie-Louise-Charlotte Poullot, Madame de

She was Mother Superior of the Augustines de la Congrgation Notre-Dame in 1808. BkXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand confuses Luciles residences at the end of her life, in his text. The translation corrects the errors. Madame de Navarre was an instructress at the convent in 1804. Nay He was secretary and later son-in-law to Gisquet, the Prefect of Police. BkXXXV:Chap5:Sec1 He visits Chateaubriand in his cell in June 1832. Nazareth, Israel Nazareth is a Lower Galilee city and a centre of Christian pilgrimage. A row of churches has been erected over the Grotto of the Annunciation since the 4th century AD. The latest basilica incorporates remains of a church built by Crusaders. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Junot took Nazareth on the 8th April 1799. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Jesus worked as a carpenter in Nazareth according to Matthew XIII:55. Neale, Mary A young Irish beauty, in London, in 1798. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Nebuchadnezzar II 630?-562. The King of Babylonia (605562) who captured (597) and destroyed (586) Jerusalem and carried the Israelites into captivity in Babylonia. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 He supposedly died of madness due to a gnat entering his brain via the nostril. The same death is attributed to Nimrod and Titus. Necker, Jacques 1732-1804. A banker, he was Finance Minister under Louis XVI. Father of Madame de Stal. He advocated the formation of the States-General to effect financial reform. His brief dismissal by Louis XVI (1789) precipitated the storming of the Bastille. BkIV:Chap12:Sec2 Ginguen was appointed to a minor position in his office. BkV:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 His dismissal 11th July 1789.

BkV:Chap8:Sec2 Popular support for him in the streets of Paris in July 1789. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 Returned to Paris in July 1789 after the fall of the Bastille. BkV:Chap10:Sec1 Re-appointed, as Comptroller General, 25th July 1789. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 His house a fashionable meeting place. Involved in saving the life of Besenval. BkV:Chap15:Sec1 Resigned and left Paris in September 1790. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 His letter regarding Madame de Beaumonts death. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 The young Napoleon wrote to him. BkXXXV:Chap21:Sec1 His and his wifes crypt at Coppet. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Necker, Suzanne Curchod, Madame 1739-1794. The wife of Jacques Necker (1764). A French writer, mother of Mme de Stal, her salon was frequented by celebrated Frenchmen and foreign visitors. A hospital that she founded c.1776 is still in existence. Her writings on literary and moral subjects include Des inhumations prcipites (1790), Rflexions sur le divorce (1794), and miscellaneous collections published as Mlanges in 1798 and 1801. Necker de Saussure, Albertine-Adrienne 1766-1841. Daughter of a naturalist, her husband was a cousin of Madame de Stal. He was a botanist and the nephew and namesake of Jacques Necker. A Swiss woman of letters, she wrote an influential work on the Education of Women (1828). BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 The dinner mentioned was on the 6th of June 1831, and included Bonstetten and Sismondi. Neipperg, Adam Adalbert Adrian, Count von 1775-1829. He married Marie-Louise of Austria in 1821. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1829. Nelson, Horatio, Viscount 1758-1805. The British Admiral, who in 1798 destroyed French naval power in the Mediterranean at the Battle of the Nile. After Copenhagen in 1801 he was created a Viscount. He was mortally wounded at Trafalgar in 1805, when most of the French fleet was destroyed or captured. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him.

BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Nelson defeated the French at the Battle of the Nile in Aboukir Bay on the 1st of August 1798. In June 1799 a counterrevolution re-established Bourbon rule in Naples, and in his capacity of commander in chief of the Neapolitan navy, Nelson was responsible for the execution of several Neapolitan officers for serving the French. Nemeade A courtesan. Possibly she may be identified with Nemea (Goddess of Nemea) whom Aristophon painted holding Alcibiades in her arms. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Neptune Roman god of the sea, he was the brother of Pluto and Jupiter. The trident was his emblem. BkVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Synonymous with the sea. BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 The Greek equivalent Poseidon was also god of horses. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Prayers to the god. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 The Pillars of Hercules mark the junction of two seas, the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Aphrodite-Cybele born from the sea. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 His trident. Nereus, Nereids A sea-god in Greek Mythology, he was the husband of Doris, and, by her, the father of the fifty Nereids, the mermaids attendant on Thetis. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 The Nereids as nymphs of the sea. BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 The gondoliers as sons of Nereus. Nero, Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, Roman Emperor 37-68AD. Emperor 54-68. Noted for his cruel conduct, he murdered his mother Agrippina the Younger, and his wife Octavia. In 68 the mutiny of his palace guard and revolts in Gaul, Spain and Africa forced him to flee Rome and led to his suicide. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 He sent a letter to the Senate, following his murder of his mother Agrippina, the drift of which was that Agerinus, one of Agrippinas confidential freedmen, had been detected with an assassins dagger, and that in the consciousness of having planned the crime she had

paid its penalty. Tacitus claims the letter was drafted by Seneca, see Tacitus Annales XIV.11.3 BkXVI:Chap10:Sec1 An example of abuse of power. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 Napoleon compared to him. BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 On the night of July 18, AD64 the Great Fire of Rome erupted. The fire started in densely populated areas and burned for a week. It was said that Nero viewed the fire from the tower of Maecenas, and exulting, as Nero said, at the beauty of the flames, he sang the whole time the Sack of Ilium in his regular stage costume. Rumours circulated that Nero had played his lyre and sang, on top of Quirinal Hill, while the city burned. (Tacitus, Ann. xv; Suetonius, Nero xxxvii; Dio Cassius, R.H. lxii.) BkXXII:Chap16:Sec1 Declared a public enemy (persona non grata) by the Senate in June 68. He then committed suicide, Galba having been recognised as Emperor and welcomed to the city. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 The tomb of Publius Viribus Marianus mistakenly called Neros Tomb is on the right bank of the Tiber, not far from the Via Flaminia, about seven kilometres north of the Piazza del Popolo. BkXXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 Poppaea was his mistress and second wife. Nesle, Drogon de c1030-1096. A French crusader who died in Palestine during the First Crusade. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Nesle, Jean II de, Comte de Soissons c1224-1300. Called Le Bon et Le Bgue. Regent of France during Saint Louis last crusade. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Nesle, Louis-Joseph Augustin de Mailly-Rubempr, Prince dOrange et de Neufchtel, Marquis de 1744-1810. Colonel of Grenadiers 1767. Master of Horse to Madame La Dauphine. Field Marshal 1781. Emigrated 1792. Returned to France 1801. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Nesle, Raoul III de, Comte de Soissons 1150-1235. Constable of France, he was knighted by Louis IX. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1

Nesselrode, Karl Robert, Count 1780-1862. A Russian diplomat he was a leading European conservative statesman of the Holy Alliance. His autobiography was published posthumously in 1866. BkXXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Nessus A centaur, the son of Ixion, he attempted to steal Hercules bride Deianira, and was killed by Hercules. Dying he soaked his shirt in blood mixed with the Hydras poison, from Herculess arrow that had killed him, and gave it to Deianira, telling her it would revive a dying love. Hercules subsequently donned it, and died in agony. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. Neuburg an der Donau Neuburg on the Danube is the capital of the Neuburg-Schrobenhausen district in the state of Bavaria in Germany. BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1833. Neuchtel, Switzerland The German Neuenberg, in western Switzerland, is a city on Lake Neuchtel. Traditional industries include watch-making and chocolate production. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 Hometown of the fictitious Lassagne. BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand considers retiring there in 1824. BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 The Chateaubriands there in 1824. Chateaubriand arrived on the 8th of October and was back in Paris by the 23rd for the Kings funeral. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned, see Berthier. Neuchtel, Prince de, see Berthier Neuhof, Theodore Stephen von, Baron c1694-1756. A German adventurer and for a short time nominal king of Corsica, he served first in the French army and then in that of Sweden. He then went to Spain, where he was made colonel and married one of the queens ladies-in-waiting. Deserting his wife soon afterwards he repaired to France and became mixed up in Laws financial affairs; then he wandered about Portugal, the Netherlands and Italy, and at Genoa made the

acquaintance of some Corsican prisoners and exiles, whom he persuaded that he could free their country from Genoese tyranny if they made him king of the island. With their help and that of the bey of Tunis he landed in Corsica in March 1736, where the islanders, believing his statement that he had the support of several of the great powers, proclaimed him king. He assumed the title of Theodore I, issued edicts, instituted an order of knighthood, and waged war on the Genoese, at first with some success. But he was eventually defeated, and civil broils soon broke out in the island; the Genoese having put a price on his head and published an account of his antecedents, he left Corsica in November 1736, ostensibly to seek foreign assistance. After trying in vain to induce the grand duke of Tuscany to recognize him, he started off on his wanderings once more until he was arrested for debt in Amsterdam. On regaining his freedom he sent his nephew to Corsica with a supply of arms; he himself returned to the island in 1738, 1739 and 1743, but the combined Genoese and French forces drove him to wandering about Europe. Arrested for debt in London he regained his freedom by mortgaging his kingdom of Corsica, and subsisted on the charity of Horace Walpole and some other friends until his death. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France A commune in the western suburbs of Paris, it is located 4.2 miles from the centre of Paris. Louis Philippe purchased the Chteau of Neuilly in 1818, which was destroyed in the 1848 Revolution. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXII:Chap13:Sec1 Louis-Phillippes residence a centre for malcontents. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec1 Carrel signs himself from Puteaux near there in October 1834. Neuwied, Germany The Battle of Neuwied (in the Rhineland-Palatinate) was fought on April 18, 1797. It resulted in the victory of the French under General Hoche against the Austrians under General Wermecek. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Neveu, Franois-Marie 1756-1808. Painter. Commissaire du gouvernement pour les sciences et les arts in 1800. Professor of drawing at the new cole Polytechnique in 1803.

BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Admirer of Madame de Clermont-Tonnerre. Introduced Chateaubriand to Saint-Martin. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 Gave a dinner for Chateaubriand and Saint-Martin on 27th January 1803. Neville, George c1432-1476. Archbishop of York and chancellor of England, George was the youngest son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and brother of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, known as the Kingmaker. BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 In 1465, he was translated to the See of York. His installation-feast, on the 15th of January 1566 at Cawood Castle presented one of the most marvellous culinary displays on record (the Great Feast of Cawood). The list of provisions included wild bulls, swans and cranes. Newfoundland A province of Canada (since 1949) including the coast of Labrador and the triangular Island of Newfoundland lying between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of St Lawrence. The island was discovered by John Cabot in 1497, and became an English fishing-station. BkVI:Chap5:Sec1 BkVI:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand reached Saint-Pierre off the coast of Newfoundland on the 23rd May 1791. BkVI:Chap5:Sec3 The islands coast is about forty kilometres north-east of Saint-Pierre. Newton, Sir Isaac 1642-1727. The British mathematician and scientist, who was professor at Cambridge (1669-1701), MP for the university (1689-1690) and Master of the Mint (1699-1727). His work was crucial in gravitational theory, mechanics, calculus, and optics. His main publications were the Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687-1687) and his Optics (1704). BkV:Chap6:Sec1 His genius. BkX:Chap5:Sec2 Buried in Westminster Abbey. BkX:Chap9:Sec1 Subject of interest to a mathematician. BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 Tycho Brahe as the Danish Newton. New Orleans The city and major port in Louisiana, located on a bend of the Mississippi, hence called the Crescent City. Founded in 1718, it became the capital of the

French Colonial region of Louisiana before passing to Spain in 1763. It returned briefly to France in 1803 but passed to the USA in the same year. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. New York The city in New York State, on New York Bay, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Henry Hudson sailed into the bay in 1620 and his glowing reports led to Dutch colonisation in 1625. In 1664 the city, New Amsterdam, was captured by the English for the Duke of York and so re-named. From 17891790 it was the first capital of the USA, prior to the creation of Washington D.C in 1791. BkVI:Chap7:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrived there from Baltimore. The stagecoach route covered the 150 kilometre journey in a day. It was a town of about 30,000 people, about half the size of Nantes at that time. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand took the packet there for Albany. Ney, Michel, Marshal, Duke of Elchingen, Prince of the Moskva 1769-1815. A Marshal of France, he was called the bravest of the brave by Napoleon. A coopers son from Saarlouis, he rapidly rose to glory in the Revolution. He distinguished himself in the campaigns of 1794 and 1795, commanded the army of the Rhine briefly in 1799, seized Elchingen (1805), and conquered the Tyrol. His assistance was decisive in Napoleons victory at Friedland. Neys greatest feat was his rearguard action during the retreat from Moscow in 1812. Later, he was one of the generals who urged Napoleon to abdicate after Leipzig. He was raised (1814) to the peerage by Louis XVIII. On Napoleons return from exile in Elba, he re-joined the Emperor, and commanded in the Waterloo campaign. He was condemned for treason by the house of peers and shot. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 Jomini was attached to his staff. (Chief of staff after Tilsit.) BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 At Borodino. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec3 On the retreat from Moscow Ney commanded the rearguard. BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 At Smolensk in November 1812. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Temporarily cut off during the retreat from Smolensk. At the Berezina. BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 His conspicuously fine general-ship during the retreat. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Bernadotte defeated Ney at Dennewitz near Berlin on 6th September 1813.

BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 Rallied to Louis XVIII at Compigne in 1814. BkXXIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 His defection back to Napoleon in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 In Paris after the Hundred Days. BkXXV:Chap5:Sec1 Decazes involved in his arrest on 5th August 1815 at a chteau on the borders of Lot and Cantal. Niagara Falls Two major waterfalls on the US-Canadian border, they are on the Niagara River, between Lakes Erie and Ontario. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 BkVIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrived there in time for the full moon of the 11th August 1791. BkVII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 The setting for the tales of Atala and Ren. Nice, France The city in south-east France, capital of the Alpes-Maritimes department on the Baie des Anges, it was ceded by Sardinia to France in 1860. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Headquarters of the Army of Italy in 1796. Napoleon arrived on the 16th March 1796, and lodged in the Maison Sauvaigo. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 Pius VII there in 1809. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Pius VII passed through on his way back to Italy in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The Duchesse de Duras died there 16th January 1828. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriand on his way there in 1829. Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia 1769-1855. Son of Paul I and younger brother of Alexander, he was Emperor of Russia and King of Poland from 1825-1855. He was an autocratic ruler whose accession was followed by the unsuccessful Decembrist Revolt, which served only to further harden his conservatism. His Balkan ambitions precipitated the Crimean War. BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 His marriage to Alexandra Feodorovna took place in July 1817. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in 1821 in Berlin. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned in 1827.

BkXXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 A sarcasm regarding Nicholas, since Russia was a source of cholera which had enabled the Tsar to wipe out the Polish insurgents, the Warsaw executioner also being considered a personification of cholera. BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Nicholas, Grand Duchess, see Alexandra Nicholas, Grand Duke, see Nicholas I Nicholas of Pisa, see Pisano Nicholas II, Grard de Bourgogne, Pope d. 1061. Pope 1059-1061. Formerly, he was Bishop of Florence. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 At the Easter Lateran mass of 1059, the Pope brought 113 bishops to Rome to consider the process of Papal successon. There was considerable controversy as late as the 18th century over the authenticity of thie resulting decree which stated that the Cardinal Bishops must confer to pick a candidate for the next election. It additionally stated that the other clergy and laity had a right to name their candidate also. The Pope was required to be a Roman unless there were no good Catholic Roman candidates. Thirdly the conclave must meet in Rome unless exceptional circumstances precluded it. Fourthly if a war or other circumstances intervened, a cardinal could be excused fom the traditional ceremonies of celebration for the new pope. Finally, under the rules set up by Henry III of Germany, the choosing of the new pope constituted an official election. The third Lateran Council, held in 1179, brought in the two thirds majority. Nicholas, Saint 4th century. Saint Nicholas of Bari, is said to have been born at Patara in Lycia, a province of Asia Minor. Myra, the capital, not far from the sea, was an Episcopal See, and this church falling vacant, the holy Nicholas was chosen bishop, and in that station became famous by his extraordinary piety and zeal and many astonishing miracles. The Greek histories of his life agree that he suffered imprisonment for the faith and made a glorious confession in the latter part of the persecution raised by Diocletian, that he was present at the Council of Nicaea and there condemned Arianism. The silence of other authors makes many justly suspect these circumstances. He died at Myra, and was buried in his cathedral. BkV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned.

Nicodemus, Saint According to the Bible he was a member of the Sanhedrin in Israel during the life of Jesus. A secret disciple of Christ, he met him by night to avoid the wrath of the other members of the Sanhedrin, and eventually spoke out to that body to remind them that Jesus had a right to a hearing. With Saint Joseph of Arimathea he prepared Jesus' body and placed him in the tomb. There was an apocryphal "gospel" that was purported to have been written by him, sometimes entitled the Acts of Pilate. Tradition says he was a martyr, though no details have survived. The story of Nicodemus is told in Saint John's Gospel (John 3: 1-21). Note that near Pontivy in central Brittany is the town of Saint-Nicolas-des-Eaux, where there is a sacred fountain dedicated to Saint Nicodemus. BkI:Chap1:Sec7 Mentioned. Nicola, Monsignor Nicola Maria Italian author. BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 In 1803 he published a work Memorie, leggi ed osservazioni sulle campagne e sullannona di Roma, which became an authority. Niebelungenlied The Nibelungenlied is an epic poem in Middle High German. It tells the story of dragon-slayer Siegfried at the court of the Burgundians, and of his wifes revenge, which leads to the death of all the protagonists. It is based on pre-Christian Germanic heroic motifs (the Nibelungensaga), which include oral traditions and reports based on historic events and persons from the 5th and 6th centuries. Old Norse parallels of the legend survive in the Vlsunga saga and the Atlakvia. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Niebuhr, Barthold George 1776-1831. He was a German historian, born in Copenhagen. He served in the Danish and, after 1806, in the Prussian civil service, took part in the foundation of the University of Berlin, and was (181623) Prussian Ambassador to the Holy See. From 1823 to his death he taught at the University of Bonn. Niebuhrs History of Rome (181132) may be said to have inaugurated modern scientific historical method. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 A friend of Bunsen.

Niemen (Neman), River Approximately 580 miles long, the river rising in central Belarus, south-west of Minsk, flows generally west to Grodno, then north and west through southern Lithuania to form part of the LithuaniaKaliningrad Region border before entering the Kursky Zaliv of the Baltic Sea through a small delta. Kaunas and Sovetsk are large cities along its course. The Neman is navigable c.60 miles above Grodno. The meeting of Napoleon I and Tzar Alexander I, which resulted in the Treaty of Tilsit (1807), took place on a raft in the middle of the river. BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleons Army crossed the Niemen on June 23-24 1812 and invaded Russia. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 The retreating army under Ney crossed and destroyed the Niemen bridge on the 14th December 1812. Nile, River The great river of Egypt, the longest river in the world: its sources in Burundi and Ethiopia form the White and Blue Nile which meet at Khartoum, and flow northwards to the Mediterranean. BkIII:Chap10:Sec1 BkVI:Chap6:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Alexander conquered Egypt in 332-331BC. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 The sculptures of the Nile and the Tiber, now in the Vatican, are Imperial Roman copies of Greek originals. Nmes, France The city in southern France, capital of the Gard department it was an important Roman settlement and a Protestant stronghold in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Roman aqueduct the Pont du Gard lies to the north-east. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 The amphitheatre is one of the best preserved of the Roman world. It was built in the 1st century AD, around the same time as that at Arles, and was designed by the same architect. The Maison Carre is a civic Roman temple built by Agrippa, who died in 12 BC. It was dedicated to his two sons, Caius and Lucius, heirs of Augustus who both died very young. BkXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Pius VII passed through on his way back to Italy in 1814. Nineveh

An ancient city of Assyria on the Tigris River, it stood opposite the site of present-day Mosul, Iraq. As capital of the Assyrian Empire, it enjoyed great influence and prosperity, especially under Sennacherib and Ashurbanipal (seventh century BC). The city was captured and destroyed by Babylonia and its allies in 612BC. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec1 The reference is to Jonah III.4 BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 A reference to Jonahs prophecies of imminent disaster. Ninon de Lenclos, Anne de Lenclos 1620-1705. A French authoress, and patron of the arts, she encouraged Molire and left money for books for the nine-year old Voltaire, the son of her accountant. Ninon also took a succession of notable lovers, including the kings cousin the Great Cond, Gaspard de Coligny, and Franois, Duc de La Rochefoucauld. She was noted for her wit and her friendships, and in France is synonymous with the concept of intelligent beauty. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Niort, France A town in Poitou-Charente. Niort was once a medieval port that developed around the Svre-Niortaise River. Niort boasts an immense 12th-Century donjon built by Henry II and Richard the Lion-heart and which played an important part in the town's defence in the Hundred Years War. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 Birthplace of the Marquis de Fontanes. Nisus Euryalus and Nisus were proverbial friends, characters who die together fighting in Virgils Aeneid (see Book IX). BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Nittenau A town in the district of Schwandorf, in Bavaria, Germany, it is situated on the river Regen, 18 km southeast of Schwandorf, and 24 km northeast of Regensburg. BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1833. Nivelle, France The Nivelle River, in the Basque country, flows to the Atlantic near SaintJean-de-Luz. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 Mentioned.

Nivernais, Louis-Jules, Duc de 1716-1798. French diplomat and writer, son of Philippe-Jules-Franois, duc de Nevers, and Maria Anne Spinola, and great-nephew of Cardinal Mazarin, he served in the campaigns in Italy (1733) and Bohemia (1740), but had to give up soldiering on account of his weak health. He was subsequently ambassador at Rome (1748-1752), Berlin (1755-1756) and London, where he negotiated the treaty of Paris (February 10, 1763). From 1787 to 1789 he was a member of the Council of State. He did not emigrate during the Revolution, but lost all his money and was imprisoned in 1793. He recovered his liberty after the fall of Robespierre, and died in Paris. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Dismissed by Louis XVI in 1789. Noailles, Anne-Louise-Marie de Beauvau, Duchesse de Mouchy, Princesse de Poix, Comtesse de 1750-1834. Wife of Louis-Philippe. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Her fashionable soirees. Noailles, Lontine, Vicomtesse de 1791-1851. Granddaughter of Louis Philippe, she married her cousin Vicomte Alfred de Noailles (1766-1812) in April 1809. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 She arrived in England in June 1822 with her father the Duc de Mouchy. Noailles, Louis-Adolphe-Alexis, Comte de 1783-1835. Eldest son of Louis Marie, he was signatory to the Act of the Congress of Vienna in 1815. BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 An avowed Royalist. Noailles, Louis Marie, Vicomte de 1756-1804 The second son of Philippe, Duc de Mouchy. He served brilliantly under Lafayette in America, and was the officer who concluded the capitulation of Yorktown in 1781. He was elected to the Estates-General in 1789. On 4 August 1789 he began the famous "orgy", as Mirabeau called it, when all privileges were abolished, and with the Duc dAiguillon proposed the abolition of titles and liveries in June 1790. He later emigrated to the United States and became a partner in Bingham's bank in Philadelphia. He took command against the English in San Domingo, under Rochambeau. He made a brilliant defence of the Mle St Nicholas and escaped with the garrison to Cuba, but en route there his ship was attacked

by the English frigate Hazard, and after a long engagement he was severely wounded, dying of his wounds in Havana on 9 January 1804. Brother-in-law of Lafayette. BkV:Chap10:Sec1 Launched the attack on aristocratic privileges in the National Assembly on 4th August 1789. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 An associate of Lauzun. Noailles, Louis-Philippe-Marc-Antoine, Duc de Mouchy, Prince de Poix, Comte de 1752-1819. Husband of the Princesse de Poix. In 1789 he was elected to the Estates-General but was compelled to resign in consequence of a duel with the commander of the National Guard of Versailles. He left the country for some time, but returned to France and took part in the riots of August, 1792. He was, however, forced to quit the country once more to evade the fate of his father and mother, guillotined in 1794. On his fathers death, he acceded brevt to the titles of comte de Noailles and duc de Poix, as well as to the Spanish title duc de Mouchy. Returning to France in 1800, he lived quietly at his residence in Mouchy-le-Chtel (Oise) during the Empire. After the Bourbon Restoration, he again came into favor and in 1817 was created duc de Mouchy as a French title, thus becoming a Peer of France. BkXXII:Chap 22:Sec1 In Paris at the Restoration in 1814. Noailles, Nathalie de 1174-1835. Daughter of the financier and farmer-general Jean-Joseph de Laborde, she married Charles Arthur Tristan de Noailles future Duc de Mouchy in 1800. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to her. He met her in 1805. BkXXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to her without naming her. Nodier, Charles 1780-1844. A French author, he wrote Trilby (1822). BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Quoted. Nogaret, Guillaume de 1265?-1313. A French statesman and jurist, he was a member of the royal council of King Philip IV. During Philips conflict with Pope concerning papal authority, Nogaret was prominent in denouncing the pope. In 1303 he led the French troops sent to kidnap Boniface at Anagni. Although Nogaret made the pope his prisoner, he was forced to release him when the populace rose in Boniface's defence. Boniface died (Oct., 1303) within a month, and

his successor issued a papal bull (1304) against Nogaret. He finally obtained absolution in 1311. Philip made him keeper of the seal and he was instrumental in the attack on the Templars. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Noirot, Lieutenant d.1830 A Lieutenant in the Gendarmerie, he was killed in 1830. He had been decorated in 1813 for his bravery at Caldiera. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 Present at the interrogation of the Duc dEnghien in 1804. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Killed during the July Revolution. Nola, Italy Nola is a city of Campania, in the province of Naples, situated in the plain between Mount Vesuvius and the Apennines. Called Nuvlana on the most ancient coins, it was one of the oldest cities of Campania. Sulla, in 80 BC, subjected it with the rest of Samnium. Seven years later it was stormed by Spartacus, for which reason Augustus and Vespasian placed colonies there. Though losing much of its importance, it remained a municipium with its own institutions and the use of the Oscan language. It became a Roman colony under Augustus, who died there in 14 AD. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 It was famous for the manufacture of Greek style vases of yellow clay, with black glaze backgrounds, and red-figures. Nrdlingen, Second Battle of Fought on August 3, 1645 between forces of the Holy Roman Empire and France. An Imperial army, led by Field Marshal Franz, Freiherr von Mercy, were encamped around the village of Alerheim near Nrdlingen in Bavaria. It was attacked by a French army under the command of Louis de Bourbon, Duc d'Enghien and Marshal Henri, Vicomte de Turenne. The French won the battle, Von Mercy was killed and the Bavarians driven from the field, but the heavy casualties had so weakened the French that they were unable to press home their advantage. In the wake of the battle, the Bavarians began peace negotiations that led to the Truce of Ulm two years later. BkXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Northumberland The fourth HMS Northumberland was completed in April 1798. Built at Deptford on the Thames, she was a 74-gun ship and weighed over 1,900 tons. She served with distinction throughout the French wars. In 1801 she

supported the successful Army expedition to Egypt. In June 1805, she was blockading the north coast of Spain when the French Fleet began the long cruise which was to end at Trafalgar; she joined Nelson in the West Indies but was left in the area to mop up the French ships supporting the enemys colonies. In February 1806, the British squadron tracked down the largest remaining French formation and in the Battle of San Domingo took or destroyed all of the five Third Rates, only two frigates escaping. Returning to European waters, Northumberland had to wait until May 1812 before she again engaged the French Navy, this time at Groix Island. Her final wartime service (under Admiral Cockburns command) was to convey Napoleon from Plymouth to St. Helena, where the former Emperor was disembarked in October 1815. After a period in reserve, she was re-employed for 22 years as a Lazaretto in Standgate Creek, Sheerness, before decommission in 1850. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Napoleon transferred to her from the Bellerephon. BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 Off St Helena on the 15th of October 1815. Notitia Imperii Notable Details of the Roman Empire, possibly written by Ammianus Marcellinus (born c325-330 probably at Antioch, died after 391), a Roman scholar and historian. His surviving work, part of his Res Gestae covers the period 353-378. The so-called Notitia dignitatum is a compilation of 78 lists, interspersed with 89 pictures, which was ultimately copied from an original compilation that was created, or last edited from its sources, between A.D. 395 and 425. Students of the administrative and military organisation of the Roman state in the late 4th century consider this document immensely valuable as an indispensable supplementary source for understanding many, often less detailed, references that are contained in other documents and inscriptions. The title Notitia Imperii was undoubtedly derived from the Froben copy printed in Basel in 1552. BkI:Chap4:Sec3 Mentioned. Notre-Dame-dAlloue A village near Valognes, in Normandy on the Cotentin peninsula. NotreDame dAlleaume? BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 The beach there. Nouail, Abb Pierre-Henri Vicar-General at Saint Malo. BkI:Chap2:Sec1 Baptised Chateaubriand.

Noury de Mauny Lawyer. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Signatory to Chateaubriands fathers death certificate. Nouvelle Hloise, La Julie, ou la nouvelle Hlose is an epistolary romantic novel by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, published in 1761 by Rey (Amsterdam). The original edition was entitled Lettres de deux amans habitans d'une petite ville au pied des Alpes.The novels subtitle points to the the history of Hlose and Pierre Ablard, a medieval incident of passion and renunciation. The novel was put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec2 Its effects mentioned. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 The letters within it mentioned. Novi, Battle of The Battle of Novi in Liguria in the French Revolutionary Wars was fought on August 15, 1799. It resulted in a victory for the Austrians and Russians under Field-marshal Alexander Suvorov over the French under General Barthelemy Catherine Joubert. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 Joubert was killed early in the battle. Noya, Jean de, for Juan da Nova Castella (Joo da Nova) c1460-1509. A Galician navigator who, in the service of Portugal, discovered the islands of Ascension (1501), and St. Helena (traditionally 21st May 1502), both off the south-west coast of Africa. Commanding a fleet of four ships, Nova left Portugal on a voyage to India in 1501. His crews included Amerigo Vespucci, after whom America was later named. He died in Cochin, China. BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Nugent, Charles, Vicomte de He was editor in chief of Le Revenant, a Legitimist paper (1832-1833). BkXLI:Chap4:Sec1 In Prague in September 1833. Numantia A town in Hispania (modern-day Spain), which for a long time resisted conquest by Romans. The city was finally taken and destroyed by the Consul Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus in 133 BC after a long and brutal siege, which signalled the final subjugation of Iberia by the Romans. It was the

first notable military endeavour by Gaius Marius. Many of the citizens committed suicide rather than accept slavery. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec1 The burning of Moscow compared to Numantia. Nuremberg, Germany A city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. It is situated on the Pegnitz river and the (Rhine-) Main-Danube Canal. It is located about 105 miles north of Munich. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 In 1806 with the Holy Roman Empire formally being dissolved, Nuremberg lost its charter as a free Imperial city (granted 1219) and passed to Bavaria 18th September 1806. Oc, langue d The Romance language formerly spoken in and around Provence and Roussillon, it developed into Provenal. It was characterised by its use of oc rather than oui for the word yes. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Mentioned. OConnell, Daniel 1775-1847. Known as The Liberator or The Emancipator, he was Irelands predominant political leader in the first half of the nineteenth century who championed the cause of the Catholic population. He campaigned for Catholic Emancipation and Repeal of the Union between Ireland and Great Britain. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 The Roman Catholic Relief Act was not passed in Britain until April 1829 after Leo XIIs death. OHegerty (OHagerty), Viscount He was riding instructor to Henri V. BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 In Prague in 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 At dinner in the Hradschin Palace on the 25th of May 1833. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 At Bustehrad, Prague, 27th of September 1833. OHegerty, the younger He was the son of the Viscount. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 At dinner with the Dauphine in Carlsbad in May 1833.

OLarry, Mrs She was an Irish widow in London in 1798. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand lodged with her at 12 Hampstead Road from January to August 1798. OMeara, Barry Edward 1786-1836. An Irish physician, he was a surgeon in the British navy, and attended the exiled French emperor Napoleon I on St. Helena and became involved in a feud with Napoleon's custodian, Sir Hudson Lowe, whom he charged with mistreatment of Napoleon. OMeara was forced to return to England. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 He published Napoleon in Exile (1822). BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 Mentioned. Occitanienne, Lontine de Villeneuve, called Oceanus The Ocean, personified as a sea-god, son of Earth and Air, and husband of Tethys his sister. Oceanus and Tethys are also the Titan and Titaness ruling the planet Venus. Some say from his waters all living things originated and Tethys produced all his children. BkVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Octavia, Claudia c39-62AD. Octavia was daughter to the Roman Emperor Claudius, from his marriage to his second cousin Valeria Messalina who was executed in 48 AD, accused of planning to murder Claudius. Claudius later remarried her paternal first cousin Agrippina the Younger. Agrippina the Younger had a son from her first marriage, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (the future Emperor Nero). Octavia married Nero in 53, but was later banished by him and confined on the island of Pandateria where she was murdered. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 Wife of Nero. Chateaubriand draws a tacit analogy with Josephine, and Bonapartes rejection of her. Odescalchi, Carlo, Cardinal 1786-1841. Cardinal from 1823, he was a member of the Roman aristocracy. BkXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 A possible candidate for French veto in the Papal Conclave of 1829. A pro-Jesuit voter.

Odin The Norse god of wisdom, war, art, culture, and the dead, he was the supreme deity and creator of the cosmos and humans. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Odin would here represent Scandinavian incursions over the Dnieper into Slavic territoriesm the children of Odin being Scandinavians. Odon dOrlans b. c1050. The blessed Odon, future Bishop of Cambrai, was head of the cathedral school at Tournai c. 1080. He taught Dialectic and Astronomy. BkIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. Odyssey The epic poem by Homer tells the tale of Odysseus return from Troy. BkIV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand translated from it in Paris in 1787. BkX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Irus, the beggar, in Book 18 tries to drive Odysseus, dressed as a beggar, from his own palace. Oeta, Mount Ogier the Dane Ogier, Lahire, Hector and Lancelot were conventional names for the jacks in a pack of cards in France in the fifteenth century. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Ogygia Calypsos island in Homers Odyssey (BkI: 44-94). (Possibly Malta, see Ernle Bradfords Ulysses Found, despite Malta being part of a cluster of islands.) BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Mentioned. Ohio, State and River The State of Ohio, USA, is in the Midwest. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 In 1790 French royalists (the French 500) under the command of the Marquis de Lesay-Marnsia and the Vicomte de Malartie founded and settled the town of Gallipolis (City of the Gauls) in Galli County at the confluence of the Scioto and the Ohio Rivers. The plan originated in a failed land speculation (the Scioto speculation), but the community though dwindling initially eventually survived.

BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap1:Sec1 The Ohio River flows mainly southwest from Pittsburg in Pennsylvania to join the Mississippi in Illinois, as its main eastern tributary. BkVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand lists the Wabash and other tributaries and features of the Ohio River down to its confluence with the Mississippi. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. The Ohio Rivers steamboats and threemasters. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned as the setting for the telling of the story of Atala. Olagnon, Jean He was the first husband of Madame Brollo. BkXXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Oldenburg, Germany It was the old capital (Starigard) in Holstein, Germany, of Wagria, an ancient once-independent state within Holstein. Occupied by France from 1806 it was the capital of the state of Oldenburg, which became an independent country in 1815, and joined the German Empire in 1871. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Oldenburg joined the Confederation of the Rhine in December 1806. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 In December 1810, Napoleon annexed the Hanseatic cities Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubeck, and took advantage of the occasion to acquire the entire territory between Holland and Hamburg, including the Duchy of Oldenburg. Alexanders sister, Ekaterina, was married to the son and heir of the Duke of Oldenburg. Alexander protested. But Napoleon added a fresh humiliation: he ordered his foreign minister, Jean-Baptiste de Nompere de Champagny, the Duke of Cadore, to reject the Russian note of protest without even reading it. Olewieff for Oleviev or Oloviev, Major He was aide-de-camp to General Suvalov in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 Disguised as Napoleon. Olga, Nicolaievna, Grand Duchess 1822-1829. Queen of Wrttemberg from 1864-1891, she was the third child of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia and his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, born Princess Charlotte of Prussia. BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

Olimpia Pamphili (or Pamfili), Olimpia Maidalchina 1594-1656. Famous for her wealth and beauty she had a powerful influence on Innocent X. She had been his deceased brothers wife, and was rumoured to be his lover. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Olivars, Don Gaspar de Guzmn y Pimentel, Count of, and Duke of San Lcar 1587-1645. He directed Spains Foreign policy under Philip IV for 22 years. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Olive, Mademoiselle Madame de Stals chambermaid. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Olivet, Pierre-Joseph-Thoulier, Abb d 1682-1768. Churchman and grammarian, he taught Voltaire at Louis-leGrand College. He translated Cicero. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Born in Salins. Olivet, Captain He was a ships captain mentioned in Rousseaus Confessions. BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Olivier, Mademoiselle Jeanne-Adlade-Grardine 1764-1787. Born in London, she debuted in 1780. She created the role of Chrubin in Beaumarchais Figaro in 1784. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Actress at the Thtre-Franais. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Olivier, Franois, Chancellor of France 1487-1560. Chancellor of France 1545-1560. Michel de LHpital succeeded him. He was an early humanist, referenced by Montaigne. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 The reference is to Montaignes Essais II:17 On Presumption where Montaigne quotes Olivier. Olympias, or Olympia d 316BC. The daughter of Neoptolemus, King of Epirus, the wife (395BC) of King Philip II of Macedonia, and the mother of Alexander the Great.

BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Legend has it she coupled with Jupiter-Zeus while he in the form of a serpent. Omphale The masculine but attractive Queen of Lydia, to whom Hercules was bound a slave for three years, He fell in love with her and led an effeminate life spinning wool, while Omphale wore his lions skin. BkIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 An analogy drawn with the Countess von Lieven. Ontario A province of Canada it stretches from the great lakes to Hudson Bay. Explored by the French it became British in 1763, and was settled by United Empire Loyalists after the American Revolution. Lake Ontario is the smallest and easternmost of the Great Lakes, fed by the Niagara River and emptying into the St Lawrence. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Its solitudes and wilderness. Opra, Paris Ophir A seaport or region from which the ships of King Solomon brought fine gold in great quantity. Sandalwood, precious stones, ivory, apes, and peacocks were also part of the triennial cargo. The location of Ophir is unknown. It has been variously identified with North-east Africa, South--east Arabia, and India, but the present tendency is to identify it with Sout-west Arabia (the modern Yemen) and possibly the neighbouring African coast. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Mentioned. Oppian The name of the authors of two (or three) didactic poems in Greek hexameters, formerly identified, but now generally regarded as two different persons. (1) Oppian of Corycus (or Anabarzus) in Cilicia, who flourished in the reign of Marcus Aurelius (emperor A.D. i6r18o). His poem on fishing (Halieulica), of about 3500 lines, dedicated to Aurelius and his son Commodus, is still extant. (2) Oppian of Apamea (or Pella) in Syria. His extant poem on hunting (Cynegetica) is dedicated to the emperor Caracalla, so that it must have been written after 211. The improbability of there having been two poets of the same name, writing on subjects so closely akin and such near contemporaries, may perhaps be explained by assuming that

the real name of the author of the Cynegetica was not Oppian, but that he has been confounded with his predecessor. In any case, it seems clear that the two were not identical. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand translates from the Cynegetica, De La Chasse, Book II, 350-354. Opizzoni, Carlo, Cardinal 1768-1855. A Cardinal from 1804 he was Archbishop of Bologna. BkXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 Supported as a Papal candidate by France. Ops, Monsieur and Madame Residents of Ghent in 1815. BkXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand dined with them. Orange, France A town and commune in the dpartement of Vaucluse, in the south of France, about 21 km north of Avignon. It has the best preserved Roman theatre in Europe, as well as an Augustan triumphal arch. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 Napoleon there on his journey to Elba in 1814. Orange, Willem-Frederic of Nassau, Prince of 1772-1843. First king of the Netherlands as William I, and Grand Duke of Luxembourg (181540), he was the son of Prince William V of Orange, last Stadtholder of the Netherlands. He commanded (179395) the Dutch army in the French Revolutionary Wars, and after the French occupation of the Netherlands he entered the Prussian and later the Austrian service. He returned to the Netherlands in 1813, and the Congress of Vienna gave him (1815) the title king of the Netherlands. His kingdom comprised present Belgium as well as the Netherlands, and he was awarded the grand duchy of Luxembourg in compensation for his family holdings in Germany, which he ceded to Prussia. Political unrest in Belgium led to the revolution of 1830. Belgium won its independence, though final recognition by William came only in 1839. When his Dutch subjects forced him to liberalize the constitution in 1840, he abdicated in favour of his son William II. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 Wounded at Waterloo.

Orbes A village near Pontarlier it lies in the Jura. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833. Orbesan, Jean d, Baron de La Bastide c1575-1595. A young French nobleman he died in Padua. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 His tomb in Padua. Orcha, Russia It is a town on the Dnieper. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Napoleon crossed the thinly frozen river and burnt the bridges behind him. Orestes Son of Agamemnon, who avenged his fathers murder, by killing his mother and her lover Aegisthus, and was pursued by the Erinnyes, a theme taken up in the legend of the Wandering Jew. BkX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 A reference to Racines Andromaque, where he appears. BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 Pylades was his close companion. Orglandes, Zelie d, Comtesse de Chateaubriand Orgon, France A small market town on the banks of the Durance River, it is on the border between the Luberon to the east and the Alpilles to the west. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 Napoleon there on his journey to Elba in 1814. Oriflamme The Oriflamme, aurea flamma, was the standard supposedly given to the ancient Kings of France by the Angel Gabriel, representing a flame on a golden ground. Those who fought under it were invincible. The red banner was kept at Saint-Denis. BkXXII:Chap 25:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Orlando Innamorato

The epic poem by the Italian poet Matteo Maria Boiardo (c1434-1494) published in 1495. BkX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to Part 2, XXXI:43-47, Part 3, VI:55 and VII:6-8. The river Rire, in the work, is near the Forest of the Ardennes. Golden Bridle is Orlandos horse. Orlando Furioso The work by Ariosto, its chief character is Orlando (Roland) who pursues Angelica. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Roland mentioned. Orlans, France The city in northern France, capital of the Loiret department, on the River Loire, its cathedral destroyed by the Huguenots in 1568 was re-built in the 17th century. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 A revolutionary court established there in 1791. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 The Pope passed through, after his release from Fontainebleau. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Its pro-royalist garrison in 1815. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in August 1815 having been appointed President of the Loiret Electoral College. Orlans, Adlade de Bourbon-Penthivre, Duchesse de 1753-1821. Wife, 1769, of Louis-Philippe II. BkXXV:Chap6:Sec1 Buys a lottery ticket for the sale of Chateaubriands property in 1817. Orlans, Duc de, see Louis-Philippe-Joseph, and Louis-Philippe I Orlans, Gaston Duc d Brother of Louis XIII. Orleans, Louis de Bourbon, Duc d 1703-1752. The only son of Philippe II. Having succeeded his father as Duke of Orlans in 1723, he died in the abbey of St Genevieve in Paris. He was the father of Louis-Philippe I. BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Orlans, Louis-Philippe II, Duc d, see Louis-Philippe-Joseph

1747-1793. The eldest son of Louis-Philippe I, he was called Philippe galit, and was a member of a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, the dynasty then ruling France. He actively supported the French Revolution, but was nonetheless guillotined during the Reign of Terror. His son LouisPhilippe became King of France in the July Revolution of 1830. BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Orlans, Marie, Princesse d 1813-1839. Duchess of Wurtemberg (from 1837). BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned in 1830. Orlans, Marie-Amlie de Bourbon-Sicile, Duchesse d 1782-1866. The wife (from 1809) of Louis-Philippe, she was the daughter of Fernando I of the Two Sicilies. She was twice exiled in England, at Orleans House Twickenham for two years during and after the Hundred Days, and at Claremont in Surrey from 1848 to the end of her life. She had little interest in politics and raised a large family. BkXXXII:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Orlans, Louis Philippe I, Duc d 1725-1785. Son of Louis de Bourbon, duc dOrlans, was born at Versailles, and was known as the Duc de Chartres until his fathers death in 1752. Serving with the French armies in the War of Austrian Succession, he distinguished himself in the campaigns of 1742, 1743 and 1744, and at the battle of Fontenoy in 1745, retiring to Bagnolet in 1757, and occupying his time with theatrical performances and the society of men of letters. He was succeeded by Louis Philippe II. BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Orleans, Philippe I, Duc d 1640-1701. The son of Louis XIII of France and Anne of Austria, and younger brother of Louis XIV of France. Father of Philippe II. BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Orlans, Philippe II, Duc d 1674-1723. Philippe Charles, son of Philippe I, was called Duke of Chartres (16741701), and then Duke of Orlans (17011723) was Regent of France from 1715 to 1723. His regency during the minority of Louis XV being the last regency in the kingdom of France, he is still commonly referred to as le

Rgent and his regency as la Rgence. He was the father of Louis de Bourbon. BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Regent during the minority of Louis XV. Ornano, See Sampietro d Ornano, See Vannina d Wife of Sampietro. Orosmane (Osman) The Sultan, and hero of Voltaires Zaire (1732), modelled on Othello. BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Orpheus The mythical musician of Thrace, son of Oeagrus and Calliope the Muse, his lyre, given to him by Apollo, and invented by Hermes-Mercury, is the constellation Lyra containing the star Vega. (See John William Waterhouses painting Nymphs finding the head of Orpheus Private Collection, and Gustave Moreaus painting Orpheus in the Gustave Moreau Museum, Paris: See Peter Vischer the Youngers Bronze relief Orpheus and Eurydice Museum fr Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg: and the bas-relief Hermes, Eurydice and Orpheus a copy of a votive stele attributed to Callimachus or the school of Phidias, Naples, National Archaeological Museum: Note also Rilkes - Sonnets to Orpheus and his Poem - Orpheus, Eurydice and Hermes.) He summoned Hymen to his wedding with Eurydice. After she was stung by a snake and died he travelled to Hades, to ask for her life to be renewed. Granted it, on condition he did not look back at her till she reached the upper world, he faltered, and she was lost. He mourned her, and turned from the love of women to that of young men. He was killed by the Maenads of Thrace and dismembered, his head and lyre floating down the river Hebrus to the sea, being washed to Lesbos. (This head had powers of prophetic utterance) His ghost sank to the fields of the Blessed where he was reunited with Eurydice. He taught Midas and Eumolpus the Bacchic rites. BkII:Chap7:Sec5 The mystical hymns of Orpheus were called The Perfumes (Baumes). BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 Monsieur Violet is like a new Orpheus charming the savages. BkVII:Chap6:Sec1 His ability to charm wild creatures with his lyre-playing.

BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 His ability to charm the trees. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 His visit to the Underworld. Orsay, Alfred de Grimaud, Comte d 1801-1852. The principal incarnation of dandyism in France, bisexual, and witty, he supposedly was a lover to both Lord and Lady Blessington. He married the daughter Harriet from Lord Blessingtons previous marriage, and was left his fortune. He quickly divorced and maintained a lasting relationship with the second Lady Blessington left a widow in 1829. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Orsini, Les Orso, Count The son of Napoleone da Cerbaia, he was slain by his cousin Alberto da Mangona, the son of Alessandro, his uncle, as a result of a continuing family feud. Alessandro and Napoleone, were the two sons of Count Alberto degli Alberti, who held Vernia and Cerbaia in the Val de Bisenzio. They quarrelled over their inheritance and killed each other, sometime after 1282. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 See Dantes Purgatorio VI:20 Osman Said, Pacha Pacha of the Morea in 1807 according to Chateaubriand. The overall ruler of the Morea at that time was Veli Pacha the son of Ali Tebelin of Janina. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 His passport issued to Chateaubriand. Osmond, Ren-Eustache, Marquis d 1751-1838. Peer of France, he was French Ambassador to London 18161818. He married Hlne Dillon. BkXI:Chap2:Sec4 Mentioned. Osmond, Marquise, see Dillon Ossat, Arnaud, Cardinal d 1537-1604. A French diplomat and writer, and a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, whose personal tact and diplomatic skill steered the perilous course of French diplomacy with the Papacy in the reign of Henri IV of France. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned.

BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 He was born at Larroque-Magnoac in Gascony. Ossian, Oisin A legendary Gaelic poet, he was supposedly the son of Finn mac Cumhail, the hero of a cycle of tales and poems that place his deeds of valour in the 3rd century AD. These traditional tales were preserved in Ireland and in the Scottish Highlands, with Ossian as the bard who sang of the exploits of Finn and his Fenian cohorts. A later cycle of Ossianic poetry centred on Cuchulain, another traditional hero. Ossian is generally represented as an old, blind man who had outlived both his father and his son Oscar. The name is remembered by most people in connection with James Macpherson, who published translations of two poems that he said had been written by Ossian himself; they were actually a combination of traditional Gaelic poems and original verses by Macpherson. Ossian caused a sensation when it was published and had a massive cultural impact during the 18th and 19th centuries. Napoleon carried a copy into battle; Goethe translated parts of it; the city of Selma, Alabama, was named after the home of Fingal, and one of Ingres most romantic and moody paintings, the Dream of Ossian was based on it. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 Influenced Chateaubriand. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 The work admired by Napoleon. He read it in Cesarottis translation. Ostend, Oostende The city and major port in Flanders, Belgium, it has been a city since 1265 and a major port from the eighteenth century. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand wished to sail to Jersey from there in 1792. BkX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrived in Ostend in November 1792. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Napoleon there in April 1807. Osten-Sacken, Prince Fabian Wilhelm von der Ostia, Italy A part of the commune of Rome, on the coast facing the Tyrrhenian Sea, Ostia was the harbour of ancient Rome and perhaps its first colonia. Located at the mouth of the Tiber, it was said to have been founded by Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome, in the 7th century BC.

BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Othello The play is by Shakespeare whose tragic protagonist is Othello the Moor. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 Brown imitated a scene from the play. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Influenced Voltaire. BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 See Othello I:3:164-165. Chateaubriand adapts the lines. Otho, Marcus Salvius, Roman Emperor AD 32-69. Roman emperor (Jan.-April, AD 69). He was a friend of Nero, and his wife, Poppaea Sabina, became Neros mistress; Otho was repaid (AD 58) with the province of Lusitania. In AD 68 he joined the revolt of Galba against Nero, but on Galbas accession Otho formed a conspiracy. Galba was killed, and Otho made himself emperor. Meanwhile Vitellius had been proclaimed emperor at Cologne and was on his way to Rome. Otho was defeated in N Italy and killed himself. BkV:Chap8:Sec2 Mentioned. Otrante, Duc d, see Fouch Otricoli, Italy A town and comune in the province of Terni, Umbria, Italy. It is located on the Via Flaminia, near the east bank of the Tiber, 44 miles north of Rome and 12 miles south of Narni. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand there in 1828. Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor 980-1002. He was the fourth ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty. He was elected king of Germany in 983 on the death of his father (Holy Roman Emperor Otto II). BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Ottoboni, Pietro, Cardinal 1667-1740. The grand-nephew of the Venetian Pope Alexander VIII (1689 1691), he is remembered as a patron of musicians, including Corelli and Vivaldi. He was a Cardinal from 1689 and Cardinal-Dean from 1738 to his death. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 A pen portrait of him by de Brosses. He died during the lengthy process of selecting a Pope in 1740.

Otway, Thomas 1652-1685. The English Restoration dramatist whose Venice Preservd, or A Plot Discoverd (1682) is based on the Histoire de la conjuration des Espagnols contre la Venise en 1618, by the Abb de Saint-Real, though Otway modified the story considerably. BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Quoted: See Venice Preservd end of Act I. Oudart, Monsieur He was an aide de camp to the Duc dOrlans. BkXXXII:Chap13:Sec1 At Neuilly on the 30th of July 1830. Oudinot, Nicolas Charles, Duc de Reggio, Marshal of France 1767-1847. A veteran of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, he was created Marshal of France (1809) and Duke of Reggio (1810) by Napoleon I. He served as governor of Holland from 1810 to 1812. After Napoleons first abdication he gave his support to Louis XVIII. He commanded the National Guard during the Hundred Days, and for his support of Louis XVIII was made a peer of France. Later, he participated in the Spanish expedition of 1823. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 At the Berezina. BkXXII:Chap 22:Sec1 In Paris at the Restoration in 1814. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Commander of the National Guard in April 1827, not wishing to share in its disbanding, a measure that he regarded as both inappropriate and unpopular he gave in his resignation. Ouvrard, Gabriel-Julien 1770-1846. A French financier, who enriched himself under the Directory as a war-profiteer, but later fell into debt after purchasing the Chteau du Raincy in 1806. He was supported by the Duc de Richelieu under the Restoration. His Memoirs were published in 1826. BkXXXII:Chap13:Sec1 Raincy had been owned by Louis-Philippes father but was confiscated during the Revolution. It was later occupied by the Prussians, and then abandoned. Louis-Phillipe acquired the estate for hunting. Ouvrier A student of the cole Polytechnique in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Involved in the fighting of 29th July 1830.

Ovid, Publius Ovidius Naso 43-17BC. The Roman poet, Publius Ovidius Naso, was born at Sulmo. He was exiled from Augustan Rome in AD8 (for a poem, probably the Ars Amatoria, and an error, probably an indiscretion concerning Augustuss wayward daughter Julia) and died at Tomis on the Black Sea. His greatest work is the Metamorphoses, a retelling of myths down to his own time, based on the theme of change. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 The Metamorphoses translated in verse by Saint-Ange, 1782. He also translated other works of Ovid. BkXI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from Fasti VI:772. BkXIII:Chap11:Sec1 The fecundity of narration displayed in the Metamorphoses. BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 His verses to Corinna (see the Amores). BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 See Metamorphoses XI:480-481. BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 See Metamorphoses VII:518-613. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand uses the first line of Ovids Tristia in Les Martyrs. Tristia I:1 actually translates as Little book, go without me I dont begrudge it to the city. BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 See Fasti IV:270-348, for the legend of Claudia Quinta. Oxenstierna, Axel Gustaffson, Count of Sdermre 1583-1654. A Swedish statesman, the favourite minister of Gustavus Adolphus, he supported him through the Thirty Years War, though he disapproved of his engaging in it, and managed the affairs of the State with great ability after his death. His son Erik Axelsson (1624-1656) was also a great Swedish Statesman. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Grotius wrote to both. Oxford, England The University city, on the rivers Thames and Cherwell. Important from Saxon times, the university colleges were founded in the 13th century. In the Civil War Oxford was the Royalist headquarters. It houses one of the worlds great libraries, the Bodleian (`1602). BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 There were twenty colleges in Chateaubriands day not the twenty-five he states in his text. The Botanical Garden was founded in 1621. BkXII:Chap5:Sec2 Its freely distributed edition (3000 printed) of the New Testament according to the Latin Vulgate (1796) was imprinted: Novum testamentum vulgatae editionis in usum cleri gallicani in Anglia exulantis. It

was funded by subscription with the aid of the Marquis of Buckingham, and distributed free to exiled French priests. Pacca, Cardinal 1756-1844. Son of Orazio Pacca, Marchese di Matrice, he was elected titular archbishop of Damietta, September 26, 1785. In 1809, Pope Pius VII excommunicated Napoleon and on July 6, the Pope and Cardinal Pacca were arrested, the former being sent to Savona, the latter, on August 6, 1809, to Fenestrelle until 1813. In that year, he was allowed to join the pope in Fontainebleau; influenced the pope to retract the agreement with Napoleon and was deported to Uzs in January 1814; freed at the fall of Napoleon in April 1814. Returned to Rome and organized a State Junta to govern in the name of the absent pope. He participated in the conclaves up to that of 18301831. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 His arrest in 1809. BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 At Fontainebleau in 1813. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 A candidate for the Papacy in 1829. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 Supported as a Papal candidate by France. Pacca, Tiberio 1786-1837. Nephew of the Cardinal, he was the second son of Giuseppe Pacca, Marquis of Matrice, and Maria Teresa Crivelli, a Milanese noblewoman. He entered the Roman prelature as referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace on May 18, 1809. Prisoner of state in 1809; together with his uncle the cardinal, he was deported to the fortress of Fenestrelle, in the valley of Chisone, near Pinerolo, now in the province of Turin. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Padua, Italy The capital of Padova province, it stands on the Bacchiglione River, 40km west of Venice and 29km southeast of Vicenza. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 BkXL:Chap7:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there in September 1833. Monselice is south of Padua on the way to Rovigo and Ferrara. The Castello Cataio, near Battaglia Terme, is a crenellated manor house which at that time belonged to the Duke of Modena. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand sight-sees in the city 20th September 1833.

BkXL:Chap6:Sec1 Lombardy-Venetia was part of the Austrian Empire in 1833. Paestum, Italy A city of Lucania in Italy, the site is near modern Agropoli on the Bay of Salerno, a ruin in a wilderness, with Doric temples that surpassed those of Athens. Originally called Poseidonia, the city of Neptune, it was founded by Greeks from Sybaris in the 6th c. BC. It became Paestum when it passed into the hands of the Lucanians in the 4th century. It was taken by the Romans in 273BC. In antiquity it was famous for its roses, which flowered twice a year, and its violets. Malaria eventually drove away its population. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Its roses. Paganini, Niccol 1782-1840. An Italian violinist, violist, guitarist and composer, he was the first and one of the most famous violin virtuosi. BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned Paisiello, Giovanni 1740-1816. An Italian composer, he served in St. Petersburg at the Court of Catherine II from 1776 to 1784. He was also briefly Napoleons matre de chapelle. He composed some 100 operas, church music, keyboard concertos, string quartets, and other works. His opera The Barber of Seville (1782) was so popular that for a time it hindered the success of Rossinis work of the same name. BkVII:Chap6:Sec1 The famous duet Pandolfetto graziosetto. Pajol, Pierre-Claude (Pajot), General 1772-1844. He retired from the Imperial Army after a fine career, and became an industrialist. He took command of the National Guard in July 1830 and led the popular march to Rambouillet which forced Charles X to leave France. He later took command of the 1st Division and was made a Peer in 1831. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Active on the 29th of July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 A supporter of Louis-Philippe. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Leader of the march to Rambouillet on the 3rd of August 1830. Palais-Bourbon, Paris

Giardini began to work on the building in 1722, Lassurance continued the work, Aubert and Gabriel completed it in 1728. It was originally built for Louis XIVs daughter, the Duchess of Bourbon, who gave her name to the palace. In 1764, it became the property of the Prince of Cond and he developed the building as it is seen today. From 1803 to 1807, Napoleon commissioned Poyet to build the faade, to complement that of the Madeleine which it faces, in the distance at the end of the Rue Royale. The portico of the faade is enhanced by an allegorical pediment sculpted by Cortot in 1842. Other allegorised bas-reliefs on the wings are the work of Rude and Pradier. The interior is rich with works of art; it is worth noting that Delacroix decorated the library here from 1838 to 1845 with the History of Civilisation, while also in this room, Houdon sculpted busts of Diderot and Voltaire. Formerly assigned to the Council of the Five Hundred, and then to the House of Deputies, today it holds the National Assembly. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 Its outbuildings were used to house the new cole Polytechnique from 1795-1805. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Palais-Royal, Paris Jacques Lemerciers Palais-Royal began its existence on a much smaller scale as the Palais Cardinal. After Cardinal Richelieus death, it was occupied by Anne of Austria and her two sons, Louis XIV and Philippe, Duc d'Orlans, hence its later name, Palais Royal. It was notorious for its prostitutes. In 1780, it was greatly expanded by Victor Louis with rows of two-story houses enclosing a courtyard and arcades of shops lining the interior garden. During the Revolution, Parisians called it the Palais Egalit and under the Empire, the Palais du Tribunal. After the restoration of the Bourbon family in 1815, it became the Palais Royal once again. A mob completely wrecked the palace in 1848 but it was later restored by Napolon III. BkIV:Chap3:Sec2 Its environs visited by Chateaubriand in 1786. BkV:Chap12:Sec2 Chateaubriand met Mirabeau there, on the 17th June 1790. BkIX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand visited a gambling club there in 1792. BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Visited by Chateaubriand in 1800. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec2 Associated with the Duc dOrlans. Palenque, Mexico Site of the Mayan ruins in the foothills of the Tumbal mountains of Chiapas Mexico.

BkVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Palermo, Italy The principal city and administrative seat of the autonomous region of Sicily, Italy it is the capital of the Province of Palermo. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Its orange groves. BkXXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to the Duchesse de Berry there in 1833. Palestrina, Madame She was a member of the Roman nobility in 1828. BkXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Palinurus The steersman of Aeneas in Virgils Aeneid, who, lulled to sleep, was thrown into the sea and drowned. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 See Aeneid V:857-871. Palissot de Montenoy, Charles 1730-1814. A French writer, he was an adversary of the philosophers and Encyclopaedists whom he ridiculed in his comedy Les Philosophes 1760, and in La Dunciade ou la Guerre des Sots his poem of 1764. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 Mentioned. Palladio, Andrea 1508-1580. An Italian architect born in Padua, famous for his much-imitated classical designs, he created many villas, palaces and churches, including S Giorgio Maggiore in Venice. BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Palladium, The An image of Pallas Athene, said to have fallen from the sky at Troy. The safety of Troy depended on its preservation according to an oracle. It was stolen by Ulysses and Diomede. BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Palm, Johann Philipp 1768-1806. A German bookseller, in 1806 published a pamphlet (possibly written by Philipp Christian Yelin in Ansbach) entitled Deutschland in seiner tiefen Erniedrigung (Germany in her deep humiliation), which

strongly attacked Napoleon and the behaviour of the French troops in Bavaria. Napoleon had Palm arrested and handed over to a military commission with peremptory instructions to try and execute the prisoner within twenty-four hours. Palm was denied the right of defence, and after a mock trial on the 25th of August 1806 he was shot on the following day. It was to Palm that the poet Thomas Campbell was referring when he gave his famous (and possibly apocryphal) toast to Napoleon at a literary dinner. When this caused uproar, he admitted that Napoleon was a tyrant and an enemy of their country, But gentlemen! He once shot a publisher. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 Mentioned. Palma il Vecchio, Jacopo 1480-1528. A noted Venetian painter, he is referred to as Palma il Vecchio (Palma the Elder) to distinguish him from Palma il Giovane (Jacopo Palma II the Younger: 1544-1628), his grand-nephew. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Both painters are mentioned. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Palma the Elders work in Padua. Palma-Cayet, Pierre Victor Cayet, Lord of La Palme, called 1525-1610. A historian of the League, and a Protestant minister, he became a Catholic priest and was Professor of Hebrew at the Navarre College in Paris. He also wrote a version of the Faust legend published in 1603. BkXXXII:Chap15:Sec1 A quotation from his Chronologie novenaire (1606). Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount 1784-1865. The British Statesman was Foreign Secretary 1830-1834, 193441 and 1846-1851. His foreign policy was markedly nationalistic. He was Liberal Prime Minister 1855-1858 and 1859-1865. BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Palmerston demanded the withdrawal of French troops from Belgium in 1832 when Louis-Philippe tried to assert French rights there. Palucci, Admiral He was a Field-Marshal and Naval Chief in Venice in 1833. BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Palmyra An ancient city of Syria on the northern edge of the Syrian Desert, it lay 150 miles north-east of Damascus. According to tradition, it was founded by

Solomon. In the Bible it is called Tadmur (see 1 Kings 9:18). A prosperous caravan station in the 1st century BC, Palmyra became a Roman outpost and a major city-state within the Roman Empire in the 1st century AD. The Emperor Aurelian defeated its rebellious Queen Zenobia and razed the city in 232. It was subsequently taken by the Arabs and sacked by Tamburlaine. BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 Mentioned. Pamfili, see Olimpia Pamisus, River The Greek river, the modern Pirnatza, flows through Messenia, in the southwestern Peloponnese, through the most fertile region of Greece. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Referred to in Les Martyrs, Book XIII, and visited by Chateaubriand on his Levant Voyage. Pan In mythology, the Greek god of shepherds and their flocks, he has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, like a satyr. Pan is associated with the wilds of Nature. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Panat, Charles Louis Etienne, Chevalier de 1762-1834. French naval officer. In the Battle of Chesapeake Bay between the first division of De Grasses fleet and the British squadron he took an English frigate, and afterwards commanded a company of marines in the two assaults on Yorktown, where he was severely wounded. After 1783 he was promoted captain, created knight of Saint Louis, and made a member of the Society of the Cincinnati. In 1790 he took part in the first expedition to Santo Domingo, but, disapproving the principles of the French revolution, resigned and emigrated in 1792. He returned to Paris in 1800, and held during the whole of Napoleons reign the office of permanent undersecretary of the navy, which he exchanged at the restoration of Louis XVIII for that of secretary-general to the board of admiralty, with the rank of rearadmiral. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him at Mrs Lindsays. BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 His letter concerning readings from Le Gnie. Panckoucke, Charles-Andr-Joseph 1700-1753. A writer and publisher, he was the grandfather of Charles-Louis. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Madame Suard was his daughter,

Panckoucke, Charles-Louis 1780-1844. Son of Charles-Joseph Panckouke (1736-1798). BkXIX:Chap2:Sec1 His publication of the Works of Napoleon, 1821-1822. Pandours Hungarian irregular foot-soldiers, taking their name originally from a Hungarian village, noted for their ferocity, and part of the Austrian Army. BkIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned, at Tournai, in 1792. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Mentioned. Pangalo, Monsieur -G He was a correspondent from Zea. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 His letter of 1816. Panormita, Antonio Beccadelli 1394-1471. Called Il Panormita (The Palermitan), he was an Italian poet, canon lawyer, scholar, diplomat, and chronicler. He generally wrote in Latin. He was born in Palermo. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 His love of Livys works. Pantagruel He appears as a character in Rabelais works. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 Mentioned. Paoli, Hyacinthe (Giacinto) 1702-1768. A Corsican patriot, he was the father of Pasquale. From 1733 he was the leader of the Corsican insurrection against the Genoese. He supported Neuhof in 1736. In 1739, defeated, he sought exile in Naples. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Paoli, Pascal (Pasquale) 1725-1807. A Corsican patriot, in 1755 he returned to Corsica from exile with his father in Naples, led a successful revolt against the Genoese, and was chosen president under a republican constitution. His capital was at Corte. In 1768, Genoa sold Corsica to France. Paoli fought brilliantly against the superior forces of the French, but in 1769 was decisively defeated and fled to England. James Boswell, who had corresponded with him and visited him in Corsica, introduced him into the circle of Samuel Johnson. After the outbreak of the French Revolution, Paoli was appointed (1791) governor of

Corsica. Accused (1793) of counter-revolutionary activities and summoned to Paris, he proclaimed the independence of Corsica and solicited British aid. With the help of Admiral Hood the French were defeated (1794). The proFrench party was banished and the Corsican national assembly (consulta) declared the island a British protectorate and chose an English governor. Paoli, who favoured independence and who had hoped to be appointed viceroy, was disappointed when Pozzo di Borgo became chief of the Corsican council of state. Paoli went to England in 1795 and remained there until his death. After his departure the islanders rose against the British and in 1796 drove them out with French help. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Not Napoleons godfather, though Napoleons father had been of Paolis party. BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1 A letter to him from Napoleon Bonaparte. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Recalled from England in 1789 at Mirabeaus prompting. BkXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Condemned by Napoleon for relinquishing power. Papelotte A farm on the field of Waterloo, it was defended by the Allies. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. Param A town near to Saint-Malo and incorporated in it in 1967. BkI:Chap3:Sec4 Mentioned. Parcae The Moerae, The Three Fates were the Three Sisters, the daughters of Night: Clotho, the spinner of the thread of life, Lachesis, chance or luck, and Atropos, inescapable destiny. Clotho spins, Lachesis draws out, and Atropos shears the thread. Their unalterable decrees may be revealed to Zeus but he cannot change the outcome. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Catullus describes their white robes fringed with purple in poem 64. Pardessus, Jean-Marie 1772-1853. A lawyer and historian he resigned in 1830 from the Court of Cassation. BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 Mentioned.

Paris The capital of France on the River Seine, the earliest settlement was in Roman times. Its ancient name is Lutetia from the Latin word for mud, lutum. Caesar called it Lutetia Parisiorium, the mud-town of the Parisii. In the 6th century Clovis made it the capital of the Frankish Kingdom. It gained further importance and independence under the Capetians. BkIV:Chap1:Sec3 BkIV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriands hotel in 1786 and 1787 in the Rue du Mail, near the modern Place des Victoires, and the Bourse. BkIV:Chap10:Sec1 BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 BkIV:Chap12:Sec1 BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkV:Chap1:Sec1 BkV:Chap2:Sec1 BkV:Chap4:Sec1 BkV:Chap5:Sec1 BkV:Chap6:Sec1 BkV:Chap7:Sec1 BkV:Chap8:Sec1 BkV:Chap9:Sec1 BkV:Chap10:Sec1 BkV:Chap12:Sec1 BkV:Chap13:Sec1 BkV:Chap14:Sec1 BkV:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 This chapter written there. Chateaubriand returned to Paris from Berlin on the 26th April 1821 for the christening of the Duc de Bordeaux on the 1st May 1821 but did not resign his embassy until the 29th July, after the resignations of Villle and Corbire. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 Its ancient Roman name in Northern Gaul was Lutetia. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Paris, Kentucky, in Bourbon County. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Mrs Lindsay lived in the hamlet of Ternes, part of Neuilly, beyond the Barrire du Roule, now Place des Ternes. BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXV:Chap1:Sec1 This chapter and following chapters where indicated were written in Paris in 1837. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand lodged in the Htel dtampes at 372 Rue Saint Honor, one part of which was a three storey block giving onto the Rue Saint Honore itself, and near to the Rue Neuve-du-Luxembourg, the present Rue Cambon. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 This chapter and following chapters where indicated were written in Paris in 1838. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand moved in mid-April 1804 to the present 31 Rue de Miromesnil. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 This chapter and following chapters where indicated were written in Paris in 1839. In 1621, Anne of Austria provided a residence for the Benedictines of the Deep Valley, called the Valley of Grace (Val de Grce). On the birth of the future Louis XIV in 1637, she decided to put up a baroque-style church. This church, started by Mansart, was completed by Le

Mercier, Le Muet, and Le Duc. There are many beautiful sculptures as well as some magnificent paintings. The dome and the cupola are exquisitely decorated. After the Revolution, Val de Grce became a military hospital. The Jardin des Plantes is the main botanical garden in France, situated on the left bank of the Seine. The garden was originally planted by Guy de La Brosse, Louis XIIIs physician, in 1626 as a medicinal herb garden. It was originally known as the Jardin du Roi. In 1650 it opened to the public. After a period of decline Jean-Baptiste Colbert took administrative control and Dr Guy Crescent Fagon was appointed in 1693, surrounding himself with a team of brilliant botanists, The Comte de Buffon became the curator in 1739 and he expanded the gardens greatly, adding a maze, round a tall mound built up from public waste in the 17th century, the Labyrinth, which remains today. In 1792 the Royal Menagerie was moved to the gardens from Versailles. Bernard de Jussieu planted the famous cedar of Lebanon in 1734 on the hillside facing the Seine, having obtained it from Kew Gardens in London. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 The University of Paris (located partly in the college of the Sorbonne), dating back to the 12th century, was suspended during the Revolution and was re-opened by Napoleon in 1806. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand stayed in a house at 194 Rue de Rivoli, on the corner of the Place des Pyramides. BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 See the notes on the Jardin des Plantes above. The tomb of the martyrs is Montmartre (Mons Martyrum according Parisian tradition) BkXXII:Chap18:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 The Arc de Triomphe de ltoile surmounts the hill of Chaillot at the center of a star-shaped configuration of 12 radiating avenues. It is the climax of a vista seen the length of the Champs Elyses from the smaller Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in the Tuileries gardens, and from the Oblisque de Luxor in the place de la Concorde. In 1806, Napoleon I conceived of a triumphal arch patterned after those of ancient Rome and dedicated to the glory of his imperial armies. The structure was designed by Jean Franois Thrse Chalgrin (1739-1811) and completed in 1836 during the reign of Louis Philippe. Engraved around the top of the Arch are the names of major victories won during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods. The names of less important victories, as well as those of 558 generals, can be found on the inside walls. (Generals whose names are underlined died in action.) The sun shines beneath the arch at the start of May and in mid-August. BkXXII:Chap 25:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 On 5 December 1804, Napoleon presided over a ceremony on the Champ-de-Mars, in Paris, during

which new colours were allocated to the regiments. When he attempted to re-establish his empire (the Cent-Jours, March-June 1815), a similar ceremony of eagle distribution was organized. The ceremony took place once again on the Champ-de-Mars, which was renamed Champ-de-Mai, to recall the May (or liberty) trees planted during the Revolution. The ceremony, was, however, postponed from May 26th to 1 June. The results of the vote on the new Constitution (there was a massive abstention) were to be declared on that day. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 The Elyse Palace was built between 1718 and 1722. Owned at one time by Madame de Pompadour it was gifted to Louis XV at her death. Louis XVI set aside the house as a residence for Ambassadors Extraordinary in Paris; then in 1787 he sold it to his cousin, the Duchess of Bourbon. Bought by Murat it was gifted to Napoleon. Tsar Alexander of Russia moved into it during the occupation of Paris by the Allies, and the building was then placed at the disposal of the Duke of Wellington in November 1815. In 1816, it definitively became part of the Crown estates, and Louis XVIII granted it to his nephew, the Duc de Berry. In 1820, Louis Philippe took possession of the Palace, which thereafter became the residence of foreign State guests visiting Paris, until 1848. On December 12, 1848, the National Assembly issued a decree designating the Elyse National as the Residence of the French President. Though subsequently used otherwise it is now the residence of the Head of state and seat of the Office of President. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 The Luxembourg Palace was built (1615-1631) for Marie de Mdicis, the widow of Henri IV, by Salamon de Brosse. It remained a royal palace until the Revolution. After a spell as a prison it became the seat for the Directory, Consulate, Senate and Chamber of Peers. It is now the seat of the French Senate, the Upper House. BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1 In 1820, the Opra was in the Rue de Richelieu on the site occupied today by the Square Louvois. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 A play on words. The Elysian Fields with their ghostly shades are also the Champs-lyses with their tree-shades. BkXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 The Chateaubriands had lodgings at 18 Rue de lUniversit from the start of 1822 to October 1824, though as Foreign Minister Chateaubriand himself stayed at the Ministry (1821-1854) at 24 Rue des Capucines. BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 The Chateaubriands lodged on the first floor of the Htel de Beaune, 7 Rue de Regard, from October 1824 to May 1826.

BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 The Rue des Prouvaires joined the Rue SaintHonor at the Rue Rambuteau, before the old Les Halles was built in 1860. The conspirators met at no 12, a house owned by Larcher. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 The Courtille was an extension of the Faubourg du Temple in the Belleville direction. Outside the gates, it was known in the eighteenth century for its dance halls and cabarets. Later it was known for the Carnival celebrations at Mardi Gras (Shrove Tuesday) and on the following morning of Ash Wednesday. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 The Dance of Death painting in the Cemetery of the Innocents dates from 1425, and was subsequently reproduced in woodcuts in 1485 by Guyot Marchand. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 The Rue dEnfer is now the Avenue DenfertRochereau, named in 1879 for the Colonel who directed the resistance of Belfort in 1870. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Its river, the Seine, is mentioned. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 The Treaty of Paris of 1814 restored Frances borders to those of 1792. The Treaty of 1815 following Waterloo reduced France to its 1790 borders. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 The Thtre de la Gat-Lyrique was situated on Boulevard du Temple from 1764, was renamed in 1795, rebuilt in 1805. In the 1860s the theatre was rebuilt nearby, adjacent to Boulevard Sebastopol, where it still stands as the Theatre de la Musique. BkXLII:Chap1:Sec1 On the 13th-14th April 1834 riots in support of the Lyon insurgents were viciously suppressed, including a massacre in the Rue Transnonain (north of the present Rue Beaubourg). BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 In 1794 part of the Convent of the Canonesses of Saint Augustine, on the Rue de Picpus, was used as a communal grave for victims of the Terror. Under the Consulate it became a private cemetery. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 The monastery of Saint-Plagie near the Jardin des Plantes was used as a prison during the Revolution. Madame Roland wrote her Memoirs there. It was later used as a debtors prison and for those violating the censorship laws. Parisienne, La This song, written by the poet and dramatist Jean-Francois Casimir Delavigne (1793-1843) in 1830, and set to music by Daniel Auber rivalled the Marseillaise in popularity. BkXXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Parma, Italy

A medieval city of Etruscan origins in the region of Emilia-Romagna, In 1847, after Marie Louise, Duchess of Parmas death, it passed to the Bourbons, the last of whom Charles III was stabbed in the city (in 1854) and left it to his Widow, Luisa Maria of Berry. On September 15, 1859 the dynasty was declared deposed, and with the plebiscite of 1860 the former duchy became part of the unified Kingdom of Italy. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The Chateaubriands were there in September 1828. Parmentier, Pierre d.1794 Executed during the Terror. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 His name appears on the death warrant exhibited, and he was executed with Chateaubriands brother. Parnassus The mountain, in Phocis, Greece, was sacred to Apollo and the Muses. Delphi is at its foot where the oracle of Apollo and his temple were situated. Themis held the oracle in ancient times. BkIV:Chap12:Sec3 BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 BkXXIII:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 The Castilian spring sacred to the Muses was sited on Parnassus. Parny, variste-Desire de Forges-Parny, Chevalier de 1753-1814. A Creole poet (born Ile de la Runion), he made his way to Paris to Paris via Pondicherry, arriving in 1786. Note his works Chansons madcasses (1787) and especially his Posies rotiques (1778), presaging Lamartine. He suffered financial difficulties. BkII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand followed him at Rennes College. BkIV:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in Paris. A description of the man. Chateaubriand quotes from Posies rotiques Book II, La Racommodement. He also refers to La Guerre des Dieux, a mock-heroic poem of 1799 tactless in its handling of Christianity. BkV:Chap15:Sec1 His elegy for Charlotte de Villette. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 A verse adapted from Posies rotiques celebrating Madame DEgmont. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 An adaptation of his verse to Charmante Emma. The Duc de Duras quickly remarried. Parquin, ne Louise Cochelet, Madame

1785-1835. The wife of Denis-Charles Parquin (1786-1845) an officer friend of Prince Louis-Napolon. She was in the service of the Queen of Holland. BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 Her husband bought the Chteau of Wolfberg, at Ermatingen, where visitors to Queen Hortense often stayed. Parry, Sir William Edward 1790-1855. The British explorer made three journeys in search of the Northwest Passage (1819-20, 1821-23, 1824-25). In 1827 he tried to reach the pole by sledge from Spitsbergen. BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Supposedly his men entertained themselves with plays, dances and masquerades while imprisoned in the ice. Parthenon Built 447-432 BC, it is the temple of Athena on the Acropolis of Athens. BkVIII:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. Mount Cithaeron and Hymettus are mountains between Boeotia and Attica to the north of Athens. Partouneaux, Louis, Comte 1770-1835. A Napoleonic General. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 At the Berezina. Pascal, Blaise 1623-1662. French mathematician, philosopher and inventor, born in Clermont-Ferrand.. His early work included the invention of the adding machine and syringe, and the co-development with Fermat of the mathematical theory of probability. Later he became a Jansenist and wrote on philosophy and theology, notably as collected in the posthumous Penses (1670). BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 Montlosier as a Pascal manqu. BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from the Penses: Les rivires sont des chemins qui marchent, et qui portent o l'on veut aller. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 See Penses, the fragment entitled Human disproportion. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 See Penses, Mans greatness comes from knowing he is wretched. Paskevich, Ivan Federovich, General

1782-1856. Later made Count of Erivan, and Prince of Warsaw, he was a Russian field marshal who had a distinguished early army career, fighting against Turkey, and France. On the outbreak of war with Persia in 1826 he gained rapid and brilliant successes which compelled the Shah to sue for peace in February 1828. He later suppressed the Polish revolt and gave the death-blow to Polish independence. He held the rank of Field-Marshal in the Prussian and Austrian armies as well as his own. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Pasquier, tienne 1529-1615. A French jurist and man of letters, he studied under Jacques Cujas and began his legal career in 1549. Always a confirmed advocate of Gallicanism, in 1565 he pleaded a famous case for the University of Paris against the Jesuits. In 1585 he became advocate general of a division of the Parlement of Paris. Pasquiers most notable book, Recherches de la France, a learned work on French history and literature, reflected the tendency of the humanists to write in the vernacular rather than in Latin. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Chateaubriand quotes from his work. Pasquier, tienne-Denis, Baron then Duc, 1767-1862, A French statesman, who as Counsellor of the Parlement of Paris witnessed many of the incidents that marked the growing hostility between that body and Louis XVI. During the Reign of Terror (1793) Pasquier remained in obscurity; but this did not save him from arrest, shortly before the coup dtat of Thermidor (July 1794) which overthrew Robespierre. In the reaction that ensued he regained his liberty and estates. He did not re-enter public service until the period of the Empire, when the arch-chancellor Cambacrs used his influence with Napoleon to procure for him the office of Maitre des Requtes to the council of state. In 1809 he became baron of the French Empire, and in February 1810 counsellor of state. Napoleon in 1810 made him Prefect of Police. The chief event which ruffled the course of his life at that time was the strange conspiracy of the republican general Malet (Oct. 1812), who, giving out that Napoleon had perished in Russia, managed to surprise and capture some of the ministers and other authorities at Paris, among them Pasquier. The collapse of this bold attempt enabled him, however, speedily to regain his liberty. When Napoleon abdicated in April 1814 Pasquier continued to exercise his functions for a few days in order to preserve order, and then resigned the prefecture of police, whereupon Louis XVIII allotted to him the control of roads and bridges. He took no share in the Imperial restoration at the time of

the Hundred Days (1815), and after the second entry of Louis XVIII into Paris became Minister of the Interior, but resigned office. Under the more moderate governments of succeeding years he again held various appointments, but refused to join the reactionary cabinets at the close of the reign of Charles X. After the July Revolution (1830) he became President of the Chamber of Peers a post which he held through the whole of the reign of Louis Philippe (1830-1848). In 1842 he was elected a member of the French Academy, and in the same year was created a duke. After the overthrow of Louis Philippe in February 1848, Pasquier retired from active life and set to work to compile the notes and reminiscences of his long and active career. BkI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap5:Sec1 Writes to Chateaubriand, as Prefect of Police, in 1812. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 A friend of Chateaubriand and Madame de Beaumont. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Congratulated Chateaubriand on his resignation. BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Foreign Minister in 1820-21, he congratulates Chateaubriand on his political negotiations. BkXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him in February 1821. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Chateaubriand writes to him, relinquishing his income as a Peer. Pasquin Pasquino was the name given to a battered ancient statue dug up in the course of paving the Parione district in Rome and erected on the west side of Piazza Navona in 1501. Satirical verses, lampoons, were regularly attached to it, hence Pasquin later appears as a commedia dellarte character who mocks and satirizes others. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Passy, Paris A district of Paris (incorporated 1859) it is close to the Bois de Boulogne on the west of the city. BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Passy-Vron, Chteau de The 17th Century chateau, in Burgundy (Yonne), near Villeneuve, built by the financier Franois Petit, was owned by Mgret de Srilly from 1719. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Madame de Beaumont stayed there during the Terror, and was visited by Joubert.

BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand passed nearby in September 1828. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand met Monsieur Portalis there. Pasta, Guiditta 1798-1865. Born in Saronno, Italy, a soprano considered among the greatest of opera singers. She studied in Milan and further studies with Scappa were followed by a successful debut in Venice in 1819. She caused a sensation in Paris in 1821-22, where the immense range of her voice and her dramatic gifts were matched by poignancy of expression. She sang regularly in London, Paris, and St. Petersburg between 1824 and 1837. She created the roles of Amina in Bellinis La Sonnambula and Norma (both in Milan and in 1831) and Donizettis Anna Bolena, Milan in 1830. She died in Blevio. BkX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned, as a contemporary voice in 1822. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in 1829. Martignacs eloquence is compared by Charles X to her singing. Pastoret, Claude-Emmanuel-Joseph-Pierre, Marquis de, Chancellor of France 1756-1840. He was Minister of Justice in 1791, before becoming the President of the Council of Five Hundred in 1796, a Senator in 1808, a Peer in 1814 and Marquis in 1817, a Minister in 1826, and Chancellor in 1829. He remained loyal to the elder branch after July 1830. His son was the poet, and senator under the Second Empire, Amade-David. BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned as a possible member of Charles Xs Chateaubriand-led government in 1833! Patin, Charles-Guy 1633-1693. A French doctor like his father, he fled France and settled in Padua in 1668, where he practised as a surgeon. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 His tomb in Padua. Patmos A small volcanic island in the gean Sea, off the coast of Asia Minor, to the south of Samos and west of Miletus, the island is famous as the place of St. Johns exile: I, John . . . was in the island, which is called Patmos, for the word of God, and for the testimony of Jesus (Revelation 1:9); there according to legend the Beloved Disciple wrote the Apocalypse, the imagery of which was in part inspired by the scenery of the island.

BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 Mentioned. Patroclus Achilles beloved friend whose death causes him to re-enter the fight against the Trojans. See Homers Iliad. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 In a scene on a Greek vase. Patterson, Elisabeth, see Elisabeth Bonaparte Pau, France Pau is situated 50 miles (80km) inland, above the Gave de Pau River, and is a good base from which to explore the Pyrenees and the villages of the Bearn region. The town was popular with the English in the early 19th century (at one time 20 percent of the population was from England). It has a 12th century chateau. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807. BkXXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand there on the evening of the 19th of August 1829, leaving the following morning for Bordeaux. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 The Chteau where Henri IV was born and raised. Paul, Saint d. c66AD The apostle, originally called Saul, his name according to tradition changed in honour of Sergius Paulus when he converted to Christianity (Acts XIII:6-12). He was beheaded at Rome according to legend. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 He preached at Athens, see Acts XVII:22 BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 See 1st Corinthians XIII:5 Paul, the Hermit c230-342. He lived as a desert hermit in a cave for most of his 113 year life. His biography was written by Saint Jerome. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Paul I, Emperor of Russia 1754-1801. Tsar of Russia (1796-1801). He reversed his mother Catherine the Greats enlightened policies while his foreign policy isolated Russia. His incompetence and despotism led to his assassination. BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 Assassinated on the 23rd of March 1801. BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 He proposed a joint invasion of India to Napoleon in 1801.

Paul von Wurtemberg, Prince 1785-1852. He married Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Hildburghausen in 1805. Their daughter Frederika-Maria-Charlotte (1807-1873) married in 1824 Grand-Duke Michael (1798-1849), a son of Paul I, and younger brother of Tars Alexander and Nicholas. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 In Rome in 1829. Paul Le Simple, Saint Paul the Simple d. c340. A farmer, who on discovering his wifes adultery, became a desert hermit. A disciple of Saint Anthony the Abbot, he was given the title The Simple for his simple and humble acceptance of the teachings. BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Paula, Saint 347-404. Friend, spiritual student and supporter of Saint Jerome whom she met in 382; he later wrote her biography. A pilgrim to the Holy Lands in 385 with her daughter Eustochium, she settled in Bethlehem in 396 where she built churches, a hospice, monastery and convent, and served as its first abbess. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 The sack of Rome by Alaric took place in 410. Paulus Emilius A Roman Consul, he conquered Macedonia, defeating Perseus, King of Macedon, at Pydna in 168BC, and brought back spoils to Rome including many statues. BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 See Plutarchs Life of Paulus Emilius. Paule, Clmence Isaure, La Belle She was a mythical personage invented by the Compagnie des Jeux Floraux of Toulouse in 1515. She supposedly gave her worldly goods to the town on condition that an annual literary prize should be maintained. An existing sepulchre and statue was utilised (that of Bertrande Ysalguier). The literary prize was awarded to Chateaubriand on one occasion. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Paule, Saint Franois de Born in Calabria in 1416, famous for his austerities and charity, he founded the Minimes, or the Hermits of Saint Franois. Called to France by Louis XI, he died there in 1507.

BkIV:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Pavia, Italy, Battle of On February 23rd 1525, Charles V the Holy Roman Emperor, defeated Francis I King of France, taking him prisoner, his horse was wounded by Cesare Hercolani, and confining him in Spain. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Occupied by Napoleon in 1796 and by Lannes June 2 1800. Payra, Adolphe A decommissioned officer of the Royal Guard, he was a friend of Armand Carrel. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 Armand died at his house in 1836. Pearce, Alix, Alice Perrers d 1400. Mistress of Edward III of England, she entered the service of Edwards queen, Philippa of Hainault, and married a courtier, Sir William de Windsor. Becoming the kings mistress possibly as early as 1366, she wielded great influence over him. Her interference in the promotion of lawsuits in the courts led to her banishment from the royal household by the Good Parliament of 1376. She returned in 1377 and later gained, despite another sentence of banishment, some favour and much wealth at the court of Richard II. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. See Alix of Salisbury for a source of much confusion. Pecquet, Jean 1622-1674. Anatomist and native of Dieppe, he was doctor to Madame de Svign, and founder of the Acadmie Royale. He discovered the thoracic duct, and substantiated Harveys work on the circulation of the blood. BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned. Pedicini, Carlo Maria, Cardinal 1769-1843. A Cardinal from 1823 he worked in the Curia. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 A pro-Jesuit voter. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 Rejected as a Papal candidate by France. Peel, Sir Robert

1788-1850. A British Statesman, he was a reforming Conservative Prime Minister from 1834-35 and 1841-46. BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned in 1822 when he was Home Secretary. Pegasus The winged horse, created by Neptunes union with Medusa, sprung from the head of Medusa when Perseus decapitated her. At the same time his brother Chrysaor the warrior was created. He is represented in the sky by the constellation Pegasus. The sacred fountain of Hippocrene on Mount Helicon, haunt of the Muses, sprang from under his hoof. BkII:Chap4:Sec3 BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Peggy Maidservant in the London Embassy in 1822. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Peking (Beijing), China The Chinese capital is in north-eastern China. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec3 mentioned. Pellico, Silvio 1789-1854. An Italian author and patriot, in 1820 he incurred suspicion as a member of the Carboneria, and, having been arrested by order of the Austrians, was imprisoned in Venice. After a perfunctory trial he was condemned to death, but the penalty was commuted into one of imprisonment with hard labour, in the fortress of Spielberg in Moravia. After eight years he was released (1830). During the remainder of his life, broken by the hardship of his imprisonment, he remained aloof from politics, preferring a life of seclusion. He endeared himself to Italian readers with his prison diary, Le mie Prigioni, which rapidly became popular, and was published in translation. Preface:Sect3. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec2 BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 His imprisonment in Venice. An Italian edition of Le mie Prigioni published in March 1833 in Paris Chateaubriand took with him on his travels. A bilingual edition was available at the end of 1833. Pellico also wrote a successful play about Francesca da Rimini (1815), and was comforted in prison by the presence of Zanze his gaolers daughter. BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 He was held, 1821-1822, in the monastery of San Michele which was being used as a prison.

Peltier, or Pelletier, Jean-Gabriel 1765-1825. The French journalist born in San Domingo was educated at Nantes. He emigrated to London after the Tenth of August1792 when one of his collaborators Suleau was murdered. In London he published an migr journal and went on to attack Napoleon. From 1807 to 1811 he negotiated for the recognition of the new black Republic of Haiti with the British Government. He returned to France in 1820. BkX:Chap5:Sec1 Author of the Royalist pamphlet Domine Salvum fac Regem printed 13th October 1789, and founded the journal Actes des Aptres in the same month. The journal ridiculed the members of the Constituant Assembly. His journal LAmbigu mentioned by Chateaubriand did not appear until 1802, he did however issue his periodical the Correspondance politique from November 1793. BkX:Chap6:Sec1 His relationship with Chateaubriand. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 He finds Chateaubriand work. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Married to Anne Andoe, 13th July 1799. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 Carries Chateaubriand off on a sightseeing tour. (Peltier at first and wrongly hoped General Bonaparte would reinstate the monarchy. He then abused Bonaparte in his English journal LAmbigu. Napoleon demanded his extradition after the Peace of Amiens with England. He took Peltier to Court in England in February 1803 for libel, but Mackintosh obtained the moral victory for Peltier, who was not sentenced, and continued to inveigh against Napoleon. Peltier published his account The Trial of John Peltier , Cox and Baylis, 1803.) BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Chateaubriand remembers his strange character. BkXXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Remembered. Penfeld, River The Penfeld River divides the two hills on the slopes of which the port of Brest is situated, and flows into the Bay of Brest. Richelieu built up the harbour and dockyards on both sides of the river. It is bridged by the Pont de Recouvrance. BkII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand walks its banks. Penhoen, Auguste Theodore Hilaire, Baron Barchou de 1801-1855. A classmate of Balzac at Vendme (and thus a character in Louis Lambert, as well as having Gobseck dedicated to him), he became an officer and writer producing a small number of mainly historical works. He served as a captain in Algeria, but resigned after the fall of Charles X. He

was deputy to the Legislature for Finistre in 1849. He wrote a history of German philosophy (1836) and a history of English conquest in the Indies (1841). BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 See his first work, Mmoires dun officier dtatmajor of 1832. Penn, William 1644-1718. English Quaker, founder and Governor of Pennsylvania. Son of Admiral Sir William Penn (1621-1670). A non-conformist he was imprisoned in the Tower of London for his writings. Here he wrote No Cross, No Crown (1669) a classic of Quaker practice. From 1682 he was involved in the establishment of the Quaker settlements in America, including Pennsylvania, named for him, for which he drew up the constitution The Frame of Government allowing for freedom of worship. BkVI:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. BkVI:Chap7:Sec1 The Eastern Appalachian State of Pennsylvania was one of the thirteen original colonies. The first settlers from Sweden were displaced by the Dutch in 1655. In 1681 Charles II granted the area to William Penn as a haven for Quakers. It became a state in 1787. The 160 kilometre journey from Baltimore to Philadelphia was covered by an Eastern-Shore Stagecoach leaving on Mondays at 4am and arriving the following afternoon. Chateaubriand travelled on the 11th July 1791 arriving in Philadelphia on Tuesday the 12th. Pensecola Floridas principal deep-water port, on the Gulf of Mexico. A Spanish town until 1819. BkVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Penthivre, Eudon or Eudes, Comte de 999-1078. Son of Geoffrey I, called Comte Brenger de Rennes. Regent of Brittany. Died 7th January 1078. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Father of Thiern (Brien I) de Chateaubriand. Percier, Charles 1764-1838. A neoclassical French architect, interior decorator and designer, who worked in such close partnership with Pierre Franois Lonard Fontaine, originally his friend from student days, from 1794 onwards, that it is fruitless to disentangle artistic responsibilities in their work. Together,

Percier and Fontaine were inventors and major proponents of the neoclassicism recognized as Empire style. BkXXII:Chap 25:Sec1 Co-designed the Expiatory Chapel (1816-26), Place Louis XVI, on the site of the cemetery where 3000 victims of the Revolution were buried. Perdita A character in Shakespeares The Winters Tale, she is the daughter of Leontes, King of Sicily. BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Pre de famille, le Work by Diderot. Peretti, Camilla The sister of Sixtus V, she was a patroness of the Cistercian nuns. There is a medal of 1590 representing her in the Uffizi, Florence. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Pergamum, Turkey An ancient Greek city in Mysia, situated 16 miles from the Aegean Sea on a lofty isolated hill on the northern side of the broad valley of the Caicus (modern Bakir) River. The site is occupied by the modern town of Bergama. Pergamum existed at least from the 5th century BC, but it became important only in the Hellenistic Age (323230 BC), when it served as the residence of the Attalid dynasty. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1806. Pericles c495-429BC. The Athenian statesman who presided over Athens Golden Age, became leader of the democratic party, in 461, according to Plutarch and dominated Athens until 430 by his outstanding oratory, leadership and honesty. His effective strategy in the Peloponnesian War was undermined by the plague of 430. He lost office and died shortly after being re-instated. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 His funeral oration for the Athenian dead in the opening battles of the Peloponnesian War, given in 431BC. See Thucydides, Peloponnesian War 2.34-46. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Alcibiades was his ward, see Plutarchs Lives of Alcibiades:I and Pericles:XLVI-II. BkXXII:Chap 22:Sec1 As a famous Athenian, charged with public affairs.

BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 His eloquence. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Prier, Augustin 1773-1833. Brother of Casimir, he was a Deputy for Grenoble from 1827. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Appointed as a Commissioner on the 30th July 1830 to confer with the Peers. Prier, Casimir Pierre 1777-1832. A French statesman, and son of a financier, he co-founded a bank in 1801 and by 1814 was a leading banker in Paris. He was elected to the French Chamber of Deputies (1817), where he opposed Charles X. After the July Revolution of 1830 Prier became Premier (1831) and quickly restored civic order in France. Active in foreign affairs, he sent an army to defend Belgium against the Dutch (1831) and ordered the occupation of Ancona to check Austrian predominance in the Papal States (1832). His authoritarian approach brought attacks from both left and right and alienated the king. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 Joint leader of the leftwing opposition in 1827. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 A potential Minister still in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 A focus of opposition in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Receives a students delegation on the 29th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Appointed a member of the Municipal Commission on the 29th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Did not sign the proclamation of the Municipal Commission indicated. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 His illness in 1832. Prigeux, France A commune of France, prfecture (capital) of the Dordogne dpartement and the capital of the Prigord area in the Aquitaine rgion. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriand there 22nd July 1829. Perlet, Adrien 1795-1850. He was a French actor in comedy. He played London (in Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme at the St Jamess Theatre) in 1842.

BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned in 1830. Permessus A river in Botia sacred to Apollo and the Muses, which rises on Mount Helicon and flows into the Copaic lake. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Pronne The town dominates a vast area of marshes at the confluence of the two Valleys of the Somme and the Cologne. Since the roman invasion, it has been a fortified town. In the 5th century, Sainte Radegonde, Clotaire the First's wife, spent time there; in 929, Charles III died in Peronne after six years of imprisonment. Later, Philippe Auguste had the Castle built; it was the place of the famous meeting between Louis XI, King of France, and Charles Le Temeraire, the Duke of Burgundy, in 1468. During that meeting, Louis was held prisoner and believed he would have meet same fate as his ancestor; he was only freed thanks to a treaty that was humiliating for the Kingdom. BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 Mentioned. Perrault, Charles 1628-1703. The French author laid the foundations for a new literary genre, the fairy tale. He published Tales and Stories of the Past with Morals (Histoires ou Contes du Temps pass) (1697), with the subtitle: Tales of Mother Goose (Les Contes de ma Mre l'Oye) which was enormously successful. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec3 See Perrraults story Bluebeard. Persepolis An ancient city of Persia northeast of modern Shiraz in southwest Iran, it was the ceremonial capital of Darius I and his successors. Its ruins include the palaces of Darius and Xerxes and a citadel that contained the treasury looted by Alexander the Great. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 See Plutarch, Alexander: LXVII, for Alexanders destruction of the palace in 330BC. Persil, Jean-Charles 1785-1870. A liberal lawyer who later persecuted journalists, he was Keeper of the Seals 1834-37. Deputy for Gers in 1833 he had moved further to the political right.

BkXXXV:Chap26:Sec1 Mentioned in 1833. Perugia, Italy The capital city in the region of Umbria in central Italy, near the Tiber river, and the capital of the province of Perugia. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned. Perugino 1446-1524. An early painter in oils, of the Umbrian school, who developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 The Confraternity of St Luke founded by Pforr, Overbeck (1789-1869) and Cornelius (1783-1867), occupied the Monastery of St Isidore on the Pincio from the end of 1809. They became known as the Nazarenes from their long hair. They wished to renew the tradition of the Middle Ages, like the Pre-Raphaelites, and strongly influenced German Romantic painting. Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia 1672-1725. The Russian Tsar (16821725), who extended his territory around the Baltic and Caspian shores, reformed the administration of the state. He laid the foundations for new cities, especially St Petersburg as his window on the West. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 The fortified town or Kremlin around which Moscow developed dates from the 12th century and was further embellished by Ivan the Great (1462-1505). Peter the Great commissioned the Arsenal, and after Napoleons retreat it became a museum with cannon arrayed along its side captured from Grande Arme. The Arsenal is now the headquarters of the Kremlin Guard. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 His suppression of the Strelitz conspiracy in 1698. Peter, Saint A fisherman of Galilee, who with his brother Andrew became one of the twelve apostles. He was named by Jesus as the rock on which the Church was to be built, and was entrusted with the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven (Mathew 16.19), hence his symbol of two crossed keys. He led the Christian community and was believed to have been martyred and buried in Rome. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 The Pope is regarded as his representative. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Known as the Prince of the Apostles. The Feast of Saint Peter and Saint Paul is celebrated in Rome on the 29th June.

BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes Matthew XVII:4. BkXX:Chap8:Sec1 Saint Peter in Chains, San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome, is a basilica built by Eudocia, wife of Theodosius II, to hold the supposed chains of St Peter from his second imprisonment, which she had brought from Jerusalem. Chateaubriand draws a parallel between Peter and Pius VII. BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 The Pope as his representative is entrusted with the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 The initiator of the Papacy. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec2 Saint Peter in Chains, a shrine at Waldmnchen, actually a flagellated Christ. Petermann, Lieutenant BkXVI:Chap2:Sec2 Present at Strasbourg during the arrest of the Duc dEnghien. Peter Footman at the London Embassy in 1822. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Ption de Villeneuve, Jrme 1756-1794. French revolutionary. A leader of the Jacobins, Ption sat in the Constituent Assembly, was elected (November 1791) mayor of Paris over the marquis de Lafayette, and by inaction aided the anti-royal demonstration of June 20th, 1792. Elected to the Convention, he clashed with Robespierre and allied himself with the Girondists. Early in June his arrest was ordered but he escaped; he died probably by suicide while in hiding near Bordeaux. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 Became mayor of Paris in 1791. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 His supporters at the second Festival of the Federation in 1792. Petit, General Jean-Martin 1772-1856. Made a Baron of Empire in 1809, he was one of Napoleons confidantes. He was embraced symbolically by the Emperor in the courtyard of Fontainebleau, on the day of Napoleons abdication, 20th April 1814. He was wounded and died. In 1842 he was part of the commission which decide the names to be inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe. He commanded the soldiers of the Invalides in 1848. He died in Paris. BkXXII:Chap19:Sec1 At Fontainebleau. Petit, Ren

He was Prosecutor Fiscal (substitute for the procureur de roi in a rural locale) at Combourg. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Signatory to Chateaubriands fathers death certificate. Petitbois, Jean-Anne Pinot du A gentleman of the neighbourhood of Combourg. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Signatory to Chateaubriands fathers death certificate. Petites-Affiches, Le Journal des The Daily Advertiser in Paris, edited by Jean-Louis Aubert called Labb Aubert. (1734-1814), then Franois-Guillaume Ducray-Duminil (17611819). It carried announcements, adverts, diverse articles, and lampoons of literary criticism etc. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. Petrarch 1304-1374. Italian poet and humanist, one of the great figures of Italian literature, he spent his youth in Tuscany, Avignon and at Bologna. He returned to Avignon in 1326, may have taken lesser ecclesiastic orders, and entered the service of Cardinal Colonna, travelling widely but finding time to write numerous lyrics, sonnets, and canzoni. At Avignon, in 1327, Petrarch first saw Laura, who was to inspire his great vernacular love lyrics. In 1341 he was crowned laureate at Rome. In 1348 both Laura and Colonna died of the plague, and Petrarch devoted himself to the cause of Italian unification, pleaded for the return of the papacy to Rome, and served the Visconti of Milan. In his last years he enjoyed great fame, and even after his death and ceremonial burial at Arqu his influence continued to spread. He considered his Trionfi and the well-known lyrics of the Canzoniere less important than his Latin works, which include, besides Africa, Metrical Epistles, On Contempt for the Worldly Life, On Solitude, Eclogues, and the Letters. BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 Chateaubriand refers to Petrarchs Letters (I,4,7-16), the letter to Cardinal Giovanni Colonna, dated 21st June, 1333. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes from Canzoniere 323:37-42, from The Epistola ad posteros, from Canzoniere 128:28-30 and 81-86, and from his letter, Seniles IX.i to Urbain V of August 1366.

BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 Crowned Poet Laureate in Rome in 1341. The Vatican was a very different place than it would have appeared to the later writers mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 He moved to Venice in 1362 where Boccaccio visited him in 1363, and moved again to Padua in 1368. BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 His name for Venice, Aurea, the Golden. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 His tomb at Arqua. The quotation is from the Canzoniere, 273, lines 1-3. Peyronnet, Pierre-Denis, Comte de 1778-1854. A magistrate, and Deputy for the Cher from 1820, he became Minister of Justice in the cabinet of December 1821. Elevated to the Peerage in 1828, he was later Minister of the Interior. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Supports Villle over the disbanding of the National Guard in April 1827. He is rejected by the electoral colleges. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Joined the Cabinet under Polignac in 1830. Pezay, Alexandre-Frdric-Jacques Masson, Marquis de 1741-1777. Writer, physiocrat, he was the author of numerous plays, operas, erotic poetry etc. Tool of the First Minister, Maurepas, he summoned Necker to office in 1776. BkV:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Pfeilsferg, Karl von He was a senior Austrian Customs officer in 1833. BkXXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned, but not by name. Pharsalus, Battle of 48BC. The decisive encounter between Julius Caesar and Pompey, near present day Frsala in Greece. Pompeys defeat opened the way to Caesars dictatorship. BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Phelippeaux, Antoine le Picard de 1768-1799. A Royalist contemporary of Bonapartes at the Military College at Brienne, he emigrated to England, and fought against the French at Acre in 1799. He died shortly afterwards of plague. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 His presence at Acre.

Phidias c490-c430BC. The ancient Greek sculptor, universally regarded as the greatest of all Classical sculptors. Phidias designed the statues of the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens (Athena Parthenos inside the Parthenon and the Athena Promachos) and the colossal seated Statue of Zeus at Olympia. These works were apparently commissioned by Pericles in 447 BC. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 His work on the Parthenon frieze. Philia (Phila in the text) A courtesan. From the Greek philia, loving, or love between friends. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 See Athenaeus Deipnosophists XIII. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The city on the Delaware River, at its junction with the Schuylkill, was founded in 1681 by the Quaker William Penn. A centre of religious tolerance, it contains Independence Hall (1732-1759) where the Declaration of Independence was adopted, and the Liberty Bell is kept. Benjamin Franklin is buried there. It is the site of the University of Pennsylvania (1779) and the Franklin Institute (1824.) BkVI:Chap7:Sec1 Description of Philadelphia. BkVII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand found no support there for his planned explorations. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand returned there after his four-month travels around the 20th November 1791. BkXXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Washingtons house there. Philipon for Philippon, Charles 1800-1862. A caricaturist and journalist, he co-founded La Caricature in November 1830. He also created Le Charivari in December 1832. He was sentenced to a total of 13 months in gaol which he served in Sainte-Pelagie and at Chaillot in Pinels Sanatorium, which he left in February 1833. BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes on his behalf to Gisquet on the 22nd of June 1832. Philip II of Macedon 382-336BC. King of Macedon (359-336) he founded the Macedonian Empire, and defeated the Greeks at Chaeronea in 338. He was assassinated,

but his son Alexander the Great continued his planned campaign against Persia. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Mentioned. Philippe Auguste, Philippe II, King of France 1165-1223. King of France 1180-1223. His reign was marked by greater control over feudal lords and an expansion of royal territories. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 He was at the taking of Acre during the Third Crusade in 1191, after which he returned to France. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 He married Isabelle of Hainault, in 1180. It was seen as a union of the kings Capetian and her Carolingian dynasties. Philippe II, Philip II of Spain 1527-1598. King of Spain 1556-1598, and of Portugal (15801598) as Philip I. In 1588 he launched the Spanish Armada in an unsuccessful attempt to invade England. He was the leader of the Counter-Reformation. BkX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 Builder of the Escorial Palace and monastery in Madrid, as a monument to the victory of Saint-Quentin, 19th August 1557, on St Lawrences day, and therefore consecrated to the martyr (died 258). BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 Signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 His interference with the Conclave. Philippe III, The Bold, King of France 1245-1285. King of France 1270 to 1285, the son of Saint Louis, he accompanied his father on the 8th Crusade. A weak King politically he died following the calamitous Aragonese Crusade. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Philippe V, de Bourbon 1683-1746. Philippe of Anjou was king of Spain from 1700 to 1746, the first of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. He was the second son of Louis, the Grand Dauphin and Maria Anna of Bavaria. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 His paternal grandparents were Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of Spain. He was born at Versailles. Philippe VI de Valois, King of France

1283-1350. King of France 1328-1350. Count of Anjou, Maine, and Valois 13251328, he was the son of Charles of Valois and founded the Valois Dynasty. BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 He was on the losing side at Crcy in 1346. Philippe-galit, see Orlans Philomela In Greek myth the daughter of Pandion, and sister of Procne, she was raped by her sisters husband Tereus. Pursued by Tereus she turned into a nightingale (or a swallow). See Ovids Metamorphoses Book VI. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. The caf nightingales. BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned by Virgil in the 6th Eclogue. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Her sister Procne who became the swallow. Together Procne and Philomela took revenge on Tereus by killing his son Itys, hence the bloodstained breast or rather throat of the swallow (more true of the Egyptian variants). Phlegethon The River of Fire in Greek mythology, one of the five streams of the underworld, is mentioned in Virgils Aeneid, Book VI, 265, and 551. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. Phocion c402-318BC. An Athenian general, he served successfully against the forces of Philip of Macedonin Euboea (348) and at Byzantium (339), where he forced Philip to abandon his siege of that city. In Athens, Phocion was a leader of the party that urged conciliation with the Macedonians; he was opposed by Demosthenes. When the Athenians refused to comply with Alexanders demand for the surrender of Demosthenes, Phocion led a successful embassy of conciliation to Alexander. In the turmoil following the death of Antipater (319), Phocion intrigued with Cassander. Later, when the Athenian democracy, which had been curtailed by Antipater, was restored, the democrats forced Phocion to drink hemlock; shortly after his death, however, they raised a statue in his honour. His ashes were collected by a poor woman of Megara, according to Plutarch. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 See Plutarchs Life of Phocion 38. BkXXII:Chap 22:Sec1 A famous Athenian, charged with public affairs.

Phryne A wealthy Athenian courtesan (from Thespiae) of the 4th century BC, said to have been the model for Praxiteles Cnidian Venus, and Apelles painting of Venus Rising from the Waves. BkIII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 See Athenaeus Deipnosophists XIII. Piat, Mademoiselles Lisette Piat, Jouberts governess at Villeneuve, and her two sisters. BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Pibrac, Guy du Faur, Seigneur de 1529-1584 French jurist and poet, was born at Toulouse to an old family of the magistracy. He studied with Cujas, and afterwards at Padua. In 1548 he was admitted to the bar at Toulouse, at once took high rank. He was selected in 1562 as one of the three representatives of France at the Council of Trent. In 1565 he became attorney general to the parlement of Paris, and extended the renaissance in jurisprudence transforming French justice. In 1573 he was sent by Charles IX to accompany as chancellor his brother Henry (afterwards Henry III) to Poland, of which country Henry had been elected king. Pibracs fluent Latin won much applause from the Poles, but his second visit to Poland in 1575, when sent back by Henry III to try to save the Crown he had deserted, was not so successful. In 1578 he became chancellor to Marguerite of France, Queen of Navarre. Although he was fifty, her beauty and intellectual gifts led him to aspire to win her affection; but he was rejected with disdain.. He was a friend of Ronsard. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 He wrote an apology for the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre of 1572. (published 1573). Picard, Louis-Benoit 1769-1828. Comic actor, then author of comedies and vaudeville pieces, then director of the Opera (1807) and later the Thtre de lOdon. His complete works comprised eleven volumes, and he died an Academician and a Chevalier of the Lgion dHonneur. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Esteemed by Fontanes. Piccolomini, Josef Silvio Max d. 1645 Historically, Josef was the son of Prince Octavio Piccolimini (15991656) Duke of Amalfi who was involved in the military conspiracy which

ended in Wallensteins murder. Max was murdered by the Swedes after the Battle of Jankau. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 The character Max in Schillers play Wallenstein. Pichegru, Charles 1761-1804. A French general in the Revolutionary Wars, he was successful on the Rhine front (1793), he invaded (1794) the Netherlands, entered (1795) Amsterdam and captured the ice-bound Dutch fleet. In the same year, however, he secretly negotiated with the Austrians in an attempt to restore the monarchy, to which his own fortune was tied. Pichegru deliberately allowed the Austrians to retake Mannheim. Recalled by the Directory, he was relieved of his command. A deputy to the Council of Five Hundred (1797), Pichegru was elected its president by the royalist majority. He was later arrested in the coup of 18 Fructidor (1797), but he escaped to England. He returned to France in 1803 to carry out a royalist conspiracy with Georges Cadoudal. Pichegru was arrested but was found strangled in his cell before the trial. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Arrested on the 28th February 1804. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned at the interrogation of the Duc dEnghien. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 His death. BkXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 His victories paved the way for later achievements. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 His trial. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Piedmont, Italy A region of northwestern Italy, its capital is Turin. Piedmont is surrounded on three sides by the Alps, including the Monviso, where the Po River rises, and Monte Rosa. It borders on France, Switzerland, and the Italian regions of Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia-Romagna, and the Aosta Valley. The Republic of Alba was created in 1796 as a French client republic in Piedmont before the area was annexed by France in 1801. In June 1802 a new client republic, the Subalpine Republic, was established in Piedmont and in September it was also annexed. In the congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of PiedmontSardinia was restored, and furthermore received the Republic of Genoa to strengthen it as a barrier against France. Piedmont was the springboard for Italys unification 1859-1861, following earlier unsuccessful wars against the Austrian Empire 1820-1821 and 1848-1849. BkXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 On 10th March 1821 the Piedmontese garrisons of Turin and elsewhere took up arms to fight for a constitution. King Victor-Emmanuel I abdicated on the 13th of March in

favour of his son Charles-Felix. The Regent appointed, Carignan (17981849) declared for a constitution like that of the Corts. Austrian intervention (directed by Metternich) defeated the Piedmontese on the 21st at Novare, Charles-Felix was re-instated and reigned from 1821-1831. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. Pierre BkI:Chap4:Sec1 Servant of Madame de Bede. Piet-Thardiveau, Jean-Pierre 1761-1848. A colleague of Corbires in the Council of Five Hundred, he subsequently took part in Royalist conspiracy. He was elected Deputy for the Sarthe in 1815, 1820 and 1828. From September 1815 his house at 8 Rue Thrse was a meeting place for the thinkers of the Ultra party. BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 His house a centre for UltraRoyalist meeting and discussion. Piffre, Monsieur A claimant on the French Embassy in London in 1822. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Pignatelli Jr., Francesco Maria, Cardinal 1744-1815. The son of Fabrizio III Pignatelli, 8th prince of Noia, and Costanza de Medici, he received the red hat and the title of S. Maria del Popolo, September 12, 1794. Arrested in Rome by the French on December 10, 1809 and exiled to France after the detention of Pope Pius VII; he was one of the thirteen black cardinals who refused to attend the wedding of Napoleon and Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria on April 12, 1810; by order of the emperor, he was relegated to Rethel with Cardinal Alessandro Mattei; he was recalled after the signature of the Concordat of Fontainebleau by the Pope on January 25, 1813. BkXX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Pignatelli-Strongoli, Francesco, Prince A General in the Neapolitan Army. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Pillnitz, Declaration of, 1791 The Declaration of Pillnitz on August 27, 1791, was a statement issued at the Castle of Pillnitz in Saxony by Emperor Leopold II and Frederick William II

of Prussia. Calling on European powers to intervene, this declaration was intended to support the emigrs, and serve as a warning to the French revolutionaries not to infringe further on the rights of Louis XVI, and allow his restoration to power. It helped begin the French Revolutionary Wars. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Pilorge, Hyacinthe 1795-1861. Chateaubriands secretary and confidante for more than twentyfive years, he was a Breton from Fougres, whose father had been a servant to Mesdames de Marigny and de Farcy, he joined Chateaubriand in 1816. He was dismissed in 1843 after an unknown incident. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned in Berlin in 1821. BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 Sent to Paris as messenger in August 1822. BkXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 In Paris in 1823. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 In Rome in 1829. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 At Dieppe in July 1829. BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 In Paris on the 30th of July 1830. BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned in May 1831. BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned in March 1832. BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Travels to Basel with Chateaubriand in May 1833. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 A member of the Legion of Honour, he was at Ulm with Chateaubriand in May 1833. BkXXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec3 At the Bohemian border in May 1833. BkXXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 In Venice in September 1833. BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Sent from Ferrara to Venice and back in September 1833. BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 In Prague in late September 1833. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 Sent to Trieste with a letter for the Duchess de Berry. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 In Paris in July 1836. Pilsen A city in western Bohemia in the Czech Republic. It is the capital of the Plze Region and the fourth-most-populous city in the Czech Republic. It is located about 90 km west of Prague at the confluence of four rivers (Radbuza, Me, hlava, and slava) which form the Berounka River. BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand there May 24th 1833.

Pindar 518-438BC. The Greek poet, born in Boeotia, he was educated at Athens and lived in Sicily for a time. Only four of his seventeen books of choral lyrics survive. These contain Epinician Odes written in honour of winners at the athletic Games, noted for their exalted style and religious feeling. BkIV:Chap12:Sec3 Mentioned. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand read him in the gallery at Versailles in July 1789. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to Pindars Olympian Ode I, which commences Water is best of all, BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand is a child of the Greek culture. BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Possibly a reference to Olympian Ode II:54-55 deepest ambition, a transcendent star, the truest light for a man. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 In legend he was taught by Corinne. Pindemonte, Giovanni 1751-1812. Poet and dramatist, he was the brother of Ippolito, a member of the Council of the Venetian Republic, and Podest of Vicenza. Preface:Sect3. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born in Verona. Pindemonte, Ippolito 1753-1828. Poet and dramatist, he was the brother of Giovanni. Preface:Sect3. Mentioned by Chateaubriand, he is assumed to be still alive in the 1833 preface. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born in Verona. Pindus A mountain in Thessaly, it was the home of the Muses. BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Pinelli, Bartolomeo 1781-1835. A painter of picturesque Roman scenes, and a notorious drunk. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Pinsonnire A student at the cole Polytechnique in July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Piraeus, Greece

Piraeus is Greece's largest port and has been a gateway to the Mediterranean since 482 BC. It lies on the innermost point of the Saronic Gulf near Athens. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1806. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 The scene of the opening of Platos Republic. BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Admiral Francesco Morisini brought the lions to Venice in 1687, after his siege of Athens and conquest of the Peloponnese. Piron, Alexis 1689-1773. A lawyer, he turned epigrammatist (his best work) and dramatist. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 His comedy La Mtromanie (1738), is one in which the hero, Damis, suffers from an obsession with verse, and takes the name Monsieur LEmpyre. Pisa, Italy The city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River, on the Tyrrhenian Sea, is the capital city of the Province of Pisa. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 By legend, the Campo Santo cemetery was built where Crusaders scattered soil brought from the Holy Land (1278-1283). The cemetery is enclosed by a rectangular loggia of marble with Gothic tracery. The walls were later decorated with 14th century frescoes by the Pisan painter Francesco Traini depicting the Triumph of Death. Pisano, Niccola (Nicolo) c1205-1278. An Italian sculptor, born in Pisa, whose work is noted for its classical Roman sculptural style, Pisano is sometimes considered to be the founder of modern sculpture. He beautified Pisa, and designed the famous basilica of St. Anthony in Padua. The church of the Frari in Venice is also attributed to him. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Pitt the Younger, William, Lord Chatham 1759-1806. Second son of the Earl of Chatham, he was English Prime minister for twenty years and the leading adversary of the French Revolutionaries and Napoleon. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned as in power in 1793. BkX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Canning learnt his politics under Pitt. BkXII:Chap5:Sec2 Cursed for his involvement of England in war.

BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 Chateaubriand heard him speak. His debts at his death amounted to some 40,000. He died at his house at Putney Heath, where he fought a famous duel with pistols on the Heath with George Tierney, the Opposition MP for Southwark. Canning and Castlereagh also fought there. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 He resigned on 3rd February 1801, but returned 10th May 1804 and served as Prime Minister again until his death. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 As a famous Englishman. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 A reference to his financial struggles. Pittsburgh, USA The city in Pennsylvania at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, which here form the Ohio, was founded in 1764 around Fort Pitt named after Pitt the Elder, the site having been captured from France in 1758 during the Seven Years War. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriands text seems corrupt at this point, possibly due to a lost section of manuscript. I have translated via Pittsburg where he has said to, assuming that he did in fact sail down the Ohio as far as the confluence of the Kentucky and Ohio Rivers near modern Carrollton, Kentucky. He reached Pittsburg sometime around mid-September 1791. Pius VI, Giovanni Angelico Braschi, Pope 1717-1799. Pope 1775-1799, he condemned the state church established during the French Revolution. Captured during the Revolutionary Wars, when France attacked the Papal States, he died a prisoner. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 His death at Valence. BkXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 His sanctioning of the sale of church properties. BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Pius VII, Gregorio Barnab Chiaramonti, Pope 1740-1823. Pope 1800-1823. He made several unsuccessful attempts to preserve Papal privileges in the face of Napoleons demands. In 1804, under duress he consecrated Napoleon Emperor. In 1809 after the French conquest of Rome he was taken prisoner and forced to make extensive concessions in the Concordat of Fontainebleau 1813. After Napoleons fall in 1815 he gained the restoration of the Papal States. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Elected Pope at the conclave of Venice in 1800.

BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand had an audience with him on 1st July 1803. BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 He enquires after Madame de Beaumont. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap2:Sec1 His treatment by Napoleon. BkXX:Chap4:Sec1 Crowned Napoleon in Paris in 1804. BkXX:Chap8:Sec1 Persecuted by Napoleon in 1809. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 His Bull of excommunication against Napoleon in 1809. The rochet is an over-tunic of fine white linen, the mozetta a short cape with a hood. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 His journey to France in 1809. BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 His detention at Fontainebleau. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 He was freed on 22nd January 1814. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Imola was his diocese. He was Bishop of Imola from 1785. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 He was born at Cesena in the Province of Forli. The Benedictine monastery of Santa Maria del Monte is nearby. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 His niece in a play in 1829. BkXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 His death in 1823. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 His remains moved to the crypt in February 1829. BkXXX:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand in Rome in 1829 remembers him. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1823 Pius VIII, Francesco Saverio, Pope 1761-1830. A Cardinal from 1816, Bishop of Frascati, he was the politicanti candidate for the Papacy supported by Naples, Vienna and Paris in 1823, and was ultimately Pope from 31st March 1829- 30th November1830. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 Chateaubriand received by him. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in 1829. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 Supported as a Papal candidate by France. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 He replied in Conclave to Chateaubriands speech. Chateaubriand celebrates his election as Pope on 31st March 1829. A description of him. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 His policy of moderation. Placelire, Cleste Rapion de la, see Lavigne Placidia, Galla

c388-450. Roman empress of the West, daughter of Theodosius I. Captured by Alaric I in the course of his Italian campaign, she was held by the Visigoths as a hostage and married (414) Alarics successor Ataulf. After the murder (415) of Ataulf she was at first ill-treated but was returned in 416 to her brother Honorius. In 417 she married the general Constantius; shortly before his death he was made (421) co-emperor as Constantius III. In 423 she quarrelled with Honorius and fled to the court of Theodosius II; after the death of Honorius she became regent for her son Valentinian III, whom Theodosius placed on the throne after overthrowing (425) the usurper John. She had great personal influence over her son, but she was forced to leave the government largely in the hands of Aetius. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Chateaubriand mentions the Basilica of St John the Baptist, he presumably means St John the Evangelist built by Placidia to which her Mausoleum is annexed. The mosaic decoration celebrates the Christian Roman Empire. Plaine=Marais The group in the Convention, the Plain, occupied the middle ground between the Girondins and Jacobins. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Plaisance=Piacenza Piacenza lies on the right bank of the river Po, at a crucial crossroads in the south-west area of the Po Valley. The dukedom fell at intervals under the power of the Austrians, the French, and Napoleon, and was governed by Maria Luigia of Austria between 1816 and 1847. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Napoleon headquartered there 9th May 1796. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Plancenoit (Planchenois) A village near the Waterloo battlefield. It is the source of the Lasne river. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. Plancot A village (now a town) between Dinan, Saint-Malo, and Lamballe, 11 kilometres north-west of Dinan, and half way between Saint-Malo to its north-east and Lamballe to its south-west, by the River Arguenon. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand put out to nurse there. His maternal grandmother lived at what is now number 43 Rue de lAbbaye.

Chateaubriand confuses the Benedictines of the Saint-Maur Priory with the Abbey church of the Dominicans in the same street. BkI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand returned to stay with his grandmother, at the age of seven. BkI:Chap4:Sec2 BkXI:Chap6:Sec1 The chteau of Monchoix nearby, his uncles estate. The ceremony Chateaubriand describes in fact took place on the 8th September 1775, a little after his seventh birthday. The church of Notre-Dame de Nazareth in Plancot was actually built in 1650 by the Dominicans and is not gothic, the elms too are dubious. Chateaubriand constructs a Neo-Gothic scene for his own purposes. BkII:Chap10:Sec2 Chateaubriand visits his uncle in 1783-4. BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap18:Sec1 Recalled. Planta, Joseph 1787-1847. Former secretary to Canning, he was then an associate of Castlereagh. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets him in London in 1822. Platov (Platoff), Matvei, General (Hetman) 1751-1818. As leader of the Don Cossacks, Platov was highly effective during the French retreat from Moscow and defeated General Sbastiani at Inkovo. The Cossack Hetman also took part at Leipzig and joined the Allied occupation force of Paris. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 The death of his son. Plato ?427-?347BC. The greatest of the Greek philosophers, he was a follower of Socrates, who presented his ideas through dramatic dialogues, in the most celebrated of which (The Republic) the interlocutors advocate a utopian society ruled by philosophers trained in Platonic metaphysics. He taught and wrote for much of his life at the Academy, which he founded near Athens in 386. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 Phaedo concerns the last days of Socrates, Timaeus the nature of the physical world. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 An Idealist philosopher. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 The imaginary scene of Plato teaching appears in Barthlemys Voyage du jeune Anarchasis, and was the subject of a popular print. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 The style of his Socratic dialogues.

BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 Pursuit of the Arts is frowned on in the Republic as a distraction. Plautus, Titus Maccius c254-184BC. A Roman writer of comedies born in Umbria, his plays, adapted from those of Greek New Comedy, were popular and vigorous representations of middle-class and lower-class life. Written with a mastery of idiomatic spoken Latin and governed by a genius for situation and coarse humour, twenty one plays survive, more or less complete. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 It is claimed he lost his savings and was ultimately reduced to turning the hand-mill for a baker. Plauzonne, Louis-Auguste Marchand de, General 1774-1812. A Napoleonic General. BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 Killed at Borodino. Pleinneselve, Artus Denys de Macquerel, Colonel de 1785-1830. Lieutenant in the Imperial Guard 1810, and a Battalion Commander in 1813, he entered the Royal Guard in 1815. He was Colonel of the 64th in 1823, and of the 3rd Regiment of the Royal Guard in 1828. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 He was shot at point-blank range in the July Revolution in 1830 by a young boy whose life he tried to save. He died on the 29th at the hospital of Gros-Caillou. Pllo, Louis-Robert-Hippolyte Brhan, Comte de 1699-1734. French diplomat killed in the siege of Danzig. Plessis, College The famous College in Paris. BkII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Plessis-Bertrand The ruined 13th century Du Guesclin chteaux of Plessis-Bertrand is at Saint-Coulomb in the Ille-et-Vilaine Dpartement of Brittany. BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Mentioned as a property ceded to the Chateaubriand family. Plessix-Parscau, Anne Buisson de Lavigne, Comtesse du 1772-1813. Sister of Cleste de Chateaubriand, she was the wife of Herv.

BkIX:Chap6:Sec1 Recipient on loan of the scrip of her sisters Church securities. She had emigrated in 1791. Plessix-Parscau, Herv-Louis-Joseph-Marie, Comte du 1762-1831. A Naval Officer, he married Anne Buisson de Lavigne in May 1789. He emigrated in 1791, returned to France in 1814 after the death of his wife in 1813, and re-married. He was made a Knight of Saint-Louis in 1823 and a Commodore in 1827. BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Plethon (Pletho), Georgius Gemistos c1355-1452. A Greek Neoplatonist philosopher and scholar, he was one of the leading pioneers of the revival of learning in Western Europe. Byzantine scholarship became more fully available to the West after 1438, when Byzantine emperor John VIII Palaeologus attended the Council of Ferrara, later known as the Council of Florence to discuss a union of the Orthodox and Catholic churches. Accompanying John VIII were Plethon, and his student Bessarion, as well as George Scholarios. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Pliny the Elder, Gaius Plinius Secundus 23-79AD. Roman scholar whose Natural History was a major source of scientific knowledge until the seventeenth century. His encyclopaedic work included astrology, geography, agriculture, medicine, zoology and botany. He included folklore and superstition. The 37 volumes were completed in 77AD. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Chateaubriand mistranslates from Natural History IV.32. Gallia habetpeninsulam spectatiorem excurrentem in Oceanum:Gaul contains a remarkable peninsula jutting into the ocean. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 See Natural History X for the bird which greeted the Roman people each day. BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 His description of the Roman countryside. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 See the Natural History XVI:5-6 for the Hercynian Forestan ancient and dense forest that stretched eastward from the Rhine River. The ancient sources are equivocal about how far east. All agree that the Black Forest formed the western side of the Hercynian. Pliny places the eastern regions of the Hercynium jugum in Pannonia (present-day Hungary) and Dacia (Book IV:25). He also gives us some insight into its composition. It contains gigantic oaks, he says (Book XVI:2). He is also subject to the mythological aura exuding from the gloomy forest. He makes mention of

unusual birds, which have feathers that shine like fires at night. Medieval bestiaries named these birds the Ercinee. Pliny the Younger, Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus c61-113AD. Roman writer, nephew and adopted son of Pliny the Elder. He was consul in 100AD, and a prominent legal orator, His ten volumes of letters form an intimate history of his times. BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 A reference to Letters VIII:24. Plotinus 205-270. The Egyptian-born Roman philosopher founded Neo-Platonism. His writings are collected in The Enneads. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 He had the respect of the Emperor Gallienus and his wife Salonica and attempted to interest the Emperor Gallienus in rebuilding an abandoned settlement in Campania known as the City of Philosophers, where the inhabitants would live under the constitution set out in Platos Laws. The support of an Imperial subsidy did not come to pass, and the settlement never happened. Plour, Comtesse de, see Contades Plutarch c46-c120AD. Greek biographer and essayist, he was a citizen of Athens and Rome, a priest of Delphi, and director of a school in his native Chaeronea in central Greece. His Parallel Lives are biographies of twenty-three pairs of Greek and Roman statesmen and soldiers. The Moralia contains essays on ethics, science and literature. His works had a major influence in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries, for example on Shakespeares Roman plays (via Thomas Norths translation of 1579). BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 For Pompey see the Life of Pompey CXI. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Plutarch (Table Talks) refers to an epigram from the Palatine Anthology IX:122. BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned with regard to an anecdote about Alexander of whom he wrote a Life. BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 See the Life of Pompey CV. BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Pluto The ruler of the underworld in Roman mythology, the son of Saturn, brother of Jupiter (Zeus) and Neptune (Poseidon), and husband of Proserpine

(Persephone). The Greek Hades or Dis. Confused by the Romans with Plutus. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Plutus The God of riches in Greek mythology, he was confused by the Romans with Pluto. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Plymouth, England The city is located at the mouths of the rivers Plym and Tamar, at the head of Plymouth Sound. The city has a rich maritime past and was once one of the two most important Royal Navy bases in the United Kingdom. In 1403, the town was briefly occupied and burnt by the French, especially the Bretons. Indeed, the town was often the target of enemies across the channel, especially during the Hundred Years War. It was from Plymouth that the Pilgrims sailed to the New World in 1620 aboard the Mayflower before landing at and founding the Plymouth Colony. Plymouth was where the defeated Napolean was brought aboard HMS Bellerophon before his exile to Saint Helena in 1815. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Napoleon there on board Bellerephon in 1815. Po, River The Po flows 405 miles eastward across northern Italy, from Monviso (in the Cottian Alps) to the Adriatic Sea near Venice. Its Latin name was the Eridanus. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Podenas, Adlade de Nadaillac, Marquise de 1785-1858. She married Henri de Podenas (1785-1854), a cavalry colonel, in 1813. Gregory XVI made him Prince of Cantalupo in 1842. BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 In Ferrara in September 1833. Poitiers, France Capital city of the Vienne dpartement in west-central France. BkI:Chap1:Sec5 The Chapter of the Grand Priory of Aquitaine, a priory of the Knights of St John was installed there. BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned in Vidals poem cited. Poitiers, Battle of

The town is in west central France, the capital of the Vienne department. It was the site of the battle of 1356 in which the English under the Black Prince defeated the French. It has a university founded in 1432. BkXXIII:Chap16:Sec1 A French defeat, compared to Waterloo Poix, Madame de, see Noailles Polastron, Marie-Louise dEsparbs de Lussan, Comtesse de 1764-1804. She married Denis de Polastron, half-brother to Madame de Polignac, and became a favourite of Charles X when he was Comte dArtois. She died of tuberculosis and the event led him to a more profound religiosity. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Polignac, Armand-Jules-Marie-Hraclius, Duc de 1771-1847. Son of Yolande and half-brother of Jules with whom he was imprisoned, he joined the ultra-royalist party. BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 An avowed Royalist. Polignac, Auguste-Jules-Armand-Marie, Prince de 1780-1847. The younger son of Marie-Antoinettes favourite, he was the half-brother of Armand, and a French statesman. Belonging to one of the oldest families of France, he emigrated with them during the French Revolution, to Russia then England, where he flourished under the future Charles X paternal protection. Under Napoleon I he was imprisoned (180414) for his part in the conspiracy of Georges Cadoudal. In 1815, Louis XVIII named him a peer of France. He served as ambassador to England from 1823 to 1829. A champion and leader of the ultra-royalists in the reigns of Louis XVIII and Charles X, Polignac was strongly clerical, even refusing to take the oath to the constitutional Charter on religious grounds. He became minister of foreign affairs and premier in August, 1829, and by his reactionary measures precipitated the July Revolution of 1830. In March 1830, a majority of the chamber of deputies demanded the dismissal of the Polignac ministry. Instead, the chamber was dissolved, and when the new elections again resulted in a liberal majority, Polignac issued (July 26, 1830) the July Ordinances, which dissolved the new chamber even before it met, established a new electoral law, and ended the freedom of the press. The July Revolution broke out immediately. Polignac was arrested and condemned by the chamber of peers to life imprisonment. Amnestied in 1836, he was banished and went to England. He returned in 1845. He wrote

Considrations politiques (1832), tudes historiques, politiques et morales (1845), and Rponse mes adversaires (1845). BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 An avowed Royalist. BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 He had been nominated by Chateaubriand as Ambassador to London, despite Villles advice. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in 1829. BkXXXI:Chap2:Sec1 A possible chief Minister in 1829. The Moniteur announced the new Ministry on 9th of August, Chateaubriand received the news on the 15th or 16th, and left Cauterets early on the 19th. BkXXXI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrived in Paris on the 29th of August and went to see Polignac on the 30th. BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 His first Cabinet. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Charles X support for him in the opening March Session of 1830. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 The decrees were prepared by Peyronnet, then adopted by his colleagues on the 24th of July 1830. The strategy appears to have been a long-term one of Charles X, adopted by Polignac. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 He persuades the King to put Paris under martial law on the 28th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Polignac was in the Foreign Ministry during the morning of the 28th of July. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 He parts from Charles X at Trianon, 31st of July 1830. BkXXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 His trial for treason in December 1830. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXL:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Polignac, Yolande Martine Gabrielle de Polastron, Princesse de c1749-1793. A favourite of Queen Marie Antoinette of France, her husband, Jules, Comte de Polignac, was created Duke and acquired a huge fortune through her favour with the queen. Fearing the hatred of the revolutionaries, she emigrated in 1789 and died in Vienna. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 She fled Paris in July 1789. Pollio, Asinius 76/75BC-AD5. A Roman orator, poet and historian his contemporary history, though lost, provided much of the material for Appian and Plutarch. Pollio moved in the literary circle of Catullus and in the civil war between

Caesar and Pompey sided with Caesar, was present at the battle of Pharsalus (48), and commanded against Sextus Pompeius in Spain, where he was at the time of Caesar's assassination. He subsequently threw in his lot with Mark Antony. In the division of the provinces, Gaul fell to Antony, who entrusted Pollio with the administration of Gallia Transpadana (the part of Cisalpine Gaul between the Po and the Alps). In superintending the distribution of the Mantuan territory amongst the veterans, he used his influence to save from confiscation the property of the poet Virgil. In 40 he helped to arrange the peace of Brundisium by which Octavian (Augustus) and Antony were for a time reconciled. In the same year Pollio entered upon his consulship, which had been promised him in 43. It was at this time that Virgil addressed the famous fourth Eclogue to him. The following year Pollio conducted a successful campaign against the Parthini, an Illyrian people who adhered to Marcus Junius Brutus, and celebrated a triumph on October 25. The eighth Eclogue of Virgil was addressed to Pollio while engaged in this campaign. From the spoils of the war he constructed the first public library at Rome, in the Atrium Libertatis, also erected by him (Pliny, Nat. hist. xxxv. 10), which he adorned with statues of famous heroes. BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Doubted the accuracy of Caesars Commentaries. Pollux The son of King Tyndareus of Sparta, and Leda, he was one of the twin Dioscuri, the brother of Castor. BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 Noted for his horsemanship. Pombal, Sebastio Jos de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of 1699-1782. A Portuguese statesman, he was Prime Minister to Joseph I of Portugal from 1750 to 1777. Pombal is notable for his swift and competent leadership in the aftermath of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. In addition he implemented sweeping economic policies to regulate commercial activity. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Pommereul, Franois-Ren-Jean, Baron de 1745-1823. Born in Fougres, he served as a General in Italy under Napoleon. Director of Censorship under the Empire (1810-1814). Under ban from 1815-1819 he ended his life at the Chteau de Marigny which he bought in 1810 and restored. BkIV:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand dined with him in Paris in 1786. BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand sought his help in 1812. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 His Campaign of General Bonaparte in Italy, 1797.

Pommereul, Monsieur He was the son of the Baron. BkIV:Chap10:Sec1 The Pommereul family subsequently owned the chteau of Marigny. Pomona The Roman goddess of fruit and fruit-trees (Latin: pomum). BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Pompadour, Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de 1721-1764. Mistress of Louis XV, she exerted considerable political influence from 1745 until her death. She influenced the negotiations of an Austrian Alliance against Prussia and was blamed for French defeats in the subsequent Seven Years War. She was a notable patroness of artists and scholars. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 A patroness of Voltaire. Through her influence Voltaire was made royal historiographer, a gentleman of the king's bedchamber, and a member of the French Academy. Pompeii An ancient city of southern Italy southeast of Naples, it was founded in the sixth or early fifth century BC, was a Roman colony by 80BC, and became a prosperous port and resort with many noted villas, temples, theatres, and baths. Pompeii was destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. The well-preserved ruins were rediscovered in 1748 and have been extensively excavated. BkXV:Chap7:Sec3 Chateaubriand visited in January 1804. Pompey, Gnaeus Pompeius, the Great 106-48BC. Roman general and statesman, he was granted powers to destroy marauding pirates and then wage war in Asia, he returned to Rome a hero. In 60 he joined Caesar and Crassus in the first Triumvirate. He married Caesars daughter Julia (d.54) in 59, but in 50 he supported the Senates demand for Caesar to resign his armies. In the ensuing Civil war he was defeated at Pharsalus in 48 and fled to Egypt where he was murdered. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap14:Sec2 Pompeys Pillar at Alexandria, also called Diocletians Column, is an approximately 25m high red Aswan granite column, originally from the temple of the Serapis. Pompey fled to

Egypt where he was murdered and medieval travellers later considered he had been buried here. In fact, the pillar was raised in honour of Diocletian at the end of the 4th century who captured Alexandria after a siege. The Arabs called it Amoud el-Sawari, Column of the Horsemen. The Pillar is the tallest ancient monument in Alexandria. BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 Pompeys death scene is from Plutarchs Life of Pompey CXI. The female Pompey, Pompeia, is a reference to the Palatine Anthology, VII, funerary epigram 185, attributed to Antipater of Thessalonia. BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 His conflict with Caesar in the Civil Wars. BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 His wife Cornelias words about him. BkXXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 The courtesan Flora and her descriptions of her time with Pompey are mentioned in Plutarch, Pompey III. Pompey, Sextus d.35 BC. The second son of Pompey the Great, he was conquered in the sea battles, off Sicily, between Mylae and Naulochus, by Agrippa, Augustus admiral, in 36BC. BkII:Chap8:Sec2 Mentioned. Ponary Paneriai (Polish: Ponary, German: Ponaren) is now a suburb of Vilnius, situated about 10 kilometres away from the city centre. The town is located on low forested hills, on the Vilnius-Warsaw road. Paneriai was the site of a mass killing of as many as 100,000 people (mostly Jews and Poles) from Vilnius and nearby towns and villages during World War II. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 The retreating French lost much of the Imperial treasure there and were attacked by Cossacks in December 1812. Poncelet, Louis The nominal leader of the Rue des Prouvaires conspiracy in 1832, he escaped the death penalty in his trial of July 1832. BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Pondicherry A territory in south-east India on the Coromandel Coast, it was founded by the French in 1674 (Franois Martin was the first Governor), it was their chief settlement in India. Lost to the Dutch in 1693 it was regained in 1699. It changed hands between the British and French regularly until 1816 when

the French gained permanent control. It was handed back to the Indian government in 1954. BkI:Chap4:Sec4 Saint-Malo traded there. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Monsieur Potelets tall tales of there. BkIII:Chap13:Sec1 A number of Bretons took service in India after the siege and loss of Pondicherry (1760-1761) by Lally Tollendal to the British. Some of these mercenaries made massive fortunes. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 An example of French influence. Poniatowski, Prince Joseph (Jzef) Antoni, Marshal of France 1762-1813. Polish general and marshal of France, he was the nephew of Stanislaus II of Poland. He fought (1792) the Russians in the campaign preceding the second Polish partition and in the insurrection led (1794) by Thaddeus Kosciusko. He became minister of war of the grand duchy of Warsaw set up by Napoleon I and in 1809 led the Polish troops in Napoleons campaign against Austria. He again commanded under Napoleon in the Russian campaign of 1812. In the battle of Leipzig he covered the withdrawal of the French troops; then, cut off from aid, he plunged his mount into the Weisse Elster River and was drowned. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 His troops occupied Smolensk. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 At the entry to Moscow in 1812. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 His death at Leipzig. Pons de Verdun, Philippe-Laurent (Robert) 1759-1844. Deputy from the Meuse to the National Convention, he was a minor poet, author of Les Loisirs ou Contes et Posies diverses. He was also advocate-general at the Court de Cassation under Napoleon. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Instigator of a massacre at Verdun. Pontarlier, France A commune of northeastern France, one of the two sous-prfectures of the Doubs dpartement it is located in the Franche-Comt rgion. Pontarlier was famous for the production of absinthe until its ban in 1915. The distilleries switched over to producing pastis. With the ban partially lifted they are once again producing absinthe. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand on his way there in September 1833. The Chteau du Joux occupies a commanding position at the entrance to the Cluse de Pontarlier.

Pontcarr, Monsieur de He was the under-secretary in the Embassy at St Petersburg in 1824. BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Pontcoulant, Louis Gustave Le Doulcet, Comte de 1764-1853. A French politician, he first joined the army in 1778. A moderate, he was returned to the Convention for Calvados in 1792, and became a commissary with the Army of the North. He voted for the imprisonment of Louis XVI during the war and his banishment after the peace. He then attached himself to the party of the Gironde, and in August 1793 was outlawed. He had refused to defend his compatriot Charlotte Corday, who wrote him a letter of reproach on her way to the scaffold. President of the Convention in July 1795, he was for some months a member of the council of public safety. He was subsequently elected to the council of five hundred, but was suspected of royalist leanings, and had to spend some time in retirement before the establishment of the consulate. Becoming senator in 1805, and count of the empire in 1808, he organized the national guard in Franche-Comt in 1811, and the defence of the north-eastern frontier in 1813. At the first restoration Louis XVIII made him a peer of France, and although he received a similar honour from Napoleon during the Hundred Days, he sat in the upper house under the Second Restoration. He died in Paris on the 3rd of April 1853, leaving memoirs and correspondence from which were extracted four volumes (1861 1865) of Souvenirs historiques et parlementaires 1764-1848. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 Accused by Napoleon of conspiring against him in 1815. He opposed the recognition of Napoleons son as Emperor. Pontois, Monsieur He was Archivist to the Grand Priory of Aquitaine (Priory of the Knights Hospitallers). BkI:Chap1:Sec5. Mentioned. Pontoise, France A town 32 kilometres from Paris in the Ile-de-France, on the River Oise near its confluence with the Seine. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap3Sec3 Mentioned. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there in July 1830. Pope, Alexander

1688-1744. English writer best remembered for his satirical mock-epic poems The Rape of the Lock (1712) and The Dunciad (1728). BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 He moved to Twickenham in 1719 where he built a Palladian Villa, demolished in 1808. Poppea Sabina c30-65. The second wife of the Roman Emperor Nero, ambitious and ruthless, Poppaea was initially his favourite mistress. Her influence became so great that he divorced (and later executed) his first wife Octavia in order to marry her in 62 AD. Suetonius claims Nero caused her death. Poppaea enjoyed having daily milk baths believing therein lurked a magic which would dispel all diseases and blights from her beauty. BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Poquelin, see Molire Porcher, Abb, see Portier Porphyry c232-c304. A Neoplatonist philosopher, he was born Malchus (king) in either Tyre or Batanaea in Syria, but his teacher in Athens, Cassius Longinus, gave him the name Porphyrius (clad in purple), a jesting allusion to the colour of the imperial robes. Under Longinus he studied grammar and rhetoric. In 262 he went to Rome, attracted by the reputation of Plotinus, and for six years devoted himself to the study of Neoplatonism. Having injured his health by overwork, he went to live in Sicily for five years. On his return to Rome, he lectured on philosophy and endeavoured to render the obscure doctrines of Plotinus (who had died in the meantime) intelligible to the ordinary understanding. His most distinguished pupil was Iamblichus, who differed with Porphyry on the issue of theurgy. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Porphyry was, like Pythagoras, known as an advocate of vegetarianism on spiritual or ethical grounds. He wrote the De Abstinentia (On Abstinence) and also a De Non Necandis ad Epulandum Animantibus (roughly On the Impropriety of Killing Living Beings for Food) in support of abstinence from animal flesh, and is cited with approval in vegetarian literature up to the present day. Chateaubriand quotes here a prayer from De Abstinentia IV. Port-Royal

A former Cistercian nunnery originally situated south-west of Paris; also called Port Royal des Champs. It became a centre of Jansenism in the 17th Century under Abbess Anglique Arnauld (1591-1661) sister of Antoine Arnauld. After persecution the nuns were dispersed in 1709. BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned. Portal A gentleman of the neighbourhood of Combourg. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Signatory to Chateaubriands fathers death certificate. Portalis, Joseph-Marie, Comte 1778-1858. A French diplomat and statesman, he was the son of the jurist Jean-tienne-Marie Portalis whose secretary he became. He entered the diplomatic service, and was under-secretary of state for the Ministry of Justice, First President of the Court of Cassation, Foreign Minister in 1829, and in 1851 a member of the Senate. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Justice Minister in Martignacs Ministry. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap8:Sec1 Foreign Minister in 1829. Chateaubriand sends him despatches. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned in 1829. Porte, The Used to refer to the government of the Ottoman Empire, in particular in the context of diplomacy, Ottoman Porte, Sublime Porte, and High Porte are similar terms for the Ottoman Turkish Bab-i Ali. The Sublime Porte was the name of the open court of the sultan, led by the Grand Vizier. It got its name after the gate to the headquarters to the Grand Vizier in Topkapi Palace, where the sultan held the greeting ceremony for foreign ambassadors. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 A rising of Christians in the Peloponnese and of the Rumanian principalities in March 1821 and the brutal reaction of the Porte caused tension between Russia and Turkey. In February 1822 a threat of war was averted and the Sultan withdrew from the Rumanian principalities. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 By the London Treaty of 6th July 1827, Russia, Britain and France united to urge Turkey to negotiate with the Greek insurgency. London and Paris were trying to avoid a Russo-Turkish War. Divan is a term for an Oriental Council of State, especially the Turkish Privy Council.

BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec3 Chateaubriand states his foreign policy with regard to the Porte clearly. Portier, Abb Joseph-Franois 1739-1791. Principal of Dol College, he was the Canon of the cathedral and a native of Combourg. BkI:Chap7:Sec3 He arrives at Combourg to conduct Chateaubriand to the school. Chateaubriands manuscript calls him Porcher perhaps confusing him with Franois Porcher, a professor of philosophy. BkII:Chap1:Sec2 His lecture, and its results. BkII:Chap6:Sec3 Died at the start of the Revolution. Chateaubriands tribute to him. Portland Place, London A street in the City of Westminster, London. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Location of the French Embassy in London in 1822. Porto-Ferrajo (Portoferraio) It is the main town and port of Elba. BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Napoleon landed there in 1814. It acted as the capital of his miniature empire. Potelet, Jean-Baptiste A retired sea-captain, an officer of the India Company, he was living at Combourg. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 His stories of Pondicherry. Pothin, Saint d. 177. First bishop of Lyons (Lugdunum). Martyred . BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Potocki, Count Ignace 1738-1794. Exiled from Poland in 1772 he eventually settled at Monte-Luco in 1782, where he cultivated his garden, returning to Poland in 1792 to take holy orders. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned. Potsdam

The city in East Germany on the River Havel, it was the residence of Prussian kings and German emperors. BkIV:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriands visit in 1821 (31st March to 2nd April). BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1 The effect of the Duc dEnghiens murder there. BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 Shortly before (late October-early November 1805) the Battle of Austerlitz, Frederick William III received the Russian Emperor Alexander I. During a meeting in Potsdam at midnight by the grave of Frederick the Great, he solemnly promised his guest his support, if Napoleon rejected Prussias mediation. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Napoleon stopped at Potsdam on October 24th 1806 on his way to Berlin. In one of the abandoned rooms of the castle, built in 1745 and designed by Frederick himself, the sword and sword belt which the Prussian monarch had worn during the Seven Years War and his Ribbon of the Black Eagle were discovered after they had been abandoned in the panic which followed the defeats of Jena and Auerstdt. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1821. Poullain, Louis, called Saint-Louis Manservant ( valet de chambre) to Chateaubriands brother. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 Travelled with Chateaubriand and his brother in 1792. BkIX:Chap7:Sec1 A sleep-walker who was thrown out of the carriage. His testimony caused Chateaubriands brother and sister-in-law to be sent to the scaffold. Pouqueville, Franois 1770-1838. He was a historian and friend of Chateaubriand. He accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt. He was consul to the Pasha of Janina and in 1815-1817 a consular agent at Patras. He published a number of history and travel books on Greece and the Morea. BkXXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 Dined with Chateaubriand in Paris on the 13th of September 1831. Chateaubriand left for Paris on the 2nd and returned on the 14th. The Caf de Paris was on the Boulevard des Italiens. BkXXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 In Paris during the cholera epidemic of 1832. Pourceaugnac, Monsieur de He was a character in the play (1669) of the same name by Molire. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Pourtals, Comte Louis de

1773-1848. Acting Governor of Neuchtel 1830-31, he was the son of a millionaire. BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 His gardens in 1824. Poussin, Nicholas 1594-1665. A French painter, he was a leader of pictorial classicism in the Baroque period. Except for two years as court painter to Louis XIII, he spent his entire career in Rome. His paintings of scenes from the Bible and from Greco-Roman antiquity influenced generations of French painters, BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 He had a house on Monte Pincio. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Poussin used details of Vene del Tempio for his paintings. BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 His landscapes. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 Madame Rcamier encouraged Chateaubriand to have a monument to Poussin erected in the church of San Lorenzo in Lucina where Poussin was interred, which was finished in 1831. Poznan (Posen), Poland The 19th century Prussian province of Posen was called Wielkopolska until 1793, literally Greater Poland. This region was the historical centre of origin of the Polish Nation in the 10th century and has always been one of the richest and most developed provinces of Poland. Its main city of the same name in west-central Poland is located on the Warta River. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 Napoleon there 31st May 1812. He announces his intention of establishing a General Confederation of the Polish nation. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Murat there at the end of 1812. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 Prussia gained Poznan in 1793. Pozzo di Borgo, Charles-Andr (Carlo Andrea) 1764-1842. A Corsican politician he allied himself with Pasquale Paoli against the Jacobins on Corsica and supported the British occupation of the island in 1794. He became head of the British-backed civil government, superseding Paoli. After the French re-conquest of Corsica (1796), Pozzo di Borgo left the island. He entered the Russian diplomatic service in 1804. An irreconcilable enemy of the Bonapartes (largely because of the role they had played in Corsican events), he helped to promote the Russo-Austrian alliance of 1805 against Napoleon I. The treaty of Tilsit (1807) between Czar Alexander I and Napoleon (1807) caused him to retire from the Russian service. Alexander recalled him in 1812, when hostilities with

France reopened. In 1814, after Napoleons first abdication, he was appointed Russian ambassador in Paris. Strongly sympathetic to the restored Bourbon regime, he strove to lighten the burdens laid on it by the allies. His pro-French attitude eventually caused his transfer to London, where he served (183539) as ambassador. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec2 His testimony regarding Napoleon. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 His claim to have persuaded Alexander to advance on Paris in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 His derisory statement about Napoleon. BkXXIII:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 He was one of four Allied Commissioners at Waterloo. BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 Writes to Louis XVIII telling him to return quickly from Ghent. At Monsieur de Talleyrands. BkXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand likens him to Castlereagh. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Russian Ambassador at the Tuileries in 1830. His influence had declined at Charles Xs accession, he considering the king to be a reactionary. The Order of the Holy Ghost was marked by a blue sash. Pozzolo, Italy The Battle of Pozzolo on the Mincio River took place on December 25 1800 and resulted in the hard-fought victory of French under General Brune against Austrians under General Bellegarde. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Pradt, Abb Dominique G. F. de Rion de Prolhiac Dufour or de Fourt de 1759-1837. A French clergyman and ambassador, in 1804 he became a secretary of Napoleon, in 1805 Bishop of Poitiers, in 1808 archbishop of Malines. In 1812 he was awarded the position of French ambassador in Warsaw, preparing the Concordat of 1813. He published an account of his Embassy (1815). BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 Ambassador to Warsaw 1812-1813. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 Sent to negotiate with the Polish Diet in 1811. He nicknamed Napoleon Jupiter-Scapin after the character in Molires play Les Fourberies de Scapin (1671). BkXXII:Chap17:Sec1 His Rcit historique sur la restauration de la royaut en France le 31 mars 1814. (1815). BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 His account of the Polish Embassy distressed Napoleon. BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 Chateaubriand accuses him of corruption.

Prague, Czech Republic Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic, in the western part of the country, on the Vltava (Moldau) River. Known since the 9th century, it was a leading cultural and commercial centre by the 14th century and came under Hapsburg rule in 1526. Prague was the capital of Czechoslovakia from the countrys formation in 1918 until its dissolution in 1993. The Hradschin (Hrad~any Castle) is the former Imperial and Royal Residence which dominates the city (together with the St Vitus Cathedral complex). BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Charles X and Chateaubriand there. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Moreau met with Alexander I there in 1813. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Duc de Guiche there. BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 In her letter of the 9th of May 1833 the Duchess de Berry asked Chateaubriand to travel there. BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand on his way there in May 1833. BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrived there 24th May 1833. Charles X was occupying the second floor of the Hradschin Palace where he stayed until May 1836. BkXXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 In the Battle of Prague of 6th May 1757, Frederick II defeated the Austrians in a bloody encounter. BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 A description of the city. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand left on Thursday the 30th of May 1833 for Carlsbad. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 Butshrad (German: Buschtiehrad), Chateaubriands Butschirad, is a chateau in the town of Bustehrad 25 kilometres from the centre of Prague, adapted in the Baroque style. Chateaubriand re-entered Prague on the afternoon of 26th September 1833. He visited Bustehrad that evening. BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 Schlau which I have failed to identify may be the German Schlan, the Czech Slny, which is 25 kilometres north-west of Prague, and on the old Prague to Carlsbad road. Praxiteles Mid-4th Century BC. The Athenian sculptor was renowned for his handling of marble. Most of his works have perished, but some, such as the Aphrodite of Cnidos, are known from Roman copies. (Note his statue of Hermes from Olympia)

BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 The works mentioned are not by Praxiteles. Hobhouse mentions them in his travel diary. BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Canova as the Italian Praxiteles. Pressburg Bratislava (until 1919, Pressburg in German and English) is the capital of Slovakia and the country's largest city. BkXX:Chap5:Sec2 The 4th Peace of Pressburg was signed in the Primates Palace on the 26th of December 1805 ending the hostilities after Frances defeat of Austria in the War of the Third Coalition. It resulted in Austrian territorial losses and the effective end of the Holy Roman Empire. Pressigny, see Cortois de Pressigny Priam The King of Troy at the time of the Trojan War, the son of Laomedon, husband of Hecuba by whom he had many children. BkXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 The father of Hector. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 See Homers Iliad XXIV. Primatice, Francesco Primaticcio, Le 1504-1570. Italian painter, he was influenced by Correggio and by Michelangelo. He was an assistant to Giulio Romano on the frescoes of the Palazzo del T in Mantua. In 1532, Francis I invited Primaticcio to participate in the decoration of the chteau at Fontainebleau. Working with Il Rosso on the fresco and stucco ornamentation, he became director of the whole project in 1540. Only a few of Primaticcios works at Fontainebleau survive. The most important scenes from the Odyssey in the Gallery of Ulysses have been destroyed. Many drawings for the project still exist (Louvre; cole des Beaux-Arts, Paris; Chantilly; and Vienna). He remained in the royal service under four successive monarchs, painting decorations for royal chteaux and other buildings, designing tomb monuments of Francis I and Henry II, and executing other architectural works. Primaticcio did much to extend the influence of Italian art in France. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 Francis I was his friend and patron. Prince, Black, see Edward, Prince of Wales

Princeteau, Madame The sister of Decazes. BkXXV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Probus, Marcus Aurelius 276-282. The Roman Emperor was assassinated by his soldiers. BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 The Chant de Probus appears in Chateaubriands Les Martyrs Book VI. Procida An island located between Cape Miseno (Misenum) and the island of Ischia at the northern end of the Bay of Naples. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 Mentioned. Prometheus The son of Iapetus, and one of the Titans. He tricked the gods into eating bones instead of meat, and stole the sacred fire from Zeus and the gods. Prometheus concealed from Zeus the prophecy that one of Zeuss sons would overthrow him. In punishment, Zeus commanded that Prometheus be chained for eternity in the Caucasus. There, an eagle (or, according to other sources, a vulture) would eat his liver, and each day the liver would be renewed. Heracles finally killed the bird. BkXVI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 Napoleon compared to him. Propertius, Sextus c50-c16BC. The Roman poet born in Assissi, went to Rome and wrote love elegies to his mistress Hostia whom he called Cynthia. Four books survive. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 The quotation is from Elegies I:2 Proserpine, Proserpina, Persephone The Queen of the Underworld and wife of Pluto (Dis) in Greek and Roman mythology, she was raped by Pluto on the plains of Enna in Sicily, she was doomed to wed him, and to spend half the year in the underworld and half on earth. She therefore personifies the seasonal change, and as Demeters daughter, the Maiden, the harvest and its antithesis. In the myth of Psyche she is also the goddess of sleep. BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 Her funereal torches. Proteus The sea-god who can alter his form.

BkVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Provence, Comte de, see Louis XVIII Prunelle, Clment Franois-Gabriel Victor, Doctor 1777-1853. A Politician, Deputy for the Isre and Mayor of Lyons (1830), he was subsequently Mayor of Vichy (1833) where he superintended the spa waters, and where he died. Medically trained, he was the principal doctor at Austerlitz. He became a professor and librarian at Montepellier, but in 1819 left under a political cloud to practice medicine at Lyons. See Daumiers drawing of Mr Prune of 1833, and his bust in clay of 1832 (Muse dOrsay, Paris) . BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 He saw Madame de Chateaubriand professionally in Lyons in the summer of 1826. Pruth (or Prut), River 953 kilometres long, the river originating in the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine flows southeast to join the Danube near Reni. Peter the Great met disastrous defeat there against the Turks led by Charles XII of Sweden, in 1711, a defeat which was followed by a Peace treaty whereby the Ottomans regained Asov. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec4 Mentioned. Psyche The tale of Eros and Psyche first appeared as a digression in Lucius Apuleius novel, The Golden Ass, written in the second century. It was later taken as an allegory of love and the soul. BkXXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Ptolemy, Claudius Ptolemaeus c90-c168AD. A Greek-speaking mathematician, geographer, astronomer, and astrologer he lived in the Hellenistic culture of Roman Egypt. He wrote the Almagest on astronomy, the Geography, and the Tetrabiblos on astrology, as well as works on music and optics. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Ptolemy I, Soter 323-283BC. A Macedonian general, who became the ruler of Egypt and founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty, in 305 BC he took the title of King. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned.

Ptolemy II, Philadelphus c308-246BC. King of ancient Egypt (285246), of the Macedonian dynasty, the son of Ptolemy I and Berenice, he continued his fathers efforts to make Alexandria the cultural centre of the Greek world. He completed the Pharos (Lighthouse) and encouraged the translation of the Pentateuch, the Greek Septuagint. Finances were reformed, and the Persian canal was restored from the Nile to the Red Sea. He warred against Syria until he married his daughter Berenice to the Syrian Antiochus II. Ptolemy repudiated his wife Arsino to marry his sister, also named Arsino. Manetho, the Egyptian historian, compiled his history. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 He restored King Darius Suez canal c 250BC. Publiciste, Le Originally the name of Marats newspaper Lami du Peuple, it was revived as such by Jacques Roux after Marats assassination. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriands letter advertising Atala published there 1st April 1801. Publilius Syrus (Publius Syrus) 1st century BC. A Latin writer of maxims, he was a native of Syria and was brought as a slave to Italy. All that remains of his works is a collection of Sentences (Sententiae), a series of moral maxims in iambic and trochaic verse. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 An aphorism of his. Fortune is like glass, as it shines it breaks. Puffendorf, Samuel, Baron von 1632-1694. The eminent German jurist wrote several works on jurisprudence, one of which, banned in Austria, was burned there by the hangman, but his fame rests on his De Jure Natur et Gentium; he was successively in the service of Charles X of Sweden and the Elector of Brandenburg. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 Mentioned. Pultava The town in the Ukraine was the scene of the battle where the invading Charles XII of Sweden was defeated by the Russians in 1709. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap4:Sec4 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned.

Purgatorio The Second Canticle of Dantes Divina Commedia. Pygmalion A Cyprian, he fashioned an ivory statue of a beautiful girl that he brought to life, calling her Galatea. Cf. Ovids Metamorphoses Bk X:243-297 (See the sequence of four paintings by Burne-Jones, Pygmalion and the Image, Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, England, titled: The Heart Desires, The Hand Refrains, The Godhead Fires, The Soul Attains: See also Rameaus operatic work Pygmalion) BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Pylades He was the nephew of Agamemnon. Orestes was placed in the care of his father Strophius after Agamemenons murder, and they became proverbial friends. Pylades later married Orestes sister, Electra. BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Pyramids, Battle of The Battle of the Pyramids was fought on July 21, 1798 between the French army in Egypt under Napoleon and local Mamluk forces. It was the battle where he initiated one of his significant contributions to tactics, the massed divisional square. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Pythagoras c580-c500BC. The Greek philosopher and mathematician was born at Samos and migrated in about 530BC to Crotone in Southern Italy where he founded a religious society which governed Crotone until its suppression c450BC. Its members followed an ascetic regime of dietary taboos, selfexamination, and study aimed at purifying the soul and releasing it from the wheel of rebirths. He probably discovered the theorem named after him, and the arithmetic ratios governing the musical intervals. BkVI:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to myths about Pythagoras voyages to Egypt and Babylon etc. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec4 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 His concept of life as a memory of previous lives. He was once a courtesan, Alcea, according to Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights IV:11.14 BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 The Fates (the Parcae) were the daughters of Necessity, but Pythagoras called three the perfect number.

Pytheas fl. late 4th century BC. A native of the Greek colony of Massilia (modern Marseilles), he explored the Atlantic coasts of Spain and France, circumnavigated Britain, and sailed to Thule (perhaps the Shetlands or Iceland) and to the Baltic. His account of his voyage, now lost, is referred to by Strabo and Pliny the Elder. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned. Quarterly Review A review journal started by John Murray, the celebrated London publisher, in March 1809 (though it bore a title page date of February), in rivalry with the Edinburgh Review, which he judged, an evil influence on public opinion; in this enterprise he was seconded by George Canning, Robert Southey, and Walter Scott. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Quatre-Bras The Battle of Quatre Bras was fought between contingents of the AngloDutch army and the left wing of the French Army on June 16, 1815, near the crossroads of Quatre Bras, near Ligny, in Belgium. The result was a tactical victory for the Anglo-Dutch army, but a strategic failure as Ney successfully prevented the Prussians being relieved at Ligny. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. Quatt for Katte, Hans Hermann von 1704-1730. He was a close friend of Frederick II of Prussia who was executed by Fredericks father Frederick William I of Prussia when they plotted to escape from Prussia to Great Britain. They were rumoured to be lovers. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Quebec The city and port in Eastern Canada, capital of Quebec Province, it was first settled in 1608 and is strategically located above the St Lawrence River. It was the key to New France until captured by Britain. The Plains of Abraham lie to the south-west. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 The sachem of the Onondagas present at the Siege in 1759, when Quebec fell to the British.

Qubriac, Bnigne-Jeanne de Chateaubriand, Comtesse de, see Chateaubourg, Comtesse de la Celle de One of Chateaubriands three sisters. BkII:Chap3:Sec3 Her marriage to the Comte de Qubriac. BkII:Chap7:Sec5 Settled in Fougres with her husband. Qubriac, Jean-Franois-Xavier, Comte de 1742-1783. Brother-in-law of Chateaubriand. Married Bnigne-Jeanne de Chateaubriand 11th January 1780. BkII:Chap3:Sec3 His marriage. BkIV:Chap4:Sec1 He left Bnigne a widow. Quecq, Jacques-douard 1796-1873. French painter. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Queensbury, William Douglas, 3rd Earl March, 4th Duke of 1725-1810. Known as Old Q, he was a noted Regency rake, and gambler. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 He lived at Richmond when it was a fashionable suburb. Queensbury Villa is long gone, but it was here he stood in his ballroom that looked out on the river and said, What is there to make so much fuss of in the Thames? There it goes flow, flow, flow, always the same. I am weary of it. Qulen, Monsignor Hyacinthe-Louis de 1778-1839. Archbishop of Paris from 1821 to his death, he was made a Peer and a Count in 1822, but his Legitimist convictions denied him the customary Cardinals hat. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand in April 1832. Quiberon, The Landing On the 17th of June 1795, six thousand five hundred emigrants landed in Brittany. The English supplied the logistics as well as a small army of seventeen thousand men on three warships, ten frigates and about ten other vessels. Among the migrs were nobles, republican prisoners, and prelates including the bishop of Dol, Monseigneur Herc. The landing was commanded by the Count of Puissaye and the Count of Hervilly, and led by the Vicomte de Sombreuil. Their antagonism was one of the sources of the defeat that was to follow. The Convention had intelligence of the project: the result was that General Hoche with thirteen thousand men forced the

royalists to retreat to the Quiberon peninsula, and encircled them. On the 16th of July, the Royalist army tried to escape but found itself under fire. Hoche went on the offensive and decimated the rebels. The survivors were obliged to capitulate, since they were unable to get back to the ships due to the heavy swell. The remaining emigrants in the Fort of Penthivre, under the crossfire of the French and the English, decided to surrender to Hoche on the beach at Haliguen. Those nobles not killed in the battle were executed by firing squad at Auray and Vannes. In the place known as Toulbahadeu, near the marsh of Kerzo, stands a chapel in memory of the 953 emigrants and Chouans who were shot. BkI:Chap5:Sec1 Gesrils involvement. BkII:Chap1:Sec1 The Mgr. and Abb de Herc both shot there, on the Field of Martyrdom. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Christian de Lamoignon wounded there. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Soult built the memorial there. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Monsieur de Lvis wounded there. Quimper The city in Brittany, its name Quimper comes from the Breton kemper, which means confluent, because the city was built on the confluence of the Steir, the Odet and the Jet rivers. The city was first named QuimperCorentin (Saint Corentin was its first bishop), then renamed Montagne sur Odet during the French Revolution and is now just Quimper. It is also known as the capital of the Cornouaille. BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 Mentioned. Quinette, Nicolas-Marie, Baron 1762-1821. A regicide, he was a Minister under the Directory, and a Prefect under Napoleon who made him Baron de Rochemont. He was exiled as a regicide, and followed Joseph Bonaparte to the United States, then returned to Brussels where he died. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 A member of the executive committee. Quintaine A kind of tournament in which commoners who had married during the year tilted on horseback at a dummy originally named after a Turk called Quintaine. BkII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. (See Du Cange) Quintal, Michel

French sailor, shot with Armand de Chateaubriand in 1809, aged thirty-five. He was one of the crew of the boat that took Armand to France. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Quotidienne, La A Paris journal, and the principal ultra newspaper, La Quotidienne edited by Michaud (for which he had been imprisoned during the Revolution) supported the Martignac Ministry until it issued the decrees of 16 June, 1828, against the Jesuits, and the petits sminaires. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap26:Sec1 Mentioned. Rabbe, Colonel Commander of the 2nd Regiment Paris Municipal Guard. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 A member of the commission which tried the Duc dEnghien in 1804. Rabelais, Franois 1483-1553. The French humanist and satirist became a Franciscan then a Benedictine monk, left the calling to study medicine, and visited Italy with his patron Cardinal Jean du Bellay (1492-1560). He expressed his humanism in coarse and inventive satire, including Pantagruel (1532) and Gargantua (1534). His attacks on superstition were condemned by theologians. BkI:Chap1:Sec8 Mentioned. BkIV:Chap8:Sec4 The Abbey of Thlme built by Gargantua had for its motto: Fay ce que vouldras: do as you wish. (Gargantua I, Chap. 57) BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from Pantagruel, Chap 6, where Pantagruel meets a Limousin who mutilates the French language. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to a celebrated incident in Le QuartLivre (de Pantagruel: 1548-1552) LVI where the travellers hear the frozen sounds of a winter battle melting in the spring. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 The creator of French Literature. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 His visit to Rome. Chateaubriand refers to Pantagruel V:1. Jean des Entoumerres is a character from the work. Racine, Jean 1639-1699. A dramatist, he received a Jansenist education at the convent of Port-Royal but began play-writing in 1664. His classic verse tragedies include Andromaque (1667), Brnice (1670) and Phdre (1677). He retired from the theatre in 1677 married a young pious girl and accepted a post at

Louis XIVs court. His final works Esther (1689) and Athalie (1691) were based on Old Testament subjects. BkI:Chap1:Sec11 Read by Chateaubriands mother. BkII:Chap3:Sec4 The pleasing sound of his verse. BkII:Chap6:Sec3 Chateaubriand quotes from the Cantiques Spirituels IV. Racine recalls Exodus XVI. BkII:Chap7:Sec3 BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 Perrin Dandin is the comical judge in Racines Plaideurs (Act II, scene 8), who appears at his attic skylight to summon the cats in the gutters to appear before him. He also is suddenly gripped by compassion for the guilty (Act III, scene 3, line 827) BkV:Chap15:Sec2 BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Ignored by the English in 1822. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 His characters interpreted by Talma. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 His plays a fusion of Greek situation and Christian characters. BkXV:Chap1:Sec1 Madame de Beaumont quotes from Phdre Act I Scene III:258. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 His work was supported and defended by Boileau. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Esther and Athalie performed for the first time, at Saint Cyr, for Louis XIV. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 An allusion to his comedy Les Plaideurs (The Litigants, 1668). In the last scene between Isabelle and Dandin, Isabelle says: Monsieur, can one watch wretched people suffer?....Well, it always passes an hour or two. BkXXIII:Chap15:Sec1 The allusion is to Phdre V:6 (line 1506), the speech of Thramne. BkXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 His classical style, compared with Chateaubriands romantic and religious style, by Napoleon. The quotation is from Iphignie I.1, Agamemnon speaks. BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1 The quotation is from Athalie:144, and is an allusion to the Duchesse de Berrys then pregnancy. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Racine so translates Euripides ( Alcestis 252-253) in his preface to Iphignie. BkXXX:Chap8:Sec1 Athalie mentioned. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 See his play Mithridate (1673), III:1 line 797. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 See Athalie ActI: Scene I: 145-146. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 His grandson died in the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. Radcliffe, Anne (Ward)

1764-1823. The English novelist, was the daughter of a successful tradesman, she married William Radcliffe, a law student who later became editor of the English Chronicle. Her best works, The Romance of the Forest (1791), The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794), and The Italian (1797), give her a prominent place in the tradition of the Gothic romance. Her excellent use of landscape to create mood and her sense of mystery and suspense had an enormous influence on later writers, particularly Walter Scott. BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned, as a popular authoress. Radet, Etienne, General 1762-1825 General of the Gendarmerie: Provost of the Grand Army 1813. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 On the night of July 5-6 1809, General Radet entered the Quirinal and arrested Pope Pius VII. Radicofani, Italy For centuries, one of the most important strongholds in Italy, beside the Via Cassia, it controlled the border between Latium, Umbria and Tuscany. BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 Pius VII passed through on his journey to France. Radzivill, Frederica-Dorothea-Louise of Prussia, Princess 1770-1836. Niece of Frederick II and sister of Prince Augustus, she married (1760) a Polish aristocrat, Anton Radzivill (d.1833) BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 In Berlin in 1821. Raguse, Duc de, see Marmont Raimond de Saint-Gilles, Comte de Toulouse, see Raymond VI Rainneville, Alphonse-Valentin, Vicomte de 1798-1864. He was Secretary-General of the Finance Ministry, and a colleague of Villle in 1823. BkXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Rambaut Commanded the Grenadiers assault at Acre in May 1799, and was killed. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Killed at Acre. Rambouillet, France A commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, located 30 miles southwest of the centre of Paris. The old fortified Chteau de Rambouillet (14th century

foundations) was acquired by Louis XVI in 1783 as a private residence; it is now the official summer residence of French presidents. In 1784 Louis XVI had a wing built as a meeting place for the government (the palace was subsequently rebuilt and occupied as the Palais du Roi de Rome by Napoleon Bonapartes son). Charles X went into exile from there in 1830, Franois I died there in 1547, Louis XIV gave it to his son, the Comte de Toulouse. BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleon stopped there in 1815. The farm there created by Louis XVI had the first flock of merino sheep in France. BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Charles X hunting there on the 26th July 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap2:Sec1 Charles X leaves Trianon for Rambouillet on the evening of the 31st of July 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 Charles X issued notice of his and the Dauphins abdication from there. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 A procession left Paris to force his departure from France. Ramillies The Battle of Ramillies, 23 May 1706, was a major battle in the War of the Spanish Succession. The Duke of Marlborough, leading British, Dutch, and German troops, defeated a French army led by the Duc de Villeroi at Ramillies-Offus, near Namur, on the bank of the river Mehaigne. BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Ranc, Armand Jean le Bouthillier de, 1626-1700. A French religious reformer, he was the founder of the Trappists. Of a noble family, he was well-educated and lived at court as a worldly priest. In 1664 he retired to the Cistercian abbey at La Trappe (in Normandy eighty-four miles from Paris), where he was already abbot in commendam (i.e. he received its revenues, but performed no duties). There, as regular abbot, he established a discipline stricter than the primitive Benedictine rule. In a few years La Trappe was famous, and its reform spread; out of the movement came the Trappists. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 His hair-shirt, an attribute. Ranelagh Gardens, London Ranelagh gardens adjoining the Pensioners hospital became popular as a place to escape the city and take in the cleaner air of Chelsea. Balls, concerts, dinners and gossip were shared here almost daily. It quickly

exceeded Vauxhall in popularity, but its popularity waned until the season of 1804 when the fashionable set abandoned it entirely. BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Raphael, Rafaello Sanzio 1483-1520. The Italian Renaissance painter and architect, he trained under Perugino in Perugia, before moving to Florence in 1504. Influenced by Leonardo and Michelangelo he painted numerous Madonnas, and portraits. He decorated the Vatican with important frescoes, and succeeded Bramante in 1514 as architect of Saint Peters Rome. BkI:Chap4:Sec8 His archetypal Madonnas. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 The Farnesina villa in Rome, Italy, built (1508-11) by Peruzzi for the banker Agostino Chigi at the foot of the Janiculum on the right bank of the Tiber is one of the finest examples of Italian Renaissance architecture, famous for its frescoes by Raphael and his pupils. It was long the residence of the Farnese family. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 The limited use of chiaroscuro (light and shade effects) in his art. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 His Holy Family of 1518, commissioned by Leo X and given to Claude wife of Francis I (not all by Raphaels own hand, but from his workshop). His work on the Vatican. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 The Transfiguration is Raphaels last masterpiece, commissioned in 1517, an enormous altarpiece that was unfinished at his death and was completed by his assistant Giulio Romano. It is a complex work that inaugurated the Mannerist movement and tends toward the Baroque. It now hangs in the Vatican Museum having been moved there from San Pietro in Montorio in 1809, and replaced by a copy of Guido Renis Crucifixion of St Peter, made by Vincenzo Camuccini. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Napoleon shipped artworks back to France. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 Raphael paintings at the Escorial Palace (e.g. The Madonna della Tenda, c1514). BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap7:Sec1 His association with the Villa Borghese in Rome. BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Paintings of his looted, restored in Paris, now in Madrid. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 His St Cecilia with Saints (or in Ecstasy) c1513-1516, was ceded to France by the Treaty of Tolentino but returned to Bologna in 1815 where it has remained.

BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 His Madonna of Foligno of 1511-1512, was formerly in the Church of St Anna in the Monastery of the Contesse at Foligno, passed by the Treaty of Tolentino to France, and was returned from Paris to reach the Vatican Pinacoteca in 1816. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 His work on the Villa Farnesina (Via del Lungaro, Rome), owned by the Farnese family, including his 1512 fresco masterpiece the Triumph of Galatea. BkXXX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 His proposal for clearing the Roman Forum. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 The Sistine Madonna in Dresden. Rouen had a late copy. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Raphaels Loggia (a thirteen-arch gallery, 65 metres long and 4 wide) in the Vatican contains scenes from the Old and New Testaments, begun by Bramante and finished by Raphael. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 The distraught Virgin appears in Raphaels painting (Rome 1516-17, partly by the School of Raphael) Christ Falls on the Way to Calvary, created for the Convent of Santa Maria dello Spasimo in Palermo, Sicily but moved to Madrid. Taken to Paris in 1813 it was returned to Spain in 1822. It is now in the Prado, in Madrid. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Drawings by him in the Accademia in Venice. BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 Raphael was born in Urbino which is on a hill between the Metauro and Foglia Rivers. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 His paintings in Dresden, in particular the Sistine Madonna of 1513/1514. Rapp, Jean, General 1771-1821. A French general, born at Colmar; he served under Napoleon with distinction, and held Danzig for a whole year against a powerful Russian army. He was kept prisoner by the Russians after the surrender, then returned to France. He submitted to Louis XVIII after Waterloo. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 In Vienna in 1809. Rastadt, Congress of Rastatt, is a city in Baden-Wrttemberg, south-west Germany, on the Murg River, near the French border; sometimes spelled Rastadt. First mentioned in 1247, Rastatt was destroyed (1689) by the French, but was soon rebuilt and served (170571) as the residence of the margraves of Baden-Baden. The Treaty of Rastatt (March 1714) complemented the treaties signed at Utrecht and Baden in 171314 together they ended the War of the Spanish

Succession. As a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797), a congress of the states of the Holy Roman Empire (attended by France) was held (1797 99) at Rastatt in order to determine compensation for the member states that had lost territory near the Rhine River to France during the French Revolutionary Wars; the congress was prematurely adjourned after the resumption of hostilities against France. Noteworthy city buildings include a baroque palace (17th18th cent.) and several 18th-century churches. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 The Congress of 1797-99. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 As the three French representatives were leaving the town in April 1799 they were waylaid, and two of them were assassinated by some Hungarian soldiers. The reason for this outrage remains shrouded in mystery. Ratisbon (Regensburg), Germany A city in south-east Germany, in Bavaria, it lies at the confluence of the Danube and the Regen. It has a Gothic cathedral (1275-1524). Originally a Celtic settlement it became a Carolingian capital and medieval trading centre. Imperial diets were held there from 1663 until 1806. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 An example of French influence. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Raulx A game-keeper, attached to Chateaubriand, he was killed by a poacher. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Rauzan, Claire-Henriette-Philippine-Benjamine de Duras, Duchesse de 1799-1863. Claire or Clara, the younger daughter of the Duchesse de Duras, She married Henri Comte de Chastellux in 1819. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 In Ghent in 1815. Ravenna, Italy A city of northeast Italy near the Adriatic Sea northeast of Florence, it was an important naval station in Roman times, an Ostrogoth capital in the fifth and sixth centuries and the centre of Byzantine power in Italy from the late sixth century until c. 750, when it was conquered by the Lombards. Ravenna became part of the papal dominions in 784, was the subject of local power struggles from the 12th century, was Venetian from 1441-1509, and was included in the kingdom of Italy in 1861. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 The battle of April 11th 1512, during the War of the League of Cambrai, in which the Vicomte de Lautrec

defeated a Spanish Army fighting for the Papacy. The column commemorating the battle was erected in 1557 on the right bank of the Montone River, south-west of the city. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 The Chateaubriands were there in October 1828. The churches of San Vitale and Sant Apollinaire in Classe are in the Byzantine style. BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 Byron and Madame Guiccioli were together in Ravenna 1819-1823. Ravaillac, Franois 1578-1610. A schoolteacher and religious extremist, he stabbed Henri IV to death on the Rue de la Ferronnerie in Paris (now south of the Forum des Halles) while his carriage was stopped by traffic, on Friday the 14th of May 1610. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Ravier, Colonel Commander of the 18th Infantry Regiment (Line) BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 A member of the commission which tried the Duc dEnghien in 1804. Raymond VI, Comte de Toulouse 1156-1222. Count of Toulouse (1194-1222). His tolerant attitude toward the Albigenses resulted in his repeated excommunication, although he temporarily made peace with the church in 1209. Attacked (1211) by Simon de Montfort, he received the support of his brother-in-law Peter II of Aragn. In 1213 he and Peter were defeated at Muret, and Raymond went into exile in England. Although obliged to grant Toulouse and Montauban to Montfort and Provence to his own son, he returned (1217) and fought with his son against Montfort and Montforts son. By the time of his death, Raymond had recaptured almost all of his territory for his son. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Excommunicated by Innocent III for supporting the Albigenses. His remains were said to have been left in an open coffin to be eaten by the rats. Raynal, Abb Guillaume-Thomas-Franois 171396, French historian and philosopher. Raynal was a priest, but he was dismissed from his parish in Paris; he then turned to writing and sought the society and collaboration of the Philosophes. Two historical works, one on

the Netherlands (1747) and one on the English Parliament (1748), established his career. His most important work, completed with the assistance of Denis Diderot, was a six-volume history of the European colonies in the Indies and Americas (1770). It was condemned by the Parlement of Paris (1781) for impiety and its dangerous ideas on the rights of the people to revolt and to give or withhold consent to taxation. Nevertheless, the History was extremely popular, going through 30 editions between 1772 and 1789; the radical tone becoming more pronounced in later editions. Placed on the Index of the Roman Catholic Church in 1774, Raynal's book was burned and he was forced into exile in 1781. Allowed to return to France, but not Paris, in 1784; his Parisian banishment was rescinded in 1790. Elected to the States General in 1789, he refused to serve and later advocated a constitutional monarchy. BkIV:Chap6:Sec1 His Histoire philosophique des deux Indes (1780) which strongly condemned European colonialism for destroying cultures and peoples was read by Chateaubriands father who admired the author. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 The young Napoleon wrote to him. Rayneval, Comte de 1778-1836. A career diplomat he was Under-Secretary of State, 1820-21, having succeeded Chateaubriand as Ambassador in Berlin. He was also at various times Ambassador to Vienna, Rome and Madrid. BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him in Berlin in 1824. Raynouard, Franois Juste Marie 1761-1836. French littrateur and philologist, born in Provence, he was of the Girondist party at the time of the Revolution, and imprisoned. He wrote poems and tragedies, but eventually gave himself up to the study of the language and literature of Provence. BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 A Member of the Legislative commission in 1813. Ral, Pierre-Francois, Comte 1757-1834. Public Accuser to the Revolutionary Tribunal, Councillor of State and Comte under Napoleon, he ran the hautes polices till 1815. Exiled after Napoleons fall, he subsequently located himself at Cape Vincent, Jefferson County, New York, with other exiles, possibly with an intention of rescuing Napoleon from St Helena. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Involved in the abduction of the Duc dEnghien.

BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 His Essai sur les Journes de Vendmiaire which expresses Barras views. Reboul, Jean 1796-1864. Poet of Nmes. Disciple of Lamartine. Published verse in the royalist press after the Restoration. Published Posies in 1836 and Posies nouvelles in 1846. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 Chateaubriand was in Nmes on 24th July 1838. Rcamier, Jacques 1751-1830. The husband of Madame Rcamier he was a wealthy banker. He was Regent of the Bank of France from 1802 to October 1806 when he was bankrupted. BkXXVIII:Chap19:Sec1 His bankruptcy. Rcamier, Jeanne-Franoise-Julie-Adlade Bernard (Juliette), Madame 1777-1849. A French society hostess, she was married, from 1792-1830, to a wealthy Parisian banker. Her salon was attended by influential statesmen and politicians opposed to Napoleon. Madame de Stal was a close friend, and at the end of his life Chateaubriand. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 Her presence in London in the spring of 1802. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Her friendship with BkX:Chap9:Sec2 Chateaubriand alluded to. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand attended her salon in 1801. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Her return to France after the Empire. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Her influence over Benjamin Constant. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 She refused to divorce and marry Prince Augustus of Prussia in 1808. BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 Her portrait painted on glass. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Her letter to Chateaubriand from Naples of 29th October 1824. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 In Lausanne with Madame de Stal. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 Chateaubriand returns to 1800 to pick up the thread of her story. BkXXVIII:Chap20:Sec1 Madame de Stals letters to her. BkXXVIII:Chap21:Sec1 Madame Rcamier joined Madame de Stal in exile at Coppet in August 1811, and was herself exiled in the September. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand excised his Book on Madame Rcamier from the 1847-1848 revision of the Memoirs, influenced by the opinions of his circle, and Madame Rcamier herself, placing some of the

material into the last four chapters of Book XXVIII. Chapter I here presents further extracts from the Book, extracts which the translator feels it would be wrong to omit, in giving a complete picture of Chateaubriands sentiments. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 Her trip to London in 1802-3 with her mother, Madame Bernard, the ambitious wife of a Receiver of Taxes. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 In Naples in 1814 with Caroline Murat. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec4 Chateaubriand meets her again in 1817. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 She co-rented the Valle-auxLoups in 1817. She had an apartment from 1819 in the Abbaye-aux-Bois, at 16 Rues des Svres, a Bernadine convent transformed into a retreat after the Revolution (see the 1824 lithograph by Franois-Louis Dejuinne, 17861844, in the Louvre, which matches Chateaubriands description). The ruined Abbaye was demolished in 1908 during alterations to the Boulevard Raspail. BkXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriands letter to her of 11th October 1828 from Rome. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap10:Sec1 Letters to her from Rome, December 1828 to May 1829. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 Christian de Chateaubriand met her in Rome in 1813. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets her in Dieppe in July 1830, and then writes to her later from Paris. BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand at her residence in August 1830. BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to her in May/June 1831. He explains in a note not translated here, that she leant him the copies of these letters in order for him to reproduce them. BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Lafayette a visitor in 1831/2. BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 Visits Chateaubriand under house arrest in 1832. BkXXXV:Chap18:Sec1 In Constance in late August 1832, and meets Chateaubriand there. BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 At the Chteau of Wolberg near Arenenberg in August 1832. BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 A guest at Arenenberg on the 29th of August 1832. BkXXXV:Chap21:Sec1 She visits Madame de Stals grave. BkXXXV:Chap22:Sec1 Chateaubriand walks with her by the Rhne at Geneva. The location is the Saint-Jean Cliffs on the right bank of the river at the foot of the Sous-Terre Bridge, the walk leads from the garden of the

ruined Benedictine Priory of Saint-Jean to the Pont de la Jonction. On the 24th of October the eve of her departure she wrote to her nephew Paul David, expressing her sadness at leaving, having tried to convince Chateaubriand to spend the winter in Paris. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 She had been exiled to Chlons in 1811. BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 The model for Canovas busts of Beatrice. Rcollets A Franciscan monastery, of the time of Henri IV, in the Faubourg SaintMartin, it was disused in 1790. In 1802 it became a hospice, later a military hospital. BkIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Pre Jean Morel, future cur of Saint-Leu, was living on the second floor of the monastery until August 1792, when it became completely deserted. Recouvrance, Quai de, Brest The heart of the Old Quarter of Brest. BkII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Regensburg Also known as Ratisbon, the city in Bavaria, south-east Germany, is located at the confluence of the Danube and Regen rivers, at the northernmost bend in the Danube. To the east lies the Bavarian Forest. Regensburg is the capital of the Bavarian administrative region Upper Palatinate. BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand there 20th May 1833. The Alte Kapelle, the Old Chapel, has a Rococo interior in white and gold. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Reggio, Duc de, see Oudinot Regnaud or Regnault de Saint-Jean-DAngely, Comtesse (Laure Gesnon de Bonneuil) 1775-1857. The wife of the French statesman Michel Louis Etienne Regnaud de Saint Jean dAngely (1762-1819), who was Councillor of State under the Consulate, Secretary of State to the Imperial family in 1810, and Minister of State under Napoleon in 1814. Lebrun painted her in 1805. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Her intervention on Chateaubriands behalf. Rgnier, Mathurin

1573-1613. A French poet, he wrote 16 vigorous, realistic, and often licentious verse satires in the manner of Latin authors, first published as a whole in 1613. Rgnier displayed remarkable independence and acuteness in literary criticism, and the famous passage (Satire IX, Monsieur Rapin) in which he satirizes Malherbe contains the best denunciation of the merely correct theory of poetry that has ever been written. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand refers to Satire X, line 18. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 See Satire XIII: line 31. Rgnier-Desmarais, Franois Sraphin 1632-1713. He was a poet and grammarian. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from Posies franaises (1716). Regulus Marcus Attilus Regulus, d.c251BC. A Roman general in the First Punic War, in 256 he defeated the Carthaginian Navy, invaded Africa, and overwhelmed the Carthaginians. Rejecting his peace terms, in 255 the Carthaginians utterly defeated him. He was captured and sent to Rome to negotiate peace. Urging continued war he returned to certain death in Carthage. BkI:Chap5:Sec1 Gesril compared to him in heroism. Reichstadt, Duc de, see Napoleon II Reiffenberg, Frdric Baron de 17951850. Historian and poet; professor at Leuven and Lige: first Keeper of Belgiums Royal Library. BkII:Chap3:Sec2 BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 Chateaubriand quotes (a late addition to his text) from a medieval chronicle published at Brussels in 1836, and refers again to the quotation in Book XVIII. Reims, see Rheims Reinhard, Charles-Frederick 1761-1837. A colleague of Talleyrands, he was made a Peer under the July Monarchy. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 The funeral eulogy was delivered on the 3rd of March 1838. Talleyrand died in May 1838.

Rembrandt 1606-1669. The Dutch painter whose works are unmatched in their portrayal of subtle human emotion. His masterpieces include historical and religious scenes, group portraits, such as The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp (1632) and The Night Watch (1642), and a series of self-portraits. His profound humanism is always apparent. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 The masterly use of chiaroscuro (light and shade effects) in his art. Remiremont, Chapter of Remiremont is a town in the Vosges region of north-east France. The ancient monastery there became a Chapter of canonesses drawn from the daughters of the nobility. The Dukes of Lorraine were Counts of Remiremont from the fifteenth century. The Chapter was terminated during the Revolution, in December 1790. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 Lucile was admitted as a Canoness in 1783 to LArgentire but was destined for Remiremont. BkII:Chap10:Sec1 However despite acquiring the title of Countess (22nd March 1783) Lucile failed to gain entrance to this exclusive foundation. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Its requirement to prove sixteen quarterings in the line of nobility. Rmusat, Jean-Pierre-Abel 1788-1832. A political Ultra, he was a professor at the Collge de France, founder of the Asiatic society, and a sinologist of repute. BkXXXI:Chap4:Sec1 He wrote against Chateaubriand in 1829. Rmusat, Claire-lisabeth-Jeanne Gravier de Vergennes, Comtesse de 1780-1821. She was the wife of Antoine-Laurent de Rmusat, First Chamberlain to Napoleon. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec2 Played chess with Napoleon on the eve of the Duc dEnghiens execution (20th March, 1804, he was executed on the 21st). BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Had Josephines promise to take an interest in the Duc dEnghiens fate. Her Memoirs were published in 1880. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Chateaubriand asked her to intervene with the Empress regarding Armands fate. Renart, Le Roman de The Old French tale of Le Roman de Renart was written by Perrout de Saint Cloude around 1175, in which Reynard the fox (Goupil-Renart) signifying

the Church goes to the Court of Leo the Lion to answer charges brought by Isengrim the Wolf (Ysengrin-le-Loup) signifying the Feudal Baron. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand suggests Quecq is in dispute with the church over the property. Renaud, see Rinaldo Ren A Character and Work of Chateaubriand Ren is a personification of Chateaubriand himself, who appears in Atala and its Romantic sequel Ren (1802), where he tells the story of Rens youth, and of his sister Amlie who alarmed by too deep a love for her brother enters a convent. Amlie is based on the English girl Charlotte Ives whom Chateaubriand met during his exile in London. Preface:Sect2. BkX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap21:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap21:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 The story conceived in Kensington Gardens. BkVII:Chap8:Sec1 His story set near Niagara. BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 Worked on in parallel with (and initially as part of) Le Gnie du Christianisme. BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Separated out of the manuscript of Les Natchez in 1800. BkXIII:Chap3:Sec2 Its supposed influence on Byrons Childe Harold. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 Published in Le Gnie in 1802. Its nature and influence. BkXV:Chap7:Sec3 Ren had climbed Mount Etnas volcanic cone in the story. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap21:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from the work. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned by George Sand in the Revue des DeuxMondes of 15th June 1833, in a review of a new edition of Senancours Oberman. Ren I, The Good, Duke of Anjou, King of Naples 1409-1480. The Kings fame as an amateur painter led to the attribution to him of old paintings in Anjou and Provence, in many cases simply because they bear his arms. These works are generally in the Flemish style, and were probably executed under his patronage and direction, so that he may be said

to have formed a school of the fine arts in sculpture, painting, gold work and tapestry. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Connected with Marseilles. Rene of France, Duchess of Ferrara 1510-1575. The daughter of Louis XII, she married Ercole II in 1528. She was a patron of literature and favoured Reform, attracting Marot to Ferrara. BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Renier Michiel, Giustina 1755-1832. She was the daughter of an ancient Venetian family, and author of a six-volume work, Origins of the Venetian Festivals, first published in 1817. BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Mentioned. Rennes, France The municipal capital of Brittany, it lies 190 miles south-west of Paris. The principal town of the Celtic Redones tribe, Rennes was subsequently taken by the Romans and by the 10th century had emerged as the capital of Brittany. The city was almost completely destroyed by fire in 1720. BkI:Chap1:Sec4 A Tribunal held there to reform the nobility in 1669. BkI:Chap1:Sec11 Chateaubriands maternal grandmother born there. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Once part of the Forest of Broceliande. BkI:Chap7:Sec3 Combourg was on the high road to Rennes. BkII:Chap6:Sec3 BkII:Chap7:Sec1 BkII:Chap7:Sec2 BkIV:Chap12:Sec2 BkV:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriands brother bought a post in the administration there. BkIII:Chap1:Sec1 The seat of the High Court, to which occasional Combourg guests would be travelling. BkIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkX:Chap8:Sec1 BkX:Chap8:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap6:Sec1 Lucile imprisoned there, along with Chateaubriands young wife and Julie de Farcy, from October 1793 to the 5th November 1794. BkIII:Chap14:Sec2 BkIV:Chap1:Sec3 Chateaubriand goes there en route to his Regiment at Cambrai. He reached Rennes on 9th August 1786 in the evening. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 The communes desire in 1788 to settle the question of fouage.

BkV:Chap15:Sec3 Its law-school. BkIX:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriands friend Boishue killed there in 1789. BkXV:Chap1:Sec1 Lucile stayed at the house of Mademoiselle Jouvelle, 11 Rue Saint-Georges from early September 1803. BkXXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 The butter of La Prvalaie in the Rennes region was the best in Brittany. Rennes, College of The Jesuit College at Rennes, the foremost Jesuit college in Brittany in the eighteenth century. BkII:Chap7:Sec1 BkII:Chap7:Sec2 Chateaubriand commenced his Humanities course there in October 1781. BkII:Chap7:Sec4 Its very religious educational scheme. BkII:Chap7:Sec5 Chateaubriand attended Rennes in 1781 and 1782, but not the third trimester of the second year, that of rhetoric. BkII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriands lesser regret at leaving the College. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Chateaubriand passed by in 1802. Reschid Pasha 1779-1857. Minister of Foreign Affairs, then Grand Vizir, he was the principal reformer of Ottoman institutions under Mahmud II and AbdulMedjid. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Retz, Jean-Franois-Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de 1613-1679. A French churchman, one of the leaders of the Fronde rebellion (1648-1653) he used it to further his ambitions at the expense of Mazarin. He was made Cardinal in 1652 but arrested shortly afterwards. Exiled until 1662, he returned to France to become Abbot of Saint-Denis until his death. He is best known for his Memoirs. BkV:Chap12:Sec1 Mirabeau compared to him. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 The reference is to his Memoirs, regarding the 21st of August 1651, when leaving the Great Chamber of Parliament, the Duc de La Rochefoucauld jammed his head in the door to try and assassinate him. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 His Memoirs. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 The episode described took place at the Conclave of 1655. See his Memoirs. Rveillon Riot

28th April 1789. The manufactory owned by JeanBaptiste Rveillon in the SaintAntoine neighbourhood of Paris made decorative wallpaper, a lucrative luxury item that required highly skilled (and generally wellpaid) workers. When a rumour circulated about Rveillons illtimed speech in which he linked reduced wages and lower prices, the animosity of many guildsmen erupted in violence. When troops intervened to suppress the protest by force, bloodshed ensued. To some observers, such as the Marquis de Ferrires this "riot" suggested a dangerous environment of popular unrest on the eve of meeting of the StatesGeneral. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Revoil, Louise Colet ne 1810-1876. A poetess, she married the musician, Hippolyte Colet, in 1834. A friend of Madame Rcamier, she continued holding her salon after the latters death, where she met Gustave Flaubert, with whom she began an eight-year liaison. After their estrangement she published a bitter novel, Lui (1859), which caused a sensation. Her poetry includes Les fleurs du Midi (1836), Penserosa (1840), and Ce qui est dans le coeur des Femmes (1852). BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Revolution, French Revue des Deux Mondes A monthly literary and cultural affairs magazine published in French, founded in 1829 to establish a cultural, economic and political bridge between France and the United States. It was purchased in 1831 by Franois Buloz, who was its editor until 1877. BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Rheims (Reims) The city in North-east France in the Marne department was an important Roman town and the scene of the coronations of most French kings. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand present at the crowning of Charles X in May 1825. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Napoleon captured the city from a small Russian force in 1814. BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 Clovis baptised there in 496.

BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 The Abbey of Saint-Rmi in Rheims was founded c. AD1000. It contains the relics of Saint Remi, a Bishop of Rheims who converted Clovis, King of the Franks, to Christianity at Christmas in AD 496, after his defeat of the Alamanni at the Battle of Tolbiac. The River Vesle a tributary of the Aisne flows through Rheims. Rhexenor The father of Arete, Queen of the Phaeacians, in Homers Odyssey. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 See Odyssey VII. Rhine, River A major river of Europe, 800 miles long, originating in the Swiss Alps it flows to the North Sea. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 The Circles of the Rhine derived from the Imperial Circles of the Holy Roman Empire. The Imperial Circles were territories in a common area grouped together. There were ten: Bavaria, Burgundy, Franconia, Electoral Rhine, Lower Saxony, Austria, Upper Rhine, Upper Saxony, Swabia and Lower Rhine-Westphalia. These Circles were regional diets in which cities and the different ranks of the nobility all had an equal vote. BkXXXV:Chap14:Sec1 Its source and course. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Rhodes The Greek island, in the south-eastern Aegean, is the largest of the Dodecanese group. Colonized by Dorians before 1000BC, it was most prosperous in the 3rd century BC. It was occupied by the Knights Hospitallers from 1282 to 1528, when it became part of the Ottoman Empire. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand touched there in September 1806. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 An example of French influence. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 The song mentioned is a chelisdonamata sung in the March 1st rites in Greece and Macedonia to welcome in the spring. Ric, or Ricc, Gabriel-Marie, Vicomte de 1758-1832. Marshal de Camp then General de Brigade, he pursued a political career as a Prefect (for the Meuse, 1817, the Loiret, 1819, and 1830). BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 At Mons during the return from Ghent in 1815.

Richard I, Coeur de Lion 1157-1199. King of England 1189-1199. A hero of medieval legend he spent most of his reign abroad. The third son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine he became Duke of Aquitaine in 1168 and of Poitiers in 1172. He joined the Third Crusade in 1189 conquering Messina and Cyprus. His victory at Arsuf gained Joppa in 1191. On his way home from the Holy Land he was captured in Austria and released by Emperor Henry VI after payment of a huge ransom in 1194. He died campaigning in France. BkV:Chap10:Sec1 The air Richard, mon roi! was written by Sdaine and Gretry in 1784. A song of loyalty it was supposed sung by Blondel at the foot of the tower where Richard was imprisoned, and became the Royalist rallying song. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 His death at Chalus, struck by a crossbow bolt, on the 10th of April 1199. BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned in Vidals poem cited. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 See William the Breton and La Philippide. Richard III, King of England 1452-1485. Reigned 1483-5. The last Plantagenet and Yorkist King of England, he was the youngest son of Richard, Duke of York, and brother of Edward IV. Created Duke of Gloucester in 1461, he was defeated by Henry VII and killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field, 22nd August 1485. BkI:Chap4:Sec3 Mentioned. Richardson, Samuel 1689-1761. English writer whose epistolary novels include Pamela (1740), often considered the first modern English novel, and Clarissa Harlowe (17471748). He had a great success in France, and was read at Combourg. BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Richelieu, Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de, 1766-1822. French statesman, he was an migr from the French Revolution, who served Russia as governor of Odessa (1803) and of the Crimea (1805). Made chief minister of France by King Louis XVIII after the Hundred Days (1815), he secured the quick payment by France of the indemnity imposed by the second Treaty of Paris (1815) and thus hastened the evacuation of occupation troops. In his domestic policy, Richelieu favoured leniency toward the ex-revolutionists and Bonapartists, thus displeasing the ultra-royalists headed by the kings brother, the Comte dArtois (later King Charles X). In 1816 Richelieu persuaded the king to

dissolve the extremely reactionary Chamber of Deputies (the so-called chambre introuvable) rather than submit to its program. Richelieu resigned in 1818, but returned to power in 1820, after the murder of the Duc de Berry caused the fall of lie Decazes. His measures against the radicals were not sufficient to suit the ultra-royalists, who applied pressure on Louis XVIII and secured (1821) Richelieus dismissal. With Richelieus successor, the Comte de Villle, the ultra-royalists came to power. BkXXII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 In Paris at the start of the Hundred Days. Chateaubriand meets him later in Brussels. BkXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 Napoleons comment on him. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 In the Chamber of Peers, 22nd February 1816. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 His reaction to La Monarchie selon la Charte. BkXXV:Chap6:Sec1 His decree, of the 20th of September 1816, striking Chateaubriand from the list of Ministers. BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 President of the Council from late February 1820. Chateaubriand writes to him. BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand was named as a Minister of State and Chevalier of the Legion of Honour by decree on the 30th of April 1821, having been informed of it by the King in person the previous day. There is an ironic inverted reference to Job I:21. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Richelieu ordered an expedition to the eastern Mediterranean on 17th October 1821, the troops were assembling in Provence in early 1822. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 His sudden death in Paris on the 17th May 1822. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 His intervention at the Congress of Aix-laChapelle in 1818. Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de 1585-1642. The French statesman who increased the power and authority of France and the Crown. He was Chief Minister from 1629. He ruthlessly suppressed the Huguenots and directed France brilliantly in the Thirty Years War. A writer and patron of learning he founded the French Academy. BkV:Chap12:Sec1 Mirabeau compared to him. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 He besieged Montpellier in 1622, for Louis XIII. The siege resulted in a peace treaty, and the razing of the fortifications. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 He was a believer in free trade.

BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 More powerful in fact than the King. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 His Memoirs. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 The Grande Pastorale was a collection of theatrical pieces commissioned from five authors including Corneille, on subjects proposed by Richelieu. It was acted on 8th January 1637. His play Mirame was set to verse by the Group of Five in 1638 and performed on January 1st 1641. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 His military success in Europe. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 His flattery of Concini at the States-General in 1614. Richelieu, Louis-Franois-Armand du Plessis, Marshal de 1696-1788. A grand-nephew of the Cardinal, and a distinguished soldier. Ambassador to Vienna (1725-1729), he served in the Rhine Campaign (1733-34), fought at Fontenoy, and drove the English from Minorca in 1756. His later life was spent in court intrigue. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 His poor spelling. Richer fl. 1255 A monk and chronicler of Senones (Vosges) BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Richmond upon Thames, England Originally called Shene (Shining, or splendour) it became Richmond after Henry VII took up summer residence there (he was Earl of Richmond in Normandy before being crowned king, hence the name). Not be confused with the Yorkshire Richmond of Alain I. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriands visited in 1799. The small village was a place of residence for migrs including Mallet du Pan who died there in 1801. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Henry VII and Elizabeth I both died at Richmond Palace. Henry VIIIs Mound is the highest point in Richmond Park, located within the public gardens of Pembroke Lodge. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand aboard the Lord Mayors barge there in April 1822. Ricord, Jean-Franois 1760-1818. He was a friend of Robespierre and a deputy to the Convention for Var, in 1792. He was sent on several missions to the Midi, including Toulon.

BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 One of the Representatives who ordered the siege of Toulon in 1793. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec2 His signed instructions to Napoleon dated 12th July 1794 (23rd Messidor, Year II), delivered at Loano near Savona on the Ligurian coast. Riedmatten Rietz, Wilhelmina Encke, Comtesse de Lichtenau 1753-1820. Mistress (from 1766 approximately) of Frederick-William II of Prussia, she was the daughter of a Berlin innkeeper and musician Encke. Frederick married her off to his valet de chambre and made her a Countess. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned in Mirabeaus Secret History. Rieul, Saint d. 260. First bishop of Senlis. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Patron saint of Senlis. Rigaud, Jean-Jacques 1785-1854. He was the Premier Syndic of Geneva for eleven of the years between 1825 and 1843. BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Rigord 1180-1226. A monk and chronicler of Saint Denis best known for a biography of King Philip II Augustus of France. BkIX:Chap7:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Mentioned. Rimini, Italy A city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and capital city of the Rimini Province, it is located on the Adriatic Sea near the coast between the rivers Marecchia (the ancient Ariminus) and Ausa (Aprusa). BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand there in October 1828. Rinaldo He is a character in Tassos Jerusalem Delivered. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to Canto XVI, stanzas XX and XX, with their magic reflections. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 His achievements in the Holy Land. BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 Tassos poem Rinaldo in twelve cantos was printed at Venice in 1562. Riom, France The town is in the Auvergne, near Clermont-Ferrand. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 Montlosier was deputy for the nobility for Riom. Riouffe, Honor-Jean 1764-1813. A Girondist politician who left memoirs of the civil wars of 1793 and the subsequent imprisonment of the Girondist leaders (Mmoires d'un dtenu pour servir l'histoire de la tyrannie de Robespierre). BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from the work. Rivaille, Madame A woman of the Bordeaux Market in 1820. BkXXV:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Rivallon, Lord of Combourg On of the Lords of Rivallon, Dol and Combourg. BkI:Chap7:Sec3 About 1065 (?) a Rivallon offered the Benedictine Abbey of Marmoutiers (close to Turns) land at Combourg and an already existing church to the west of the current chteau to establish a priory devoted to the Holy Trinity. Rivarol, Antoine de 1753-1801. French writer and epigrammatist. It appears his father was an innkeeper but a man of cultivated tastes. The son assumed the title of Comte de Rivarol, and asserted his connection with a noble Italian family, but his enemies claimed the name was really Riverot, and the family not noble. After various vicissitudes he appeared in Paris in 1777. After winning some academic prizes, Rivarol distinguished himself in the year 1784 by a treatise Sur luniversalit de la langue francaise, and by a translation of Dantes Inferno. The year before the Revolution broke out he compiled, with some assistance from Champcenetz, a lampoon, entitled Petit Almanach de nos grands hommes pour 1788, in which writers of actual or potential talent and a great many nobodies were ridiculed in the most pitiless manner. When the Revolution enhanced the importance of the press, Rivarol at once took up arms on the Royalist side, and wrote for the Journal politique of Antoine Sabatier de Castres and the Actes des Aptres of Jean Gabriel Peltier (1770-

1825). He emigrated in 1792, and established himself in Brussels, whence he removed successively to London, Hamburg and Berlin. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkIX:Chap8:Sec1 In Brussels in 1792. Chateaubriand met him there. Rivarola, Agistino, Cardinal 1758-1842. Cardinal from 1817. BkXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Rivaux, Monsieur Officer of the Guard in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Rivire, Charles-Franois de Riffardeau, Duc de 1763-1828. An agent between the exiled Princes and the Vende during the Revolution, he was condemned to death for his part in the Cadoudal conspiracy of 1804, but was pardoned and interned at Fort du Joux. He was made a Peer in 1815, and Ambassador to Constantinople, 1816-1820. He was then Captain of the Guards to Charles X, was made a Duke in 1825, and became tutor to the Duc de Bordeaux in March 1826. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Tutor to the Duke from 1826 until his death. Rivoli, Italy On January 14, 1797, Bonaparte defeated the Austrians under Baron Josef Alvintzy at Rivoli in northern Italy. Concentrating their forces on the plateau of Rivoli, the French easily repulsed the Austrian advance. In the end, the Austrians lost 12,000 men, along with 8,000 prisoners and 8 guns, while the French lost approximately 3,200. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 The battle mentioned. Roanne, France The town and commune in southern France in the Loire dpartement, about 90km north-west of Lyons. It lies on the River Loire. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1805. Robert II, Duke of Normandy 1054-1134. Robert Curthose, Son of William the Conqueror. Duke of Normandy 10871106. Aided by Philip I of France, he rebelled (1077) against his father. Father and son became reconciled, but Robert was later

exiled. At Williams death he inherited Normandy. England fell to his younger brother William II, with whom Robert was intermittently at war (109096) until Robert went (10961100) on the First Crusade. While he was away, William II died and Henry I, youngest son of William I, was crowned. Robert invaded (1101) England but was forced to recognize Henry. In Normandy, Robert's misgovernment prompted an invasion by Henry (1105), who defeated (1106) Robert at Tinchebrai, seized Normandy, and kept Robert a prisoner. BkX:Chap3:Sec2 Lost Jersey and the other Channel Islands, historically a part of the Duchy of Normandy, to the English. Robert dArtois III de Beaumont-le-Roger, Count of Richmond 1287-1342. Banished by Philippe de Valois (Philip VI) of France, his fatherin-law in 1332. He arrived in England in 1334. In 1337 Philippe declared the duchy of Guyenne forfeited by Edward III for the latter's harbouring of dArtois. Edward III sent a letter of defiance to Pilip [sic] of Valois, who calls himself king of France. These incidents are usually cited as the Beginning of the Hundred Years War. DArtois died in the War of the Breton Succession. BkX:Chap5:Sec2 His ashes buried in Westminster Abbey. Robert the Strong, Count of Tours d 866. Also known as Robert IV, he was nominated by Charles the Bald missus dominicus for the Tours and Angers regions in 853. After a rebellion against Charles II in 855, he became duke for the region between Seine and Loire. From this time he was responsible for fighting against Normans and Britons, and he eventually met his demise in 866 fighting the Normans in the Battle of Brissarthe. He was the father of Odo, Count of Paris and Robert I of France, who both became King of Western Francia. Robert was the greatgrandfather of Hugh Capet and thus the ancestor of all the Capetians. BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Robert II, The Pious, King of France 972-1031. The son of Hugh Capet he was King from 996. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Robert, Lopold 1794-1835. A painter of genre scenes, such as those with Neapolitan shepherdesses and fisher-girls. He settled in Venice in 1832 where he died. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned.

Robertson, Etienne-Gaspard Robert 1762-1837. From Lige in Belgium. He perfected a magic lantern show (a lantern on wheels, and known as the Phantascope) and toured Europe with it. He added the son to his name as he felt an English stage name would be more effective. A variety of horrific images were projected to frighten the audience, examples being ghosts projected on smoke to give a frightening appearance and images that would move around the walls. Often the projector was behind a translucent screen, out of the view of the audience. This greatly added to the mystery of the show. BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 His magic lantern set up in the Capuchin monastery in 1797. Robertson, William 1721-1793. Scottish historian. He wrote a History of Scotland 1542-1603 (1759) and a History of Charles V (1769), his most valuable work, highly praised by both Voltaire and Gibbon. His History of America appeared in 1777, and a disquisition on The Knowledge which the Ancients had of India in 1791. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Robespierre, Augustin After 1758-d.1794. He was Robespierres younger brother. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 His affection for Bonaparte. Robespierre, Maximilien Franois Marie Isidore de 1758-1794. Born in Arras, the lawyer and revolutionary was elected to the States General in 1789 and became leader of the radical Jacobin faction. He was instrumental in overthrowing the Girondins, and wielded supreme power on the Committee of Public Safety, instituting the Reign of Terror and his Cult of the Supreme Being. He was denounced and guillotined in 1794. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkV:Chap12:Sec3 The supreme representative of pure democracy. BkV:Chap13:Sec1 Chateaubriand heard him speak before he became wellknown. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 The song is an ironic reference to the miraculous candle of Arras, which was venerated, and to Robespierre. BkIX:Chap4:Sec1 Danton compared to him.

BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 Robespierre was arrested and the Paris Commune abolished by the Convention on the 9th Thermidor (27th July1794). BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1 His replacement of Christianity by the Cult of the Supreme Being. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 His death in 1794 (28th July). BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Born in Arras. BkXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Apologists for his excesses. Robespierre, Marie Marguerite Charlotte de 1760-1834. She was the sister of Augustin and Maximilien Robespierre. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 The pension paid to her by the Restoration (first granted her by Napoleon and reduced but not discontinued). Robiou He was a gentleman of the neighbourhood of Combourg. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Signatory to Chateaubriands fathers death certificate. Rocca, Jean-Albert-Michel (John) 1788-1818. A Genevan citizen he exchanged promises to marry Madame de Stal in the spring of 1811 but their marriage was not celebrated, in the strictest secrecy, until the 10th of October 1816, at Coppet. BkXXVIII:Chap21:Sec1 Secretly married to Madame de Stal in 1816. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec4 With the dying Madame de Stael in Paris in 1817. Rochambeau, Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de 1725-1807. A Marshal of France, he took part in the wars of King Louis XV and was a lieutenant general by 1780, when King Louis XVI sent him, with some 6,000 regulars, to aid Washington in the American Revolution. He landed at Newport, R.I., and remained there a year because the French fleet was blockaded off Narragansett. In July, 1781, he joined Washington on the Hudson River and the two armies marched south against General Cornwallis. The result was the Yorktown campaign, which ended the war. In the French Revolution, Rochambeau was made (1791) a marshal and commanded the Northern Army, but he resigned (1792) after a disagreement with General Dumouriez. He was imprisoned during the Terror and barely escaped execution. Napoleon restored him to his rank. His memoirs of the American Revolution were translated in 1838. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 His ex-scullion, Monsieur Violet. Roche, Achille

1801-1834. Publicist, secretary to Benjamin Constant. BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Author of Messieurs le duc de Rovigo et le prince de Talleyrand (1823) where he acts as an apologist for Talleyrand. Rochechouart, Madame de d.1794 Executed during the Terror. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 Her name appears on the death warrant exhibited, and she was executed with Chateaubriands brother. Rochefort-sur-Mer The port in western France lies on the River Charente. BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 Naval officers from there in the migr army in 1792. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleon embarked there in 1815. He arrived on the 3rd of July. Rocoules, Madame de One of the tutors of Frederick-William I, she was a religious refuges living in Berlin. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Rocroi Rocroi is in the French Ardennes. The Battle of Rocroi, fought on May 19th, 1643, resulted in a decisive victory of the French army under Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Cond, at that time Duke of Enghien, against the Spanish army under General Francisco de Melo. BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 The victory achieved there. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 A later Prince de Cond there in March 1815. Rodrigo Diz de Vivar, El Cid c1040-1099. Nicknamed El Cid Campeador, he was a Castilian military and political leader in medieval Spain. Fighting against the Moors in the early Reconquista, he was later exiled by King Alfonso VI, left service in Castile and worked as a mercenary-general for other rulers, both Moor and Christian. Late in life, El Cid captured the Mediterranean coastal city of Valencia, ruling it until his death in 1099. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 During the French siege of the Spanish city of Burgos in 1808, a regiment of dragoons, hoping to find gold and jewels, destroyed El Cids monument in San Pedro de Cardena near the city. The French

governor of Castille, appalled at this sacrilege, salvaged what he could of the remains and built a new monument in Burgos Rogers, Samuel 1763-1855. An English poet, banker, and art patron, Samuel Rogers published at his own expense several volumes of verse that were reasonably well regarded. He is best remembered, however, as a witty conversationalist and as a fried of greater poets. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as a recognised living poet in 1822. Rohan-Rochefort, Princess Charlotte de 1767-1841. Daughter of Charles Jules Armand de Rohan, Prince de RohanRochefort. BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Secretly married to the Duc dEnghien in February 1804. Rohan, douard de BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Married Marguerite de Chateaubriand. Rohan, Ferdinand Maximilien de, Archbishop of Cambrai Rohan, Les The Rohan family. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Rohan-Gumen, Rene de 1558-1616. Daughter of Louis VI de Rohan, Comte de Montbazon (15401611) and Lonore de Rohan, Comtesse de Rochefort (1539-1583), she married Jean de Cotquen, Comte de Combourg (1578). BkIII:Chap1:Sec2 Her black marble tomb in Combourg church. Rohan-Chabot, Louis-Franois-Auguste, Duc and Cardinal de 1788-1833. Ordained in 1822, he was Archbishop of Auch then of Besanon (1828). He was Duke of Rohan from 1816. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of July 5, 1830, the fall of the Bourbon monarchy after the Revolution of July 1830 forced him to go to Belgium and then to Switzerland. He participated in the Conclave of 1830-1831. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 Christian de Chateaubriand met him in Rome in1813. BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 He died shortly afterwards in 1833.

Roi est morte: vive le Roi!, Le A pamphlet of thirty-seven pages by Chateaubriand. BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 It was published on the 18th of September 1824. Roland, Vicomtesse Jeanne-Marie (or Manon) Roland de la Platiere, Madame 1754-1793. A Girondist, she was arrested and thrown into the prison of the Abbaye in 1793, ultimately being transferred to the Conciergerie. In prison she wrote her Appel l'impartiale postrit, memoirs which display a strange alternation between self-laudation and patriotism, between the trivial and the sublime. On November 8, 1793, she was conveyed to the guillotine. Before placing her head on the block, she bowed before the clay statue of Liberty in the Place de La Rception, uttering the famous remark for which she is remembered: O Libert, que de crimes on commet en ton nom! (O Liberty! what crimes are committed in thy name!) Shortly after her execution, her husband, Jean Marie Roland, committed suicide. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 She sought the Queens execution. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 Her character and death. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Her daughter Theresa Eudora (1781-1846?) mentioned. Eudora had married Pierre Lon Champagneux in 1796. BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Roland de la Platire, Jean-Marie 1734-1793. A French revolutionary, an inspector general of commerce at Rouen and Amiens, he went to Paris in 1791 and published the Financier patriote. Largely through the influence of his wife, Jeanne Manon Roland de la Platire, Roland rose to power with the Girondists and became (1792) minister of the interior. King Louis XVI dismissed him in July, 1792, but he was restored to office after the overthrow of the monarchy (Aug. 10, 1792). Accused of being a royalist in 1793, he resigned and fled Paris. When he learned that his wife had been executed, he committed suicide. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. Rollin, Charles 1661-1741. French historian and educationalist. He was the son of a cutler, and at the age of twenty-two was made a master in the College du Plessis. In 1694 he was rector of the University of Paris, rendering great service among other things by reviving the study of Greek. He held that post for two years instead of one, and in 1699 was appointed principal of the College de

Beauvais. He held Jansenist principles, and unfortunately his religious opinions deprived him of his appointments and disqualified him for the rectorship, to which he had been re-elected. It is said that the same reason prevented his election to the French Academy, though he was a member of the Academy of Inscriptions. Shortly before his death he protested publicly against the acceptance of the bull Unigenitus. Rollins literary work dates chiefly from the later years of his life, when he had been forbidden to teach. His once famous Ancient History, and the less generally read Roman History, which followed it, were avowed compilations, uncritical and somewhat inaccurate. But they instructed and interested generation after generation almost to the present day. A more original and really important work was his Trait des tudes. It contains a summary of what was even then a reformed and innovating system of education, including a more frequent and extensive use of the vulgar tongue, and discarded the medieval traditions that had lingered in France. BkII:Chap6:Sec3 The type of an educationalist. Romain, Giulio Romano 1499?-1546. An Italian painter, architect, and decorator. A prominent pupil of Raphael, his stylistic deviations from high Renaissance classicism help define the 16th century style known as Mannerism. Giulio also designed tapestries and the erotic album I Modi which was expertly engraved by Raimondi, a project that landed him in jail in Rome. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Romanzov (Romanzoff), Nicolai Petrovitch, Count von 1754-1826. Russian Chancellor, and Foreign Minister under Alexander I, he sponsored several long exploratory voyages, including Otto von Kotzebues 1815-1818 voyage to the California Coast, the Bering Sea, and explorations for a north-east passage. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Rome, Italy The capital of Italy on the River Tiber, was founded according to legend in 753BC by Romulus its first king, on the Palatine Hill. It soon spread to six other hills nearby, the Aventine, Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline and Caelian. Seven kings were followed by the Roman Republic, and Empire founded in the 1st Century BC. It declined in the 5th Century, and Rome was sacked by the Germanic tribes. It regained importance as an ecclesiastical centre, and in 800AD Charlemagne was crowned there. It was

sacked by Arabs, Normans, and was the source of continual struggle between the Popes and Emperors. It remained under Papal control until 1871 when it became the capital of the newly unified Italy. BkIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 The Capitol, or Capitoline Temple, was built on the Capitoline Hill by Tarquinius Priscus (d. 578BC) but not dedicated until 509. It was destroyed and re-built several times before being plundered by the Vandals in 455AD. The Roman road system radiated from its foot. BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand set out for Rome on Tuesday the 26th May 1803. BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand sides with the Romans against the Carthaginians. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrived on the 27th June 1803 to take up his post as Secretary to the Embassy. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 An obsidional crown or garland was bestowed upon a general who raised the siege of a beleaguered place, or on one who held out against a siege. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Pius VII returned there in May 1814. BkXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrived on the 9th of October 1828. The Embassy, from 1819, was on the Corso, in the Simonetti Palace, today the Bank of Rome. The Duc de Laval then lived there. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Ausonia is an ancient name for Italy, from Auson a son of Ulysses. The Acqua Felice is the Moses Fountain erected by Domenico Fontana (1543-1607) in 1585-1587, in the Piazza San Bernardo, near the Baths of Diocletian, and taking its name from Felice Peretti, Pope Sixtus V (1521-1590). BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Though the second tallest hill (after Monte Mario), in the contemporary city of Rome, the Janiculum does not figure among the proverbial Seven Hills of Rome, being west of the Tiber and outside the boundaries of the ancient city. The Janiculum was a center for the cult of the god Janus. BkXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 The Villa Panfili was built for Camille Pamphili in the 17th century, and was then owned by the Doria family. It was behind the Janiculum in a vast park celebrated for its pine-woods. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 St John Lateran, the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, is the cathedral church of Rome and the official ecclesiastical seat of the Pope. Since Henri IV, the French King was a member of the chapter, and was represented at votive Mass celebrated for France on the 13th December by the Ambassador.

BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 Presumably Chateaubriand is referring to the Anglican granary chapel of All Saints, by the Porta del Popolo, which was to serve as the home in Rome for English Anglicans and their friends for more than sixty years (1825 to 1887). BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 Rome described as the New Jerusalem, employing the phrase from Apocalypse. BkXXX:Chap9:Sec1 An ancient Roman columbarium was a building with tiers of niches for the reception of cinerary urns. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Its river, the Tiber, is mentioned. BkXXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Since 1929, the Vatican is a City State within the City of Rome and includes St Peters Square, St Peters Basilica, the Vatican Palace and the Papal Gardens as well as some outlying properties, including the Popes summer palace at Castel Gandolfo. Chateaubriand here refers to the Vatican Palace specifically. BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 The basilica of St Pauls was erected by Theodosius on the supposed site of Pauls martyrdom. It was destroyed by fire on the night of 15th of July 1823. Rebuilding was completed under Pius IX. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Holy Cross is the Basilica of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme. Lauds in the modern liturgy designates an office composed of psalms and canticles, usually recited after Matins. BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 Its founder Romulus mentioned. Rome, King of, see Napoleon II Romeo and Juliet, see Steibelt Roncevaux (Roncesvalles), France The site of a famous battle in 778 in which Hroudland (later changed to Roland), prefect of the Brittany March, was defeated by the Basques. this minor battle was romanticized by oral tradition into a major conflict between Christians and Muslims, when in fact both sides in the real battle were Christian. The Basques have been replaced by 400,000 Saracens. Charlemagne did fight the Saracens in Spain itself, not in the Pyrenees. The Song of Roland was written down by an unknown troubadour of the 11th century; it is the earliest surviving of the Chansons de geste or epic poems of medieval France. BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Wellingtons army finally drove Soult back over the Pyrenees (July 25th 1813) at Roncesvalles during the Peninsular War.

Ronsard, Pierre de 1524-1585. The French poet, who turned to literature when deafness interrupted his career at Court, became a leading member of the Pliade. His Odes (1550) and Amours (1552) gained him the patronage of Charles IX. His Sonnets pour Hlne (1578) contains his best known poems. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 Full of Classical allusions and Classicised language. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Ronsards Elegy (XXV in the Poems of 1587) on Mary Stuart. BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 The quotation is from Discours des misres de ces temps (1562), with shades for souls in the second line. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec4 A quotation: la nueuse idole fraudant les doigts. BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 Charles IX was his patron and friend. Rosalind The heroine of Shakespeares As You Like It. BkX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Rosanbo, Aline-Thrse Le Peletier de, see Chateaubriand, Comtesse de Rosanbo, Louis VI Le Pelletier, Marquis de 1777-1858. Son of Louis V Le Pelletier. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Rosanbo, Louis V Le Pelletier, Marquis de 1747-1794. Prsident at High Court of Paris, and Malesherbes son-in-law, he married Antoinette-Thrse-Marguerite de Lamoignon de Malesherbes in 1769. He was guillotined in 1794. BkIV:Chap10:Sec3 BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Father-in-law of Chateaubriands brother, he was right-wing and monarchist in his politics. BkV:Chap15:Sec2 Argued with Chateaubriand as to his politics. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 Spent the 14th July 1792 with Chateaubriand and his brother in the Tivoli Gardens. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 Grandfather of Christian de Chateaubriand on the mothers side. Rosanbo, Henriette dAndlau, Marquise de Grand-daughter of Helvetius. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Her husband Louis de Rosanbo inherited the Chteau du Mesnil on the right bank of the Seine to the north of Mantes.

Rosanbo, Marie-Thrse-Marguerite de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, Madame le Pelletier de 1756-1794. Daughter of Malesherbes, and wife of the Marquis, Le Pelletier, she was guillotined 22nd April 1794. BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkIX:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Initially sympathetic to the revolutionary ideals. BkX:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand learnt of her death and those of his other relatives, executed on the 22nd of April 1794 at 5pm, in the Place de la Rvolution. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 Her name appears on the death warrant exhibited, and she was executed with Chateaubriands brother. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 Grandmother of Christian de Chateaubriand. Rosbach The Battle of Rosbach during the Seven Years War was fought on November 5, 1757 and resulted in the victory of King Frederick II of Prussia over the French and Bavarians under General Soubise and General SaxeHildburghausen. The victory blocked the French invasion of Germany. BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Roscius, Quintus Roscius Gallus 126-62BC. A Roman actor, born a slave at Solonium, he became the greatest comic actor of his time. From the dictator Sulla, Roscius received the honor of the gold ring signifying equestrian rank. In a lawsuit, Cicero, whom he had taught elocution, defended him by an extant oration, Pro Q. Roscio Comoedo. BkXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Rose Maidservant in the London Embassy in 1822. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Rose, Madame (Madame Thodon) The wife of a haberdasher of Rennes, named Todon or Thodon. BkIV:Chap1:Sec3 Travelling companion of Chateaubriand on his first journey to Paris. BkIV:Chap2:Sec1 She takes pity on him. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 Mentioned.

Roseau, Jean d. 1594. The Paris executioner under the League, who was executed in turn for assisting the assassins who executed President Brisson and various counsellors of the Parlement in 1591 on the orders of the Sixteen. BkIX:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Executed the counsellor Tardif at the same time as Brisson. He was executed in turn. Rosetta, Egypt An important military base, lying between the Mediterranean and the Western Nile. The Rosetta Stone is a dark grey-pinkish granite stone (originally thought to be basalt in composition) with writing on it in two languages, Egyptian and Greek, using three scripts, Hieroglyphic, Demotic Egyptian and Greek. Because Greek was a well-known language, the stone was the key to deciphering the hieroglyphs. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec2 Taken by Napoleons troops in 1798. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Rosinante The name of Don Quixotes broken-down horse which appears in Cervantes novel. BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Ross, Sir John 1777-1856. A British explorer, he travelled to the Arctic between 1829 and 1831. His nephew Sir James Clarke Ross who accompanied him to the Arctic discovered the North Magnetic Pole in 1831, and later explored the Antarctic. BkXLII:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. Rossignol, Jean-Antoine 1759-1802. A Revolutionary general, he was deported to Comoros by Napoleon with other Jacobins. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Quoted, his deathbed words. Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio 1792-1868. The Italian composers father was a trumpeter and his mother an opera singer. He wrote 36 highly successful operas including The Barber of Seville (1816). He gave up operatic composition at the age of 37 though he

wrote religious music in an operatic style. He invented a number of recipes including Tournedos Rossini. BkXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Frederick-William IIIs dislike of his music. BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap7:Sec1 His music played in 1829 at Chateaubriands receptions. BkXXXVII:Chap12:Sec1 Tanti palpati was a popular air from Act I of Rossinis Tancrde (Venice 1813, Paris 1822) while Moses Prayer appears in his Mose of 1827. Rostopchin, Count Fyodor Vasilievich 1763-1826. Fyodor Rostopchin had great influence over Paul I, who made him in 1796 adjutant general, grand-marshal of the court, then Foreign Minister. In 1799, he received the title of count. He was disgraced in 1801 for his opposition to the French alliance, but was restored to favour in 1810, and was shortly afterwards appointed military governor of Moscow. He has been generally charged with instigating the burning of Moscow the day after the French had made their entry; it is certain that the prisons were opened by his order, and that he took no means to stop the outbreak. He defended himself against the charge of arson in a pamphlet printed in Paris in 1823. Shortly after the Congress of Vienna, to which he had accompanied Alexander I, he was disgraced. He only returned to Russia in 1825. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec1 His defence of Moscow. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 His estate at Voronovo a village near Moscow. BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 His burning of Moscow. Rostrenen, le Pre Grgoire de A Capucin monk, who wrote a Dictionnaire franais-breton, published at Rennes in 1732. BkV:Chap2:Sec1 Quoted. Rothschild, James Mayer de 1792-1868. Founder of the French branch of the Rothschild banking empire, and brother of Nathan. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Arranged a Russian loan in London in 1822. Rothschild, Nathan Mayer 1777-1836. A London financier, he was born in the Frankfurt-am-Main ghetto, the fourth child of Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744-1812) founder of the Rothschild banking empire, and Gutl Schnapper (1753-1849).

BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 He was a younger brother to Salomon Mayer (17741855), who founded the Austrian branch, and elder brother to James Mayer de Rothschild who founded the French branch. James was also in London negotiating a Russian loan. The dinner mentioned took place on the 6th of May 1822. Rueil, France A commune in the western suburbs of Paris. It is located 7.8 miles from the centre of Paris. It is now known as Rueil-Malmaison due to its proximity to the latter. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Rouen The city and port in north-west France, is the capital of the Seine-Maritime department on the River Seine. The ancient capital of Normandy, it is where Joan of Arc was tried and burned in 1431. BkII:Chap6:Sec3 Mentioned. BkV:Chap15:Sec1 Chateaubriands regiment garrisoned there in 1789-90. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand there on the 26th of July 1830. The King had signed the royal decrees at Saint-Cloud the previous evening on the 25th. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Rumours of insurrection there in July 1830. Rourie, Marquis de la (1751-1793) Born in Fougres in 1751, Armand Tuffin de la Rourie became famous in America as Colonel Armand, during the War of Independence. On his return to Saint-Ouen-la-Rourie, he founded the Breton Association which instigated the insurrection in 1791-1792, to defend Breton privileges, or rights. Betrayed by his friend Cheftel, who acted as a double agent for Danton, he was hunted down and died of exhaustion at the Chteau de la Guyomarais on January 30th, 1793. He was decapitated post-mortem. BkII:Chap7:Sec5 His conspiracy. BkIII:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. BkV:Chap15:Sec3 Described. Met Chateaubriand prior to his departure for America in 1791. Chateaubriand asked him for a letter of introduction to Washington. BkVI:Chap7:Sec2 He had provided Chateaubriand with a letter of introduction to Washington, dated the 22nd March 1791, and couched in suitably flattering terms regarding the young Chateaubriand.

Rouillac, Abb Ren de, Principal of Dinan College in 1783-4. BkII:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned. Rousseau, Jean-Baptiste 1670-1741. The witty son of a shoemaker. After a short stay in London, as private secretary to the French ambassador, Tallard, be frequented the irreligious society which gathered at the Temple. His first dramatic attempts were failures, but his epigrams gained him a great reputation. He was elected to the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres in 1700. For Couplets infmes, a libel of a licentious character he was sentenced by the Parliament to pay four thousand livres damages, and soon after sent into exile. He went first to Switzerland, where he was sheltered by the French ambassador, Count de Luc, then to Vienna, to Prince Eugnes Court, and finally to Brussels. He wrote operas, plays, odes and the epigrams which made him the greatest of the eighteenth century epigrammatists. BkIV:Chap12:Sec3 His epigrams. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 1712-1778. The philosopher and writer, was born in Geneva. Through meeting Diderot, he joined the Encyclopaedists. He argued that mans perfect nature is corrupted by society. He was the author of La Nouvelle Hloise, Les Confessions, mile (1762), Du contrat social (1762). His ideas were taken up by the revolutionaries, his romanticism by the English poets, and his Christian outlook counterbalanced Voltaires atheism and rationalism. BkIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 His persecution mania and pride. BkIV:Chap8:Sec2 Chateaubriand refers to the opening of Book VII of the Confessions. BkIV:Chap9:Sec4 A jibe at his personal appearance. BkV:Chap15:Sec3 His incomplete Dictionnaire de botanique consulted by Chateaubriand. Rousseau had made much use of Malesherbes library. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 A reference to his idea of the noble savage. BkIX:Chap5:Sec1 His friendship with Malesherbes. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 His stay at the Hermitage at Montmorency. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 Hingant was referring to the start of Book VIII of the Confessions. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 A representative of an earlier literary style.

BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 His work Les Rveries du promeneur solitaires of 1782 influenced Chateaubriand. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec2 The reference is to the start of Book XI of the Confessions. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 Rousseau celebrated Madame dHoudetot as Sophie in his Confessions. BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 From 1731 until 1740 Rousseau lived with or close to Madame de Warens. At her country home, Les Charmettes, near Chambry in Savoy, Rousseau began his first serious reading and study. BkXV:Chap7:Sec1 The incidents Chateaubriand lists here are taken from Rousseaus Confessions. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to the Confessions Book IV. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap21:Sec1 His homeland, Switzerland. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 His work on a Corsican constitution in 1764-5. Chateaubriand quotes from Du contrat social Book II, Ch.10. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Rousseaus Discourse on the origins of Inequality among men, 1755, is referred to. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 La Nouvelle Hlose was in Napoleons library. BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 The reference is to the Fifth Promenade of the Rveries. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Several scenes from La Nouvelle Hlose are set in Meillerie. The book created a new genre of literature. BkXXXV:Chap18:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap21:Sec1 His love of the Swiss scenery. BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 See Book VII of the Confessions, for the Scuole or Houses of Charity established for the education of young girls without fortune, to whom the Republic afterwards gave a portion either in marriage or for the cloister. Amongst talents cultivated in these young girls, music was in the first rank. BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 See Book VII of the Confessions for the tale of Zulietta, and mention of Captain Olivet. BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 He died at Ermenonville. Rousseau, Madame She was the proprietor of a restaurant on the Champs lyses in 1801. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. Roussel, or Rouxel

He was a French sailor, one of the crew of the boat that took Armand to France. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Roux, Jacques 1752-1794. A French revolutionary, and a priest in Paris, he abandoned the priesthood at the start of the French Revolution. Roux was a member of the Commune of Paris of August 1792. As a leader of the enrags in the Paris sections, he helped to instigate (1793) food riots in Paris. He was arrested in September 1793, was condemned by the Revolutionary Tribunal, and committed suicide (January 1794). BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 A Revolutionary priest. Rovedino Singer at Opera-Buffa. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Roverella, Aurelio, Cardinal 1748-1812. Bishop of Palestrina. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 Co-author of a brief issued on the 20th of September 1811, promulgating the decrees of the Council of Paris. Rovigo, General, see Duc de Savary Roy, Antoine, Comte 1764-1847. A former Paris lawyer, he was an administrator for the Duc de Bouillons estates, acquiring them in 1798, and built his own fortune. He was Finance Minister in 1818, 1819-1821, and 1828-1829. He became a Peer in 1822. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Finance Minister 4th January 1828-8th August 1829. Roye, France Between Paris and Lille, in Picardy, Roye is the Roman Rodium. Louis XVIII held a council of ministers there. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1815. Roye, Gilles de d1478. Egidius de Roya, a Flemish chronicler, was born probably at Montdidier, and became a Cistercian monk. He was afterwards professor of

theology in Paris and abbot of the monastery of Royaumont at Asnires-surOise, retiring about 1458 to the convent of Notre Dame des Dunes, near Fumes, and devoting his time to study. Gilles wrote the Chronicon Dunense or Annales Belgici, a rsum and continuation of the work of another monk, Jean Brandon (d. 1428), which deals with the history of Flanders, and also with events in Germany, Italy and England from 792 to 1478. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 A possible reference to him, since Chateaubriand is near Roye. Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul 1763-1845. A French statesman and philosopher, he took part in the French Revolution and became a constitutional monarchist. During the Consulate he devoted himself entirely to philosophy, and from 1811 to 1814 he lectured at the Sorbonne. Becoming active in government after the Bourbon restoration, he sat in the Chamber of Deputies almost continuously from 1815 to 1839. From 1815 to 1820 he was president of the commission for public instruction. Royer-Collard was a leader of the Doctrinaires, a middle-of-theroad group BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 He was nominated as President of the Chamber of Deputies on the 5th of February 1828. Chateaubriand introduces later material into his account of 1821-22. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 Nominated by the electoral colleges in 1827. Chateaubriand recommends him for the Education portfolio. BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand attests to his loyalty to Charles X. Royou, Jacques-Corentin 1745-1828. Lawyer, Journalist, dramatist, writer. Deported under the Directory and only returned under the Consulate. He was theatre censor during the Restoration. Brother of the monarchist Thomas Marie Royou (1743-1792) a professor of philosophy who co-founded the royalist journal LAmi du roi in 1790. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 His History of France (1819). Rozis, Captain A captain in the Army of Egypt in 1798. BkXIX:Chap15:Sec1 His comments. Rubens, Peter Paul

1577-1640. The Flemish painter of the baroque period, he worked in Antwerp, Mantua and London. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 His heavy women. BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Byrons dislike of his works. Rubicon, River A small river in northern Italy which in Roman times flowed into the Adriatic Sea between Ariminum (Rimini) and Caesena (Cesena). The actual modern identity of the river is uncertain; it is usually identified as the Pisciatello in its upper reaches and then the Fiumicino to the sea. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand crosses it in 1828. Rudnay, Alexander, Cardinal 1760-1831. Archbishop of Esztergom (Gran) 1819, Cardinal and Primate of Hungary from 1828, he was an enlightened intellectual and a supporter of the Slovak National Movement. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Rudenture, etc. Architectural terms A rudenture is the figure of a rope or staff, plain or carved, with which the flutings of columns are sometimes filled. A modillon (French text) is an sculptured corbel. A soffit describes the underside of any construction element. Examples of soffits include: the underside of an arch or architrave (whether supported by piers or columns), the underside of a flight of stairs, under the classical entablature or the underside of the projecting cornice. Ogives are diagonal groins or ribs of vaults. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Rulhire, Claude-Carloman de 1735-1791. A French poet and historian, he became aide-de-camp to the Duc de Richelieu, whom he followed through the Hanoverian campaign of 1757 and into his government at Bordeaux in 1758; and at twenty-five he was sent to St Petersburg as secretary of the legation. Here he saw the revolution which seated Catherine II on the throne. He became secretary to the Comte de Provence (afterwards Louis XVIII) in 1773, and he was admitted to the Academy in 1787. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 Mentioned. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 His house at Saint-Denis. Rupert (Ruprecht), Saint

d. 710. He was the first Bishop of Salzburg and its founder. He was a Frank and Bishop of Worms until around 697, at which point he was sent to become a missionary to Regensburg in Bavaria. He promoted the area of Salzburg and re-named the site. His feast days are March 27th and September the 24th. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 The patron saint of Salzburg. Chateaubriand was there on September 24th 1833. Russell, Lord John, 1st Earl 1792-1878. A British politician, younger son of the 6th Duke of Bedford, and Prime Minister (184652, 186566), he entered Parliament in 1813. He was a strong advocate of reform and made it a cause of the Whig Party, leading the effort to pass the Reform Bill of 1832. He served in Viscount Melbournes government as Home Secretary (1835), reducing the number of crimes liable to capital punishment and beginning state support of public education. In the 1840s he advocated free trade and forced Robert Peel out of office. Russell became prime minister in 1846 and established the 10-hour day in factories (1847) and a board of public health (1848), but party disunity defeated his attempts at wider social and economic reform. BkXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 He supported Reform and Catholic emancipation. Saalburg A town in the Saal Region of Germany, the Saalburg was a Roman fortification in the Taunus Mountains and was a stronghold in the Upper Germanic Limes. It was constructed about 90 AD, to protect the access to the Rhine-Main valley from the Germanic tribes in the North. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Seized by Murat and Bernadotte 10th October 1806. Saalfeld Saalfeld is a city in Thuringia, East central Germany, on the Thringer Saale River. The Battle of Saafeld took place on October 10 1806, between 7,000 Prussians under Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia and a division of Lannes corps, led by the Marshal himself. The Prussian infantry was broken and driven under the walls of Saalfeld, whereupon the Prince put himself at the head of his cavalry and charged the advancing French. The charge was repulsed and the Prince, refusing to surrender, was cut down and killed. The Prussians lost in this action 400 killed and wounded, 1,000 prisoners and 20 guns. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

Saarbruck (Saarbrcken) The capital of the Saarland Bundesland in Germany its historic landmarks include the stone bridge across the Saar (1546), the Gothic church of St Arnual, the 18th century Saarbrcker Schloss (castle) and the old part of the town, the St. Johanner Markt. In 1815 Saarbrcken came under Prussian control, and for two periods in the 20th century (1919-1935 and 1945-1957) it became part of the Saar territory under French administration. For this reason, coupled with its proximity to the French border, it retains a certain French influence. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand there 4th June 1833. Saba, or Sabba Most of the lauras (the semi-eremitical monasteries of Palestine) in the vicinity of Jerusalem owed their existence to a Cappadocian monk named Saba (439-532). In 485 he founded the great monastery which still bears his name, Mar Saba. It is built into the rock overlooking the Kidron Valley, and was once known as the Great Laura or Lavra. BkI:Chap3:Sec2 BkVII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand recalls a memory from his journey to Jerusalem. Sabran, Comte de Killed in a duel in 1735. BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 Mentioned. Sacchini, Antonio Maria Gasparo 1730-1786. Italian composer. Born in Florence, spent his last years in Paris. Renaud, Dardanus and Oedipe Colone made his reputation, and he was called the Racine of Music. BkV:Chap15:Sec2 Mentioned. Sacchetti, Guilio Cesare, Cardinal 1596-1663. Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina in 1655, he was Prefect of the Council of the Roman Curia from 1661. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 He was excluded as a candidate for the Papacy by use of the veto (the right of exclusion wielded by the major Catholic powers) in 1644 and 1655. Sacken, Fabian Wilhelm, Prince von der Osten-Sacken

1752-1837. A Russian Field-Marshal, born in Revel, he fought as a young man in the Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774. He subsequently pursued a distinguished military career. During the Russian invasion of 1812, he crossed the border and took Warsaw. Later he successfully operated against Prince Poniatowski. His brilliant conquest of Poland won him the Order of Alexander Nevsky. For his valour in the Battle of Leipzig he received the Order of St. George of 2nd degree. He led the Russian Army in the Battle of Brienne. In several subsequent engagements he commanded the Silesian Army instead of Blcher. On 19 March 1814 he was appointed GovernorGeneral of Paris. During the Hundred Days he fought under Barclay de Tolly. He had a subsequent military career in Russia, and when the November Uprising broke out, he became the war governor of Kiev, Podolia and Volynia. For his rapid and effective actions, the Emperor bestowed upon him the title of Prince. He finally retired in 1835. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 He was appointed Governor of Paris by Alexander in 1814. Sacontala, Sakuntala She is the leading character in Kalidasas drama Sakuntala which concerns the love of King Dusyanta for this semi-divine nymph. The 5th Century AD Indian poet was the greatest writer of Classical Sanskrit. He is traditionally associated with the court of Chandra Gupta II. The drama was popularised in Europe at the end of the eighteenth century, in the translation by Sir William Jones (1746-1794), jurist, linguist and orientalist, a supreme-court judge in Calcutta (1783-1794), who was first to note the affinity between the IndoEuropean languages in 1786. BkVI:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Saget, Monsieur Mayor of Sainte-Foy. BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand dined with him. Saguntum (Sagunto), Spain Saguntum is an ancient city in the modern fertile district of Camp de Morvedre in the province of Valencia in eastern Spain. It is located in a hilly site, twenty miles north of Valencia, close to the Costa del Azahar on the Mediterranean Sea. By 219 BC Saguntum was a large and commercially prosperous town, which sided with the local Greek colonists and Rome against Carthage, and Hannibals siege was the opening move in the Second

Punic War. After a harsh resistance of several months, related by the Roman historian Livy, Saguntum was captured in 218 by the armies of Hannibal. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. Saint-Amaund A farmhouse on the battlefield of Ligny, it was taken by the French. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 Taken by Napoleons troops on June 16th 1815. Saint-Ange, Ange Franois Fariau, called 1747-1810. French poet and translator, he translated Ovids Metamorphoses. He died shortly after his election to the Academy. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in Paris in1792. Saint-Aubin, Jeanne-Charlotte Schroeder, Madame 1764-1850. Actress at Thtre-Italien. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier The town in Brittany is south-east of Combourg, north-east of Rennes. The principal manor of the Chateauborg estate, Plessis-Pillet is near Dourdain, eight kilometres to the south. La Secardais or Lascardais is seven kilometres to the north-east. The battle in 1488 was between the last Duke of Brittany, Franois II, and troops under the Duke de La Trmoille, fighting for the King. The defeated Franois signed the treaty of Verger. The ruined fortress is extant. BkV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Saint-Aulaire, Louis de Beaupoil, Comte de 1778-1854. Chamberlain to Napoleon 1809, he was Prefect of the Meuse in 1813, then the Haut-Garonne in 1814. A Liberal Deputy from 1815 he was Decazes brother-in-law, and inherited a peerage on the death of his father in 1829. He was Ambassador to Vienna in 1833, and Rome 1841-1847. He wrote a History of the Fronde (1827) which won him an Academy chair in 1841. BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets him in 1830. BkXL:Chap6:Sec1 He was French Ambassador to Vienna in 1833. Saint-Balmon (Balmont, Baslemont) de Neuville, Alberte Barbe dErnecourt, Comtesse de

Called LAmazone chrestienne, during the Thirty Years War, when the French and Austrians were laying waste Saint-Balmons native province of Lorraine, her husband was away fighting under the Duke of Lorraine. SaintBalmon simply decided to replace him. On horseback and dressed in only slightly modified male costume, she organized the defence of her property and she was so successful in her efforts that her neighbours asked her to protect their land as well. She seems to have been constantly at war in the late 1630s and the early 1640s. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. Sainte-Barbe The famous college is where Saint Ignatius Loyola was educated, in Paris. BkII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Saint Bartholomews Day, Massacre of A massacre of French Protestants, or Huguenots, began in Paris on August 24, 1572. It was preceded, on Aug. 22, by an attempt, ordered by Catherine de Medici, on the life of the Huguenot leader Admiral Coligny. The failure of the attempt led to formulation of the plan for a general massacre. The opportunity was furnished by the presence in Paris of many of the Huguenot nobility for the wedding of Henry of Navarre (later King Henry IV) and Catherines daughter, Margaret of Valois. Massacres continued into October reaching the provinces of Rouen, Lyons, Bourges, Orleans, and Bourdeaux. An estimated 3,000 were killed in Paris, 70,000 in all of France. News of the massacres was welcomed by the Pope and the King of Spain. Protestants, however, were horrified, and the killings rekindled the hatred between Protestants and Catholics and resulted in the resumption of civil war BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Saint Bernard, Passes The Great St Bernard is the most ancient pass through the Western Alps, with evidence of use as far back as the Bronze Age, surviving traces of the Roman road and more recently the path of Napoleons army into Italy in 1800. A hospice for travellers founded in 1049, named after Saint Bernard of Menthon, later became famous for its St. Bernard dogs. The Little St Bernard Pass is located in Savoie, France, to the south of the Mont Blanc Massif, and close to the border with Italy. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleons army crossed them into Italy in 1800. Desaix was buried at the hospice of Great Saint-Bernard, with Napoleon laying the first stone of a tomb for him there in 1805.

BkXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 See for example Davids painting of 1800-1801. Saint-Brice-sous-Fort, France A town in the Val dOise, it is located 30 kilometres north of Paris, in territory once belonging to the Montmorencys. It has literary associations with Paul Eluard and the Surrealists and with the novelist Edith Wharton. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 Madame Rcamier and Madame de Stal spent time there. Saint-Brieuc, France Saint-Brieuc is situated on a plateau between the Goudic River and the canalized Gout River on the north coast of Brittany. It is located barely 2 miles from Saint-Brieuc Bay on the English Channel. It is 80 miles east of Brest, 48 miles southwest of Saint-Malo, 57 miles northwest of Rennes and 235 miles west of Paris. It is the capital of the Dpartement of CtesdArmor. BkI:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriands brother at college there. Saint-Cannat, France Saint-Cannat, located 16 km from Aix en Provence, was founded by a 5thcentury hermit, Canus Natus, Bishop of Marseille, who gave his name to the village. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 Napoleon passed through on his way to Elba in 1814. Saint-Cast, Brittany The French coastal town in Brittany is near Cap Frehel, 25km from SaintMalo. An English raid there by General Bligh in 1758 was driven off by General Morel dAubigny. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Armand landed there in September 1808. Saint-Chamans, Alfred, Comte de 1781-1848. A former officer in the Grand Army, and a Colonel of the Royal Dragoon Guards in 1815, he was made a Marshal. His Memoirs were published in 1896. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Commanding a Guards column during the July revolution. Saint-Cloud The town in France is now a western suburb of Paris, famous for the Svres porcelain factory. The town was named after Clodoald (or Cloud), grandson

of Clovis I. The palace of Saint-Cloud (built 1572, destroyed during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870), of which the picturesque park remains, was a residence of many rulers of France. Napoleon I proclaimed the Empire at Saint-Cloud in 1804. BkIV:Chap8:Sec2 The cabmen of Saint-Cloud. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Daru there to take Napoleon a copy of Chateaubriands speech. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Transfer of the government there in October 1799. BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 Napoleon proclaimed Emperor there 18th May 1804. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Napoleons civil marriage with Marie-Louise took place there on April 1st 1810. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Napoleon there in November 1813. Henri III assassinated there in 1589. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand saw Charles X there in 1829. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Charles X there in July 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 The Palace was evacuated by Charles X and his entourage in the early morning of the 31st of July 1830. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Trogoff was Governor there in 1828. BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned as the westerly direction from central Paris. Saint-Cyr, Seine-et-Oise A French town it lies in the Yvelines department of north-central France. BkIV:Chap1:Sec3 Chateaubriand passed through in 1786 on the way to Paris. Saint-Cyr, College of A school for the daughters of impoverished noblemen was founded at SaintCyr in 1685 by Louis XIV and Mme de Maintenon. The building later housed the famous military academy (the West Point of France) founded by Napoleon in 1808. BkI:Chap1:Sec11 Chateaubriands maternal grandmother educated there. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 lisa Bacciochi educated there. BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 Students from the military academy in July 1830. Saint-Denis A suburb now of Paris, on the Seine, its gothic abbey, the Basilica of SaintDenis, contains the tombs of many French kings.

BkII:Chap7:Sec5 BkX:Chap8:Sec2 BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 The royal tombs were desecrated in 1793 and the remains interred in a pit. Napoleon re-opened the church in 1806, but it was not until the Bourbon restoration that the grave pit was opened in 1817, and the jumbled remains transferred to the crypt. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 Rulhires house there. BkX:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand compares Saint-Denis (1140-1144) with Westminster Abbey (1245-1260) though the Lady Chapel is of course much later (1543). BkXVIII:Chap3Sec3 An antiquary of the neighbourhood. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 The French kings were entombed there. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec3 Chateaubriand there in 1815. He saw the King on the 7th of July. Saint-Dizier, France The town, on the River Marne, is north-east of Troyes. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Napoleon fighting there in January 1814. Saint-Fargeau, Suzanne-Louise Le Pelletier de, Madame de Mortfontaine b1785? Daughter of Louis Michel Le Pelletier de Saint-Fargeau (1760-93), aristocrat turned revolutionary, and member of the Convention. He voted for the death of the king, and was assassinated on the eve of the kings execution in 1793. Given a splendid state funeral, Le Pelletier was celebrated as a republican martyr and commemorated in a painting by David. This work has not survived as his daughter grew up to be an ardent royalist, bought the picture and had it burnt. Her own famous portrait by David (1804) survives. She was adopted by the State, and became known as Mademoiselle Nation. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Became owner of Verneuil. Sainte-Foy-les-Lyon The town is on a hill at the confluence of the Rhne and Sane, near Lyons (now a suburb). BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Monsieur Saget the mayor there. Saint-Germain, Claude Louis, Comte de

1707-1778. Saint-Germain was appointed minister of war by Louis XVI on the 25th of October 1775. His efforts to introduce Prussian discipline in the French army brought such opposition that he resigned in September 1777. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Saint-Germain He was a man-servant to Madame de Beaumont and later to Lucile. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand loans him to Lucile. Saint-Germain, Madame Wife of the above, she was a Spanish maid-servant to Madame de Beaumont. BkXV:Chap4:Sec1 At Madame de Beaumonts deathbed in 1803. Saint-Gilles, Raymond de, see Raimond IV Saint Gothard, Switzerland A noted mountain in the Lepontine Alps, 9850 ft. high, crossed by a pass leading from Lake Lucerne to Lake Maggiore, and since 1882 traversed by a railway with a tunnel from Gschenen to Airolo, BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleons army (General Moncey) crossed the pass in 1800. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in August 1832. BkXXXV:Chap13:Sec1 Schllenen Gorge is a canyon around 5km long on the Reuss River in central Switzerland north of Andermatt. Enclosed by sheer granite walls its road and railway require several spectacular bridges and tunnels, of which the most famous is a stone bridge known as Devils Bridge. On its way through Switzerland the Reuss runs through Lake Lucerne and continues through the Schllenen Gorge and under the Devils Bridge at St. Gotthard Pass before joining the Aar, which flows into the Rhine. The Furca Pass leads to the Rhne glaciers. BkXXXV:Chap14:Sec1 The Unserloch tunnel was one of the first road tunnels built in 1708 by Pietro Moretti an apprentice of Vaubans. Mount Adula is one of the highest peaks of the Saint-Gothard. The river Ticino (German: Tessin; Latin: Ticinus) is a tributary of the Po. It rises in the Saint Gotthard massif in Switzerland and flows through Lake Maggiore. The Ticino joins the Po a few kilometres downstream of Pavia. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

St Helena A mountainous island in the South Atlantic Ocean claimed as English territory. Napoleon I was exiled there from 1815 to his death in 1821. BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Napoleon exiled there. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 The act confining Napoleon to the island in 1815. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 Dianas Peak at 2685 feet is the highest point, Flagstaff Hill (2275 feet) is near Longwood, Ladder (not Leader) Hill above Jamestown, the capital, had a battery on the top, with Jacobs Ladders 679 steps leading up to it. BkXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 Plantation House is a Georgian residence built in 1792, occupied by the Governor. BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleons tomb is in the Valley of the Tomb, otherwise Geranium or Sane Valley. His remains were exhumed in 1840 and shipped back to France for burial in the Invalides. St Helier, Jersey The capital of the island of Jersey. BkX:Chap3:Sec1 The Bedes had emigrated there in July 1792, and lodged in the Rue des Trois-Pigeons (now Hill Street), the home of Thomas Anley, captain of the local militia. Chateaubriand lodged at Captain Renoufs house on the Rue des Mielles (now Parade Place) bordering the dunes. Saint-Huberty, Marie-Antoinette Clavel, Madame 1756-1812. A Singer, she played all the leading female roles in the operas presented at the Royal Academy of Music between 1782 and 1786. Glucks Armida was performed every year between 1784 and 1792, a role in which she triumphed. But she also sang Armida in Sacchinis Le Renaud, created in 1783 and played every year except 1787 until 1793. BkIV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand heard her sing Armida. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Her role as Dido in Piccinnis opera. Saint-Hyacinthe, Hyacinthe Cordonnier, called 1684-1746. Author of the anonymous Masterpiece of an Unknown, an erudite satire. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Saint-Jean

A bonfire of Saint-Jean was (and still is in places) lit in France to celebrate the pagan festival of the summer solstice. It was part of the ritual to leap over the coals when the fire had subsided. Celebrated on the 23rd June it thereby became associated with John the Baptist. BkIV:Chap12:Sec2 Mentioned. Saint-Just, Louis Antoine Lon de, 1767-1794. A French revolutionary, he was a member of the Convention from 1792, he became a favourite of Robespierre and was (179394) a leading member of the Committee of Public Safety. As commissioner (1793) with the army of the Rhine, he contributed to the successful operations that drove the allies beyond the French border. On his return he served as President of the Convention. He supported Robespierre in the destruction of the Hbertists and Dantonists. During the coup of 9 Thermidor (1794), Saint-Just was prevented from delivering a speech in defence of Robespierre, his arrest was ordered, and he was guillotined with Robespierre. BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Quoted. BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Saint-Lambert, Jean-Franois de 1716-1803. Poet. When Stanislaus Leszczynski became Duke of Lorraine in 1737, Saint-Lambert joined his court at Lunville. He left the army after the Hanoverian campaign of 1756-1757, and devoted himself to literature, producing a volume of descriptive verse, Les Saisons (1769), many articles for the Encyclopedie, and some miscellaneous works. He was admitted to the French Academy in 1770. His fame, however, arises chiefly from his love affairs. He was already high in the favour of the Marquise de Boufflers, Leszczynski mistress, whom he addressed in his verses as Doris and Thmire, when Voltaire in 1748 came to Lunville with Emilie de Breteuil, Marquise du Chatelet. Her infatuation for him terminated fatally for her in child-birth. His subsequent liaison with Madame dHoudetot, Rousseaus Sophie, continued throughout his life. Saint-Lamberts later years were given to philosophy. He published in 1798 the Principe des murs chez toutes les nations ou catchisme universel, and published his uvres philosophiques (1803), two years before his death. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 Present at Le Marais. Chateaubriand quotes from Les Saisons Canto III. BkXIV:Chap3:Sec1 Died not long before Laharpe on February the 9th 1803.

Saint-Lary, Roger de, Duc de Bellegarde and Baron de Termes c1562-1646. Grand cuyer (Squire) to the King, 1595-1611 and 1621-1639. The title was usually referred to as Monsieur le Grand. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Saint-Laumer, Monsieur de He was a traveller in the Middle East. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 Mentioned as having met Chateaubriand. Saint-Launeuc Village in Brittany, in the Dinan Arrondissement. BkI:Chap1:Sec8 Franois-Henri, rector there. Saint-Lon, Monsieur de An agent of Fouchs. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec1 His negotiations at the Congress of Vienna. Saint-Leu, Duchesse de, see Bonaparte, Hortense Saint-L The capital of La Manche department in Normandy, it is an agricultural centre and has famous horse stables. An old Gallo-Roman town, Saint-L was a medieval fortress and was the scene of a massacre of Huguenots in the 16th cent. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Armand interrogated there. Saint-Louis, see Louis Poullain Valet to Jean-Baptiste-Auguste de Chateaubriand. Saint-Malo, Brittany The coastal town is in North-Western Brittany. BkI:Chap1:Sec8 BkI:Chap5:Sec2 BkII:Chap7:Sec2 BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkI:Chap1:Sec9 Chateaubriands father entered the Navy there. BkI:Chap1:Sec11 His father established himself there, after his marriage. BkI:Chap2:Sec1 His mother gave birth there. In fact the first child was a daughter, Bnigne born 2nd December 1754, neither she nor Geoffroy born 4th May 1758, survived. After Jean-Baptist, born 23rd June 1759, came Marie-Anne, 4th July 1760, Bnigne, 31st August 1761, Julie, 2nd September 1763, and Lucile, 7th August 1764. Auguste-Louis (28th May

1766, died 30th December 1767) and Calixte-Anne (3rd June 1767) died early. BkI:Chap3:Sec1 BkI:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand returned there at the age of three in September 1771. BkI:Chap3:Sec4 Description of the town and landmarks. BkI:Chap4:Sec3 Chateaubriands History of Saint-Malo. BkI:Chap4:Sec4 In 1590, Saint Malo refused to sign up with the Ligue or Henry IV, Protestant King of France. They proclaimed their own Republic which lasted four years. Their motto was Ni Franais, ni Breton, Malouin suis." (Neither from France, nor from Brittany, but from St Malo.) Saint_malo provided funding for the French wars and was attacked by the English in 1693 and 1758. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 Its maritime role. BkI:Chap4:Sec6 On 1st September 1771, when he returned from the wetnurse, Chateaubriands parents left the Rue des Juifs for the first floor of the Maison White, a hotel which still exists and was renovated after wartime damage, at 2 Place Chateaubriand (not the Place Saint-Vincent). SaintMalos affinity with Cadiz. BkI:Chap4:Sec7 The towns innocence and strict moral standards. BkI:Chap4:Sec8 The inhabitants vowed to help build Chartres Cathedral. BkI:Chap5:Sec3 The visit of the Comte dArtois (the future Charles X) at the age of twenty, 11th to 13th May 1777, just before Chateaubriand left for college at Dol. BkI:Chap6:Sec1 BkI:Chap7:Sec1 The Chateaubriands hotel was damaged by fire during the night of 16th/17th February 1776. They returned to the Rue des Juifs for 15 months, and it was only in the latter half of May 1777 that they moved to Combourg. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Once part of the Forest of Broceliande. BkII:Chap3:Sec1 A military camp established at Saint-Malo as part of the preparations for a campaign against Jersey in 1778. BkII:Chap3:Sec2 A trip to the town with the Combourg steward in 1778, combined in Chateaubriands memory with one to the camp at Param in 1779. BkII:Chap3:Sec3 BkIV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand visits the theatre there. This places the visit in 1779, since the theatre had been destroyed by fire on 27th October 1778. A temporary wooden theatre took its place, which Chateaubriand visited. BkII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriands mother visited the town every year for six weeks around Easter.

BkIII:Chap13:Sec1 BkIII:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand was sent there in the spring of 1786 to prepare to sail for India. The house he had lived in was sold in 1780 by Monsieur Magon de Boisgarein to Monsieur Dupuy-Fromy, then to a certain Chenu who turned it into an inn. His successor Jean Blandin bought adjoining houses to create the Hotel de France, seen in a lithograph of 1840, signed H. Lorette. BkIII:Chap14:Sec3 Chateaubriand embarked there for America. BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriands mother settled at Saint-Malo in 1787, at 479 (now 17) Rue des Grands-Degrs. BkV:Chap4:Sec1 Cortois de Pressigny, Bishop in 1788. BkV:Chap5:Sec1 The countryside round about described. BkV:Chap15:Sec4 BkVI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand embarked from there for America on the 7th April 1791. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand travels there from Le Havre in January 1792. BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 The home of Monsieur de Lavigne in 1792. BkX:Chap3:Sec3 The thirty louis (600 livres) brought by the smuggler no doubt came from Chateaubriands mother. BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 La Ferronays was from there. Saint-Malo, Bishop of BkII:Chap7:Sec1 Gives Chateaubriand the sacrament of Confirmation in 1781. Antoine-Joseph Des Laurents, was Bishop of Saint-Malo from 1767 to 1785. Saint-Mand It is a commune of the Val-de-Marne dpartement, and of the le-de-France rgion (in the eastern suburbs of Paris), France. It is located 3.3 miles from the centre of Paris. The old commune included Bel-Air and Picpus now part of the 12th Arondissement of Paris. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 Carrel died there. Saint-Marcellin, Jean Victor Fontanes 1791-1819. The son of Louis Fontanes, he fought in the Russian Campaign, then made a career as a journalist (collaborating on the Conservateur) and playwright. He was mortally wounded in a duel. He was the author of Relation d'un voyage de Paris Gand en 1815 (1823). BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 His death precipitated that of his father. Saint-Marsault-Chatelaillon, Baron de

BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 Chateaubriand.

Debutant

at

Versailles

with

his

brother

and

Saint-Marsault, Baron de BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 Debutant Chateaubriand.

at

Versailles

with

his

brother

and

Saint-Martin, Antoine-Jean 1791-1832. An Ultra journalist and Orientalist. BkXXXI:Chap4:Sec1 He wrote against Chateaubriand in 1829. Saint-Martin, Louis-Claude de 1743-1803. A Mystic, known as le philosophe inconnu, he was the first to translate the writings of Jacob Boehme from German into French. A nobleman, he was interned during the French Revolution, to be later freed by local officials who wanted him to become a school teacher. His published letters show that he was interested in spiritualism, magnetic treatments, magical evocation and the works of Emanuel Swedenborg. Admirers of his works formed groups of Friends of St Martin who later became known as Martinists. They were influential on the formation of the Society of the Golden Dawn. Saint-Martin was also published by Chateaubriands publisher Migneret. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriand met him. He quotes from Saint-Martins Mon Portrait historique et philosophique. Saint-Maximinla-Sainte-Baume, France A town in the Var in Provence, it has a 13th century Gothic cathedral. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Lucien Bonaparte was President of the Jacobin Club there. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 Napoleon passed through on his journey to Elba. Saint-Michel, Mont Mont St. Michel is a small quasi-island, separated by approximately one kilometre of waves from the mainland at high tide. At low tide it is separated from the mainland by sand. Before a causeway was built in 1879, the only approach to the Mont was by foot over this land bridge. On 16th October 709 Bishop Aubert of Avranges, founded an oratory. In 966, a Benedictine monastery was established at the request of the Duke of Normandy. In 1020, Richard II began the Abbey Church, and supported Abbot Hildebert's construction efforts. Over time, the spiritual foundations of the abbey waned,

and in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries it was used as a prison. In 1874, the French government assumed responsibility for the abbey's upkeep and restoration. BkI:Chap3:Sec4 Created by a tidal influx in 709 according to Chateaubriand. Saint-Michel de Maurienne, Savoy A village in Savoy on the River Arc. BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there in 1803. Saint-Ouen, France The town in north-central France, on the Seine, is now an industrial suburb of northern Paris and a terminal point for river shipping. The city retains a villa from the Merovingian period. BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 The Declaration of Saint-Ouen was signed in 1814, by which Louis XVIII became a Constitutional monarch. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand wanted to see the Sistine Madonna, in the Rouen Museum sited there, a late copy wrongly attributed to Raphael as a copy of his original (1513-1514) in Dresden. St Petersburg, Russia The city located in north-western Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland and on the Baltic Sea. It is informally known as Piter and was formerly known as Petrograd (19141924) and Leningrad (19241991). Founded by Peter the Great in 1703 as his window on Europe, it served as the capital of the Russian Empire for more than two hundred years (the capital was moved to Moscow after the Russian Revolution of 1917). BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 On April 11th 1805, Britain and Russia signed the Treaty of St. Petersburg, an offensive alliance directed against France. They were joined by Austria (on August 9th), and Sweden, while France was allied to Spain, and a number of satellite republics. Sweden only joined after Britain granted subsidies which virtually financed the entire Swedish war costs. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Sweden declared neutrality in the British-French war and signed a secret Treaty of Petersburg with Russia against France and Denmark on April 5, 1812. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleons thoughts of taking the city in 1812.

Saint-Phal, (Etienne Meynier) 1752-1835. An Actor. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Acted at the Thtre-Franais. Saint-Pierre An Island in Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon archipelago, off the coast of Newfoundland, it became a French department, all that remained to France of its Canadian territories after 1763: the islands were traditional fishing and smuggling bases. BkVI:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand touched there 23rd May 1791. The natural tea referred to is Gaultheria recumbens, known as gaultheria, red tea, mountain tea or Canadian tea. BkVI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand left the island around the 8th June 1791, having celebrated the Feast of the Ascension on Tuesday the 2nd. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 A letter regarding Mademoiselle Dupont from the islands. Saint-Pol (Saint-Paul), Antoine Montbeton, Comte de d.1594 A Marshal of the League. BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Saint-Preux He is a character in Rousseaus La Nouvelle Hlose. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to Letters XXVI and XXVII of the second part of the work. BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Saint-Priest, Emmanuel-Louis-Marie Guignard, Duke of Almazan, Vicomte de 1789-1881. He was the third son of Franois, and served in the Imperial Russian Guard, then after 1815 in France, He was Ambassador to Berlin in 1825, Madrid in 1827, and became involved in Marie de Berrys uprising in 1832. He married the daughter of the Marquis de Caraman. BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 In Ferrara in September 1833. BkXL:Chap6:Sec1 In Padua, 20th September 1833. Saint-Priest, Franois-Emmanuel Guignard, Comte de 1735-1821. He was a Minister of Louis XVI. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Dismissed by Louis in 1789.

Saint-Priest, Auguste Charlotte Louise de Riquet de Caraman, Madame de 1798-1849. She was the wife of the Vicomte (married 1817). BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 In Ferrara in September 1833. Saint-Rmy Saint-Rmy-de-Provence is situated about 20 km (12 miles) south of Avignon, just north of the Alpilles mountain range. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Saint-Riveul, Andr-Franois-Jean de Rocher de 1772-1789. A school-friend of Chateaubriand, he was killed at Rennes on the 27th of January 1789. BkII:Chap7:Sec2 Chateaubriand and he fight at school. BkII:Chap7:Sec3 Chateaubriands room mate. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 His death at Rennes. Saint-Servan A parish near to Saint-Malo, at the mouth of the River Rance, between the dam and Saint-Malo, and incorporated into it in 1967. BkI:Chap3:Sec4 BkI:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. BkI:Chap4:Sec3 Possible site of the Roman Aleth, from which the SaintMalo peninsula Alet takes its name. BkI:Chap4:Sec4 During the Seven Years War, on June 112 1758, an English expedition was mounted against Saint-Malo and the nearby town of Cancale and Saint-Servan was burnt. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriands mother died there. BkXI:Chap4:Sec1 Julie writes from Saint-Servan in July 1798. Saint-Simon, Claude-Anne, Marquis then Duc de 1743-1819. He was deputy for the nobility of Angoumois in 1789. Emigrated to Spain during the Revolution, where he became a Marshal in 1793, then lieutenant-general and captain-general of Old Castile in 1796. He died in Madrid. BkII:Chap3:Sec1 Colonel of the Touraine Regiment in 1778. Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de 1760-1825. A French social philosopher, he was the grand nephew of Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de Saint-Simon. While still a young man, he served in the American Revolution as a volunteer on the side of the colonists. He took no

part in the French Revolution, but used the opportunity to make a fortune through land speculation. He lavished his wealth on a salon for scientists and spent his later years in poverty, sustained by the faith that he had a message for humanity. Foreseeing the triumph of the industrial order, Saint-Simon called for the reorganization of society by scientists and industrialists on the basis of a scientific division of labour that would result in automatic and spontaneous social harmony. In Le Nouveau Christianisme (The New Christianity: 1825), he proclaimed that the concept of brotherhood must accompany scientific organization. His writings contain ideas foreshadowing the positivism of Auguste Comte (for a time his pupil), socialism, federation of the nations of Europe, and many other modern trends. Around him gathered a small group of brilliant young men. After his death, they modified and elucidated his principles into a system of thought known as Saint-Simonianism. Partly because of their eccentricities, the SaintSimonians achieved brief fame. Led by Barthlemy Prosper Enfantin and Saint-Amand Bazard, they organized a series of lectures (published in 1828 30 as L'Exposition de la doctrine de Saint-Simon), calling for abolition of individual inheritance rights, public control of means of production, and gradual emancipation of women. Although the movement developed into a moral-religious cult and had split and was disintegrated by 1833, it exerted much influence, especially on later socialist thought. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned as an example of plagiaristic thought. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 DAlopeus had been a follower. Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de 1675-1755. The French memoir writer, he lived at the court of Louis XIV, and exercised some influence during the Regency of Philippe, Duc dOrlans (1715-1723) failing to realise his ambitions. His memoirs cover the years 1694-1723 and are sharply observed. BkV:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 His comment regarding Pre Tellier. BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Quoted. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 See the Memoirs. Saint-Thomas, Porte The Saint-Thomas Gate mentioned is at Saint-Malo. BkI:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Saint-Urbain, Abbey

The Cistercian Abbey of Saint-Urbain is near Langenthal, in the Canton of Berne. BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 Mentioned. Saint-Val, Madamoiselle, the younger (Marie-Blanche Alziari de Roquefort) 1752-1836. An actress and tragedienne, born in Provene, her elder sister Marie-Pauline-Christine (1747-1830) was also an actress. She played the Comtesse in Beaumarchais Figaro in 1784. She retired to Provence (to an old abandoned monastery on the island of Saint-Honorat which she bought, and where she was visited by Fragonard) during the Revolution. She died as Madame de Saint-Freyx at Draguignan. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Actress at the Thtre-Franais. Sainte-Aulaire (or Saint-Aulaire), Louis Clair de Beaupoil, Comte de 1778-1854. Napoleons Chamberlain in 1811, Prefect for the Meuse in 1813 and Haut-Garonne in 1814, refused to serve during the Hundred Days, Deputy in 1815, Peer of France, Ambassador to Rome for Louis-Philippe (1831), Vienna (1833), and England (1841), he wrote a Histoire de la Fronde. He was the father of Egidie de Saint-Aulaire who through her mother, ne Soyecourt, was descended from the last reigning prince of Nassau-Saarbruck, allied to the Danish royal family. BkXXV:Chap5:Sec1 His daughter married Decazes in 1818. Sainte-Beuve 1804-1869. French literary historian and critic. The first major professional literary critic. He studied medicine but abandoned it for literature, and began contributing reviews to the Globe in 1824. After attempts at writing poetry, Vie, posies, et penses de Joseph Delorme (1829), and a semiautobiographical psychological novel, Volupt (1834), which was inspired by his love for Mme Victor Hugo, he turned to criticism. His weekly articles in reviews were collected as the Causeries du lundi (15 vol., 185162, tr. Monday Chats, 1877). He considered his great work to be PortRoyal (184059), taken in part from his lectures in 1837 at Lausanne. This work, comprised of six books, is a history not only of Jansenism but of a whole section of 17th-century French society. Made a member of the French Academy in 1844, Sainte-Beuve taught (184849) at Lige, and in 1857 he became a professor at the cole normale suprieure. He was appointed senator in 1865. His vast literary output reveals a critic of great taste, vast memory and learning, and a passion for truth in judgment.

BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 His foreword to Fontanes works (1839). BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 His article on Madame de Charrire appeared in the Revue des Deux-Mondes of 15th March 1839. Sainte-Chapelle, Paris The small gothic chapel, on the Ile de la Cit, built by Louis IX in the 1240s to house relics from the Holy Land, believed to be the Crown of Thorns and part of the True Cross. Its restored stained glass windows, and interior, are of great beauty. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 Damaged in the Revolution: under the Empire it was further damaged by being used as a repository for the Archives. Saint-Louis, Alsace A town and commune of the Haut-Rhin dpartement, Saint-Louis is located on the borders with Germany and Switzerland. BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in May 1833. Saintr, Jehan de L'Hystoire et plaisanle cronicque du petit Jehan de Saintre et de la jeune dame des Belles-Cousines Sans autre nom nommer (1456) was written by Antoine de la Sale or de la Salle (c1388-c1462) a soldier of fortune. The book is an account of the education of an ideal knight. When Petit Jehan, aged thirteen, is persuaded by the Dame des Belles-Cousines to accept her as his lady, she gives him systematic instruction in religion, courtesy, chivalry and the arts of success. She materially advances his career until Saintre becomes an accomplished knight, the fame of whose prowess spreads throughout Europe. BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand compares Henri V to the hero. Sala, Andr-Adolphe A Swiss from Lugano, he was a Captain of the Guards, 6th Infantry, in July 1830. He published an account, Dix Jours en 1830, and later was a founder of the society which was formed in 1836 to handle Chateaubriands Memoirs. He later transferred his rights to Emile de Girardin in 1844. His daughter Jeanne married Alexandre Colonna-Walewski grandson of Napoleon and son of the tragdienne Rachel. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned in July 1830. BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 In Ferrara in September 1833. Saladin, Sultan

1138-1193. Revered as a hero of Islam, Saladin united Arab forces and recaptured Jerusalem from Christian Crusaders in the 12th century. Of Kurdish origin, Saladin became the vizier of Egypt in 1169 and then took full control of the country in 1171; he later built the famed Citadel in Cairo. His conquest of Jerusalem in 1188 prompted the Third Crusade, led by Richard I of England; Richards forces defeated Saladin in several battles, but could not retake Jerusalem. Saladin and Richard signed an armistice in 1192, and the two are often linked in histories of the era. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Saladins truce with Richard guaranteed free access of Christians to the holy sites. Saladin, Jean-Baptiste Michel 1752-1812. A Montagnard who voted for the kings death, he represented the Somme. He was granted an amnesty after 18th Brumaire and ended his career practising law. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Salamis The Greek island in the Aegean, off which the Greek navy defeated the Persians in 480BC. BkVIII:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. Saleh A Mameluke. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Executed after the fall of Jaffa in 1799. Saliceti, Antoine-Christophe 1757-1809. Lawyer and representative of the third estate of Corsica in the States General, he was elected to the National Convention, he was sent on mission to besieged Toulon in 1793 and helped set up the administration after its fall. He was a friend and protector of the young Bonaparte, but was later mistrusted. He ended his life as chief of police in Naples (1806-9). BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Napoleons correspondence with him. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 One of the Representatives who ordered the siege of Toulon in 1793. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec2 After 9th Thermidor (27th July 1794) he sat in the Thermidorean Convention. After the Consulate, and before ending as police chief in Naples he served in Lucca and Genoa. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 He remained a supporter of Bonaparte after the fall of Robespierre.

Salerno, Italy The port in Campania, on the Gulf of Salerno, was founded by the Romans in 197BC. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 Mentioned. Salins-les-Bains, France A town of eastern France, in the Jura dpartement, part of the FrancheComt, Salins owes its name to its saline waters, used for bathing and drinking. There are also salt works and gypsum deposits. It is situated in the narrow valley of the Furieuse, BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 In 1825 the town was almost destroyed by fire. Chateaubriand was there in September 1833. Salisbury, Alys Grandisson (alias Alice, Catherine, Katherine), Countess of fl.1328. Ward of Edward III, and daughter of the 5th Earl of Salisbury. BkX:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Chateaubriand has picked up on the legend of this Alys being the favourite of Edward III. She was not buried in Westminster Abbey. Sallust, Gaius Sallustius Crispus c86-c34BC. A Roman politican and historian, and supporter of Julius Caesar he was accused of corruption and retired from politics in 41BC. He wrote the Bellum Catilinae and the Bellum Jugurthinum. BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Saloman, Solomon Died c930 BC. King of the ancient Hebrews (c.970c.930 BC), son and successor of David, his mother was Bathsheba. His accession has been dated to c.970. According to the Bible, his reign was marked by foreign alliances (notably with Egypt and Phoenicia) and the greatest extension of Israel's territory in biblical times. He built numerous cities, constructed copper smelting furnaces in the Negev, and had the first temple built at Jerusalem. However, his despotism resulted in the alienation of N Israel and the revolt of Jeroboam I. The biblical account of Solomon derives from the Succession Narrative in Second Samuel and First and Second Kings; Temple archives; and various folk-tales, but what the Bible says about the glory of his reign is impossible to confirm from the archaeological record. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 He had dealings with Hiram of Tyre.

BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 See the Wisdom of Solomon: V:9. Wisdom or the Wisdom of Solomon is one of the deuterocanonical books of the Bible and there are no surviving copies of the text in Hebrew. Although the author claims to be Solomon, many scholars believe that its language and ideas are of Greek origin and the author likely to have been an Alexandrian Jew of the 1st or 2nd century BC. Salom 14-to between 62/71 AD. The daughter of Herodias, Salome was the stepdaughter of Herod Antipas, and danced before Herod and her mother Herodias on Herods birthday, and by doing so caused the death of John the Baptist. The New Testament suggests that Salome caused John to be executed because of his complaints that Herods marriage to Herodias was adulterous. BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec2 See Matthew XIV:3-12 and Mark VI:17-29. Salona (Split), Croatia The Italian Spalato, it is a port in north-east Croatia on the Adriatic. The city centre lies within the vast palace of Diocletian, including the cathedral which was Diocletians mausoleum. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Diocletian retired there in 305. Salvage de Faverolles, ne Louise Dumorey, Madame 1785-1854. A friend of Madame Rcamiers she settled in Rome. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 At Arenenberg with the Queen of Holland in 1832. Salvandy, Narcisse- Achille, Comte de 1795-1856. He joined the army in 1813, and in the following year joined the household troops of Louis XVIII. His patriotic pamphlet on La Coalition et la France (1816) attracted the attention of Decazes who employed him to disseminate his views in the press, and he waged war against the Villle ministry of 1822-1828. Under the July monarchy he sat almost continuously in the Chamber of Deputies from 1830 till 1848, giving his support to the Conservative party. Minister of education in Mathieu Mols cabinet of 1837-1839, and again in 1845, he superintended the reconstitution of the Council of Education, the foundation of the French School at Athens and the restoration of the cole des Chartes. For short periods in 1841 and 1843 he was ambassador at Madrid and at Turin, and became a member of the

Acadmie Franaise in 1835. Under the First French Empire he took no part in public affairs, and died at Graveron (Eure). BkXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Rallied to Chateaubriand in 1825. Salverte, Anne-Joseph-Eusbe de la Baconnerie de 1771-1839. An economist, and Paris Deputy in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 His arrest ordered but not carried out on 28th July 1830 Salvien de Marseille, Salvianus 5th century AD. A Historian, born at Trves, he was the author of Ad Ecclesiam and De Gubernateione Dei. BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 A reference to De Gubernatione Dei, VI. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 A reference to De Gubernatione Dei VII, concerning the barbarian incursions. Salzburg A city of west-central Austria near the German border southwest of Linz, it was originally a Celtic settlement and later a Roman colony, and long the residence of powerful archbishops. Mozart was born there in 1756. Secularized in 1802, it became an Austrian possession in 1805, and was transferred to Bavaria by the Peace of Schnbrunn (1809). The Congress of Vienna (181415) returned it to Austria. BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleon took the city in 1805. BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833. Sambre, River The Sambre is a river rising in northern France and flowing into southern Belgium. The cities of Maubeuge (France) and Charleroi (Belgium) lie along the Sambre which flows through the French dpartements Aisne and Nord and the Belgian provinces Hainaut and Namur. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 Napoleon drove the Prussians back from the river on the 15th June 1815. Samoilova, nee Von der Paln, Countess Yulia 1803-1875. A Russian countess, she was mistress of and painted by Karl Briulov (Brullo, Bruloff, Bryloff) (1799-1852) whom she met in Rome. After her first marriage to Count Nikolai Samoilov (d. 1842), which ended with a permanent separation, she travelled Europe, living mostly in Italy and Paris.

BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 In Udine in 1833. Samos, Greece A Greek island in the Eastern Aegean Sea, located between the island of Chios to the North and the Dodecanese islands to the South, in particular the island of Patmos, and off the coast of Turkey formerly known as Ionia. During the Greek War of Independence, Samos bore a conspicuous part, setting up a revolutionary government. It was in the strait between the island and Mount Mycale that Canaris set fire to and blew up a Turkish frigate, a success that led to the abandonment of the enterprise, and Samos held its own to the very end of the war. On the conclusion of peace, the island was handed over to the Turks, but after successful rebellions achieved a measure of independence before becoming part of Greece after the Balkan Wars. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Sampietro Bastelica, known as Sampieru Corsu 1498-1567. Corsican in the service of France killed fighting the Genoese. He became Seigneur dOrnano after his marriage to Vannina dOrnano. He was a mercenary in the Bande Nere of Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici, 15171528, then served the Pope, and later France. In 1553 he entered the war against Genoa, in charge of a French expedition to Corsica. He executed his wife for treachery. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Napoleon was influenced by his tragic domestic history. Sampieru Corsu became governor of Aix-enProvence in 1560, then was appointed French envoy to the Porte. While in Istanbul, he left his wife and children in the mansion he owned in Marseille; the young woman was corrupted by a Genoese spy who had become tutor to their children, Michelangelo Ombrone, and sold off Sampierus assets before embarking for Genoa. Sampieru was warned, and had the vessel intercepted. He judged his wife on the spot, found her guilty, and decided that she was to be strangled by him rather than fall victim to an executioner. A modern legend holds this to have been partial inspiration for Shakespeare s Othello. Samuel 11th century BC. A Hebrew judge and prophet: see 1st and 2nd Samuel. BkXX:Chap4:Sec1 He anointed Saul and David. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 See Second Samuel XII:7 for the words of the prophet Nathan to David regarding his murder of Bathshebas husband: Thou art the man!

San Giovanni in Laterano The Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano, Rome, known in English as Saint John Lateran Basilica, is one of the five great ancient basilicas of Rome. Originally called Basilica Salvatoris (Archbasilica of the Holy Savior), it is the oldest and ranks first among the great basilicas and is the cathedral church of the Popes by nature of their office of Bishop of Rome. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned as surrounded by spring flowers. Sancho Panza Sancho Panza acts as Don Quixotes squire in Cervantess novel Don Quixote. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Micomicom is a fictitious kingdom in the novel (see Book IV) Sand, Karl Ludwig 1795-1820. A German university student and member of a liberal Burschenschaft or student association was executed in May, 1820, for his murder of the conservative dramatist August von Kotzebue (1761-1819) the previous March in Mannheim. As a result of his execution, Sand became a martyr in the eyes of many German nationalists seeking the creation of a united German national state. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 His name carved on benches in Berlin. BkXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 His effect on Europe. Sand, George 1804-1876. The pen-name of Amandine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin, later Baroness Dudevant. She was raised by her grandmother at the family estate, Nohant, in the French region of Berry, a setting later used in many of her novels. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Her second novel Valentine dates from November 1832. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateabriand on her life and works which include Indiana (1831), Llia (1833), and Jacques (1833). Sannazar, Jacopo 1458-1530. A humanist and poet at the Court of Naples, called the Christian Virgil, he is known for his Latin Elegies. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 See Elegies III:1 and II:1 for the respective lines. Sannois, France

A town in the Val dOise, where Cyrano de Bergerac died, and Renoir and Utrillo painted. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 Madame dHoudetot lived there. Sans-Culotte Literally without-breeches, silk breeches being a form of dress associated with aristocrats. It became a political label identifying a revolutionary, rather than a member of a specific social class. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Sanson, Charles Henri 1739-1806? The State executioner, he guillotined Louis XVI. He handed over his office to his son, who assisted him, in 1795. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 He and his son pardoned. Sanson, Henri-Nicolas-Charles 1767-1840 Son of Charles. He executed Marie Antoinette, Malesherbes and Robespierre. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 He and his father pardoned. Sansovino, Jacopo dAntonio 1486-1570. An Italian sculptor and architect, he studied with Andrea Sansovino whose name he subsequently adopted, changing his name from Jacopo Tatti. In 1529 Sansovino became chief architect to the Procurators of San Marco. His buildings in Venice, include those around Piazza San Marco, specifically the Zecca (the Public Mint), the Libreria Sansoviniana, the Loggetta adjoining the Campanile, and various statues and reliefs for the Basilica of San Marco. His most famous work is the building housing the Library of Saint Marks, the Biblioteca Marciana. BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 His work in Padua. Sansovino, Francesco Tatti da 1521-1586. Son of Jacopo, he was a versatile Italian scholar and man of letters, also known as a publisher. He was born in Rome, but moved to Venice and studied law at Padua and Bologna. He is known for his 1581 work Venetia citta nobilissima et singolare, Descritta in XIIII Libri, known briefly as Venezia Descritta. He was also a literary critic, writing in particular on Dante and Boccaccio, and a historian.

BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Sans-Souci, Palace of, Potsdam The palace in Potsdam built (1745-1747) by Frederick II who lived there for forty years. It is believed to have been conceived by Frederick himself and executed by Knobelsdorff. The library and the magnificent park, the audience chamber with its fine paintings, the orangery, the statue of Frederick, and the great fountain are noted. BkIV:Chap1:Sec1 Visited by Chateaubriand in 1821. Santa Croce in Gerusalemme The Basilica of the Holy Cross, Rome. This church was one of the seven holy places pilgrims needed to visit to obtain indulgences. The name derives from the sacred relics of the True Cross brought to Rome by Saint Helen, mother of the Emperor Constantine. The original structure goes back to St. Helen who decided to transform an atrium of her residence into a church. Her home was an Imperial residence, the Sessorium, built between the end of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd centuries AD by Septimius Severus and Helagabalus. It included a circus and a small amphitheatre whose ruins can still be seen today, now incorporated into the Aurelian walls, just past the Church. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned as surrounded by spring flowers. Santa Cruz The main town of the island of Graciosa in the Azores. BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand visited the town on his voyage to America in 1791. Santeuil, Jean 1630-1697. Canon of St Victor, he was an author of Latin poetry, in particular epitaphs and hymns. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 A dictionary of Latin prosody was referred to as a Gradus ad Parnassum, a stairway to Parnassus Santi, Lorenzo 19th century. He was a Venetian architect. BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 His Caf or neo-classical Pavilion (1815-1817) beside the Royal Gardens in Venice on the waterfront. It was originally a coffee-house and is now an information centre.

Santo Domingo The capital of the Dominican Republic is a port on the south coast, founded by Bartolomeo Columbus in 1496. It was the capital of the first Spanish colony in the Americas. It was under French rule (1795-1809) and then that of Haiti, becoming capital of the new Dominican Republic in 1844. BkXXVIII:Chap12:Sec1 Villle carried out secret negotiations with Haiti in 1825 by which France accepted the independence of its former colonies in return for cash and trade. Chateaubriand objected to the by-passing of the Chambers in an illegal manner. Sappho Born 630-612, died c570 BC. An Ancient Greek lyric poetess, born on the island of Lesbos, her verse survives in fragments. Sometimes associated with the city of Mytilene, she was also said to have been born in Eresos, another city on Lesbos. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 The promontory of Gnidus (Cape Crio) in Caria (lying between Cos and Rhodes) was a cult sanctuary of Aphrodite, whom Sappho celebrated. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 See Fragment 2 (Lobel and Page: Oxford 1955) taken from a third century BC potsherd. Chateaubriand gives a flavour of the original. Sarmatians Iranian tribesmen noted for their horsemanship, and their warrior princesses. In the 5th century BC Herodotus placed them beyond the Don on the eastern borders of Scythia. By the 3rd century BC they occupied most of the southern Ukraine. Sarmatism (Polish: sarmatyzm) was the name of the lifestyle of the gentry in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from at least the 16th century to the end of 18th century. The gentry wore long coats trimmed with fur, carried sabres, and wore thigh-high boots, the Sarmatian costume they liked to be painted in, proclaiming their link to their presumed legendary ancestors, the real Sarmatians, and the cultural ideology that sustained their connections with a nobility on horseback BkV:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand contrasts the Sarmatian horsemen with the horseless Scythians, and links them to the Polish nobility. An artificial distinction, since the Scythians generally were noted horsemen. Sarrazin, Jean 1770-1840. Confirmed in the rank of Gnral de Brigade by the First Consul in 1800, he served in Italy in 1799, Santo Domingo 1802-03, and was a

brigade commander in the Grande Arme in 1805-06. Accused of misconduct toward the civilian population as a garrison commander in Flanders, he commandeered a boat and deserted to England in June 1810. He returned with the Bourbons in 1815 but was arrested by Napoleon during the Hundred Days, and later in 1819 he was accused of bigamy and sought refuge in Holland, England, Turkey and Germany. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 His Histoire de la guerre de Russie. (1815). Saturn Son of Earth and Heaven (Uranus) ruler of the universe in the Golden Age. Saturn was deposed by his three sons Jupiter, Neptune and Pluto who ruled Heaven, Ocean and the Underworld respectively. He was banished to Tarturus. He was the father also of Juno, Ceres and Vesta by Ops. In astrology Saturn is the planet of grief and the gloomy, melancholy temperament, hence the adjective saturnine. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand refers to his own temperament. Saul fl.11th century BC. First king of the ancient Hebrews, he was a Benjamite whose territory was probably limited to the hill country of Judah and the region to the north, and whose proximity to the Philistines brought him into constant conflict with them. BkXX:Chap4:Sec1 Anointed by Samuel, see 1st Samuel X;1 Saumaise, Claude de, Claudius Salmasius 1588-1653. A French humanist and philologist, after studying Latin and Greek with his father, he began a law career at Dijon in 1610. He turned to the study of theology, Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian when his Protestantism impeded his advancement in law. In 1631 he was called to the University of Leiden to succeed Joseph Scaliger. There he produced 80 books and became widely known as a scholar of the first rank. Supporting the Stuarts, he wrote Defensio regia pro Carlo I (1649), upholding the divine right of monarchy, which brought a celebrated dissenting reply from John Milton. Salmasius major works include an important commentary on Pliny (1629), and Observationes in jus Atticum et Romanum (1645). BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. Saunois A Republican exiled to the Seychelles in 1801. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 He escaped and reached St Helena.

Sauquier Royal Paymaster-General in 1785. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Sauret de la Borie, Pierre-Franois, General 1742-1818. Napoleonic general, campaigned in Italy. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleons early opinion of him. Saute des poissonniers This was a Maundy Thursday custom whereby all the men who had sold fish during Lent had to leap into the pond. BkII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Sautelet, Philibert-Auguste 1800-1830. A lawyer turned editor, and member of Delcluzes circle. BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 He committed suicide 13th May 1830. Sauvo, Franois 1772-1859. Director of the Moniteur. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Savannah, Georgia The city is on the Savannah River in Georgia. Established by James Oglethorpe in 1733, it was an important colonial port. The first Atlantic steam ship crossing to Liverpool took place from here in 1819. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Savary, Anne Jean-Marie, Duc de Rovigo 1774-1833. As a young officer he announced the death of Desaix to Napoleon on the field of Marengo. He became an aide-de-camp, then colonel in the gendarmerie, then a general (1803). Created Duc de Rovigo in 1808 he was Minister of Police from 1801 to 1812. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec2 He carried Bonapartes orders to Murat ordering the Duc dEnghiens execution. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 He subsequently accused Talleyrand of complicity in the execution. BkXVI:Chap4:Sec1 See Extraits des Mmoires du duc de Rovigo etc (1823). Full text 1828.

BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 His reminiscences regarding the execution of the Duc dEnghien. Savary, who commanded the Gendarmerie d'Elite, had been sent to Biville on the coast of Normandy to await the arrival of a Bourbon Prince aboard a British naval cutter. The landing didnt take place; either because of the weather or because the proper signals for a landing were not sent. After two fruitless months, Savary arrived back in Paris and went to Malmaison to report his failure, on the eve of the Duc dEnghiens execution. BkXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand considers him responsible for carrying out the execution on secret orders from Napoleon. BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Minister of Police in 1813. BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Left Malmaison with Napoleon on 29th June 1815. Savignano sul Rubicone, Italy It is a town in the Province of Forl-Cesena. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 The Rubicon is nearby. Savigny-sur-Orge, France The town is now a suburb, 22 kilometres south of Paris (Essone). BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 There, Madame de Beaumont rented La Maison de Courterente (or Courterenche) belonging to Marie Nicolas Pigeon, Advocate to the Parlement of Paris, in the summer of 1801, and Chateaubriand joined her. He stayed from the 19th May to the end of November, with visits to Paris. Joubert stayed there in May and then again in August, when Mol joined them. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand had met Laborie there. Savona, Italy A city of northwest Italy on an arm of the Ligurian Sea west-southwest of Genoa, it was known from early Roman times, and was an important commercial centre in the Middle Ages. On the Rocca di San Giorgio stands the fortress named Priamar (rock by the sea) built by the Genoese in 1542, on the area of the old cathedral and later used as a prison and military prison (Italian patriot Giuseppe Mazzini was imprisoned there). BkXIX:Chap9:Sec2 Napoleon reconnoitred the fortress in 1794. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Pius VII was detained there in 1809. BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Pius VII passed through on his way back to Italy in 1814.

Saxe, Maurice de, Marshal of France (Moritz Graf von Sachsen) 1696-1750. A Marshal of France, he was the natural son of Augustus II of Poland. A brilliant soldier he fought in the the Wars of Polish Succession (1733-1735) and Austrian Succession and famously took Prague in 1741 He then fought in the Netherlands, and was naturalised as a French subject in 1746 and granted the Chteau of Chambord for life. He was an ancestor of George Sand ( the pen name of Amantine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin, later Baroness Dudevant, 1804-1876) BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 His inability to spell French words. Saxo Grammaticus c1150-c1220. The first important Danish historian, he was in the service of Absalon, archbishop of Lund, at whose suggestion he wrote the Gesta Danorum (or Historia Danica). The first nine books are mostly composed of oral tradition and legends concerning the early Danes, including the story of Hamlet. The remaining seven books, dealing more with contemporary events, are an extremely valuable source for Danish history. The cognomen grammaticus (learned) was probably bestowed on Saxo after his death. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Quoted. Say, Thomas 1787-1834. An American naturalist, born in Philadelphia, he went on collecting expeditions to Georgia and Florida and, with Stephen H. Long, to the Rocky Mountains and up the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers. He was professor of natural history at the University of Pennsylvania from 1822 to 1828 and spent the rest of his life at Robert Owens colony in New Harmony, Indiana. Called the father of American descriptive entomology, he wrote on paleontology and conchology as well. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 His travels. Scaliger, Joseph Justus 1540-1609. The great French classical scholar. He was the son of Julius Caesar Scaliger, from whom he acquired his early mastery of Latin. He adopted Protestantism in 1562, served as companion of a Poitevin noble (156370), studied under Cujas at Valence (157072), and was professor of philosophy at Geneva (157274). After 1593 he held a research professorship at Leiden. Renowned in his own day for his erudition, he was learned in mathematics, philosophy, and many languages, and he was a promoter of scientific methods for textual criticism and the study of the classics. His De emendatione temporum (on the correction of

chronology:1583) surveyed all the ways then known of measuring time, and placed the study of ancient calendars and dates on a scientific basis. He discovered and restored the content of the lost original of the second book of Eusebius chronicle. The chronological foundation for the modern study of ancient history was summed up in his Thesaurus temporum (Repertory of dates:1606) BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 The quote is from Ausonius, whom Scaliger edited in 1574, but goes back further to a letter of Pliny the Younger, LXII to Albinus, and was a comment made by Verginius Rufus. Scaligeri The noble family of Scaliger (the Scaligeri) were lords of Verona. They were ousted by the Visconti in 1387. Cangrande I had inherited the position of podest in 1308, and made a name as warrior, prince and patron of Dante, Petrarch and Giotto. By war or treaty he brought under his control the cities of Padua (1328), Treviso (1329), and Vicenza. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Scamozzi, Ottavio Bernotti-Scamozzi 1719-1790. An architect active in Vicenza where he designed the Palazzo Francschini Folco (1770) among other buildings. He wrote a work on Palladio. (Note also Vincenzo Scamozzi 1548-1616. An Italian architect and a writer on architecture, he was active mainly in the Vicenza and Venice area in the second half of the 16th century.) BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Scvola, Publius Mucius Scaevola c115BC. A prominent Roman politician and jurist. He was tribune in 141 BC, and praetor in 136. He is best known for being involved with the downfall of Tiberius Gracchus, the plebeian revolutionary Tribune. BkXIII:Chap5:Sec1 A reference to Fouch and those like him. Sceaux A town near Chtenay, about ten kilometres south of Paris. BkI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned by Chateaubriand. Schaffhausen The canton of Schaffhausen is the northernmost canton of Switzerland, located to the north of Zurich. It lies west of the Lake Constance and is almost entirely surrounded by Germany. The canton of Schaffhausen is even

divided by parts of Germany. There are three parts to the canton. The largest part includes the capital Schaffhausen. The Rhine Falls are the largest water falls in Europe and lie on the border of the canton of Schaffhausen, the canton of Zurich and Germany. BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand there on the 18th of May 1833. Scheffer, Ary 1795-1858. A French painter of Dutch extraction he was noted for his paintings on the Faust theme, his religious works, and his portraits. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 He was a friend of the Duc dOrlans. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 Probably his sketch Armand Carrel on his death bed, which is now in the Art Gallery of Rouen. He had previously painted Carrels portrait, displayed at the Salon of 1833. Scheherazade, Shahrazad A Persian Queen, the fictional storyteller of The Thousand Nights and One Night, the nucleus of which is an ancient Persian manuscript Hezar-afsana (the Thousand Myths) BkIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Schiller, Friedrich 1759-1805. A German poet, he was also philosopher, historian, and dramatist. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Thekla, Wallensteins daughter, is a character in his play Wallenstein (1799). BkXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 His drama Die Jungfrau von Orleans (1801), which Chateaubriand calls Jeanne dArc, was played in Berlin on the 9th of April 1821 with Madame Stick in the title role. Dcor was by Schinkel. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 Chateaubriands appreciation of him. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 His Wilhelm Tell of 1804. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriands preference for him. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 See Schillers play The Death of Wallenstein, Act IV. The play is the third of the trilogy. Schnetz, Jean-Victor 1787-1870. In Italy from 1817, he was a painter of popular Italian scenes with brigands and their wives figuring in them. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

Schonen, Auguste-Jean-Marie, Baron de 1782-1849. He was a magistrate and Deputy for the Seine from 1827. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Appointed a member of the Municipal Commission on the 29th July 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Appointed as one of the three Commissioners charged with escorting Charles X to Cherbourg in 1830. Shuvalov (Schouwaloff), Pavel Andreevitch 1773-1823. He was aide-de-camp to Alexander I in 1814, and Russian Allied Commissioner for Elba (3 May 1814 - 26 Feb 1815, not resident). BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 At Blois in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 Commissioner for Elba. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 Escorted Napoleon on his journey to Elba. Schwalbach, Germany Bad Schwalbach is a spa town approximately 20 km northwest of Wiesbaden. It lies at 289 to 465 meters elevation in the Taunus mountains, along the small river Aar (a tributary of the Lahn). BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 The Duchess of Cumberland was there in 1821. Schwartz A native of Basel, he was hired by Chateaubriand as an interpreter during his visit to Bohemia. BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Schwarzenberg, Charles Philip, Prince of 1771-1820. The Austrian field marshal and diplomat who in 1810 was made ambassador to France, and led the Austrian forces sent to aid Napoleon I in the Russian campaign of 1812. When Austria joined (1813) the allies against Napoleon, Schwarzenberg was the senior general of the victorious coalition. He commanded at Leipzig (1813) and entered Paris in 1814. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 His departure from the French army signalled the defection of Napoleons former allies. BkXXII:Chap12:Sec1 Senior General in Paris in April 1814. Schwed or Schwedt, Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenberg1700-1771. The son of Philip-William (1669-1711).

BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned in Mirabeaus Secret History. Sciarra, Marco The King of the Campagna, he was a bandit leader in the neighbourhood of Rome at the end of the 16th century. BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned. Scipio Aemelianus Africanus the Younger, Publius Cornelius 185-129BC. Roman general, the adopted grandson of Scipio Africanus Major. He destroyed Carthage in 146, and subdued Spain in 133. He was opposed to his brothers-in-law, the Gracchi (see Gracchus). BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 The reference is to Ciceros De oratore II:22, where Gaius Laelius and Scipio, reverting to childhood, gathered pebbles and shells on the seashore. Scipio, Publius Cornelius, Africanus Major 237-183 BC. The Roman Consul and General, after defeating the Carthaginians in Spain won permission to invade Africa. He defeated Hannibal at Zama (south-west of Carthage) in 202 and became a national hero, receiving the title Africanus. He subsequently retired from public life after resistance to his pro-Greek policies. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 Mentioned. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His legions who died at Carthage. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Scipio supposedly stumbled on reaching African soil but quickly clasped it and said :You cannot escape me Africa. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 The bronze peacocks are now in the Cortile della Pigna, part of the Belvedere, in Rome, and are said to be from Hadrians Mausoleum. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 The hypogeia, a subterranean crypt of the Scipio family tomb on the Via San Sebastiano in Rome, was discovered in the eighteenth century. Scott, Walter 1771-1832. The Scottish novelist, and poet, is famous for his series of historical novels, including Waverley (1814). He was bankrupted in 1826 and spent the remaining years of his life writing frantically to pay his creditors. Preface:Sect3. Mentioned by Chateaubriand as having recently died. BkIII:Chap4:Sec1 His mystic female characters, blessed with second sight.

BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 His lameness in the right leg from an early childhood injury. His debt to Shakespeare. BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 The leading novelist. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 A reference to his Life of Napoleon (1827). Chateaubriand in an extensive note not translated here defends Scott as an impartial biographer. BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 The Duchesse de Berry was acting like one of his Romantic heroines. She was at the farm of Mesliers near Nantes. Scutari Is an alternative name for Shkder in north-west Albania near the outlet to Lake Scutari. An ancient Illyrian capital, Shkodr became (168BC) a Roman colony, passed to Byzantium, and was conquered by the Serbs in the 7th century. Until the fall of Serbia in the late 14th century, Shkodr was the seat of the princes of Zeta (i.e., Montenegro), who pledged it to Venice in return for a subsidy in the war against Turkey. However, it was captured by Sultan Muhammad II in 1479. Known under Turkish rule as Iskenderiye, it was the seat of a pashalik. The pashas, often chosen from among Montenegrin renegades, fought for centuries against their Albanian neighbors. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleon sends a gift to the Pasha (Ibrahim, of the Bushati dynasty was Pasha of Scutari, 1796-1810) Scylla The daughter of Phorcys and the nymph Crataeis, remarkable for her beauty. Circe or Amphitrite, jealous of Neptunes love for her changed her into a dog-like sea monster, the Render, with six heads and twelve feet. Each head had three rows of close-set teeth. Her cry was a muted yelping. She seized sailors and cracked their bones before slowly swallowing them. Finally she was turned into a rock. See Ovids Metamorphoses Bk XIV:75100. (The rock projects from the Calabrian coast near the village of Scilla, opposite Cape Peloro on Sicily. See Ernle Bradford Ulysses Found Ch.20) BkV:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes a scholastic tag attributed to Virgil. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Sbastiani, Horace Franois Bastien, Baron 1772-1851. A French marshal and diplomatist, of Corsican birth, he became chef de brigade in 1799. Attached by birth and service to the future Emperor Napoleon, he took part in 18th Brumaire. Promoted general of brigade in

1803, he served in 1805 in the first of the great campaigns of the Empire. His conduct at Austerlitz where he was wounded, won him promotion to the rank of general of division. He was appointed to Constantinople as French Ambassador inducing the Porte to declare war on Russia, and as a soldier directed the defence of Constantinople against the British. But the deposition of the Sultan Selim III caused his recall in April 1807. He was at this time made Count of the Empire. At Smolensk, Borodino and Leipzig he did brilliant service. He accepted the Restoration government in 1814, but rejoined his old leader on his return from Elba. After Waterloo he retired to England for a time. From 1819 he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies. He held the posts of Minister of Marine, and, later, of Foreign Affairs. In this latter capacity he was the author of the historic saying Order reigns at Warsaw. In 1832 he was a Minister of State without portfolio, next year ambassador at Naples, and from 1835 to 1840 was ambassador to Great Britain. On his retirement from this post he was made Marshal of France. He was a brilliant social figure in Paris. His last years were clouded by the death of his daughter at the hands of her husband, the Duc de Praslin. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes him. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 Accused by Napoleon of conspiring against him in 1815. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 A member of the Greek committee in 1825. BkXXVIII:Chap13:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand, in support. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 Chateaubriand suggests him for the Cabinet in 1827. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 A potential Minister still in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Involved in discussions on the 28th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Speaks for admitting Mortemart on the 30th. He was appointed as a Commissioner on the 30th, to confer with the Peers. BkXXXII:Chap10:Sec1 In the Chamber of Peers on 30th July 1830. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Sgalas, Anas, ne Menard, 1814-1895. A poetess and critic she became a member of the Socit de la Voix des Femmes in Paris in 1848 and of other Parisian feminist organizations in that year. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Sguier, Les BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Examples of parliamentary magistrates.

Sgur, Louis-Philippe, Comte de 1753-1830. Son of the Marshal, he was a diplomat and historian. He served in the American War of Independence in 1781 as a colonel under Rochambeau. In 1784 he was sent as minister plenipotentiary to Saint Petersburg, He took up a sympathetic attitude towards the Revolution at its outset and in 1791 was sent on a mission to Berlin, where he was badly received. After fighting a duel he was forced to leave Berlin, and went into retirement until 1801 when, at Bonapartes command, he was nominated by the senate to the Corps Lgislatif. In 1814 Sgur voted for the deposition of Napoleon and entered Louis XVIIIs Chamber of Peers. Deprived of his offices and functions in 1815 for joining Napoleon during the Hundred Days, he was reinstated in 1819, supported the Revolution of 1830, but died shortly afterwards in Paris. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 His opposition to the Russian Campaign. Sgur, Philippe-Paul, Comte de 1780-1873. Son of Louis-Philippe, and a distinguished soldier, he was a brigadier-general in the Russian campaign of 1812, and in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814 repeatedly distinguished himself, notably at Hanau (October 1813), and in a brilliant affair at Reims (March 1814). He remained in the army at the Restoration, but, having accepted a command from Napoleon during the Hundred Days was retired until 1818, and took no further active part in affairs until the July Revolution of 1830. During his retirement he wrote his Histoire de Napolon et de la grande arme pendant lanne 1812 (1824), which ran through numerous editions, and was translated into several languages. The unfavourable portrait of Napoleon given in this book provoked representations from General Gourgaud, and eventually a duel, in which Sgur was wounded. On the establishment of the July monarchy he received, in 1831, the grade of lieutenant-general and a peerage. In 1830 he was admitted to the Acadmie Franaise, and he became grand cross of the Legion of Honour in 1847. After the Revolution of 1848 he lived in retirement. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Quoted. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 Referenced. Sgur, Philippe-Henri, Marquis, Marshal of France 1724-1801. A veteran soldier he became Minister of War under Necker. In 1783 he became a marshal of France. He resigned from the ministry of war in 1787. During the Terror he was imprisoned in La Force, and after his

release was reduced to considerable straits until in 1800 he received a pension from Napoleon. He died in Paris the following year. Seleucus c358-281BC Seleucus I (surnamed Nicator) was a Macedonian officer of Alexander the Great. In the wars of the Diadochi that took place after Alexanders death, Seleucus established the Seleucid dynasty and the Seleucid Empire. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. Selim I 1470-1520. The Ottoman sultan (151220) who extended the empire to Syria, the Hejaz, and Egypt and raised the Ottomans to leadership of the Muslim world. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Ancestor of Selim III. Selim III, Ottoman Sultan 1761-1808. The nephew and successor of Abd al-Hamid I to the throne of the Ottoman Empire (1789-1808). He suffered severe defeats in the second of the Russo-Turkish Wars with Catherine II, but suffered no major territorial losses when peace was made at Jassy in 1792. An ardent reformer, Selim set out to rebuild the Turkish navy on European lines, to reform the army, and to curb the Janissaries. In 1798 Selim joined the second coalition against France in the French Revolutionary Wars. Turkish forces lost Jaffa to Napoleon Bonaparte, who had invaded (1799) Syria after taking Egypt, but they held out at Acre and forced Napoleon to retreat. In 1801 the French left Egypt, which was restored to the Sultan. In 1804 the Serbs under Karageorge revolted. In 1806 war with Russia broke out again. A revolt of the Janissaries and conservatives who opposed his reforms led to Selim's deposition and imprisonment in 1807. Mustafa IV was placed on the throne. A loyal army marched on Constantinople to restore Selim. It entered the city in 1808, just after Selim had been strangled on Mustafas orders. Mustafa was executed and another of Selims cousins, Mahmud II, was put on the throne. During Selims reign Egypt became virtually independent under Mehmet Ali, as did Albania under Ali Pasha. Selims well-intentioned and efficient reforms came too late to arrest the decay of the Ottoman Empire. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 Napoleon offered him his services in 1795. Selim sought expert help from the Republic to reorganise the defences of Constantinople, but the mission was not ready to leave until the end of 1796. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Napoleon maintained relations with him.

Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of 17711820, A Scottish philanthropist, he was founder of the Red River Settlement. Emigration to America seemed to him the best solution for the poverty of his countrymen, especially the Highlanders who had been evicted from their small holdings. He obtained land on Prince Edward Island and supervised (1803) the founding of a successful settlement there. In 1811 he acquired a large tract in Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company, in which he had bought a controlling interest, and established the Red River Settlement in what is now Manitoba. The creation (181216) of this colony led to bloodshed between the settlers and the North West Company, a rival of the Hudsons Bay Company. The colony was destroyed in 1815 but later reinstated. After Selkirk's return to Upper Canada, lawsuits were brought against him by the North West Company, and he was forced to pay damages. Having sacrificed his health and most of his fortune to his philanthropic enterprises he returned home in 1818 and died in France two years later. He wrote Observations on the Present State of the Highlands of Scotland (1805) and A Sketch of the British Fur Trade in North America (1816). BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Seltz Seltz in Alsace (Bas-Rhin) distributed carbonated water. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand uses the French term eau de Seltz for soda-water. Seminoles The Seminole are a Native American Indian people of The Floridas. The nation came into existence in the 1700s, and was composed of Indians from Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida including the Creek Nation. While roughly 3000 Seminoles were forced west of the Mississippi River, including the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma who picked up new members including run-away slaves along their way, approximately 300-500 Seminoles stayed and fought in and around the Everglades of Florida. In a series of wars, about 1,500 American soldiers died, but no formal peace treaty was ever imposed, and the Seminoles never surrendered to the U.S. government, hence they call themselves the Unconquered People. BkVIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 BkXXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Smonville, Charles-Louis Huguet, Marquis de

1759-1839. A French diplomat, the son of one of the royal secretaries, he was Minister and envoy extraordinary from France to Genoa in 1790-1791, In 1799 Bonaparte sent him to the Hague to consolidate the alliance between France and the Batavian Republic. In this mission he was entirely successful, and he is credited with another diplomatic success in the inception of the Austrian marriage. He accepted the Bourbon Restoration and sat on the commission which drew up the charter. Smonville, who enjoyed a great measure of Louis XVIIIs confidence, took no part in the Hundred Days. A frank opponent of the extremist policy of Charles X, he tried to save him in 1830; in company with Antoine dArgout he visited the Tuileries and persuaded the king to withdraw the ordinances and to summon the Council. He was made a count of the Empire in 1808, and marquis in 1819. BkXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 The Grand Referendary (an officer of state traditionally charged with the duty of procuring and dispatching diplomas and decrees, and endorsing official acts) of the Chamber of Peers in 1825. BkXXVIII:Chap15:Sec1 Quoted, from a speech in 1827. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 At Saint-Cloud on the 29th of July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Rebuffed in Paris on the 29th. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Active in Paris on the 30th. BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 His note to Chateaubriand on the 30th. BkXXXII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Chateaubriand writes to him in August 1830. Sempach A small town in the Swiss canton of Lucerne, built above the eastern shore of Lake Sempach. BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 On the 9th of July 1386 the Swiss Confederation defeated the Austrians of Duke Leopold there, the Duke losing his life. The Cistercian Abbey of Saint-Urbain is near Langenthal Senancour, tienne Pivert de 1770-1846. A French writer, his novella Obermann (1804), partially inspired by Rousseau, was edited and praised successively by Sainte-Beuve and by George Sand, and had a considerable influence both in France and England. It is a series of letters supposedly written by a solitary in a lonely valley of the Jura. It belongs to the large class of Wertherian-Byronic literature. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Snatorerie

One of the means Napoleon had used to tame his senators was to endow each of them with a Snatorerie, a substantial property taken from the biens nationaux (lands taken from the nobles who had emigrated or been declared enemies of the state, from the Church, or from the Crown). BkXXII:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. Senatus consulte On the advice of the Senate, was a formula used in ancient Rome when the Senate gave its advice on a point of law. Under the Consulate and the First and Second Empire it was an act voted on by the French Senate having the force of law. BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Seneca c2-66AD. The Roman Stoic philosopher, writer, and tutor of Nero, his works include treatises on rhetoric and governance and numerous plays that influenced Renaissance and Elizabethan drama. He was forced by Nero to commit suicide. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Tacitus attributed Neros letter to the Senate confessing to Agrippinas murder, to Seneca himself. See Tacitus Annales XIV.11.3 BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 See Senecas The Trojan Women:575. Seneff, Battle of 11th August 1674. The battle was the last great victory for Cond, fighting against William of Orange, at Seneff in Hainault. He fought with great bravery and had three horses killed under him. BkXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Senlis, France The Gallo-Roman town in the south of Picardy (Oise), 50km north of Paris, situated on the Nonette a tributary of the Oise. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Lucien Bonapartes chteau there was Plessis-Chamant 3 miles from Senlis which he acquired in 1802 and was forced to abandon it in 1816. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Chateaubriand there with the King in 1815. Senozan, Marquise de 1718-1794. Sister of Malesherbes. Guillotined 10th May 1794.

BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Her Chteau de Verneuil, on the left bank of the Seine, between Poissy and Mantes, was inherited by the Comte de Tocqueville. Srilly, Anne-Marie-Louise Thomas de Domangeville, Madame de 1762-1799. Cousin of Pauline de Beaumont. In 1779 married her cousin Antoine Mgret de Srilly, Treasurer General in the War Ministry. Lady in waiting to Marie-Antoinette. Note her bust by Houdon, 1782. Her husband was executed in 1794. She married again twice, and died of smallpox. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Sernon A village in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence in the south of France, it is near Barrme. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleon passed through in March 1815 during his return from Elba. Serpentine The Little Green Frog is a French literary fairy tale, from the Cabinet des Fes (1731, Amsterdam: a compendium of salon tales). Serpentine is a Princess, raised by the fairies, who appears in frog-shape. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriands affectionate name for the hunchbacked girl Serre, Pierre Franois Hercule, Comte de 1776-1824. A moderate Royalist migr, who served the exiled Court, he became a member of the Chamber of Peers in 1815. Minister of Justice 1819-1821, he was noted for his oratorical skills, and repealed the censure of the Press. He became Ambassador to Naples in 1822, though already ill, dying at Castellmare. BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him in Naples in June 1824. BkXXVIII:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 His death in 1824. Srurier (Serrurier), Jean Mathieu Philibert, Marshal of France, Comte 1742-1819. Fought in the Seven Years War. Re-enlisted as a soldier and rose to the rank of general by 1795. Fought successfully in the Italian Campaign and became Governor of Venice in 1798 where he was noted for his probity. Governor of the Invalides, 1808, and Commander of the National Guard, 1809, he rallied to the Bourbons in 1814 but served Napoleon during the Hundred Days. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleons early opinion of him.

BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 Rallied to Louis XVIII at Compigne in 1814. Servan de Gerbey, Joseph, 1741-1808. Minister of War during parts of 1792. BkXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Counter-signed Napoleons captains brevet. Sesmaisons, Marie Charles Donatien Yves, Vicomte de 1805-1867. He was the grandson of the Chancellor Dambray via his mother Anne Charlotte Franoise Dambray. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 In Rome in March 1829. Secretary in Vienna he had been sent by the Duc de Laval on a special mission. Sesostris III (Senusret III) 1878-1839BC. An Egyptian Pharaoh, he was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Senusret III continued his Kingdoms expansion deep into Nubia (from 1866 to 1863 BC) where he erected massive River Forts. One stela mentions his military activities against both Nubia and Palestine. Morgan, in 1894, reported rock inscriptions near Sehel documenting his digging of a canal, possibly an early east-west Suez. He erected a temple and town at Abydos, BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 His work on an early Suez canal. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 His campaign in southern Palestine. BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 The obelisk on the Place de Concorde where Louis XVI was executed, was offered to France in 1832 by Mehmet Ali, arrived in Paris 21st December 1833, and was erected on the 25th of October 1836. Sesto-Calende A town located in the province of Varese, in the Lombardy region of northern Italy, it is about twenty-five miles north-west of Milan. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833. Severus, Septimius 146-211. Roman Emperor, 193-211, born at Leptus Magna south-east of Carthage, he was the first African Caesar. BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 Mentioned. Severoli, Antonio Gabriele, Cardinal 1757-1824. Bishop of Fano, then nominal Archbishop of Petra, he was Papal Nuncio in Vienna from 1801 to 1817 where he strongly opposed Chancellor Cobenzl. He was made a Cardinal in 1816 and Bishop of Viterbo on his

return to Italy. A zelante party candidate for the Papacy in 1823, the Austrians vetoed his appointment, and he himself suggested Della Genga. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 Vetoed by Austria using her right of exclusion in 1823. Svign, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de 1626-1696. The famous letter-writer, who in over 1500 letters, mostly written to her two children after the death of her husband in 1651, described Parisian societys intellectual and other diversions, and her life at her country house in Brittany, in a style that was much imitated. BkI:Chap1:Sec11 Read by Chateaubriands mother. BkI:Chap7:Sec3 The reference is obscure, and is possibly to a generalised comment. In a letter to Vitr (2nd September 1671) she mentions Combourg. BkIV:Chap3:Sec2 See the letters of December 1675 where she speaks of a Pommereuil or Pommereu, Baron de Riceys, future intendant of Brittany. BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 Her doctor was Jean Pecquet. BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 Chateaubriand quotes her letter of 5th August 1671, to her daughter. The States met at Vitr that year, near her chteau at Rochers. Her letters of the 16th October and 24th November speak excessively lightly of the measures taken to repress the peasants uprising. After breaking on the wheel, hanging seems a refreshing change! BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Associated with Guillaume de Lamoignon. BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 A friend of La Rochefoucauld. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Addressed by Boileau in pitres VII. BkXV:Chap1:Sec1 Her letters to her daughter, Madame de Grignan. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to her letter to her daughter 16th September 1677. The three gentlemen took the waters devant et aprs her, each taking his half-hour. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Her rural solitude. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 In a letter of 24th April 1671, she speaks of going en Bavardin, that is to seek gossip in the village, modifying the name of a chatterbox friend the Marquise de Lavardin. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 The reference is to her letter of 29th April 1671. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 The reference is to her letter of 8th January 1690. Seurres, France A town in Burgundy. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Napoleon Bonaparte posted there. Svign, Charles de

Son of Marie. Svin, Abb Ren-Malo d. 1817. Rector of Combourg from 1776. He took refuge in Jersey in 1792, but returned as cur in 1803 and held the position till his death. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Signatory to Chateaubriands fathers death certificate, as rector of Ding. Svres The town near Versailles, is that to which the famous porcelain factory moved in 1756, from Vincennes. Louis XV was the proprietor from 1759. BkIV:Chap9:Sec4 BkX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Seychelles The Republic of Seychelles is an archipelago nation of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some 1,600 km east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar. Other nearby island countries and territories include Mauritius and Runion to the south, Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest, and the Suvadives of the Maldives to the northeast. BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Exiled Republicans sent there in 1801. Sze, Raymond Romain, Comte de 1750-1828. A French advocate, together with Franois Tronchet and Malesherbes, he defended Louis XVI, when the king was brought before the Convention for trial. He himself was also imprisoned during the revolution, but he managed to elude the scaffold. After release on the fall of Robespierre, he disappeared from public life, refusing to serve the Directory and the Napoleonic government, both of which he saw as illegitimate. Upon the return of the Bourbons he was made a peer, as well as a judge and a member of the French Academy. BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Suspected by Napoleon of being an intermediary with England. BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 In Ghent in 1815. BkXXV:Chap12:Sec1 He was from Bordeaux. His brush with Chateaubriand did not stop the latter representing the Peers at his funeral, and giving the funeral elegy, at the familys request on the 18th May of 1828. Sforza, Duchess Caterina

1563-1509. Duchess of Forl and Imola, she was an illegitimate daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza. She defended Forl against Cesare Borgia in 1500, eventually surrendering. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned. Shakespeare, William 1564-1616. The English playwright, born and died in Stratford. BkX:Chap1:Sec1 Rosalind and the exiled Duke appear in As You Like It which is set in the Forest of Arden. BkX:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand translates from lines 9-13 of Richard III, Act IV, Scene 3. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 A slight misquote from As you Like It,V.2. BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 His place in English literature discussed. Falstaff appears in The Merry Wives of Windsor and Henry V. Chateaubriand quotes from Sonnet XXXVII, verse 3, and from sonnet LXXI. Chateaubriands very individualistic assessment of the poet. BkXII:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes from Cymbeline III.4 line 139. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Hamlet Act III is perhaps referred to, and the play within a play that reveals past crime. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 As a famous Englishman. BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from The Winters Tale Act 3, Scene 3 line 1, where the stage direction reads: Bohemia. The sea-coast. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 See Romeo and Juliet III:5, line 6. BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 See Othello I:3:164-165. Chateaubriand adapts the lines. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 See Hamlet: III:1:64-65. Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 1751-1816. The Anglo-Irish dramatist wrote witty comedies of manners including The Rivals (1775) and School for Scandal (1777). He was an MP from 1780-1812 and recognised as one of the great parliamentary orators. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 Chateaubriand heard him speak. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 One of his speeches quoted. Siam, Fabric Material decorated with flowers from which its colours derived, like satin or damask. The text has siamoise flambe. BkIII:Chap1:Sec4 The covering of Chateaubriands mothers day-bed.

Siam, Rue de, Brest Its name derives from the visit to Brest of three ambassadors sent by the King of Siam on the 29th of June 1686. They crossed the harbour, landed in Lanvoc and travelled to the Chteau of Versailles to be presented to Louis XIV. At that period Siam Street came down to the banks of the River Penfeld and went up towards the Landernau Door. BkII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand lodged there. Sicard, Roch-Amboise Cucurron, Abb 1742-1822. Honorary canon for Ntre-Dame at Paris and a member of the Institut de France from 1795, he served as principal of an academy for deafmutes at Bordeaux from 1786 to 1789, at which point he was called to Paris to replace the Abb de l'Epe, founder of the French institute for deaf-mutes, as the schools director. Sicard was imprisoned as a royalist sympathizer during the late 1790s, but was able to avoid execution through the petitions of his staff and students at the institute. Among his written works are two influential books, Mmoire sur l'art d'instruction les sourds-muets denaissance (1789) and Thorie des signers pour l'instruction des sourdsmuets (1808-14), which influenced later pioneers in the field, including Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, who along with Laurent Clerc started the American School for the Deaf. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 He was compromised by Armands arrest, as a recipient of royalist letters. Siddons, Sarah Kemble, Mrs 1755-1831. The best-known English actress of her generation, she had early theatrical experience in her fathers travelling company. At 18 she married William Siddons, an actor. Brought to the attention of David Garrick, she was engaged by him for a Drury Lane performance in 177576, which failed. In 1782, after appearances in the provinces, she played Isabella in Southernes Fatal Marriage at Drury Lane. Her success was instantaneous and indisputable, and her fame grew in such roles as Queen Katharine, Desdemona, and Volumnia to the Coriolanus of John Philip Kemble, her brother, with whom she often starred. In the role of Lady Macbeth, which she first played in 1785, and which was her role at her farewell performance in 1812, she was unequalled. Her portrait was painted by Gainsborough and Reynolds, the latter representing her as The Tragic Muse. Her statue, by Chantrey, is in Westminster Abbey.

BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand met her in 1822 when she was sixtysix (she was born on the 5th of July). He had seen her on the stage earlier. Sidoine Apollinaire, Gaius Sollius Modestus Sidonius Apollinaris c430-after489. A Poet and diplomat, he was Bishop of Auvergne (472). Born in Lyons, he was treated with respect by the Emperor Majorianus for his learning. He became Urban Prefect of Rome, a patrician and senator. Imprisoned but released by the Goths after their capture of Lyons (474). He was the author of the Panegyrics on the Roman Emperors. BkIX:Chap13:Sec1 Carmen V is the panegyric to Majorian from which Chateaubriand quotes. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 A native of the Auvergne. Sidrac A Canon of Sainte-Chapelle in Boileaus Lutrin (Canto I, lines 147-148). BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Sieys, Emmanual Joseph, Abb 1748-1836. A clergyman before the Revolution, known as the Abb Sieys, His pamphlet Quest-ce que le tiers tat? (What is the third estate?,1789), attacking noble and clerical privileges, was popular throughout France, and he was elected deputy from the third estate to the States-General of 1789. He advocated the formation of the national assembly, and participated in the writing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the constitution of 1791. As a member of the Convention he voted for the execution of King Louis XVI. His prudent silence enabled him to live through the Reign of Terror. In 1799 he entered the Directory. Later that year he conspired with Napoleon in the overthrow of the Directory, in the coup of 18th Brumaire, and became, with Bonaparte and Roger Ducos, one of the three provisional consuls. His sketch for the constitution of the Year VIII was, however, changed in decisive points by Bonaparte, and Sieys and Ducos were replaced as consuls. He became senator and senator of the empire and, after the Bourbon restoration, lived in exile (181630) in Brussels. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Apparently opposed to Napoleon on the latters return to France from Egypt. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Martignac was his secretary in 1798 during his embassy to the Court of Berlin. Sigourney, Lydia Huntley

1791-1865. American verse writer: an extraordinarily copious writer of smooth, sentimental verse, which had great popularity in its day. Her most ambitious effort was a blank verse poem, Traits of the Aborigines of America (1822). Other books were Connecticut Forty Years Since, Pocahontas, etc. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 Title of a poem by her. Siena, Italy The city in Tuscany is the provincial capital of Siena province. BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 Pius VII passed through on his way to France in 1809. Silenus Silenus and his sons the Satyrs were originally primitive mountaineers of northern Greece who became stock comic characters in Attic drama. He was called an autochthon or son of Pan by one of the nymphs. He was Bacchuss tutor, portrayed usually as a drunken old man with an old pack-ass, who is unable to tell truth from lies. (See the copy of the sculpture attributed to Lysippus, Silenus holding the infant Bacchus in the Vatican) BkVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Silesia A region of east central Europe, extending along both banks of the Oder River and bounded in the south by the mountain ranges of the Sudetes. Politically, almost all of Silesia is now divided between Poland and the Czech Republic. The Polish portion comprises most of the former Prussian provinces of Upper Silesia and Lower Silesia, both of which were transferred to Polish administration at the Potsdam Conference of 1945. BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 Invaded by Frederick the Great in 1740. The Silesian Wars (174042 and 174445) were part of the general War of the Austrian Succession. By the Treaty of Berlin (1742), Maria Theresa ceded all of Silesia except Teschen and present Czech Silesia to Prussia; this cession was ratified by the Treaty of Dresden (1745). In the Seven Years War, Prussia retained Silesia. Silistria (Silistra), Bulgaria The chief town of a department in Bulgaria, situated on a low-lying peninsula projecting into the Danube, below Rustchuk and close to the frontier of the Rumanian Dobrudja. In 1828-1829 it offered serious resistance to the Russians under Diebich, who captured the town with the

loss of 3000 men. The town was held in pledge by the Russians for the payment of a war indemnity (1829-1836). BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 Mentioned. Sillon Strand linking Saint-Malo to the mainland. BkI:Chap5:Sec2 BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Simaghan An Amerindian chief, the father of Atala. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Simiane, Diana-Adelade de Damas dAntigny, Comtesse de Paris hostess. Wife of Charles de Damas. Painted by Madame Le Brun in 1783 and 1789. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Her fashionable soirees. Simon, Antoine A cobbler. Appointed tutor to Louis XVII. Guillotined 1794. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Simon, le Pre Richard 1638-1712. A French Biblical Critic and Orientalist, and native of Dieppe, he was the author of a Histoire critique du Vieux Testament (1678) which was condemned for its audacity. It dealt with the books of the Old Testament as if they were ordinary writings, and by this means aroused the enmity of Bossuet and the Port Royalists, through whose influence the whole edition of 1,300 copies was seized and destroyed. BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned. Simond, Louis 1767-1831. Born in Lyons he emigrated before the Revolution to the United States where he became a successful New York merchant. In 1810-11 he made a tour of Great Britain where he met De Quincey, who characterized him as a thorough, knowing man of the world, keen, sharp as a razor, and valuing nothing but the tangible and the ponderable. (See Society of the Lakes: I) His Journal of a Tour and Residence in Great Britain was published anonymously in 1815. He toured Switzerland in 1817-19 and took Swiss Nationality in 1822. He toured Italy in 1828, and in his Voyage en Italie et Sicilie published in 1828, he pokes fun at established reputations.

BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Simonides c556-c468 Greek lyric poet, Born at Ioulis, the ancient capital of the island of Ceos (Zea, now Kea), Greece, the most westerly of the larger Cyclades islands, south-east of Cape Sounion. At Athens for a time under the patronage of Hipparchus, he seems then to have gone to Thessaly, returning to Athens at the time of the Persian Wars. He was a friend of most prominent Athenians. After the wars he went (with his nephew Bacchylides) to the court of Hiero I of Syracuse, where he was a rival of Pindar. There are only fragments left of his work. Two of his finest epitaphs are on the fallen at Marathon and Thermopylae. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 Mentioned as connected with Zea. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned as an elegist. Simplicius, Saint d.483. Pope 468-483. He defended the Council of Chalcedon against the Monophysites heresy of the Eastern empire, and worked for the Italian people against barbarian invaders. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Simplon Pass The Simplon is a mountain pass at 6,589 ft in the Lepontine Alps between Switzerland and Italy. It connects Brig in Valais with Domodossola in Piedmont. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Napoleon had a road built over the pass between 1800-1807. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleons army crossed in 1800. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand on his way there in September 1833. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Sinigaglia or Senigallia A comune, Episcopal See, and port town on Italys Adriatic coast, 25 km north of Ancona, in the Marche region, province of Ancona. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand there in 1828. Sinai

The desert peninsula between the Gulf of Aquaba and the Gulf of Suez, its highest mountain is Mount Sinai where according to the Old Testament Moses received the Ten Commandments. (Exodus 24) BkX:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Sion, Switzerland The 2,000-year-old town is the capital of Valais, or Wallis, a canton that is roughly 3/4 French-speaking and lies along the Rhne River between Lake Geneva and the Furka Pass. Although Valais has been part of the Swiss Confederation only since 1815, Sion has had a Catholic bishop since the 4th Century and enjoyed near-sovereign status during the Middle Ages. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 A letter to Chateaubriand from the Town Council. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleon mentions it. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand recalls his appointment to the Valais. Sirens The daughters of Achelos, the Achelodes, companions of Proserpina, turned to woman-headed birds, or women with the legs of birds, and luring the sailors of passing ships with their sweet song. They searched for Proserpine on land, and were turned to birds so that they could search for her by sea. (There are various lists of their names, but Ernle Bradford suggests two triplets: Thelxino, the Enchantress; Aglaope, She of the Beautiful Face, and Peisino, the Seductress: and his preferred triplet Parthenope, the Virgin Face; Ligeia, the Bright Voice; and Leucosia, the White One see Ulysses Found Ch.17. Robert Graves in the index to the The Greek Myths adds Aglaophonos, Molpe, Raidne, Teles, and Thelxepeia.) (See Drapers painting Ulysses and the Sirens Ferens Art Gallery, Hull, England, and Gustave Moreaus watercolour in the Fogg Art Museum, Harvard) BkII:Chap7:Sec5 BkVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Siry, Colonel He was a Colonel of Gendarmerie in Rome in 1809. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Sismondi, Jean Charles Lonard Simonde de 1773-1842. A Swiss historian, economist, and critic, he was a member of the circle of Mme de Stal, and a moderate liberal. His History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages (16 vol., 180918) made him well-known. He popularized the laissez-faire economics of Adam Smith in his De la richesse

commerciale (1802). However, the social effects of the Industrial Revolution in England led him to become a critic of capitalism and a precursor of socialism in Nouveaux Principes dconomie politique (1819). In literary history, his De la littrature du Midi de l'Europe (1813) helped found the romantic school of criticism. BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 In Paris during the Hundred Days he published articles in the Moniteur in favour of the Supplementary Act, later published as Examen de la Constitution franaise. BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned in Geneva in June 1831. Sisteron The town in southeastern France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence dpartement is situated on the banks of the River Durance just below the confluences of the rivers Buch and Sasse. It is sometimes called the Porte de la Provence (The Gateway to Provence) because it is in a narrow gap between two long mountain ridges (Baume/Gache and Montagnes de Lure/Moulard). BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleon passed through in March 1815 during his return from Elba. Sivry or Svery, Monsieur de Charrire de A resident of Lausanne in 1826, possibly this was Sigismond, Deputy for Lausanne to the Grand Council, or his father Guillaume-Benjamin Samuel. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Sixte-Quint, Sixtus V 1521-1590. Pope (158590), an Italian (b. near Montalto) named Felice Peretti; successor of Gregory XIII. He entered the Franciscan order in early youth. After ordination (1547) he became a famous preacher and was patronized by zealous leaders of the Counter Reformation. As Pope, Sixtus V set about bringing order to the Papal States, which were at the mercy of brigands, and his methods, if violent, were successful. He spent a vast amount of money on the city of Rome, rebuilding countless churches, beautifying streets, and erecting new buildings and monuments. Sixtus left a tremendous surplus in the treasury by collecting new taxes, selling offices, and making loans. He reorganized the pontifical administration, and the Sacred College, which he set at the number of 70. He gave his sanction to Philip II of Spains attempt to invade and restore Catholicism to England, an endeavour that ended in the defeat of the Spanish Armada. BkIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 A story of his deceiving the Conclave by his pretence at lameness, ultimately throwing away his crutches. Skald A term used for a medieval Scandinavian poet, especially one writing in the Viking age. (Old Norse skld) BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Skrzynecki (Czernicky), Jan Zygmunt 1787-1860. A Polish general, he was Commander-in-Chief of the November Uprising (1830-1831 also known as the Cadet Revolution, a failed rebellion against Russias rule in Poland). A career soldier born in Galicia, he had joined the Polish Legion, and at the Battle of Leipzig greatly distinguished himself, while at Arcis-sur-Aube, in 1814, he saved Napoleon from the enemy by sheltering him in the midst of his battalion. During the Uprising, in the battle of Ostrolenka (26th of May 1831), he showed his usual valour and considerable ability, but after a bloody contest the Russians prevailed. After the Uprising he resided at Prague, but migrated to Brussels where he was made commander in chief of the Belgian army, an appointment he was forced to resign by the combined - and emphatic protest of Russia, Austria and Prussia, in 1839. With the permission of the Austrian government he finally settled at Cracow, where he died. BkXXXVII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets him in Prague in May 1833. Slavkovo (Slawkowo), Russia The town is in Minsk, Belarus. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec2 Napoleon there during the retreat in 1812. Slough, England The town in south-east England, west of London, was famous for its brickfields in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 George III provided a house for Herschel from which he carried out his astronomical researches. Smith, Adam 1723-1790. The Scottish political economist and philosopher, whose Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 The young Napoleon studied his works.

Smith, William Mayor of Southampton in 1792-93. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 Issued Chateaubriand with a travel permit to London. Smith, William Sidney 1764-1840. Smith (1764-1840) was an individualist with a flair for guerrilla warfare. He was frigate captain at the start of the French Revolutionary War and in 1795 was captured on the coast of France and imprisoned in Paris until early 1798. He was then sent to the Mediterranean where he clashed with both Nelson and Lord Keith. He none the less won fame in supporting a Turkish force that repulsed Napoleon's siege of Acre in 1799, ending his march north from Egypt on Syria. However, after Napoleon escape to France, a subsequent convention he made with the French at El Arish in 1800 to evacuate Egypt was repudiated by the British government. They were subsequently defeated in 1801 at Aboukir by Abercromby, an action in which Smith assisted in the British landings. He continued to be employed in unusual tasks until 1814. These included blockade of the Dutch coast in 1803-04 and an early but unsuccessful use of rockets against Boulogne. Having originally been knighted by the Swedes in the 1792 for (unauthorised) service against the Russians, he was eventually made a British KCB in 1815, and rose to full admiral in 1821 during his long retirement - in Paris, where he is buried in the Pere Lachaise cemetery. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 His action at Acre in 1799. Smolensk A city of western Russia on the Dnieper River west-southwest of Moscow, it was first mentioned in the ninth century, and became an important port situated on various medieval trade routes. It was sacked by Mongols in the 13th century and captured by Lithuania, Russia, Poland, and Russia again, in turn, before being seized by Napoleons troops in 1812. The First Battle of Smolensk took place on August 17, 1812, between 175,000 French and 130,000 Russians under Prince Bagration, of whom about 50,000 and 60,000 respectively were actually engaged. Bagrations corps occupied the town, which Napoleon attacked, carrying two of the suburbs. During the night the Russians set fire to the place and evacuated it, having lost in the action about 11,000 killed and wounded. The French lost 9,000. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 Jomini present. He acted as military governor of the town.

BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 The First Battle of Smolensk. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Napoleon retreats towards it in October 1812. BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Napoleon reaches the city on November 9th 1812, in retreat. Smollet, Tobias 1721-1771. A Scottish novelist, Smollett achieved his greatest success with Humphry Clinker (1771), a comical but sympathetic story of a family's adventures through England and Scotland written in the form of letters. His other works included a popular History of England (1757), an entertaining but splenetic Travels through France and Italy (1766), and a brutal satire on public affairs, The History and Adventures of an Atom (1769). BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 His History of England. Smorgoni (Smorgon) Modern Smarhon in the Minsk province of western Belarus. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Napoleon left Smorgoni, then in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, on the 5th of December 1812. Smyrna Modern Izmir, the port in western Turkey on the Aegean. BkVIII:Chap4:Sec2 Its climate. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Julien arrived there on the 18th August 1806. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 A letter dated from there. Socrates 470-399BC. The Athenian philosopher, whose school led on to those of Plato and the Dialectic system, Euclid and the Megaric, Aristippus and the Cyrenaic, Antisthenes and the Cynic. He was condemned to death on charges of impiety. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 The opening scene of Platos Republic finds Socrates talking about being at Piraeus the previous day. BkXXII:Chap 22:Sec1 A famous Athenian, charged with public affairs. BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 See Diotimas speech in Platos Symposium. BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 Thucydides says nothing about him when talking about Alcibiades. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 For his imprisonment, trial, and death see Platos Euthypro, Apology, Crito and Phaedo.

BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 The fragment quoted is cited by Atheneus. Saemund (Soemund) Sigfusson The Eddas (lit. grandmother), is the name given to two collections of legends illustrative of the Scandinavian mythology: the Elder, or Poetic, Edda, was collected in the 11th century by Smund Sigfusson, an early Christian priest. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Quoted. Solon 6th century BC. An Athenian statesman, he laid the foundations of the Athenian democracy. As archon (c594/593) he cancelled debts secured on land, and introduced a new coinage and weights and measures. He also instituted a new constitution, divided the citizens into four classes, and introduced a more lenient legal code. BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Sombreuil, Charles-Eugene-Gabriel Virot, Vicomte de 1769-1795. Imprisoned in 1792, he emigrated, and then served on the Rhine and in Holland (1794), before crossing to England. He was responsible for the command of the second division in the expedition to Quiberon. He landed there at the time when Hoche was attacking Penthivre. Forced to surrender, he was condemned to died and shot at Vannes on July 28, at 26 years of age, with the last bishop of Fraud, Mgr. de Herc, eleven priests and three nobles. He was the son of Charles-Franois Virot, Marquis de Sombreuil (1727-1794). Marchal-de-camp and governor of the Invalides (built as a home for old and wounded soldiers but also used as a barracks and arsenal). He refused to hand over his store of muskets and cannon on July 13, but they were seized by force early on July 14. His younger son died with him by guillotine; his daughter once saved him from the Tribunal as related by Carlyle; but he was rearrested and executed. BkI:Chap5:Sec1 Gesril was one of those executed with him. Somerset, Edward Adolphus St Maur (Seymour), 11th Duke of 1775-1855. A noted mathematician, he legally adopted the St. Maur variant of the name. BkX:Chap4:Sec1 Present at the Literary Fund annual meeting in 1822. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Seen in London society. Soma, Turkey

The town is 45km east of Pergamum (Bergama). BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Soniat, Clestine 1804-1882. Born at Baton-Rouge in Lousiana, she died in Paris. BkXLII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Sophie, see Monnier Sophia-Wilhelmina of Prussia, Margrave of Bayreuth 1709-1758. She was the sister of Frederick II. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Her Memoirs of the Berlin Court were published in 1810 and translated into French in 1820. Sophocles c496-406BC. Athenian tragedian and friend of Pericles, he developed the more static drama of Aeschylus by introducing a third actor and reducing the role of the chorus. Of his 123 plays 7 survive, including the Theban Trilogy. BkII:Chap3:Sec3 Mentioned as an exemplar of theatre. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 Aristoxenus claimed that Sophocles father was Sophilus a blacksmith. BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 See Oedipus Rex: lines 15271530, which approximates to Count no man happy until he is dead. Sophonisbe 235-203BC. She was a Carthaginian noblewoman who lived during the Second Punic War, the daughter of Hasdrubal Gisgonis (son of Gisco). A celebrated beauty, she married Syphax, a prince of Numidia, who allied himself with Carthage against Rome after the marriage. She committed suicide to escape Roman slavery. The tragedy of the same name by Jean Mairet (1634) is one of the first monuments of French Classicism, and was followed by a version from Pierre Corneille (1663). BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand thinks of her in the ruins of Carthage. Soracte, Mount Soracte is a mountain in the province of Rome. It is a narrow, isolated limestone ridge, some 5 miles south east of Civita Castellana, and 31 miles in length. Mentioned by Horace and Virgil, Soracte is a conspicuous object in the landscape, being visible from Rome itself.

BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Sorbier, Jean-Barthlmot, Comte de 1762-1827. A Napoleonic artillery General he fought with the Army of the Rhine, and the Army of Italy. Commander in chief of the Guards artillery division in 1811-12, he was Artillery Commander of the Grand Army in 1813-4. BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 At Borodino. Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, Duc de Dalmatie, Marshal of France 1769-1851. Marshal of France, he won distinction in the Napoleonic Wars, especially at the battle of Austerlitz, where he was created (1808) duke of Dalmatia and was given command during the Peninsular War. After the restoration (1814) of the monarchy, King Louis XVIII made him minister of war, but he rejoined Napoleon I in the Hundred Days (1815). Exiled after the second restoration, he returned to France in 1819, was restored to his rank, and was made (1827) a peer by King Charles X. Under King Louis Philippe, Soult held several ministerial posts, including that of premier (183234, 183940, 184047). His last premiership was only nominal, since his cabinet was really dominated by Franois Guizot, who succeeded him. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 In Portugal in 1808, having been promised a kingship by Napoleon if he was successful. BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Wellingtons army finally drove Soult back over the Pyrenees (July 25th 1813) at Roncevalles during the Peninsular War. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Defending the routes from the south in February 1814. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Minister of War in 1814-15. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Surrendered his office and rejoined Napoleon in March 1815. BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 A favourite of Monsieur etc. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 At Waterloo. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Chosen by Louis-Philippe to represent France at the coronation of Queen Victoria, 20th June 1838, he was a social success. He had made the first great French collection of Spanish paintings from his Peninsular War plunder. BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 President of the Council (Prime Minister) of France October 1832-July 1834. Southampton The city and major port in Hampshire, England, lies on Southampton Water, an inlet of the English Channel.

BkX:Chap3:Sec3 Chateaubriand booked his berth on a packet from Jersey to Southampton in May 1793. He landed in Southampton on 17 May 1793. BkX:Chap4:Sec1 He arrived in London from Southampton on Tuesday the 21st May 1793. Southern Cross The small constellation of Crux, in the form of a cross has a long axis pointing to the south celestial pole. It was visible from the Mediterranean in ancient times but precession has since carried it below the northern horizon. BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Southey, Robert 1774-1843. An English author, he was primarily a poet, he was numbered among the so-called Lake poets. While at Oxford he formed (1794) a friendship with Coleridge and joined with him in a plan for an American utopia along the Susquehanna River that was never actualized. Southey married in 1795, made several trips to Portugal, and in 1803 settled with his wife and the Coleridges near Keswick in the Lake District. A prolific writer, he enjoyed great popularity and renown in his day and was made poet laureate in 1813. Byron notably savaged him in various works for his conventional politics and weak verse. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as a recognised living poet in 1822. Spandau A district of Berlin, Germany, at the confluence of the Havel and Spree rivers, Spandau received its town charter in 1232, and during the period 1560 to 1594 the electors of Brandenburg built a major fortress there on the Havel River. The fortress was occupied in the Thirty Years War by the Swedes (163134) and in the French Revolutionary Wars by the French (180613). BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Yielded to Lannes in October 1806. Sparrow, Reverend Bence 1747-1824. Rector of Beccles from 1774. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets him in 1793. His brother Robert owned Worlingham Hall which Chateaubriand frequented. Both brothers had good libraries. Sparta

The ancient Greek capital of Laconia on the River Eurotas, it became an austere militaristic state ruled by two hereditary kings. Its victory over Athens in 404BC in the Peloponnesian War, and subsequent defeat by the Thebans at Leuctra in 371 marked the decline of Sparta and ultimately of Greece, The ancient city was destroyed by the Visigoths in 396AD: the modern town nearby dates from 1834. BkVII:Chap1:Sec1 The famous monument to the Spartans who died attempting to foil the Persian invasion in 480BC, was at Thermopylae in east-central Greece not at Sparta itself, as Chateaubriand later realised. The main Greek force retreated leaving a Spartan and Thespian force under Leonidas to defend the narrow pass. They fought to the death. The inscription on their monument read Go, tell the Spartans, thou that passest by, that here, obedient to their laws, we lie. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand recalls his presence there on 19th August 1806. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Sparta, New Jersey. BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 The Spartan reputation for austerity. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Its valley similar to the valley of Granada. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 In Medieval times the Byzantine city of Mistra developed on a hill three miles from ancient Sparta. BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 The Helots were a class of serf in ancient Sparta, the name perhaps deriving from Helos, a Laconian town. Spencer, Edmund 1552-1599. A Renaissance English poet, he wrote The Faerie Queene. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Spielburg Spielburg is sited on a hilltop in Brno, Southern Moravia. (Czech Republic) From a royal castle, the seat of the Moravian Margraves in the mid-14th century, it was turned into a huge baroque fortress, the strongest prison in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Several French revolutionaries captured during the coalition wars with France, were held there, the best known being Jean Baptiste Drouet, famous as the former postmaster of Saint-Menehould who arrested King Louis XVI. From 1822, specially constructed cells for state prisoners were filled with Italian patriots (Carbonari) who had fought for the independence of their country. The poet Silvio Pellico, who served eight years there, made the prison famous with his book Le miei prigioni My prison. During the Nazi occupation it was a holding prison for the

German concentration camps. The Czechoslovak army left pilberk in 1959, and the following year, it became the seat of the Brno City Museum. Preface:Sect3. Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Pellicos imprisonment in Moravia. Spinoza, Baruch or Benedict 1632-1677. Dutch Jewish philosopher and theologian, born in Amsterdam, his controversial pantheistic doctrine advocated an intellectual love of God. His best-known work is Ethics (1677). BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 His pantheism. Spoleto, Italy It is an ancient city in the Italian province of Perugia in east central Umbria on a foothill of the Apennines, 78 miles north of Rome. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand there in October 1828. Monteluco is 8 kilometres east. Near the top of the mountain is a monastery of St. Francis, founded by the Saint. Somma is a small town marking the highest elevation along the ancient Via Flaminia in the area Spon, Jacob 1647-1685. A French physician and antiquarian, he was the inventor of archaeology as a discipline, and travelled widely in the Classical world. In 1678 he published his Voyage to Greece and the Levant, utilised by Chateaubriand. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Spontini, Gaspare Luigi Pacifico, Comte de San Andrea 1774-1851. An Italian operatic composer and conductor, La Vestale (1807) is his best-known work, and was a great success. He was Court-Composer in Paris from 1803, but left Paris to become Kappelmeister and conductor at the Berlin Opera (Hopofer). BkXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 In Berlin in 1821. Spontini, Marie-Catherine-Cleste rard, Madame 1790-1878. The wife of Gaspare, the daughter of Jean-Baptiste rard (17501826), and niece of Sbastien rard (1752-1831), the celebrated Parisian piano and harp makers who developed the modern piano. Their instruments were owned by many famous musicians including Beethoven, Chopin, and Liszt.

BkXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 In Berlin in 1821. Spree, River About 250 miles long, rising in the Lausitz Mountians of East Central Germany, near the Czech Republic border, it flows north past Cottbus, then North-west through the Spree Forest, and from there it meanders east, north, and west before passing through Berlin to join the Havel River at Spandau. The Havel joins the Elbe. Navigable for about 110 miles the Spree is connected with the Oder River by the Oder-Spree Canal and with the Havel River by the Teltow Canal, which bypasses Berlin. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand crossed it in 1821. BkXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 The Royal Palace on the river. BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 The Havel joins the Elbe at Rhstdt-Gnevsdorf, near Havelberg. BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 A river of Berlin. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Staab A village in Bohemia. BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in May 1833. Stace, Statius c.AD45c.96, Latin poet. A favourite of Emperor Domitian, he won the poetry prize at an annual festival under Domitians auspices but later was an unsuccessful competitor at the Capitoline contest in Rome. His surviving works include two epics in the manner of Vergilthe Thebaid, on the Seven against Thebes, and the Achilleid (incomplete), on the early life of Achillesand the Silvae, a collection of poems, some displaying careful craftsmanship, others apparently hastily composed improvisations. Statius was much esteemed in his own time and through the middle Ages. BkII:Chap4:Sec2 Chateaubriand perhaps misquotes or mingles two quotations. Macte nova virtute puer, sic itur ad astra: Blessings on your fresh courage boy, such is the path to the stars is from Aeneid IX 640-641. Macte animo, iuvenis! appears in Statius, Silvae V. Stal, Albertine de, see Broglie, Duchesse de Stal, Anne-Louise-Germaine Necker, Baronne de 1766-1817. Essayist and novelist, she was the daughter of the financier Jacques Necker, and her Paris salon became a centre of intellectual

opposition to Napoleon. After 1803 she was forced into exile, mostly at her chteau on Lake Geneva. She travelled widely, meeting Goethe and Schiller in Weimar, returning to Paris in 1814. Her most important work was De lAllemagne (1810) which introduced German literature to France. She also wrote two novels featuring unconventional young heroines, Delphine (1802) and Corinne (1807) BkV:Chap10:Sec1 BkV:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkV:Chap15:Sec1 The reference is to her Considrations Part II, Ch. 16. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from Corinne XIV:Chapter 1. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 There is no external evidence of Fontanes criticising her unfairly. See his reasoned critique on De la littrature in the Mercure de France, 20th June and 20th July 1800. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 Chateaubriand was hardly known, despite the Essai, when De la littrature was published in spring 1800. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriands Lettre au Citoyen Fontanes sur la seconde dition de louvrage de Mme de Stal published in Le Mercure on 22nd December 1800. This led to various criticisms and replies concerning her De la littrature which had appeared in April 1800. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 The reference is to De lAllemagne Part II, Chapter 27. She portrays Talma as a Christian knight rather than a hero of Classical tragedy which Chateaubriand contests. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 Her reaction to Le Gnie. BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 An exemplar of the new nineteenth century literary style. BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 Her friendship for and letter regarding Pauline de Beaumont. Ordered from Paris, she left on the 25th October 1803 with Benjamin Constant, staying at Metz with Charles de Villers, arriving on the 13th November in Frankfurt. BkXVI:Chap9:Sec1 In Prussia in 1804 when the news of the Duc dEnghiens murder reached Berlin. Chateaubriand quotes from her Dix annes dexil, Part I, chapter 15 (1821) BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 See Dix annes dexil, Part II, chapter 10. The Minister mentioned was Champagny. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 See Dix annes dexil, Part II, chapter 13. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec1 See Dix annes dexil, Part II, chapter 14. BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 See Dix annes dexil, Part II, chapter 17.

BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 Used the common linguistic style of the age, as a defender of freedom. Her Considrations sur la Rvolution franaise quoted. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 The Duchesse de Durass likeness to her. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 She rented a house in Ouchy in August 1807. BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 Chateaubriand returns to 1800 to pick up her story. See Chapters 11 and 12 of Ten Years of Exile for her first trip to Germany. BkXXVIII:Chap19:Sec1 Her letter to Madame Rcamier is dated 17th November 1806. BkXXVIII:Chap20:Sec1 Her second trip to Germany lasted from December 1807 to July 1808. Her letters to Madame Rcamier. Her letter to Bonaparte. She had been exiled from Paris in December 1802 after the publication of Delphine, and the ban was set at a distant of forty leagues from Paris on the 15th October 1803. Chaumont is 115 miles or so from Paris. She had last seen Napoleon some time in 1799-early 1800, after first meeting him in December 1797. BkXXVIII:Chap21:Sec1 Madame Rcamier joined her in exile at Coppet in August 1811, and was herself exiled in the September. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 Chateaubriand identifies her with her character Corinne. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec4 BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Her death occurred on the 14th of July 1817. She lived at 8 Rue Royale, before being moved from there in the summer of 1817 to die in the Rue Neuve des Mathurins (Rue des Mathurins). BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 Her portrait in Madame Rcamiers apartment at the Abbaye-aux-Bois. BkXXXV:Chap21:Sec1 The family crypt at Coppet. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 See Ten Years of Exile. BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 See Corinne XV:7-9 and XVI:1-3. BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Chateaubriand dined with her in 1802 on the Quai de la Rpe in Paris. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 She assisted Talleyrand by having his proscription lifted so that Barras named him Minister for Foreign Relations in July 1797. Stal-Holstein, Auguste-Louis de 1790-1827. Son of Madame de Stal, his posthumous son in turn died in 1829. BkXXXV:Chap21:Sec1 Mentioned. Stanislas I (Stanislaw) Lesczinski (Lesczyeski), King of Poland

1677-1766. King 1704-1736. He was supported in his claim to the Polish Throne (after the death of Augustus the Strong) by France, Spain and Sardinia. His rival was Augustus son, Frederick Augustus III (1696-1763), supported by Russian and Austria. After the Fall of Danzig in 1734, Stanislaw fled and the Treaty of Vienna in 1735 recognized Frederick as King. BkI:Chap1:Sec9 France sent aid to help him at the siege of Danzig. Stankau (Stankov) A village in Bohemia. BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in May 1833. Stauffacher, Werner von A character (possibly the name of a historical person) in the reconstructed and therefore mythical Swiss legend of William Tell, according to which Albert of Austria, with the view of depriving the Forest lands of their ancient freedom, sent bailiffs (among them Gessler) to Uri and Schwyz, who committed many tyrannical acts, so that finally on 8th November 1307, at the Rutli, Werner von Stauffacher of Schwytz, Walter Frst of Uri, and Arnold von Melchthal in Unter-walden, each with ten companions, among whom was William Tell, resolved on a rising to expel the oppressors, which was fixed in literature at New Years Day 1308. The underlying reference is to a legend of the Swiss Confederation the origin of which dates back to the agreement between the three mountain cantons of Uri, Schwytz and Unterwalden in 1291. Supposedly representatives of the three cantons met in the Grutli (or Rutli) meadow in 1307, and took an oath of loyalty in the joint struggle against Austrian rule. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Steibelt, Daniel 1765-1823. A German composer and pianist, he played in Paris, London, and throughout Germany and Austria. In Vienna he was supposedly humbled by Beethoven in a contest of musical improvisation. In 1808 he was invited by Tsar Alexander to St Petersburg, succeeding Boeldieu as director of the Royal Opera in 1811. BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 His dramatic opera entitled Romeo et Juliette, which was later highly regarded by Berlioz, was first produced at the Thtre Feydeau in 1793. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 An extract from his Rome and Juliet is probably intended.

Stenay In the Ardennes near Sedan, it was a fortified (1609-1611) town given by Louis XIV to the Prince of Cond in 1646. BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Madame de Longueville and Turenne met there in January 1650 during the Fronde. Stengel or Stengal, Henri-Christian-Marie de, General 1744-1796. Colonel of Hussars then General of Brigade, and General of Division, June 1795. Wounded Battle of Mondovi 21st April 1796, died of wounds 28th April 1796. Of Napoleon Stengel stated that wretched Corsican wanted to finish me off and now hes done it. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 His death. Stentor The Greek herald in the Trojan War, with a voice as loud as fifty men combined. (See Homers Iliad V.783) BkV:Chap3:Sec1 BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXIV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Sterne, Laurence 1713-1768. A British writer, his masterpiece Tristram Shandy (17611767) was a precursor to modern stream-of-consciousness novels. He wrote Sentimental Journey (1768), much prized by the French Romantics. BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 See Letters to Eliza: III, March 1767. Stettin (Szczecin) A city of northwest Poland near the mouth of the Oder River, it was ruled by Sweden from 1648 to 1720, when it was ceded to Prussia. After World War II the city became part of Poland BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Captured October 29th 1806 by General Lasalle, who bluffed the superior Prussian garrison into surrendering. Steyr (Steyer), Austria An armistice between Moreau and the Austrians was signed at Steyr (at the confluence of the Rivers Enns and Steyr), 25 miles from Linz, on the 25th of December 1800. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Stockholm, Sweden

The capital and largest city of Sweden, in the eastern part of the country on the Baltic Sea, it was founded in the mid-13th century, and grew as a trade centre allied with the Hanseatic League. It became the official capital of Sweden in 1634. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Moreau met with Bernadotte there in 1813. Stolberg-Goedern, Princess Caroline of 1753-1824. She married the Young Pretender in 1772, but separated from him in 1780. She later secretly married Alfieri in Florence. After his death in 1803, she shared her life with the painter Fabre (1766-1837). BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. Stolzenberg, Baroness Mistress of the Margrave of Schwedt. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned in Mirabeaus Secret History. Storace 1763-1796. English musical composer born in London. His father, Stefano Storace, an Italian contrabassist, taught him the violin so well that at ten he played the most difficult music of the day. After completing his education at the Conservatorio di Sant Onofrio, in Naples, he produced his first opera, Gli Sposi malcontenti, at Vienna, in 1785. Here he made the acquaintance of Mozart, in whose Nozze di Figaro his sister, Anna Selina Storace, first sang the part of Susanna. His greatest triumphs were achieved in England, where he returned in 1787. The music of The Pirates, produced in 1792, was partly adapted from Gli Equivoci, and is remarkable as affording one of the earliest instances of the introduction of a grand finale to an English opera. BkVI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from The Pirates, libretto by James Cobb. The cradle song became a popular air. Storta, Italy Formerly the last relay post on the road from Florence to Rome. BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Stowe, England The gardens and parkland at Stowe near Buckingham were one of the first of a new style of landscaped parkland that evolved into what we now call the English landscape garden. The gardens at Stowe were begun in the early 18th century by Sir Richard Temple, Viscount Cobham, with the aid of Charles Bridgeman, William Kent, and later, Capability Brown.

BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 The gardens are famous for their ornamental constructions, temples, pyramids, statues etc. The Temple of Concord & Victory is one of the most important and impressive of Stowes three dozen garden buildings. It was the first building in England designed specifically to imitate Greek architecture, and was originally known as the Grecian Temple, despite its several Roman features. The Temple was started in 1747 when the Grecian Valley in front was laid out by Capability Brown and may itself be one of his designs. It was based in part on the Graeco-Roman temple at Balbec or Heliopolis in Syria, as described by Pococke in his account published in 1745. The Stowe House contents including its fine art works were auctioned in 1848 in one of the great sales of all time, and the works dispersed across the world. Strabo c64BC-21AD. The Greek geographer was born at Amaseia (Amasya, Turkey). His Geography in 17 books is an invaluable source of information about the ancient world. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 His reference to the war-dogs, fighting mastiffs, of the Celts. (See Geographia IV.5.2) BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 The young Napoleon studied his works. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 See Geographia XVII.43 BkXXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 For the Veneti, and Strabos comment about Italy, see Geographia IV:4:1 Strasbourg, France A city of northeast France near the German border east of Nancy, it was strategically important from ancient times. It became a free imperial city in 1262, was occupied by France in 1681, and passed to Germany in 1871. The city was recovered by France in 1919. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Marie-Louise there in 1810 on her way to Paris. BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec3 The French border partially established ultimately as Chateaubriand hoped. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 The Dance of Death painting there, and later variants e.g. Heinrich Knoblochters printed woodcuts of the Dance of Death designed by an unknown artist c 1486. Strelitz, The Members of the ill-disciplined Household Guard, the Strelitz, were involved in a conspiracy in 1698 against Peter the Great of Russia. The Czarina

Eudoxia, who was suspected of complicity in the conspiracy, which had been the work of the old Russian or anti-reform party, was divorced and shut up in a convent; the Czar's own sister, Martha, was likewise compelled to take the veil. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 A number of guards were slaughtered on the stairs of the Kremlin and in Red Square. Strozzi, Ercole 1471-1508. An Italian poet at the Este court, he was the son of Tito. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born in Ferrara. Strozzi, Pierre, Marshal of France 1500-1558. He was created Marshal by Henri II in 1554. BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 At Thionville in 1558. Strozzi, Tito 1442-1501. He was an Italian poet at the Este court. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born in Ferrara. Strymon, River Strymon was a river-god of Edonia in Thrace. The Strymon River, separating Macedonia from Thrace in ancient times, flows into the Aegean Sea between the Khalkidike peninsular and the island of Thasos. BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 Alexander defeated the Persians there in the estuary in 479BC. Stuart, Charles Edward, the Young Pretender 1720-1788. The son of James Edward, and known as Bonnie Prince Charlie, he landed in Scotland in 1745, and after an incursion into England withdrew and was defeated at Culloden in 1746. He escaped to exile in Europe. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 He was at the siege of Gaeta in 1734. BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Stuart, Henry Benedict, Cardinal Duke of York 1725-1807. He was the second son of James III, Bishop of Frascati, and a Cardinal, who from 1788 was the last surviving Stuart, and was known in Rome as Henry IX. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 Chateaubriand saw him in Rome in 1803. Stuart, James Edward, the Old Pretender

1688-1766. Son of James II, he spent most of his life in Rome, where he was treated well by the Papacy. He was regarded as James III on the Continent. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned, with his son Charles. Stuart, Mary, Queen of Scots 1542-1587. The only child of James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise. Through her grandmother Margaret Tudor, Mary had the strongest claim to the throne of England after the children of Henry VIII. This claim (and her Roman Catholicism) made Mary a threat to Elizabeth I of England, who finally had her executed. However, Mary's son, James VI of Scotland, succeeded Elizabeth to the English throne as James I. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Ronsards Elegy (XXV in the Poems of 1587) Stuart, Sir Charles 1779-1845. British Ambassador in Paris 1815-1824, then 1828-1830. Elevated to the peerage in 1828 he took the title Lord Stuart of Rothesay. BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 Ambassador in Paris in 1822. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Ambassador in Paris at the time of the July revolution. Studianka A village north of Borisov on the Berezina, opposite Zembin. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Napoleons engineers built two bridges there in late November 1812. Styx A river of the underworld, with its lakes and pools, used to mean the underworld or the state of death itself. There is an Arcadian river Styx near Nonacris. It forms the falls of Mavroneri, plunging six hundred feet down the cliffs of the Chelmos ridge. Pausanias says, VIII xvii, that Hesiod (Theogony 383) makes Styx the daughter of Ocean and the wife of the Titan Pallas. Their children were Victory and Strength. Epimenedes makes her the mother of Echidna. Pausanias says the waters of the river dissolve glass and stone etc. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Suard, Jean-Baptiste-Antoine

1732-1817. Writer, critic, editor; under the Directory he wrote for the royalist Nouvelles Politiques. He was editor of Le Publiciste under the Empire until 1810, and Perpetual Secretary of the Academy from 1803. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 His comment on Chateaubriands speech. Suard, Amlie Panckouke, Madame 1750-1830. The sister of the publisher Charles-Joseph Panckouke (17361798) and daughter of the writer and publisher Andr-Joseph Panckouke, she was married to the Director of Le Publiciste, who was elected as Secretary in perpetuity of the new Academy, on its reorganisation in 1803. She ran a literary salon. BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Subiaco, Italy A city in the Province of Rome, twenty-five miles from Tivoli, received its name from the artificial lakes of the Villa of Nero. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Suetonius, Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus c69-c140AD. The Roman historian and biographer, was a friend of Pliny the Younger and secretary to the Emperor Hadrian. Only his Lives of the Caesars, and fragments of his Lives of Famous Men survive. BkII:Chap4:Sec3 Chateaubriand quotes a phrase from Suetonius Life of Caesar (XXXIX), desultorios equos: mounts used for trick riding in the Circus. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 As a famous Roman historian. Suez, Egypt The Suez Canal west of the Sinai Peninsula, is a 118 miles long maritime canal in Egypt, between Port Said on the Mediterranean Sea, and Suez (alSuways) on the Red Sea. Napoleon, while in Egypt, contemplated the construction of a canal to join the Mediterranean and Red Seas. His project was abandoned, however, after a French survey erroneously concluded that the waters of the Red Sea were higher than those of the Mediterranean, making a lockless canal impossible. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Napoleon there in 1798. Darius I, the Persian King, completed a canal in 500 BC, leaving the Darius inscriptions behind to testify to having sailed through it from the Nile to the Sea. Suffren-Saint-Tropez, Pierre-Andr, Bailli de

1726-1788. French admiral. He participated in naval warfare in the War of the Austrian Succession and in the Seven Years War. In 1779 he was sent with the Comte d'Estaing to aid the American Revolutionaries, and two years later began his famous cruise to the East Indies. He attacked the English at the Cape Verde Islands, saved the Dutch colony at Cape Town from English capture, and then began his campaign against the British navy in India under Sir Edward Hughes. He seriously impeded British operations, fighting five major battles in 178283. Each ended in a virtual draw, a considerable achievement for the French against the British fleet of that day. Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkII:Chap8:Sec2 BkVI:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Suleiman A mufti or imam present when Napoleon visited the Great Pyramid in 1798. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Mentioned. Suleiman I, the Magnificent 1494-1566. He was the tenth Osmanli Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and its longest-serving, reigning from 1520 to 1566. Under his leadership, the Ottoman Empire reached its zenith and became a world power, and Suleiman was considered one of the pre-eminent rulers of 16th-century Europe BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Ancestor of Selim III. Sulla, Lucius Cornelius c138-78BC. A Roman dictator, he was associated with the aristocratic party, and an opponent of Marius and Cinna. He stormed Rome in 87 forcing them to flee. Outlawed, he concluded a campaign against Mithridates and in 83 invaded Italy and again took Rome. Elected dictator he butchered his political opponents He retired in 79 after restoring the Senates constitutional powers. BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 His conflict with Marius. BkXLII:Chap18:Sec1 See Plutarch: Sulla LXXV. Sully, Maximilien de Bthune, Duc de, also called Marquis de Rosny 1560-1641. French statesman who, as the trusted minister of King Henry IV, substantially contributed to the rehabilitation of France after the Wars of Religion (1562-98). BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Ambassador to James I of England in 1603. BkXXVIII:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 His Memoirs, the conomies royales, were published in 1638. Sunium (Sounion), Cape The headland is 65km south-east of Athens. The famous temple of Poseidon on Cape Sunium was formerly attributed to Athene-Minerva, her temple is actually a quarter of a mile away to the north-east. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Surat A city in India, in Gujarat on the River Tapti, it was the Mogul Empires chief port in the 16th and 17th centuries. BkI:Chap4:Sec4 Saint-Malo traded there. Surcouf, Robert 1773-1827. Descended from Duguay-Trouin through his mother. French privateer. He captured 47 ships mostly British during his legendary career and was called the King of the Privateers, Roi des Corsaires, and was notorious on both sides of the Channel. He later became a rich ship-owner and a Baron. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 Born in Saint-Malo. Survilliers, Comtesse de, see Bonaparte, Madame Joseph Sussy, Jean-Baptiste Henry Collin, Comte de 1750-1826. Minister of Manufactures and Commerce under Napoleon (1812-1814). BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap10:Sec1 Addresses the Chamber of Deputies 30th July 1830. Sutton, Charlotte Ives, Lady 1780-1852. She married Captain, later Admiral Samuel Sutton in 1806. In the census of 30th March 1851, and following the death of her husband in 1832, Charlotte was residing with Diana Gorham, widow of Captain Gorham at Hill House, Aldeburgh, Suffolk. Her will gives a previous residence in Woodbridge, Suffolk, and her executors were her two surviving sons William and John. She died there the following year. BkX:Chap9:Sec1 BkX:Chap9:Sec2 Her relationship with Chateaubriand. BkX:Chap10:Sec1 His remorse at the misunderstanding.

BkX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 His encounter with her again in 1822. Her sons, given their ages, would have been Samuel and William. Their relationship was intermittent and terminated with a letter from her of 14th June 1825 when she wrote a last farewell. BkXI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 Her image an inspiration to his first major literary efforts. BkXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 He remembers her, on being appointed as Ambassador to London in 1822. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned in a fanciful passage. Sutton, Admiral Samuel 1760-1832. Born in Scarborough, he was a career sailor who rose through the ranks to become Flag-Captain to Nelson for a time on the Victory. Sailing with him in the Mediterranean and commanding Amphion, he assisted at the capture of a Spanish squadron. He retired to a desk job in 1805, but was advanced to Rear-Admiral in 1821 and appointed a Flag Officer of the Fleet. He married Charlotte Ives and they lived at Ditchingham, Norfolk. BkX:Chap11:Sec1 They married in April 1806. Sutton, Captain Samuel Ives 1807-1850. Elder son of the Admiral he was a Captain in the Army, then joined the Portuguese and Spanish service, becoming Major in 1846. He died of dysentery at Kenilworth. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 He visited Chateaubriand in Paris, around 1839. Suvorov, Alexander Vasilyevitch 1729-1800. The Russian field marshal fought in the Russo-Turkish War of 176874, helped suppress the peasant rebellion led by Pugachev in 1775, and was created count for his victories in the Russo-Turkish War of 1787 92, notably at Focsani, Rimnik, and at Izmayil in Bessarabia. In 1794, he commanded the Russian army that suppressed the Polish revolt. His reputation reached its peak in the French Revolutionary Wars of 179899, in which he commanded Austro-Russian forces against the armies of the French Republic. Sent to oust the French from Italy, he defeated them at Cassano, took Milan and Turin, and routed the French on the Trebbia and at Novi. For his exploits in Italy he was created Prince Italiski. One of the great generals of modern times, Suvorov claimed never to have been defeated in battle, though Massna drove his forces off at Zurich in 1799; he ascribed his successes to the principle of intuition, speed, impact.

BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 His victory at Cassano on April 27th 1799. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Kutuzov his pupil. BkXXXV:Chap13:Sec1 His encounter with Massna at Zurich, 26th of September 1799. Swedenborg, Emmanuel 1688-1772. A Swedish scientist, philosopher and mystic, he was an official of the Swedish Board of Mines who did pioneering work in magnetic theory and crystallography, but later tried to show by scientific and logical analysis that the universe was of spiritual origin. After 1743 his works became more mystical. They include Arcana Coelestia (1756), The New Jerusalem and its Heavenly Doctrine (1758), and Divine Love and Wisdom (1763). The sect of Swedenborgians was founded in London by his followers in 1787. BkX:Chap6:Sec1 BkX:Chap8:Sec2 Hingant read his writings. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriand treats all the mysticisms of the period as Swedenborgian. Swift, Mr A fur-trader at Albany. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in 1791. Syene, Egypt Aswan is a southern city, and ancient frontier town, on the east bank of the Nile, located about 81 miles south of Luxor. Its ancient Egyptian name was Syene. Elephantine Island nearby has artefacts dating from pre-Dynastic times onward. BkXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius c340-c402. He was Proconsul of Africa in 373, urban Prefect of Rome in 384 and 385, and Consul in 391. A pagan who had received his education in Gaul, Symmachus was an opponent of Ambrose, Archbishop of Milan, and a defender of polytheism and the old gods. BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 mentioned. Syracuse The seaport in south-east Sicily was founded by Greeks from Corinth in 734BC. Theocritus and Archimedes were born there. It fell to the Romans in 212BC after a three year siege.

BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 After the defeat of the Athenian expedition against Sicily in 413BC, the prisoners were incarcerated in the stone quarries of Syracuse for a ten week period and the survivors sold into slavery. See Thucydides The Peloponnesian War VII:87 Syrtes A dangerous series of sandbanks, they are located on the north coast of Africa between Tunis and Cyrene. BkXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap21:Sec1 Mentioned. Tabor, Czech Republic Tbor is a city of the Czech Republic, in the South Bohemian Region. It is named after Mount Tabor. In the centre of the city is the ika Square with its statue of Jan ika, a Hussite leader. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there 26th of September 1833. Taboureau des Raux, Louis-Gabriel 1718-1782. French Finance Minister, October1776 to June 1777. BkV:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Tacitus, Cornelius c55-c120AD. The Roman Historian, born in Gaul, made his reputation as an orator and a Senator under Domitian, and became a substitute Consul in 97 under Nerva. He was Governor of Asia (Western Anatolia) in 112-113. In 98 he wrote two monologues, Germania and Agricola. His major works the Histories and Annals cover 69-96, and 14-68 respectively. BkIX:Chap7:Sec2 Quoted. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 His Life of Agricola:3 mentioned. BkXVI:Chap10:Sec1 His life of Nero. Germanicus died in Antioch, his ashes were returned to Rome and placed in Augustus tomb, see Annals III. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 His mention of Vellda (Weleda) (Hist. IV:61,65), a Batavian prophetess, a Bructerian from the River Lippe area near its confluence with the Rhine. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Quotations from Germania: XXVII and IX respectively, and from Annals, Book II, LXXXVIII:3). BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 As a famous Roman historian. BkXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 The quotation is from Germania: XLV. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 See Germania I:3. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec2 See Germania XI:2

BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 See Germania CLXII, Tacitus quotes Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv 3: BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 The Germans celebrated in the Germania. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 See Germania XXVI:4 BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Taddei, Madame Rosa 1801-? A poetess and extempore performer, she was the daughter of the proprietor of the Teatro della Valle at Rome (See Major Fryes contemporary travels, 1815-1819, After Waterloo). She was alive in 1837. She improvised rhyming verse to music. BkXXX:Chap7:Sec1 She improvised in 1829 on a double theme, that of Regulus proposed by Grand-Duchess Helen and that of the life of travel proposed by Chateaubriand. Tagliamento River, Italy A river of north-east Italy, it flows from sources in the Dolomites to the Adriatic Sea at a point mid-way between Venice and Trieste. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 On 16th March 1797, near Valvasone, Napoleon and Massenas forces rushed the Tagliamento under the cover of heavy artillery fire and forced the Austrians back to Udine. Tagus, River The largest river on the Iberian Peninsula, it measures 1,038 kilometers in length, 716 km of which are in Spain, 47 km as border between Portugal and Spain and the remaining 275 km in Portugal. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Tahiti The largest of the Society Islands in the south central Pacific, it is in French Polynesia. Settled by Polynesians in the 14th century it was visited by Europeans in 1767, and Christianised by the London Missionary Society who helped the Pomare family to power. It became French in 1842. BkIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Sugar cane was cultivated there before 1800 (Captain Bligh carried sugar cane from Tahiti to Jamaica in 1791.) Tain LHermitage, France A town on the Rhne near Tournon. Noted for its vineyards and chocolate making.

BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand left Paris on the 18th October 1802 and was in Tain on the 27th. Talaru, Louis-Justin-Marie, Marquis de 1773-1850. A Peer of France from 1815, he was appointed Ambassador to Madrid in 1823. He was the last Marquis de Talaru. His country-house was Chamarande, near Arpajon, south of Paris. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 He married Madame de Clermont-Tonnerre. BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him in Madrid in 1824. Tallart, Camille Marquis de la Baume-dHostun, Baron dArlanc, Marshal de 1652-1728. A French diplomat, and Marshal of France, he negotiated the partition treaties of 1698 and 1700 that preceded the War of the Spanish Succession. Although victorious at Speyer (1703), he was defeated and taken prisoner at Blenheim (1704). He served as minister of state in 1726. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 The defeated Tallart was a captive in London. Tallemant des Raux, Gdon 1619-1692. A French author, his one great work is a series of brief anecdotal portraits of persons prominent in the Paris of his day, written after 1657 but not published until 1834. They present a vivid, faithful, and acute picture of the society of the period. The Historiettes have appeared in English as Miniature Portraits (1926). BkXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 His Historiettes mentioned. Talleyrand-Prigord, Charles-Maurice de, Prince of Benevento, sometime Bishop of Autun 1754-1838. A French politician and diplomat, as Bishop of Autun 178991 he supported moderate reform during the French Revolution, was excommunicated by the pope, and fled to England then the USA in 1792 during the Reign of Terror. He returned in September 1796 and became foreign minister under the Directory 179799 and under Napoleon 1799 1807. He represented France at the Congress of Vienna 181415. BkIV:Chap12:Sec2 Mentioned. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 An associate of Lauzun. BkV:Chap15:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 He said Mass at the Festival of the Federation, 14th July 1790. The audience granted to the Ambassador of the Ottaman Sultan of Istanbul by Talleyrand as the

new Minister for External Relations, on 29 July 1797, at which Talleyrand wore an extravagant costume, provoked much ridicule. BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Foreign Minister in 1803, he confirmed Chateaubriands nomination as First Secretary to the Rome Embassy (4th May 1803.) BkXV:Chap7:Sec2 BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand suggests he used to edit the files of his correspondence with the Emperor. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 He held back Chateaubriands letter of resignation for a few days. He wrote reproaching him graciously on 2nd April 1804. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 Accused of being involved in the abduction of the Duc dEnghien. BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 His involvement in the execution of the Duc dEnghien. BkXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Accused by Chateaubriand of inspiring the murder. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Welcomed Napoleon after the Italian Campaign. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 Negotiating with the English in 1806 in Paris. BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec2 His desire to head a Regency. BkXXII:Chap17:Sec1 Alexander stayed with him in Paris in 1814 at what is now the Htel Talleyrand, 2 Rue Saint-Florentin, constructed between 1767 and 1769, by Jean-Franois Chalgrin, for the Comte de Saint-Florentin, Talleyrand bought the Htel from the Marquis de Hervas en 1813. Its last occupant before the Revolution was the Duchess of Infantado (Spanish). BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 His involvement in the Restoration. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 He leaves for the Congress of Vienna. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap15:Sec1 His efforts at the Congress of Vienna. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec1 His manipulation of the list of proscribed individuals. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 Napoleons regret he had not had him shot. BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 At Mons during the return from Ghent in 1815. BkXXIII:Ch20:Sec3 Chateaubriand sees him with Fouch at Saint-Denis. BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 A member of the government of the Second Restoration in 1815. BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 His political methods. BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Patron of the National in 1830. BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 His calash acquired by Chateaubriand. BkXXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 He was Ambassador to London 1833-35. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 He had died on the 17th of May 1838, in his house on the Rue Saint-Florentin aged 84, having been born on

2nd of February 1754. Talleyrand sold the letters mentioned to the Austrians in 1817 for half a million francs. Talleyrands Memoirs published in 1891 are of dubious authenticity. Talleyrand, Nolle-Catherine Werle (or Worle), Madame de 1762-1835. Of Danish origins, she was born in Coromandel. She married a Monsieur Grand in 1777. She later married Talleyrand. BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 Mentioned in 1814. Tallien, Jean Lambert 1767-1820. A French revolutionary, he was a lawyers clerk and later a printer, he became known through his Jacobin journal, Ami des citoyens. A leader in the attack (August 1792) on the Tuileries, he became secretary of the Commune of Paris and sent circulars to the departments, urging severe punishments for counter-revolutionaries. In the Convention and the Committee of General Security he aided in overthrowing the Girondists; sent to Bordeaux in September 1793, he used extreme methods to spread the Reign of Terror. Recalled to Paris in May, 1794, he was given the charge of many important prisoners, and fell in love with one of them, Theresa Cabarrus, divorced wife of the Marquis de Fontenay, whom he married. Denounced (June 12) by Maximilien Robespierre, Tallien began the attack on Robespierre in the coup of 9th Thermidor. A leader of the Thermidorian reaction, he thereafter lost importance. He accompanied Napoleon Bonaparte to Egypt in 1798, was captured by the English, and lived briefly in England, before returning in 1802 to France and comparative obscurity. BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 A close friend of Josephine he effectively rescued her from prison during the Terror. He witnessed Napoleons marriage in 1796. BkXIX:Chap15:Sec1 A letter to his wife from Egypt, 4th August 1798. Tallien, Jeanne-Thresia de Cabarrus, Madame 1773-1835. Nicknamed Notre-Dame de Thermidor she had divorced in order to marry Tallien in 1794. She was later the mistress of Barras, Ouvrard etc. A second divorce in 1802 enabled her to become the Comtesse de Caraman in 1805, then the Princesse de Chimay. BkXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Talliens letter to her of 4th August 1798. Talma, Francois-Joseph 1763-1826. French actor, the greatest tragedian of his time, he broke with tradition and foreshadowed the romanticists. He continued Lekains reforms, paying close attention to costume, and employing gestures and a more

emotive and less declamatory style of acting. In 1787 he made his debut at the Comdie Franaise in Voltaires Mahomet and in 1789 gained fame in Marie-Joseph Cheniers Revolutionary play, Charles IX. Avoiding controversy during the Revolution, Talma left the Comdie Franaise and set up his own Thtre de la Rpublique, which was eventually united (1799) with the Comdie Franaise. He was the leading actor during the Empire, and a favourite of Napoleon. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Acted at the Thtre-Franais. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap20:Sec1 Mentioned. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 His debut in Charles IX, and its success in 1792. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Playing tragedy at the Franais in 1802. A description of the actor. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 Napoleon made his acquaintance. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 He played Voltaires Death of Caesar (1735) to the assembled monarchs at Erfurt in September 1808, and Oedipus (1718) on the 4th of October. Chateaubriand quotes from Act I Scene I of the latter. Talma, Julie (Careau) 1756-1805. A dancer, she married Talma in 1791, but separated from him three years later. She was a friend of Benjamin Constant, and maintained her own popular salon. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Tamerlane or Tamburlaine (Timur-I Lang, Timur the Lame) 1336-1405. A Mongol warlord he was the founder of the Timurid Empire (13701405) in Central Asia, and the Timurid dynasty, which survived in some form until 1857. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Timur defeated the Ottoman Sultan Bajazet, greatgrandson of Osman I at the Battle of Ankara in 1402, and supposedly kept him in a cage until he died. (Gibbon considered this a myth) Tancred 1078-1112? A Norman soldier, he was the leader in the First Crusade (1096 1099), he served as regent of the principality of Antioch (11011112). BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned as an example of knightly chivalry. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 His achievements in the Holy Land. BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 A nickname for Count Lucchesi-Palli. Tanorn

It was the name of a forest at Combourg on the Chateaubriand estate. BkII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Tantalus The king of Phrygia, son of Jupiter, father of Pelops and Niobe. He served his son Pelops to the gods at a banquet and was punished by eternal thirst in Hades. See Ovid Metamorphoses Bk IV:416-463. BkX:Chap3:Sec2 The Duc de Berry compares himself to Tantalus. Tantura (Tentoura), Israel A village on the coast between Acre and Caesarea, about 30km south of modern Haifa, it was the site of the Biblical city of Dor (Tel Dor), and is where Napoleon abandoned half his armaments. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 Napoleon was there on the 20th of May 1799. Tarbes, France The capital of the Hautes-Pyrnes, it is near Lourdes. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriand there in July 1829. Tardif, Jean d. 1591 A counsellor executed with President Brisson by the Seize in 1591. BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Tartarus The Greek underworld. The infernal regions ruled by Dis. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 Smoky London compared to it. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 See Virgils Aeneid VI:706-721. Tascher, see Josphine Beauharnais Tasso, Torquato 1544-1595. The greatest Italian poet of the late Renaissance, best remembered for his masterpiece La Gerusalemme Liberata (Jerusalem Delivered, 1575). Its hero is the leader of the first Crusade, Godfrey of Bouillon; its climax the capture of the holy city. In the 1570s Tasso developed a persecution mania which led to legends about the restless, halfmad, and misunderstood author. He died a few days before he was due to be crowned as the king of poets by the Pope. He remained one of the most

widely read poets by educated Europeans until the beginning of the 19th century. Preface:Sect4 An example of a poet who lived a stormy and difficult life. BkVI:Chap5:Sec3 Chateaubriand quotes from Jerusalem Delivered XV:37. In mid-Atlantic Rinaldo is imprisoned by the sorceress Armida on the Fortunate Isles, possibly the Canary Isles. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 A reference to Canto XVI:20 of Jerusalem Delivered. BkX:Chap9:Sec1 The Gerusalemme mentioned. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Celebrated Camons in a sonnet Loda il signor Luigi Camoens (1598) BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 He died and was buried in the monastery of SantOnofrio in Rome. His familiarity with the Vatican buildings is mentioned. Regarding the second reference Tassos oak was in the garden, the orangetrees in the cloister. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 Fontanes lines for Monsieur Chateaubriand after writing Les Martyrs, which appeared in the journal de Paris of 25th January 1810, and then in the Gazette and the Mercury. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Napoleon preferred Ariostos work to his. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 He was in Loreto in 1587. His poem To the Blessed Virgin of Loreto starts with this line. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 Montaigne visited Tasso on the 16th of November 1580 (see Montaignes Essais II:12) BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 The subscription towards the monument of 1000 francs was addressed to Count Lozzano Argo on the 22nd of December 1828. The tomb was erected under Pius IX, the statue of the poet by Fabris dates to 1857. BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 See Jerusalem Delivered XII:29 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Tasso was born in Sorrento, near Naples where he attended a Jesuit school. BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 His imprisonment because of his insanity (1579-1586). BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned in Voltaires Candide. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born in Sorrento, on the 11th of March 1544, but his father was a nobleman of Bergamo. BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 A chapter on Tasso. For My troubles.. see Canzone al Metauro:21-26 and 31-42. For I saw see Aminta I:1 lines 625-628 and

633-638. The letter referred to of 1572 is to Count Ercole de Contrari. For The Laurels see a letter to Orazio Ariosto, of 16th January 1577. Erminia is a character in Jerusalem Delivered. For Slight, but glorious child see Canzone al Metauro:1-6. BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 The Father of the Family, written in 1580, was published in 1583. For Beneath this weight of misfortune see the letter to Scipio Gonzaga of May 1579. The letter to Bergamo dates from 1585. The sonnet mentioned is A le gatto dello spedale di S. Anna, from the Rime. Egro io languiva is from a sonnet of 1585, slightly adapted. BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 For ed irrig see Sette Giornate VII:1026-1027. BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 Clorinda, like Armida and Erminia, is a character in Jerusalem Delivered. The names carved round Tassos cell included those of Byron, and Lamartine. BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 Quoted. BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Tasso, Bernardo 1493-1569. The father of Torquato, born in Bergamo, he was secretary to the Prince of Salerno, then to the Duke of Mantua, and a poet of some reputation. He died at Ostiglia, in the Province of Mantua, of which he was Governor. BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Tastu, Amable 1798-1885. A Romantic poetess and muse she was a friend of Madame Rcamier, and assisted in the 1834 readings of the Memoirs. BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Tauern The Hohe Tauern range lies to the north of the valley of the Drave which flows west to east through Carinthia. BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833. St Michael im Lungau is a village in the Tauern Pass. Tavannes (or Tavanes), Gaspard de Saulx, de 1509-1573. A distinguished Marshal in the wars of Francois I and Henri II he was governor of Provence, and a lieutenant-general in Burgundy. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 His Memoirs quoted. They were written by his second or third son Jean, and were printed (1625), with those of his eldest son William (1553-1633) which cover the period after Gaspards death until 1596.

Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste 160589. A French traveller in Asia, he undertook six voyages, which took him as far as the East Indies and Java, and he acquired a fortune in the trade of precious stones. Ennobled (1669) by Louis XIV, he took the title Baron d Aubonne after an estate he bought near Geneva. A Protestant, he left France after the Revocation (1685) of the Edict of Nantes and died on a seventh journey, which was to take him to Asia by way of Russia. His Six Voyages en Turquie, en Perse et aux Indes (167677) contains a wealth of information and has been frequently reprinted. BkIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Taygetus A mountain range of the Peloponnesus, S Greece, extending 100 km north from the southern end of Cape Matapan. It rises to c. 2410 m at Mt. Hagios Ilias (Mt. St. Elias) south-west of Sparta. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Taylor English agent, involved with the Duc dEnghien. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Tchaplitz (Chaplits, Czaplic), Yefim Ignatievich, General 1768-1825. A Russian General of Polish extraction, promoted to lieutenant general in 1812, he led the advance-guard of Admiral Pavel Chichagovs army to the Berezina River, and fought the French at Borisov on 26 November 1812, where he was lightly wounded in the head. He captured Vilna on 28 November 1812. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 At the Berezina. Tchitchakoff (Chichagov), Pavel, Admiral 1767-1849. A Russian Admiral, in 1807, he was promoted Admiral and appointed Minister of the Navy. He resigned and travelled in Europe in 1809-1811. In 1812, Alexander recalled him and appointed him Commander in Chief of the Army of the Danube and governor general of Moldavia and Wallachia. However, the 1812 Treaty of Bucharest ended the Russo-Turkish War by the time he took command of the army. He participated in the 1812 campaign against Napoleon and was accused of letting Napoleon escape at the Berezina River in November 1812. In 1813, he was dismissed and went

to France. He never returned to Russia. He became a citizen of Britain and spent the rest of his life in France and Italy. He died in Paris. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 At the Berezina. Teinitz (Tynec) A village in Bohemia. BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in May 1833. Tlmaque, Telemachus A work by Fnelon: Telemachus was the son of Odysseus in Homers Odyssey. BkII:Chap3:Sec4 Chateaubriand refers to Fnelons prose-poem or poetic novel, printed in Paris in 1699, which is a continuation of the Odyssey, being the story of Telemachus son of Odysseus, and includes an episode where he falls in love with Eucharis, one of Calypsos nymphs. BkIV:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand re-read the work by Fnelons tomb in 1786. BkIX:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand misquotes Odyssey IV:601-609. (Rather he quotes Mme. Daciers inaccurate translation.) Telemachus is speaking about Ithaca, the island unfit for horses, to Menelaus who is described there as , Menelaus of the loud war-cry (not candide). BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 Fnelons work mentioned. Tende, France The former Italian village of Tenda, Tende in the French Alpes-Maritimes is the main village of the upper valley of the river Roya. It changed hands on occasions between France and Italy until 1947. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Ceded to Napoleon in 1796. Tempe, Greece The valley in Thessaly between Ossa and Olympus through which the River Peneus flows, was celebrated in antiquity for its abundance of water and luxurious vegetation, and as the place where Apollo came to purify himself after killing Python. It was the principal route into Greece from the north. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 Mentioned. Tempelhof A Prussian artillery officer and military historian he wrote a History of the Seven Years War. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned.

Temps, Le A Paris Liberal newspaper, it was founded in 1829 by Jean-Jacques Baude and Jacques Coste who ran it till 1842. It had a direct circulation of five thousand or so, and helped prepare the way for the July Revolution. BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Teplitz (Teplice) A city of the Czech Republic, in the st nad Labem Region, Teplice is situated in the plain of the Blina river, which separates the Ore Mountains (Czech: Krun Hory) from the Czech Central Mountains (Czech: esk stedoho), and is a famous spa town. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Charles X took the waters there. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 A legend of how the waters were discovered. Terence, Publius Terentius Afer c190-158BC. A writer of Latin comedies, of his six extant plays three, The Brothers, The Girl of Andros, and The Eunuch, are each made from two Greek plays. Of the remaining three, the Phormio is based on a play by the Greek Apollodorus, and the other two are derived from Menander. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 See Terences Andria: the Girl from Andros: 7173 (c170BC) Tereus The legendary King of Thrace married Procne daughter of Pandion of Athens. Tereus raped and mutilated her sister Philomela. All three were ultimately transformed into birds in Ovids account (Metamorphoses VI), Tereus becoming the hoopoe, Procne the nightingale, and Philomela the swallow. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Termes, Marquis de Alive in 1677, he was the nephew of Madame de Montespan. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Ternaux, Louis-Guillaume, sometime Baron 1763-1833. A French industrialist, he was a woollen-textiles manufacturer, who was a Paris Deputy 1818-1822 and 1827-1831. In 1821 he abandoned

the title granted him in 1819, because of his lack of acceptance by the nobility. He bought the Chteau of Saint-Ouen in 1802 and set up a cashmere shawl factory, naturalising the production of Indian cashmere, and introducing a flock of Tibetan goats into France. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 His house was used for meetings of the Greek philanthropic committee. The Greek uprising against the Turks supported by Russia, in March 1821 prompted the Turkish re-conquest of the Morea by Ibrahim Pasha in the spring of 1825. Terni The town in Italy, in Umbria, on the River Nera, is the reputed birthplace of Tacitus. BkVII:Chap8:Sec2 BkXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXV:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 The spectacular Marmore Falls, 7km from Terni, are artificial falls built by the Romans in 290BC. The Consul Curio Dentato ordered a canal dug to add the waters of the Velino River to the River Nera, creating the falls. The falls are probably those referred to by Virgil and Byron. Tertullian, Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus c160-225AD. An African father of the Church born in Carthage, he was educated in law and converted to Christianity in 197. He joined the Montanists (a sect adhering to asceticism and prophecy). His writings were the first major Christian works, and include the Apologeticum. BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 See De Pallio:III, for his description of the chameleon. Teste, Charles d. 1848 A Radical writer, bookseller and founder member of the Socit des Amis du Peuple. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 A member of the Republican Municipal Commission in July 1830. Thabor The Benedictines gardens at Rennes, the name derived from Mount Thabor (Tabor) near Nazareth. Mount Thabor is distinguished among the mountains of Palestine for its picturesque site, its graceful outline, the remarkable vegetation which covers its sides of calcareous rock, and the splendour of the view from its summit. Nearly isolated on all sides and almost

hemispherical in shape it rises in a peak 1650 feet above the Plain of Esdraelon, which it bounds on the north and east, about five miles south-east of Nazareth. BkII:Chap7:Sec2 The children would fight there. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mount Thabor mentioned. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Klber fought a major battle there on the 16th of April 1799. Thalia One of the Muses, generally regarded as the Muse of Comedy. She was represented holding a comic mask, and shepherds crook indicating her role also in husbandry and planting. BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Tharin, Claude-Marie, Mgr 1787-1843. Former Superior of the Saint-Sulpice Seminary, he was Bishop of Strasbourg from 1823. Designated as tutor to the Duke of Bordeaux in 1828, it was seen as a coup for the Jesuits. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Appointed as tutor to the Duke of Bordeaux. Tharsis Gendarme. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 Present at the interrogation of the Duc dEnghien in 1804. Thtre-Franais, Paris Located in the Place du Thtre-Franais, the Comdie Franais forms the southwest wing of the Palais Royal. Victor Louis built the original structure between 1786-1790, and Pierre Prosper Chabrol later rebuilt the faades between 1860-64. The company that performs here and is now known as the Comedie-Franais is the longest running national theatre company in the world. It was founded in 1600 and was later supervised by Molire from 1658 to his death in 1673. The actors from his troop later merged with those from the Htel de Bourgogne. Political differences caused a split in the company during the French Revolution. Napolon reconvened the group and in 1812, laid down the rules for the functioning of the company. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Thebaid, Egypt

The valley of the Nile, under Roman domination, was divided into four provinces: Lower and Upper Egypt, Lower and Upper Thebaid. The last two comprised the upper part of the valley. During the fourth to fifth centuries it was the chosen land of the monks, who by their sanctity and by the form they impressed on the monastic system greatly influenced the East and the West. The eremetical life was introduced into the Lower Thebaid by St. Anthony. Born in 251, he embraced the ascetic life at the age of twenty; then impelled by a love of solitude he buried himself in the desert. After twenty years of complete isolation the fame of his sanctity drew around him disciples who imitated his mode of life. St Anthonys biography was compiled by St Athanius in 365. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec2 The Desert Fathers referred to. BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 BkXIX:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. Thebes, Egypt An ancient city, once capital of all Egypt (c1570-c1085BC), its supremacy was linked with that of its god, Amon. Karnak, Luxor and the Valley of Kings are nearby. BkVII:Chap8:Sec2 Napoleon invaded Egypt, and destroyed the TurkishEgyptian army at the Battle of the Pyramids, in 1798. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 The French soldiers applauded on first seeing the ruins of Thebes. Theil, Louis-Franois du Charg daffaires for the Comte dArtois in London 1798. BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 He gave support for the publication of Chateaubriands work. Thekla Historically, Thekla was the daughter of Wallenstein, a general of the Thirty Years War. Dramatically, she was the love interest in the second of Friedrich von Schillers plays (1799) about the historical Wallenstein. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Themistocles c525-c460BC. The Athenian statesman, and naval commander, was elected one of the three archons in 493 BC. In succeeding years many of his rivals were eliminated by ostracism and he became the chief figure of Athenian

politics. He persuaded the Athenians to enhance their navy, foreseeing that the Persians, defeated at Marathon, would send another and stronger force against Greece. Xerxes invaded Greece in 480, and military defence of Athens was impossible; Themistocles evacuated the city. Although the Greek fleet was entrusted to a Spartan, Themistocles determined its strategy, thus bringing about the decisive victory of Salamis (480) and the retreat of Xerxes to Persia. Despite Themistocles prominence, in 479 the chief commands went to his rivals, who had previously been recalled from exile to fight the Persians. Themistocles devoted himself to strengthening the navy and the fortifications, especially those of Piraeus. About 471, after his opponents came to power, he was exiled. Ultimately he lived in Persia, where King Artaxerxes made generous provision for him. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 See Plutarchs Life of Themistocles XLI for his visit as a suppliant to Admetus. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 His tomb was traditionally on the sea-front at Piraeus (to the south-west, Acte) BkXXIV:Chap3:Sec1 He sought exile with Admetus of Epirus, King of the Molossians, who found him refuge with the Persians his former enemies. See Plutarch Life of Themistocles XLVI. Theocritus c310-250 BC. A Geek poet born in Sicily, he worked on the island of Cos and at Alexandria. His surviving Idylls include six dramatic dialogues between countrymen which defined the pastoral. BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Olpis and Asphalion are fishermen. Thodebert I, King of the Franks. c.500-548. Merovingian king of Austrasia from 533-548, residence: Reims, now in northeast France. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. Theodoric 454?-526. He was King of the Ostrogoths and founder of the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy. Sent by the Byzantine emperor Zeno to invade Italy in 488, he made himself sole ruler by 493 and murdered Odoacer by treachery. With Ravenna as his capital he staved off the Franks and Bulgarians, and he held sway over a kingdom that included Sicily, Dalmatia, and some German lands. An Arian, he tolerated Catholicism and promoted peace between Goths and Romans. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned.

Thrsia, see Tallien, Madame Thermopylae, Greece The pass in East Central Greece was held by King Leonidas and the Spartans for three days against the Persians in 480BC. The Spartans and Thespians fought to the death. The famous monument erected there read: Go tell the Spartans thou that passest by, that here obedient to their laws we lie. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand took the banal information on the beetroot factory from an 1843 book of travel. Thermosoris An Egyptian priest evoked by Fnelon in Book II of Tlmaque. BkXIX:Chap15:Sec1 mentioned. Throigne de Mricourt, Anne-Josphe Therwagne 1762-1817 Born in the Principality of Lige (at Marcourt in the Ardennes) of peasant stock, at a time of Austrian control, she was companion to a lady of Antwerp who provided her with an education. She subsequently travelled Europe as a courtesan, lived in London, and in 1786 become a singer in Paris then elsewhere. Dressed as an Amazon with gun and sabre she later took part in the Revolution and was known as La Belle Ligeoise, holding a salon in the Rue du Boulay. After returning to Lige in debt, she was briefly imprisoned in Austria, but returned to Paris at the end of 1791. In January 1792 she was welcomed by the Jacobins and aligned herself with Brissot. In May 1793 she was arrested by a party of women on the terrace of the Tuileries, denounced for her support of Brissot, and publicly stripped and flogged. This degrading act and her view of the Revolution as a failure drove her into madness. She was confined to an asylum for the last 23 years of her life. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Thetis A sea goddess, daughter of Nereus and Doris. Peleus overcame her wiles, and she bore him the hero Achilles. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Thiard, Henri-Charles Gabriel de Thiard de Bissy, Comte de 1726-1794. He was Commandant for the King in Brittany 1787, succeeding Montmorin.

BkV:Chap1:Sec2 BkV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 Indecisive and ineffectual. Thiard, Auxonne-Marie-Theodose, Comte de Bissy, General 1772-1852. Nephew of Henri. Chamberlain to Napoleon, he acted as diplomat and was aide-de-camp to the Emperor in 1805/6/7. He became a Deputy for Sane-et-Loire. He was named as a Marshal but in 1816 was implicated in a Bonapartist plot. He continued his career in the Chamber of Deputies 1820-1824 and 1837-1848. BkXXXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Thibaudeau, Antoine 1765-1854. A Councillor of state and Prefect under Napoleon, he had been a terrorist and regicide in the Convention. He remained an ardent Republican in the Council of Five Hundred of the Directory but supported the coup dtat of 18th Brumaire. In March 1800 Bonaparte appointed him prefect of the Gironde but recalled him to Paris to serve in the Council of State in September 1800. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec1 Fouch kept him on the proscribed list at the Restoration. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2 His Mmoires sur le Consulat etc. are valuable Thibault IV, Comte de Champagne 120153, A French trouvre, he became Thibaut I, king of Navarre, in 1234, succeeding his uncle Sancho VII. He was defeated in battle while leading a Crusade (1239), but returned to become a poet and composer of the first rank. Some of his songs and courtly verses are addressed to Blanche of Castile, regent of France. Preface:Sect4 An example of a writer who was also involved with warfare. Thiern Tihern or Brient I, born about 1020. Ancestor of Chateaubriand. Married Ynoguen de Bir. His father was Eudes de Porhoet, Comte de Penthivre, Comte de Bretagne, born in 999. He died on 7 Jan 1078/9. BkI:Chap1:Sec4 Root-stock of the family according to Chateaubriand. BkI:Chap1:Sec6. Chateaubriand asserts his ancestry, and that Brient fought at Hastings. Thierry, Amde

1797-1893. Prefect of the Haute-Sane after the July Revolution, he was a historian like his brother and wrote a History of the Gauls (1828). BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin 1795-1856. A French historian, his vivid literary style, romantic treatment of events, and use of contemporary documents helped to create interest in historical studies in the early 19th cent. His two most famous works, Histoire de la conqute de l'Angleterre par les Normands (1825) and Rcits des temps mrovingiens (1840), were great popular successes; however, they lacked scholarship. BkXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 He had become partially blind and paralysed. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 At Hyres for his health. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Writes to Chateaubriand in March 1829. BkXXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 He was strongly influenced by Book VI of Les Martyrs. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 He retired to his brothers house at Vesoul, and Chateaubriand saw him there August 9th 1832. Thiers, France The town is in Auvergne in the Massif Central region. The eighteenth century town is famous for cutlery making. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1805. Thiers, Louis Adolphe 1797-1877. French politician and historian who was the first President (18711873) of the Republic formed after the fall of Napoleon III. His History of the French Revolution (10 vol., 182327) illustrated his moderate liberal views. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 A reference to the History. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Quoted by Chateaubriand. BkXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 A reference to his decision to build fortifications around Paris. BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1 A reference to his decision in 1832 to destroy the chapel to the Duc de Berry created at the site of his assassination in the Rue de Richelieu by public subscription. The decision was in reprisal for the Duchesse de Berrys activities in the Vendee. BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Editor of the National in 1830. BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Went into hiding on the 27th of July 1830.

BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 At a meeting of the monarchist party on 28th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Active with Lafitte on the 29th of July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 A supporter of LouisPhilippe in July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 At the Palais-Royal on the 31st of July 1830. BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Travelling in the Midi in May 1830. BkXXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriands friendship with him. BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 In 1832. BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 His dealings with Deutz. BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriands description of him and his politics. Thiers was Minister of the Interior, October 1832 to November 1834, and Foreign Minister, February to August 1936 and March to October 1840. Grand-Vaux in Burgundy belonged to Comte Vigier and was the scene of a sumptuous banquet in 1834 at which a tipsy Thiers indulged in horseplay. The reference to the Turkish fleet is to events of 1839 when the English supported the Imperial Ottoman power in Constantinople against Ibrahim Pacha and his father Mehmet Ali. Thiers supported Ibrahim and increased intervention and was dismissed in October 1840 and replaced by Guizot, the Ambassador to London. Thionville, France The city in Lorraine, France, is near the Moselle River and the borders with Germany and Belgium. The town was besieged in 1639 during the Thirty Years War. BkIX:Chap10:Sec1 BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap19:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand with the army there in September 1792. BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 The siege of 1792. BkIX:Chap15:Sec1 Waldecks attack of 4th September 1792. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 The raising of the siege on 20th September 1702. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriands cousin Moreau there. Thionville, Antoine Merlin, de 1762-1833. Deputy of the Moselle to the National Conventionm he fought in the Vende. Took an active part in the Fall of Robespierre. Retired from public life during the Consulate, he escaped proscription under the Restoration. BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned.

Thomas, Antoine Lonard 1732-1785. He established the model and tone of academic eulogy, rhetoric at once virtuous and sensitive, but mocked by Voltaire. BkV:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned as a model of clarity. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 A native of the Auvergne. Thomas Aquinas c1225-1274. The Angelic Doctor of theology, and medieval philosopher. He entered the Dominican order, and sought to achieve a synthesis between Aristotelian philosophy and Christian thought. (He accompanied Albertus Magnus to the University of Paris in 1245, and remained there with his teacher for three years, at the end of which he graduated as bachelor of theology.) BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 The 17th and 18th century church of Saint-Thomas-dAquin in Paris is in the Rue de Bac. It was used by the Jacobin Club in 1797 and re-sanctified in 1802. Easter Duty is the obligation of members of the Catholic Church to approach the Sacrament of Penance, if in a state of sin, once a year, and also of receiving the Holy Eucharist, as a mark of fidelity to membership, and under penalty of exclusion from it and all rights as a Catholic. Thomas, Clment, General 1809-1871. Commanded the National Guard in 1848, proscribed during the second Empire, and shot by insurgents of the Commune. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 At the Tuileries on 29th July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 At the Palais-Royal on the 31st of July 1830. Torue (Thorn), Poland The city in northern Poland, on the Vistula river. The medieval town, was the birthplace of Nicolaus Copernicus. BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 Napoleon there in May 1812. Thorwaldsen (Thorvaldsen), Bertel 1769-1844. A Danish sculptor who lived in Rome from 1796. He worked on the tomb of Pius VII, and lived luxuriously in a house on the Via Sistina. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 His daughter in a play in 1829. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 His Lion Monument (1819) in Lucerne commemorates the Swiss Guards who died in Paris during the Revolution.

Thouret, Jacques-Guillaume 1746-1794. A Lawyer from Normandy, he was President of the National Assembly (three times) and a Member of the Constitutional Committee. He was arrested during the Terror. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 His name appears on the death warrant exhibited, and he was executed with Chateaubriands brother. Thucydides c460-c400BC. The Greek historian, who served as an Athenian general in the Peloponnesian War but was banished in 24BC for allowing the Spartan general Brasidas to take the colony of Amphipolis. He remained in exile until 404BC. His eight-volume History of the Peloponnesian War is notable for its detailed analysis of the issues and leaders of the war and marks the maturing of the historical narrative form. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to the Athenian expedition against Syracuse (415-413BC) and its departure. See The Peloponnesian War VI:32. BkXXII:Chap 22:Sec1 The reference is to The Peloponnesian War III:38.4. BkXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 See The History of the Peloponnesian War II:47,54 Thuisy, Messieurs de Booksellers in London? BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Rescued the manuscript of Les Natchez. See the preface to Les Natchez for the background. Thumery, or Tumry, Marquis de BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 With the Duc dEnghien at Ettenheim. His name mispronounced might have been mistaken for Dumouriez. Tiberius, Emperor The Emperor, Tiberius Claudius Nero (42BC-37AD), was the elder son of Livia by her first husband. Augustus adopted the boy and appointed him as his successor in 4AD after the early deaths of other candidates. He was also Augustuss stepson through his marriage to the elder Julia, Augustuss daughter by Scribonia. He succeeded Augustus in 14AD, and retired to Capri in 26AD where he gained a reputation for depravity.

BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as an example of a tyrant. Nero or Caligula perhaps provide better examples. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 His retreat on Capri. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 The ruins of his Rome. BkXLII:Chap14:Sec1 His successor Caligula. Tibullus c55-c19BC. Albius Tibullus the Roman poet was a friend of Horace and Ovid. His elegiac poetry was mostly addressed to his patron Marcus Valerius Messalla. Two books of his poems were published during his lifetime and were known as Delia and Nemesis after the pseudonyms of his mistresses. BkII:Chap3:Sec4 Chateaubriand quotes from Elegies I.1 verses 45-46: Quam juvat immites ventos audire cubantem, et dominam tenero continuisse sinu: What joy to hear the raging winds as I lie there holding my girl to my tender breast: BkIII:Chap7:Sec2 A love poet. BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 His poems to Delia. Tiberina, Pontificia Accademia In 1809 the well-known archaeologist, Antonio Nibby (1792-1839), founded the short-lived Accademia Ellenica. In 1813 many of its members withdrew to found the Accademia Tiberin. The first president, Antonio Coppi (17831870), drew up its first rules, according to which the Academy was to devote itself to the study of Latin and Italian literature, hold a weekly meeting, and a public session monthly. Great scientific or literary events were to be signalized by extraordinary meetings. It was also agreed that the Academy should undertake the history of Rome from Odoacer to Clement XIV, as well as the literary history from the time of that pontiff. BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand was a member in 1828, and went to its session on the 8th of December. Tilleul, Monsieur du He was a companion of Chateaubriands on the journey to Jersey. BkX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Tilsit The Treaties of Tilsit (now Sovetsk, on the Neman River in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia) were two agreements signed by Napoleon in the town in July, 1807. The first was signed on July 7, between Tsar Alexander I of

Russia and Napoleon. The second was signed with Prussia on July 9. The treaties ended the war between Imperial Russia and France. The two countries secretly agreed to aid each other in disputes. France pledged to aid Russia against Ottoman Turkey, while Prussia agreed to join the Continental System against the British Empire. Napoleon also convinced Alexander to enter into the Finnish War against Sweden in order to force Sweden to join the Continental System. The treaties also created the Duchy of Warsaw. Cooperation between Russia and France broke down in 1810 when the Tsar began to allow neutral ships to land in Russian ports. In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia, ending any vestige of alliance. BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Timandra The mistress of Alcibiades: Plutarch says she was the mother of the famous courtesan Lais, known as the Corinthian, though she was a prisoner of war from Hyccara in Sicily. She rescued Alcibiades corpse and gave him honourable burial. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 See Plutarch, Alcibiades LXXX. Timor The Indonesian Island, largest of the Nusa Tenggara Group. BkIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Tintniac, Monsieur de A gentleman of the neighbourhood of Combourg. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 The Tinteniac family line. Tinteniac, Jehan de BkI:Chap1:Sec6 One of the thirty Frenchmen who defeated the English at the Combat des Trente in Brittany in 1351. Tintoretto, Jacopo Robusti 1518-1594. He was a Venetian High Renaissance painter. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 His Miracle of St Mark Freeing the Slave of 1548 is in the Accademia in Venice. BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 His Glory of Paradise in the Ducal Palace Venice was painted after 1588. Chateaubriand is presumably talking about a sketch, cartoon, or copy of the painting.

Tircis A stock shepherd from mythology, the character appears in La Fontaines Fables (VIII.13 "Tircis et Amarante," 1678-79). BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Tite-Live, see Livy Titian, Tiziano Vecellio c1485-1576. The great Venetian painter is famous as a colourist and for his portraits, as well as mythological and religious subjects. He was a pupil of Giorgione. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Napoleon shipped artworks back to France. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 See his Charles V with his Irish hound 1532-3, his Charles V seated of 1548 (Alte Pinakothek, Munich), his Charles V on horseback of 1548 (Prado, Madrid). Charles V knighted Titian in 1533. BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec4 There is now a huge monument to Titian in the Frari created in 1853 by Canovas pupils Luigi and Pietro Zandomeneghi. His Assumption is over the main altar in the Frari. The portrait of the old woman mentioned, was probably Giorgiones Old Woman of 1508 now in the Gallerie dellAccademia, Venice. The Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple of 1539 is also in the Gallerie in Venice. Tittery, Bey of Tittery was an Algerian province (or beylik). The French zouaves ( annewly created corps) defeated the Bey, its ruler, October 1830-January 1831, Blida and Mda being occupied. BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 His letter to Charles X. Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, Roman Emperor 39-81AD. Roman emperor (79-81), he was the son of the Emperor Vespasian, and closely associated with his father in military campaigns. After 71 he acted as co-ruler. He served in Britain and in Germany and captured and destroyed Jerusalem in 70. On succeeding his father he pursued a policy of conciliation and sought popular favour, completing the Colosseum. During his reign a great fire in Rome ocurred, and the eruption of Vesuvius which buried Pompeii and Herculaneum. The Arch of Titus,

now restored and standing outside the ancient entrance to the Palatine, was erected by his brother Domitian to commemorate Titus conquest of Jerusalem. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec3 His destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 The Baths of Titus in Rome were public baths built in 81 at the base of the Palatine Hill. BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 The forced labour in Rome of Jews deported from Jerusalem by Titus in 79. Tivoli, Tibur Ancient Tibur, a town in Central Italy, is in Lazio. The Anio flows nearby. It was a summer resort in Roman times, and contains the remains of Hadrians villa, and the Renaissance Villa dEste. BkVII:Chap8:Sec2 BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 BkXXX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand visited alone on the 10th and 11th of December 1803. The account of his visit was published in December 1827 in his Voyage en Italie. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap15:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand walks on the Tivoli road, the ancient Via Tiburtina, from Rome. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Its cascades. (Chateaubriand uses the word cascatelle, only ever employed in this phrase) Tivoli Gardens, Paris The Folie-Boutin, one of the most frequented areas of the capital until 1810, especially under the Directory. The park and its attractions lay between the Rue Saint-Lazare and the Rue de Clichy. BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 Chateaubriand spent the 14th July 1792 there. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand said goodbye to his brother there before emigrating, see above. Tobit The Archangel Raphael helped his son Tobias to cure his blindness. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 The Book of Tobit appears in the Apocrypha. See Tobit XII:15. Tocqueville, Alexis Henri Charles de Clrel, Comte de 1805-1859. French politician and writer, prominent in politics, particularly just before and just after the Revolution of 1848, and minister of foreign

affairs briefly in 1849. His observations made in 1831 during a government mission to the United States to study the penal system resulted in De la dmocratie en Amrique (2 vol., 1835; tr. Democracy in America, 4 vol., 183540), one of the classics of political literature. A liberal whose deepest commitment was to human freedom, Tocqueville believed that political democracy and social equality would, inevitably, replace the aristocratic institutions of Europe. He analyzed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality in terms of the lessons Europe might learn from American successes and failures. His other important works are L'Ancien Rgime et la rvolution (1856), which stressed the continuance after the French Revolution of many prior trends, and his Recollections (1893). BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 His relationship to Chateaubriand. Tocqueville, Herv Louis Franois Jean Bonaventure de Clrel, Comte de 1772-1856. Prefect under the Restoration and Peer of France, tutor of his sister-in-laws children, Louis and Christian de Chateaubriand, until their majority, their parents having been guillotined in 1794. He was the father of Alexis. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Brother-in-law to Chateaubriands brother. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 He was Prefect for the Moselle from February 1817 to June 1823. Tocqueville, Louise-Madeleine-Marguerite Le Pelletier de Rosanbo, Comtesse de 1771-1836. Daughter of President de Rosanbo. Wife of the Comte de Tocqueville (married 1793). BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Tokay Originally, it was the Anglicized name for the famed wines of the TokajHegyalja region in Hungary. The wines were rich and aromatic. Later it came to refer to wines made from Muscadelle, a white wine grape. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Tolentino, Treaty of Tolentino is in the Marche, in central Italy, on the Chienti River. In 1797, Pope Pius VI signed at Tolentino a humiliating treaty with Napoleon Bonaparte, under which the pope gave up considerable territory and

numerous works of art. Murat was defeated by the Austrians near the city in 1815 and lost the throne of Naples. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 The treasures ceded by the treaty, included the Raphael painting, and classical sculptures from the Belvedere Palace in Rome. The Belvedere Apollo is a Roman copy probably of a bronze original made by the Athenian sculptor Leochares, who worked for Alexander the Great, around 320BC. The Laocoon is a marble group, by Hagesandros, Athenodoros and Polydoros of Rhodes, of Laocoon and his sons c. 175-150 BC. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand there in October 1828. Tolozcim A town in Belarus. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Napoleon there in 1812. Tolsto, Princess Anna Ivanovna Bariatinskaia, Countess? 1774-1825. She married Count Nicolai Alexandrovitch Tolstoi (1765-1816), and died in Paris. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Her sons were Alexander and Emmanuel. She died in 1825. Torbay, England An east facing bay at the western most end of Lyme Bay in the south west of England, situated roughly midway between the cities of Exeter and Plymouth. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Napoleon was there in 1815 on board Bellerephon. Torgau The Battle of Torgau (Germany) was fought on November 3, 1760 during the Seven Years War, on the Sptitzer Hhen. A Prussian army of 50,000 under Frederick II fought an Imperial army of 53,400 under the Austrian Field Marshal Daun. The Prussians won the battle but lost 16,600 men, the Austrians 15,700 men and 43 guns. BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Torlonia, Giovanni 1755-1829. He emigrated to Italy from the Auvergne and made a fortune in military supplies. He became a banker and philanthropist and was created Duke of Bracciano and a Prince of Rome by Pius VII. He was adopted by Roman high society and was noted for his brilliant entertainments.

BkXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriand describes a ball at his house in 1828. BkXXX:Chap3:Sec1 His death in February 1829. Torre Vergata, Rome This was not in the modern Tor Vergata university district to the south-east, but a site to the north-west of Rome, near La Guistiniana, where Chateaubriand locates it, which was being excavated in Chateaubriands day. See La campagna romana by Tomassetti, volume 3. The excavation produced 400 silver coins of Valerian, a bas-relief of Mercury, marbles, terra-cottas and tools. See also Antoine Nibbys Environs of Rome. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriands excavation there in 1829. Torrington, George Byng, 6th Viscount 1768-1831. The Admiral was a descendant of the famous Admiral Byng. BkX:Chap4:Sec1 Present at the Literary Fund annual meeting in 1822. Touchet, Monsieur du Tutor to the Dauphin. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 At Versailles in 1789. Toulon, France The port in south-eastern France in the Var department, lies on the Mediterranean. BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 Naval officers from there in the migr army in 1792. BkXIX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap8:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 Napoleon was involved in besieging and re-taking the city, occupied by the English, in 1793. By December he was a brigadier general having risen from the rank of captain in four months. Chateaubriand attributes certain atrocities to him. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 Napoleon sailed for Egypt from there on the 19th of May 1798. BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 The French expedition to Algiers sailed from there on the 25th-27th May 1830. Toulouse, France

The city in Southern France is the capital of the Haute-Garonne department, on the River Garonne. The capital of the Visigoths, and later of the Kingdom of Aquitaine, it passed to France in 1271. It was the centre of persecution during the Albigensian Crusade. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there in 1802. The Basilica of Saint-Sernin, a major example of Romanesque architecture, became a major staging post on the pilgrimage to Compostella. Begun in the 11th century it was added to until the 16th, but remains incomplete, lacking the western towers. Toulouse gold, Aurum tolosanum, is proverbially a treasure which brings bad luck. BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 Monsieur de Villle was Mayor of Toulouse in 18141815. Tourel He was a member of the Committee for the Medal-Winners of July. BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in April 1832. Tournai, Belgium The city in Hainaut province, south-west Belgium, is on the Scheldt River. Tournay and Doornijk are alternate spellings for the communes French and Dutch names. One of Belgium's oldest cities, Tournai was the fortified capital of a Roman province and in the 5th century it became a seat of the Merovingian kings of Austrasia. The city was destroyed by the Normans in 881. It belonged to France from 1187 to 1521, when Emperor Charles V captured it and attached it to the Spanish (from 1714, Austrian) Netherlands. Tournai joined in the rebellion of the Spanish Netherlands and was a Calvinist stronghold until its capture (1581) by Alessandro Farnese. It was taken several times by the French in the wars of the 17th-18th century Tournai has been a cultural centre since the 12th cent. Of note are the Cathedral of Notre Dame (11th-12th century), with many art treasures; a 15th-century tower named for Henry VIII of England (who took the city in 1513 and made Cardinal Wolsey bishop of Tournai); the cloth-workers hall (17th century); and a well-known art museum. BkIX:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand reaches there in 1792. BkIX:Chap7:Sec2 In the 5th century, Tournai was the capital city of the kingdom of the Salian Franks. Childric I (c.436-c.481), the alleged son of Mrove (a more or less mythical Franck chief who gave his name to the Merovingian dynasty), reigned and was buried in Tournai. Jewels found in Childric's grave in 1653 are the distant source of the bees used as an Imperial symbol by the Napolons. Childric's son, Chlodowig/Clovis (465-

511) succeeded his father. After having defeated the last rex Romanorum Syagrius in Soissons (486), the Alamans (495 and 505 or 506), the Burgunds (500) and the Visigoths (Vouill, 507), Clovis ruled over the whole of Gaul and unified the former Frankish kingdoms. BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand passes through in March 1815, fleeing Paris. Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de 1656-1708. A French botanist, born at Aix, in Provence, he studied in the convent of the Jesuits at Aix, and was destined for the Church, but the death of his father left him free to follow his botanical inclinations. After two years collecting, he studied medicine at Montpellier, but was appointed professor of botany at the Jardin des Plantes in 1683. On the kings orders he travelled through Western Europe, where he made extensive collections, and subsequently spent three years in Greece and Asia Minor (1700-1702). Of this journey a description in a series of letters was posthumously published in 3 vols. (Relation dun voyage du Levant, Lyons, 1717). His principal work is entitled Institutiones rei herbariae (3 vols. Paris, 1 700). BkV:Chap15:Sec3 His work consulted by Chateaubriand. Tourneux He was a student at the cole Polytechnique in July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Tournon, Comte de 1778-1833. He was a Prefect in Rome 1809-1814, then under the Restoration in the Gironde and Rhne. Named a Peer of France in 1814, his tudes statistiques sur Rome etc. was published in 1831. BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Quoted. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 He had been Treasurer of Bayreuth before 1809. Tours, France A town at the centre of the Loire Valley, between the Loire and Cher rivers, it was formerly the capital of Touraine. Its silk industry declined following the Edict of Nantes (1685) and the exodus of the Huguenot weavers. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807. BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned in Vidals poem cited. Tourton, General

He was a General in the National Guard in 1814. BkXXII:Chap12:Sec1 Sent to Prince Schwarzenberg. Tourville, Anne Hilarion de Cotentin, Comte de 1642-1791. French naval commander. He served in the wars of King Louis XIV and was made commander of the French fleet in the War of the Grand Alliance. His great victory over the English and the Dutch at Beachy Head (1690) probably marked the height of French sea power, but in 1692 he was defeated by the English and Dutch at La Hougue. He was later victorious (1693) near Cape St. Vincent, Portugal. Tourville was one of the greatest naval technicians of his time. BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 His defeat at Saint-Vaast-La-Hougue near Cherbourg in June 1692 as he was preparing to carry James II to England. Toussaint de Saint-Luc, Le Pre Historian. BkI:Chap1:Sec3 A source of information regarding Chateaubriands family. Toussaint-Louverture 1743-1803. A Haitian military and political leader who led a successful slave insurrection (17911793) and helped the French expel the British from Haiti (1798). In 1801 he invaded Spanish Santo Domingo and freed the slaves there. He briefly maintained control over the entire island, establishing the first Black-led government in the Americas, before being arrested by Bonapartist agents (1802) and deported to France. BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 His career. He died in the fortress of Joux on the 7th of April 1803. BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 His arrest laid at Bonapartes door. Toutelmine, Monsieur de A Russian field-officer, assistant director of the Foundlings Hospital in Moscow, previously patronised by Napoleon, he had acted as a go-between in Napoleons communications with St Petersburg. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 Mentioned. Townsend, John Kirk 1809-1851. An American naturalist, ornithologist and collector, Townsend was born in Philadelphia and trained as a physician and pharmacist. He developed an interest in natural history in general and bird collecting in

particular. In 1833 he was invited by the botanist Thomas Nuttall to join him on Nathaniel Wyeths second expedition across the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. Townsend collected a number of birds new to science, including the Mountain Plover, Chestnut-collared Longspur, Black-throated Gray Warbler, Townsends Warbler and the Sage Thrasher. On his return he wrote The Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River and a Visit to the Sandwich Islands (1839). A number of mammals are named for him, including Townsends Ground Squirrel, Townsends Chipmunk, Townsends Pocket Gopher, Townsends Mole, Townsends Vole and the Whitetail Jackrabbit Lepus townsendi. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 His travels across America. Trafalgar, Battle The naval engagement fought off Cape Trafalgar on the south-west coast of Spain on October 21st, 1805, in which the British fleet under Horatio Nelson won a comprehensive victory over the allied French and Spanish fleets under Pierre de Villeneuve. It resulted in the capture of 20 enemy ships (one was blown up). The British lost no ships. Among the dead was Nelson himself, struck by a bullet from the French ship Redoutable. The decisive English victory ended Napoleon Is power on the sea and made a French invasion of England impossible. The words signalled by Nelson at the beginning of the battleEngland expects that every man will do his dutyare well known. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Trajan, Marcus Ulpius Trejanus c53-117AD. Roman emperor from 98, and born in Spain, he was the first non-Italian to become head of the empire. Trajan served in the East, in Germany, and in Spain. He was adopted in 97 by Emperor Nerva, who died shortly afterward. In two wars against Dacia he brought that region under Roman control. This conquest is commemorated by Trajans Column, in the Forum of Trajan in Rome. He then annexed Arabia Petraea, and in three campaigns conquered the greater part of the Parthian empire, including Armenia and Upper Mesopotamia. On his way home from this campaign, he died in Cilicia. An able military organizer and civic administrator, he partially drained the Pontine Marshes and restored the Appian Way, and at Rome he built an aqueduct, a theatre, and the immense Forum of Trajan, containing basilicas and libraries. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 His campaign in Dacia. BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 Trajans Column is a monument in Rome raised by Apollodorus of Damascus at the

order of the Senate. It is located in Trajans Forum, built near the Quirinal Hill, north of the Roman Forum. Finished in 113, the spiral bas-relief commemorates Trajans victory in his military campaigns to conquer Dacia. After Trajan's death in 117, the Roman Senate voted to have Trajan's ashes buried in the Columns base in a golden urn. (The ashes no longer lie there.) BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 The marble triumphal arch of Trajan at the entrance to the north quay at Ancona was erected in 115 by the senate and people. BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Trajans Bridge or the Bridge of Apollodorus was the first to be built over the lower Danube. Situated east of the Iron Gates, near the present-day cities of Drobeta-Turnu Severin in Romania and Kladovo in Serbia, it was built as a supply route for the Roman legions fighting in Dacia. For more than a thousand years, it was the longest bridge to have been built, both in terms of total and span length. Aurelian destroyed it on the withdrawal from Dacia. Traller He was a literary man no details known. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His name in the visitors book at Carlsbad. Trasimene (Trasimeno), Lake The Battle of Lake Trasimene (north of Rome) on June 24, 217 BC was a Roman defeat in the Second Punic War between the Carthaginians under Hannibal and the Romans under the consul Gaius Flaminius. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned. Trappes-en-Yvelines, France A commune in the western suburbs of Paris, it is located 16.6 miles from the centre. BkXXXIII:Chap2:Sec1 The Royal party at Trappes at midnight on the 31st of July 1830. Traun, River The Traun is a 153 km long river in Upper Austria. Its source is in the Salzkammergut area. It is a tributary of the Danube, which it meets near the city of Linz. BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Trguier, Brittany A port town and commune of the Ctes-dArmor dpartement, in northwestern France, it is located 36 miles northwest of Saint-Brieuc by road. The

port is situated about 5 1/2 miles from the English Channel at the confluence of two streams that form the Trguier River. BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Treilhard, Jean-Baptiste 1742-1810. He was a French revolutionary deputy to the Estates-General of 1789. He became president of the criminal tribunal of Paris. Elected to the Convention, he attached himself to the Mountain and voted for the death of Louis XVI. He was a member of the committee of public safety and became president of the Convention on the 27 December 1792. Under the Directory, he entered the Council of Five Hundred, of which he was president during the month of Nivose, year IV; was a member of the Tribunal of Cassation; plenipotentiary at the Congress of Rastadt; and became a director in the year VI. After the coup d'tat of 18 Brumaire he became president of the tribunal of appeal and councillor of state. He took an important part in drafting the civil code, the criminal code, the code of civil procedure and the commercial code. He died a senator and count of the empire. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Present at Rastadt in 1797. Trlat, Ulysse 1795-1879. A Republican physician and psychologist, he became a Government Minister (Public Works) briefly in 1848. He was in 1830 a member of the Runion Lointier. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 A member of the Republican Municipal Commission in July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 At the Palais Royale on the 31st of July 1830. Trmargat, Louis Geslin, Comte de d.1749 His nickname Peg-Leg came from a wound received as lieutenant in the navy. BkV:Chap3:Sec1 Imprisoned in the Bastille in July 1788 and released in the September when Lomnie de Brienne was dismissed. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 Present at the Brittany States in December 1788. Trmaudan, Les A local family at Combourg, friends of the Chateaubriands. BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. Trmigon, Comte de He was a member of a Breton family.

BkI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 He was loved by Mademoiselle de Boisteilleul. Trente The Combat des Trente was held on Saturday the 26th March 1351 at la MiVoie, between Josselin and Plormel, two forts on the strategic route through Brittany. The combatants represented Jean de Montfort (English garrison of Plormel) and Charles de Blois (French garrison of Josselin). BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Mentioned. Trvelec, see Le Douarin Trves, Trier, Germany The city in south-west Germany, in the Rhineland-Palatinate on the Moselle. Founded by the Emperor Augustus. BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 The Elector, Clement Wenzel, gave support and refuge to the migr army at Coblentz within his territory. BkIX:Chap8:Sec3 BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 The migr army was reviewed at Bingen, by the King of Prussia, in July 1792, and reached Trves in August. Chateaubriand joined the army there. Trvise, Duc de, see Mortier Treviso, Italy The city of the Veneto dating from Roman times. It has an 11th century cathedral. It was occupied by the French in 1797 and became part of Austria from 1805 until 1866. BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Napoleon entered the city in 1797. Trianon The Grand and Petit Trianon are two villas in the grounds of the Palace of Versailles. The Grand Trianon was built by Mansart for Louis XIV in 1687, the Petit Trianon (1762-1768), by Gabriel for Louis XV. BkIV:Chap1:Sec3 BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 The Petit Trianon was a favourite of Marie Antoinettes. Triboulet Court jester to Louis XII and Francis I, celebrated by Rabelais (Tiers-livre ch. 38, 45-46) and later by Victor Hugo (Le roi samuse, 1832). BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned.

Tribune, La La Tribune des dpartements, produced by Victorien and Auguste Fabre, was the main newspaper of the Republican Party during the July Monarchy. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Trieste, Italy The seaport on the Gulf of Trieste at the head of the Adriatic Sea, it was an important Roman port in the 1st century AD, passing to Austria in 1382. It expanded rapidly in the 19th century, and was ceded to Italy in 1920. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Chateaubriand left for Trieste on the 13th July 1806. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Occupied by Napoleon in 1797. BkXXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 Mesdames, the daughters of Louis XV died there at the turn of the eighteenth century. BkXL:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Triton In Greek mythology he is the sea and river god, son of Neptune-Poseidon, and Amphitrite the Nereid. He is depicted as half man and half fish and the sound of his conch-shell calms the waves. (See Wordsworths sonnet The world is too much with us; late and soon,) BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. Trivulzio (Trivulce or Trivulzi) A noble family of Milan: Jacques de Trivulce (Gian Giacimo:1441-1518) was Governor of Milan under Louis XII. Princess Christina BeliojosoTrivulzi (1800-1871) was a noted Italian nationalist. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 The reference has not been identified. Trogoff, Joachim-Simon, General de 1763-1840. An migr, he served in the Austrian army until 1814, was made a general under the Restoration and then Governor of Saint-Cloud in 1828. He subsequently retired to his native Brittany (Landivisiau is twenty miles from Brest, Landenau between it and Brest, La Cornaille is the coastal region with Quimper as its capital) BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 At Carlsbad in 1833. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 At dinner with the Dauphine in Carlsbad in May 1833. BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Sees Chateaubriand off on his journey.

Trojolif or Tronjoli, Thrse-Josphine de Molien, Comtesse de 1759-1793. Daughter of a counsellor at the High Court of Brittany, she was involved in the Chouan movement and the La Rourie conspiracy. She was guillotined 18th June 1793. BkII:Chap7:Sec5 Her bravery on the scaffold. Tromelin, Jacques-Jean-Marie-Franois Boudin, Comte de 1771-1842. A former migr he was a Napoleonic General in 1813. He supported the repeal of the decrees of 1830 and the dismissal of Polignac. BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Tronchet, Abbey of The Abbey of Tronchet lies between Dol and Combourg. BkII:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand ate there. Troppau The Congress of Troppau was a conference of the Quintuple Alliance to discuss means of suppressing the revolution in Naples of July 1820. The congress met on October 20, 1820 in Opava, and resulted in the Troppau Protocol (19th November) an agreement essentially between Austria, Russia and Prussia. BkXXVII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Troy Troy in Dardania, was the famous city of the Troad in Asia Minor near the northern Aegean Sea and the entrance to the Hellespont. It was the scene of the Trojan War between the city and the Greek Armies who were seeking the return of Helen. BkIII:Chap1:Sec3 BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand set off to reach it in 1806. BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Troys mythical builder was Apollo, god of the arts. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Pergamos was the citadel of Troy, burnt by the Greeks. Troyes, France The town in north-east France, capital of the Aube on the River Seine, was the capital of the old province of Champagne. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Napoleon re-entered Troyes on 24th February 1814.

Trublet, Nicolas-Charles-Joseph, Abb 1697-1770. Canon of Saint-Malo, he was Treasurer of the Church at Nantes, and a friend of Fontenelle and La Motte. He wrote his Essais de littrature et de morale (1736) to support his quarrel with Voltaire. Voltaire condemned him in three verses, of which the last is the best known, Il compilait, compilait, compilait! which Trublet himself laughed at and appreciated, and has become more famous than his own works. BkI:Chap3:Sec2 His parents were friends of Chateaubriands mother. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 Born in Saint-Malo. Tugendbund The League of Virtue was a secret political society founded in Prussia in 1808. Its principal aims were to foster patriotic feelings and to organise the struggle for German liberation from Napoleonic occupation and for the establishment of a constitutional system. At Napoleons request the Tugendbund was formally dissolved in 1809 by the King of Prussia but it actually continued to exist until the end of the Napoleonic wars. BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Tuileries The former palace in Paris, was planned by Catherine de Medici and begun in 1564 by Philibert Delorme, it occupied part of the present Tuileries gardens. It was rarely used as a royal residence until 1789, when Louis XVI was forced by the revolutionaries to move there from Versailles. He and his family were brought back there after their attempted flight (1792) and their arrest at Varennes. A few weeks later (Aug. 10, 1792) a mob attacked the palace. Napoleon I made the Tuileries his chief residence, as did Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Philippe, and Napoleon III. During the Commune of Paris of 1871, the palace was destroyed by fire. The splendid formal gardens laid out by Le Ntre remain, and are connected to the Louvre museum. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 BkV:Chap14:Sec1 The Gardens. BkV:Chap8:Sec2 The action at the Tuileries on the 12th July 1789. BkV:Chap11:Sec1 The National Assembly moved to the Mange near the Tuileries in November 1789. BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Invaded by the mob on the 20th June 1792. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Used by Napoleon as his Palace from February 19th 1800 (Well, Bourrienne, we have reached the Tuileries; the thing now is to remain here.).

BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 The Tuileries Palace served as the royal residence after the Bourbon Restoration. BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Attacked on the 10th of August 1792, when the National Guardsmen killed many of the Kings Swiss Guard. BkXXII:Chap13:Sec1 In 1814, Alexander I toured the old Palace destroyed in 1871. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 The Pavillon de Flore was built between 1607 and 1610 by Henri IV and joined to the Tuileries by the Petite Gallerie. Tulloch, Francis The officer son of the Reverend William Tulloch, from an old Scottish family, was educated at the Royal Military School, Woolwich, where his father was pastor. He was a member of the Sulpiciens seminarist mission. BkVI:Chap3:Sec1 BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand befriended him on the crossing to America. BkVI:Chap6:Sec3 They met again in London in April 1822. Tunis The capital of Tunisia on the Lake of Tunis. It was developed by the Arabs in the 7th century. It came under French rule in the late 19th century. BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 A haven for pirates. BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in January 1807. The ruins of Carthage are nearby to the north-east. Access to the Gulf of Tunis an arm of the Mediterranean, is now via canal terminating at La Goulette. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 A letter dated from there. Turenne, Henri de la Tour dAuvergne, Vicomte de, Marshal of France 1611-1675. French military leader noted for his campaigns in France and Italy (16351642) during the Thirty Years War and for his victory in the Battle of the Dunes (1658) where the Great Cond was defeated. BkII:Chap4:Sec3 BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 His legendary horse, Pie (Piebald). BkIII:Chap1:Sec3 His portrait displayed at Combourg. BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 From 1648, in the first war of the Fronde, Turennes familys interests, and the friendship of Conds sister, the Duchess de Longueville, lead him to intervene on the side of the rebellion. In January 1650 Mazarin, had Cond arrested. Turenne again fled, joining the Duchess de Longueville at Stenay on the eastern border of Champagne. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 His language, French.

BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 His remains transferred to the Invalides, 22nd September 1800. They had been stored by the Revolutionaries in the Jardin des Plantes, after the desecration at St Denis. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 His military knowledge. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Also killed by a stray cannonball at the Battle of Salzbach in 1675. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 As a type of the great leader. BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 He was buried with the kings of France at SaintDenis and later moved to the Invalides by Napoleon. BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 His victory in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine against the Prince de Cond on the 2nd of July 1652. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 His devastation of the Palatinate in 1674. Turenne, Henri-Amelie-Mercure, Comte de 1776-1852. He served in the Revolutionary army as a young man. Later he was First Chamberlain to Napoleon (1809), a colonel and a Count (1813) and remained loyal to Napoleon whose aide-de-camp he was at Waterloo. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 At Waterloo. Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, Baron de lAulne 1727-1781. French economist who served under Louis XV and XVI, he was educated at the Sorbonne, was one of the Physiocrats and an advocate of laissez-faire. He was appointed Comptroller General in 1774. There was resistance to his reforms, especially the Six Edicts, which included the abolition of forced labour, and he was dismissed in 1776. BkV:Chap10:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Turin, Italy A city of northwest Italy on the Po River west-southwest of Milan, it was an important Roman town, later a Lombard duchy and the capital of the kingdom of Sardinia (17201861). It was also the first capital of the new kingdom of Italy. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Catinat won a victory at Marsaglia nearby in October 1693, after Turin had been besieged,. Turpin, Tilpinus of Rheims, Archbishop 753-794. Archbishop of Rheims from 773, secretary and friend to Charlemagne, he appears as a warrior-priest in the Song of Roland. BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 A legend of Charlemagne.

Turreau or Thureau, General Louis Marie Baron Turreau de Garambouville de Linieres 1756-1816. French soldier. Fought under Count Rochambeau for American independence; served as a general of division in the Vende, Italy, and Switzerland, and in 1804 was made a baron. He was minister to the United States 1804-11, and vainly attempted to induce the government to adopt a French policy. After his return he published percu sur la situation politique des Etats-Unis(1815), a bitter critique of the government of the United States, which he says in the preface he author has studied eight years without being able to comprehend it. Some time before his death he retired to his estate at Conches, in the department of the Eure. He also published Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de la guerre de la Vendee (1815). BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 In the Vende. Tusculum An ancient city of Latium in Italy situated in a commanding position on the north edge of the outer crater ring of the Alban volcano, in the Alban Hills 11 miles north-east of the modern Frascati on the Tuscolo hill. BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Twickenham, England A fashionable retreat from court life, with elegant country houses, Twickenham in the 18th century was popular with the foremost artisans. Henrietta Howard, mistress of George II, had Marble Hill House built for her and regularly entertained the greatest poets and wits of the day. Both Horace Walpole and Alexander Pope left their mark on Twickenham: Walpoles gothic fantasy at Strawberry Hill and Popes Grotto. BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand walked there. Tycho Brahe, Tyge Ottesen Brahe (de Knutstorp) 1546-1601. A Danish nobleman best known today as an early astronomer, he was also well known as an astrologer and alchemist. From 1600 until his death in 1601, he was assisted by Johannes Kepler, who later used Tychos astronomical information to develop his own theories of planetary motion. BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 Tycho fought a duel with rapiers with Manderup Parsbjerg, a fellow Danish nobleman, at Christmas 1566, while the 20-yearold Tycho was studying at the University of Rostock in Germany. The duel (in the dark) resulted in Tycho losing the bridge of his nose. For the rest of his life, he was said to have worn a replacement made of silver and gold blended into a flesh tone, and used an adhesive balm to keep it attached.

However, in 1901 Tychos tomb was opened and his remains were examined by medical experts. The nasal opening of the skull was rimmed with green, a sign of exposure to copper, not silver or gold. He may have worn various prosthetic attachments. From Herrevad Abbey, on the 11th of November 1572, he observed the supernova in the constellation Cassiopeia, now named SN 1572. Tyre, Lebanon An ancient Phoenician city on the eastern Mediterranean Sea in present-day southern Lebanon, it as the capital of Phoenicia after the 11th century BC, and a flourishing commercial centre noted for its purple dyestuffs and rich, silken clothing. Tyre was besieged and captured by Alexander the Great in 332BC, and was finally destroyed by Muslims in AD1291. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Its thirteenth century archbishop. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 The Biblical Tyrus. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 The Pactum Warmundi was a treaty of alliance established in 1123 between the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Republic of Venice, it gave the Venetians special rights in Acre which they had captured, and in Ascalon and Tyre which they had agreed to attack. The Venetian communes in Acre and Tyre were particularly powerful and influential in the 13th century after the Kingdom lost Jerusalem and was reduced to a coastal state. They resisted Emperor Frederick IIs attempts to claim the Kingdom, and virtually ignored the authority the Lord of Tyre, conducting affairs instead as if they controlled their own independent lordship. Tyrtaeus 7th century BC. A lyric poet of ancient Greece, his war-songs greatly heartened the Spartans in their struggle with the Messenians. BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 The quotation is a free translation of Tyrtaeus I:27-30. BkXXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Udine, Italy A city in the north-east of Italy, capital of the region of Friuli, in the centre of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, between the Adriatic sea and the Alps, it was the traditional starting point of the route over the Saifnitz or Pontebba Passes to Villach in Carinthia, by way of Pontebba and Tarvisio. BkXL:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833.

Ugolino, Gherardesca, Count A leading Guelph of Pisa. He led one party while his grandson Nino de Visconti led the other. In 1288 Ugolino intrigued with Ruggieri degli Ubaldini the Archbishop, the nephew of Cardinal Ottaviano degli Ubaldini, and leader of the Ghibellines in Pisa, who was supported by the Lanfranchi, Sismondi, Gualandi and other families, and Nino was expelled. The Archbishop however betrayed him and had Ugolino and four of his sons and grandsons (his sons were Gaddo, and Uguccione, his grandsons Nino, called Brigata, and Anselmuccio or little Anselm) imprisoned in the Torre dei Gualandi in July 1288. When Guido da Montefeltro took command of the Pisan forces, in March 1289, the keys were thrown into the river Arno and the prisoners left to starve to death, even a priest being denied them. The tower was known afterwards as the Torre della Fame, the Tower of Famine. Ugolino had previously acquired a reputation by the surrender of certain castles to the Florentine and Lucchese after the defeat of the Pisans by the Genoese at Meloria in 1284. (The islands of Caprara and Gorgona mentioned, north-west of Elba, and south-west of Livorno respectively, were held by Pisa at the time.) Ugolino gnaws Ruggieris head in revenge in Hell in Dantes Inferno. BkX:Chap2:Sec1 See Dantes Inferno XXXII, 127 et al, and XXXIII. Uhlans One of a body of horse cavalry that formed part of the Polish, German, Austrian, and Russian armies. (German, from Polish ulan, from Turkish olan, youth, from oul, son.) BkIX:Chap7:Sec1 The Austrian army near Tournai. Ulliac A student of Rennes. BkV:Chap7:Sec1 Involved in a duel in 1789. Ulm, Germany A city of southern Germany on the Danube River southeast of Stuttgart, it was first mentioned in 854, it was later a free Imperial city and reached the height of its influence in the 15th century. Napoleon defeated General Macks Austrian troops there in October 1805. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 By October 16 1805 Napoleon had surrounded Macks entire army at Ulm and three days later Mack surrendered with 30,000 men,

65 guns and 40 standards. Some 20,000 escaped, 10,000 were killed or wounded and the rest made prisoner. About 6,000 French were killed or wounded. At the surrender, Mack offered his sword and presented himself to Napoleon as The unfortunate General Mack. Bonaparte smiled and replied, I give back to the unfortunate General his sword and his freedom, along with my regards to give to his Emperor. Francis II was not so kind however and Mack was court-martialled and sentenced to two years imprisonment. BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 On Chateaubriands route to Prague in 1833. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 He arrived there on the 19th of May 1833. Ultras The term Ultra-Royalists, or simply Ultras, refers to the reactionary Royalist faction which sat in the French parliament from 1815 to 1830. It held a majority in the Chamber of Deputies in 1815-1816 (la Chambre introuvable) and from 1824 to 1827.Their primary target was the restoration of the Ancien Rgime in France and was thus strongly supported by Charles X, while Louis XVIII inclined to more moderate constitutionalist royalists. After the July Revolution the Ultras softened their views and made the restoration to the throne of the House of Bourbon their new target. From 1830 on they were called Legitimists. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Mentioned. Ulysses The Greek hero, son of Lartes: See Homers Iliad and Odyssey. The Odyssey tells of his wanderings over the sea after the Trojan War and his return home. BkVI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 In Alcinous palace. See Odyssey VII 146-147. BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 Chateaubriand portrays himself as Ulysses the wanderer. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Detained by the demi-goddess, Calypso, living on the island of Ogygia in Homers Odyssey. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 In Odyssey IX and XXIII can be found the Lotus Eaters (Lotophagi) a people who live on the fruit of the lotus. Ernle Bradford speculates that they lived on the island of Jerba, off the coast of Libya (See Ulysses Found chapter 5). The lotus itself was possibly cordia myxa, which has a sloe-like fruit. The current inhabitants are Berbers, a possible source of the Greek word Barbaros for a barbarian, one whose language was unintelligible. In Odyssey X, Mercury helps Odysseus by giving him the magic herb, moly which has been variously identified as

wild rue, wild cyclamen, and a sort of garlic, allium moly. John Gerards Herbal of 1633 Ch.100 gives seven plants under this heading, of which the third, Moly Homericum, is he suggests the Moly of Theophrastus, Pliny and Homer and he describes it as wild garlic. Undaunted The English thirty-eight gun frigate (Captain Thomas Usher) on which Napoleon travelled to exile in Elba in 1814. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Mentioned. Unkiar Skelessi The Treaty of Hnkr skelesi was a treaty signed between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in 1833, following the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829. It promised mutual assistance should either be attacked by a foreign power. A secret article exempted Turkey from sending military forces; instead, they were to close the Dardanelles to all non-Russian ships. BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Urban V, Pope 1310-1370. Pope 1362-1370. A Provenal named Guillaume de Grimoard; successor of Innocent VI. He was a Benedictine renowned for his knowledge of canon law. The great event of his pontificate was the abortive attempt to return the papacy from Avignon to Rome. The success of Cardinal Albornoz in re-conquering the Papal States and the continued agitation by the devout, among them St. Bridget of Sweden, for the restoration of the Holy See, persuaded Urban to depart for Rome in 1367. The return made a great impression, and in 1368, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV reaffirmed his allegiance. The Byzantine emperor, John V, also submitted to the pope. In 1370, Urban, disturbed by the resumption of war between France and England, returned to Avignon hoping to end the conflict. His quarrel with Edward III of England over the payment of the annual tribute (dating back to King John) occasioned the antipapal polemics of John Wyclif. Urban was a patron of the arts and founded universities at Orange, Krakw, and Vienna. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 Petrarchs letter to him of August 1366, urging a return of the Papacy to Rome. Urf, Honor d 15671625. A French novelist, he was the author of L'Astre (5 vol., 1607 10), the principal French pastoral novel. It portrays shepherds and shepherdesses living in dUrfs native Auvergne in the 5th cent. An

embodiment of courtly manners and conversation in artificially learned style, the novel had wide popularity during the authors lifetime and influenced Rousseau. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from LAstre. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Sylvander is a character in the pastoral, used here by Voltaire of himself. Urgande la Dconnue A beneficent sorceress, she is a character in Amadis de Gaule. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. Ursins, Marie-Anne de La Trmoille, Princesse des 1642-1722. A French noblewoman and unofficial diplomat, after the death of her first husband, she married (1675) Duke Flavio Orsini, whose name was Gallicized to Ursins. She soon separated from her husband. In 1698 she solicited papal approval for the choice of a French prince, Philip of Anjou (later King Philip V), to succeed King Charles II on the throne of Spain. She arranged the marriage of Philip V with Mara Luisa of Savoy, whose ladyin-waiting she became in 1701. Until the queens death (1714) Mme des Ursins exerted virtually dictatorial power at the court of Madrid. She defied Philips grandfather, King Louis XIV of France, insisting on a Spanish policy of independence from France. It was largely because of her energy that Philip V kept the throne in the War of the Spanish Succession. When Mara Luisa died, Mme des Ursins advised Philip to marry Elizabeth Farnese, who, when queen, had her expelled (1714) from Spain. Ill-received in France, she went to the Netherlands and later to Rome. Her correspondence has been published. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Usquin, Monsieur He was a claimant on the French Embassy in London in 1822. BkXXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Uss, Chteau d At Rigny-Uss in Loire-Indre, the chteau was the residence of Claire de Duras from 1807. It was Perraults inspiration for his tale of Sleeping Beauty. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Mentioned.

Utica A town near the mouth of the Majardah (French Medjerda, ancient Bagradas) River in modern Tunisia. Founded by the Phoenicians in 1101 BC it was traditionally the oldest Phoenician settlement on the coast of North Africa. After its founding, Utica grew rapidly and was second only to Carthage among Phoenician settlements in Africa. In the Third Punic War (149-146 BC), Utica sided with Rome against Carthage; after the destruction of Carthage it was made the administrative centre of the Roman province of Africa. The capital of Africa Vetus, it had a conventus of Roman citizens and in 81 BC Pompey granted several prominent people citizenship. In the civil war between Caesars and Pompeys supporters (49-45 BC) Cato of Utica supported by King Juba I was defeated by Caesar (at the Battle of Thapsus in 46BC). BkXXXI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Cato subsequently committed suicide. Vachon, Mademoiselle She was an assistant governess in the Royal Household in Prague in May 1833. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Valais, Switzerland The Valais (also known in German as Wallis) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland in the south-western part of the country, in the Pennine Alps around the valley of the Rhone from its springs to Lake Geneva. The Romans called the area Vallis Poenina (Upper Rhne Valley). From 888 onwards the lands were part of the kingdom of Jurane Burgundy. King Rudolph III of Burgundy gave the lands to the Bishop of Sion in 999, making him Count of the Valais. It resisted Protestantization during the Reformation. In 1529, Valais became an associate member (Zugewandter Ort) of the Swiss Confederation. In 1628 it became technically a republic the Rpublique des Sept Dizains/Republik der Sieben Zehenden under the guidance of the prince-bishop of Sion and the bailli, until 1798 when Napoleons troops invaded and declared a Revolutionary Rpublique du Valais (March 16) which was swiftly incorporated (May 1) into the Helvetic Republic until 1802 when it became the independent Rhodanic Republic. In 1810 the Rhodanic Republic was annexed by Napoleonic France as the dpartement of Simplon. Independence was restored in 1813, and in 1815 the Valais finally entered the Swiss confederation as a canton.

BkXV:Chap7:Sec2 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Napoleon nominated Chateaubriand as Minister to the Valais on 29th November 1803, and Chateaubriand heard the news on the 28th of December the day before he left for Naples. BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand returned to Paris on the 15th February 1804 and prepared to take up his post. Valenay, Chteau de, France The chteau was built in 1540 by Robert dEstampes and most notably acquired in 1747 by the Scottish banker John Law. A wing was added in the late 18th century. In 1803 the castle was purchased by Talleyrand. In May 1808, the Spanish Princes, captured at Bayonne, were put in guarded accommodation at the chteau. They stayed there until March 1814, after the Spanish had signed the treaty of Valenay on December 11th 1813. The treaty gave the Spanish throne to Prince Ferdinand, despite the reserves expressed by the Corts. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 The Treaty of 1813. Valence, France The town is the capital of Drme dpartement, in the Rhne-Alpes region of south-eastern France. Built on a succession of terraces bordering the Rhne, the town is dominated by the ancient Cathedral of Saint-Apollinaire, which was consecrated by Pope Urban II in 1095 and completed early in the 12th century. BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 The French took Rome on 10th February, 1798, and proclaimed the Roman Republic on 15 February. Because Pius VI refused to submit, he was forcibly taken from Rome on the night of 20 February. At the end of March, 1799, though seriously ill, he was over the Alps to Valence, where he died. He was first buried at Valence, but the remains were transferred to St. Peter's in Rome in 1802. BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 Bonaparte was stationed there at sixteen in 1785, as a second-lieutenant of artillery. There he met Caroline Colombier. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 Napoleon passed by on his way to Elba in 1814. Valence, Mademoiselle de, see Celles, Comtesse de Valentine Footman at the London Embassy in 1822. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned.

Valentinian III 419-455. He was the Emperor of Rome in the West (425455), whose reign was marked by numerous raids by Germanic tribes. His sister was Justa Grata Honoria. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Compared favourably with Francis I of Austria. Valkyries The Choosers of the Slain (Old Norse) were the twelve nymphs of Valhalla who mounted on swift horses charged into battle with drawn swords selecting those who would die. These they conducted to Valhall where they waited on them with mead and ale served in the skulls of the vanquished. The three most prominent were Mista, Sangrida and Hilda. BkV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. The youngest of the Valkyrie was Brynhild which means battle-ready. Chateaubriand confuses the Valkyries with the three Norns, of whom the youngest was Skuld, the future. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. Vallombrosa, Italy A Benedictine abbey 21 miles south-east of Florence, in the Apennines, surrounded by forests of beech and firs. It was founded by Giovanni Gualberto, a Florentine noble in 1038. It was extended around 1450, reaching its current aspect at the end of the 15th century. BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 Mentioned. Valmy The French victory over the Prussians on the 20th of September 1792, took place near Valmy, a French village about 35 miles southwest of Rheims. The day after this first victory of the French Revolutionary troops, on 21 September, in Paris, the French monarchy was abolished and the First French Republic proclaimed. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 The young Duc dOrlans fought there. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand passes the battlefield in 1833. Valois, Les The Valois Dynasty succeeded the Capetian Dynasty as rulers of France from 1328-1589. They were descendants of Charles of Valois, the third son of King Philip III and based their claim on a reintroduction of the Salic law. BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned.

Valois, Mademoiselle de, Charlotte Agla dOrlans, Duchess of Modena 1700-1761. She was the third daughter of Philippe II dOrlans, and married Francesco Maria III dEste, Duke of Modena (1698-1780, Duke from 1737), on 21st July 1720. She received a dowry of 1.8 million livres, half of which was provided by the King of France. BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Valle-aux-Loups The house, at Chtenay, Chateaubriand bought in August 1807. He was banished from Paris after publishing an article in the Mercure de France that annoyed the Emperor, and bought the property (by contract dated 22nd August 1807) for 20,000 francs with a loan raised by a mortgage on the property. (The house is now 87 Rue Chateaubriand in Chtenay-Malabry, Hautes-deSeine. It was bought by the Dpartement in 1987 and is open to the public.). He lived there at various times during the next ten years. The park was planted with saplings acquired from his travels in the Middle-East and North America. There he wrote Les Martyrs (1809), L'Itinraire de Paris a Jerusalem (1811), Le Dernier Abencrage, and Mose as well as large parts of the Mmoires. After the publication of his Monarchie selon la Charte in 1816, Chateaubriand was sacked as a Minister and obliged to sell the property. BkI:Chap1:Sec1 BkI:Chap2:Sec1 BkI:Chap3:Sec1 BkI:Chap5:Sec1 BkII:Chap5:Sec1 BkII:Chap7:Sec1 BkII:Chap8:Sec1 BkII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand mentions the house as the location where he is writing specific chapters of the Mmoires. BkIII:Chap7:Sec1 The last lines written there before being forced to sell the property. The Chateaubriands do not appear to have returned there after their long summer wanderings of 1817. On returning to Paris, at the end of October, they took an apartment at 42 Rue du Bac. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand planted out the gardens. BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 His purchase of the house in 1807. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 His presence there in 1813. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 Mentioned in the context of 1814. BkXXV:Chap6:Sec1 Sold at the Chamber of Notaries of Paris, 21 July 1818. Chateaubriand, after clearing charges on the property, netted only 15000 francs from the sale.

BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec5 Madame Rcamier rented the property in 1817, going halves with Monsieur de Montmorency. BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXLII:Concl:SectI Mentioned. Vancouver, George c1758-1798. A British navigator, he served his apprenticeship under Captain Cook, and set out for a long voyage in the Pacific in 1791. He visited Australia then proceeded north-west charting the west coast of America, and circumnavigating the island in British Columbia named after him. BkVII:Chap1:Sec1 His voyage to map the north-west coastline of America. Vandamme, Dominique Joseph Ren, Comte 1779-1830 A French military officer, who fought in the Napoleonic Wars. He was a brutal and violent soldier, renowned for insubordination and looting. Napoleon once said to him, If I had two of you, the only solution would be to have one hang the other. At the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793 he was a Brigadier General. He was courtmartialled for looting and suspended. Reinstated, he fought at the First Battle of Stockach in 1799, but disagreement with General Jean Moreau led to his being sent to occupation duties in Holland. At the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805 he led the charge that recaptured the Pratzen Heights. In the campaign of 1809, he fought in the battles of Abensberg, Landshut, Eckmuhl and Wagram, where he was wounded. In the campaign of 1813 Vandammes division was encircled by the Prussian General Kleist at Kulm and 13,000 men were captured, including Vandamme himself. Taken to Tsar Alexander of Russia, he was accused of looting, but is alleged to have replied, I am neither a plunderer nor a brigand but in any case, my contemporaries and history will not reproach me for having soaked my hands in the blood of my father. (An allusion to the murder of Paul I of Russia.) In the campaign of 1815 he was in command of the 3rd Corps, under the direction of Marshal Grouchy. He urged Grouchy to join Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, but Grouchy preferred to pursue the Prussian 3rd Corps under General Johann von Thielmann, winning the Battle of Wavre, but losing the war. After the restoration of Louis XVIII, Vandamme was exiled to America, but was allowed to return in 1819. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Defeated at Kulm. Vaneau d. 1830 A student of the cole Polytechnique in 1830.

BkXXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Killed in the fighting of 29th July 1830. Vannes The port in western France, capital of the Morbihan department on the Gulf of Morbihan, was an important Celtic settlement. BkV:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Vannina dOrnato, see Sampietro c1516-1563. Vannina was executed by her husband, Sampietro, a piece of domestic history which interested Napoleon. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Varano, Alfonso 1705-1788. He was an Italian poet. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born in Ferrara. Varde, Pointe de la, Brittany The promontory lies 4km from Saint-Malo between Rothneuf and the beach at Pont. BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Varennes-en-Argonne The city in the department of the Meuse, is on the River Aire near Verdun. The French royal family were recognised and arrested there in June 1791 during their attempted flight to Montmedy. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand reads the news of the attempt, which reached America in late August. Varna The third largest city in Bulgaria after Sofia and Plovdiv, it is the capital of Varna Province and an important port in the eastern part of the country, located on the Black Sea coast close to Lake Varna. BkXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 The Siege of Varna (July-September 29th, 1828) was an episode during the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829. Varna was held by the Ottoman army. Vasco da Gama

1469-1524. Portuguese navigator, he rounded the Cape of Good Hope in his fleet of three ships in 1497. He crossed to Calicut in 1498. In a punitive expedition in 1502 he asserted Portuguese rights in the Indian Ocean, bombarding Calicut and returning with booty. Some 20 years later he returned to India as Portuguese Viceroy and died there. BkVI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 His explorations. BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 An allusion to Camons Lusiades. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 It was Pedro lvares Cabral (Portugal, 1467?-1520?) who, in 1500-1501, while commanding the second Portuguese expedition to India, crossing the Atlantic, discovered Brazil, though Da Gama had sailed close to South America on his wide detour over the Atlantic in 1497. BkXXXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Bartholomew Diaz named the Cape, the Cape of Storms in 1486, but Da Gama changed it to the Cape of Good Hope when he doubled it in 1497 on his voyage to the Indies. BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 See Tassos poem Vasco, le cui felici. Vatimesnil, Antoine Lefebvre de 1789-1860. Secretary-General of the Justice Ministry, he participated in Martignacs Ministry from 1828. He was Deputy for Valenciennes 18301834, then a member of the Legislature under the Second Republic 18491851. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Education Minister 1828. Vauban, Sbastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de, Marquis, Marshal of France 1633-1707. Commonly referred to as Vauban, he was the foremost military engineer of his age, famed for both his ability to design fortifications and to break through them. Between 1667 and 1707, he upgraded the fortifications of around 300 cities including Arras and Lille. He directed the building of 37 new fortresses, and fortified military harbours, including Toulon, Perpignan, Rochefort, Brest, Dunkirk, and Quebec. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 His fortification of Verdun. BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 On 28 May 1808 Napoleon I honoured Vauban by arranging to have his heart placed in a monument erected under the dome of the Invalides. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 His fortification of Metz (1648), of which he said Metz defends the State. Vaublanc, Vincent-Marie Vinot, Comte de 1756-1845. One of the French politicians who agitated vociferously for the return of slavery, he was a right-wing representative for the Seine-et-Marne

departement in the French Legislative Assembly. Vaublanc was on the side of the royalists, against the French Revolution. From November 15, 1791 to November 18, 1791 he served as the president of the Assembly and from September 26, 1815 to May 7, 1816, he served as the French Interior Minister. He functioned as the President of the Legislative Body from April 21, 1803 to May 7, 1803. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 In Ghent during the Hundred Days. Vaucluse, France A department of south-eastern France, formed in 1793 out of the county of Venaissin, the principality of Orange, and a part of Provence. The Rhone is joined there by the Aygues, the Sorgue (rising in Petrarchs celebrated fountain of Vaucluse, which has given its name to the department), and the impetuous Durance. Fontaine-de-Vaucluse is a medieval village tucked away in a closed valley at the south-western corner of the mountainous Plateau de Vaucluse, 25 km east of Avignon. Petrarch had a property there from 1337 to 1353. BkXIV:Chap2:Sec2 Chateaubriand visited in 1802. Vaudoncourt, Frdric Franois Guillaume de, Baron 1772-1845. A Napoleonic General, he fought in Italy and Russia. He supported Napoleon during the Hundred Days and went into exile thereafter, returning to France in 1825. Author of Mmoires pour servir lhistoire de la guerre entre la France et la Russie en 1812 (1817). BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 The Mmoire cited is quoted. Vaudran He was a gravedigger at Saint-Mand in 1837. BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. Vaudreuil, Joseph Hyacinthe Franois de Paule de Rigaud, Comte de 1740-1817. Soldier, Socialite, Monarchist, Patron of the Arts. Born in San Domingo, of a military line. His grandfather was Governor of Canada. He was a wealthy patron of the arts, a major influence at court and in fashionable society. His flight initiated the departure of the migrs in 1789. He returned to Paris after the collapse of the First Empire and Louis XVIII appointed him to the Chambre des Pairs and to the Institut. He was also given the rank of Lieutenant General in the army and made Governor of the Tuileries. He was Vige Le Brun's most important private patron and she painted numerous portraits of him and his circle. It was in large part thanks

to him that Mme Le Brun's salon became fashionable, and she improvised in his honour her famous souper grec, one of the outstanding social events of the reign of Louis XVI. couchard Lebrun linked them intimately in his poem entitled: L'Enchanteur et la Fe. BkIV:Chap12:Sec3 Mentioned. Vaudreuil, Madame de Wife of Joseph. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Her fashionable soirees. Vaufreland, Monsieur de BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 Mentioned. Vauquelin A gentleman possessed of feudal taxation rights. BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned. Vauvenargues, Luc de Clapiers, Marquis de 1715-1747. A French moralist, essayist, and miscellaneous writer, he entered the army and served for more than ten years, taking part during the War of the Polish Succession in the Italian campaign of Marshal Villars of 1733, and in the disastrous expedition to Bohemia, in support of Frederick II of Prussias designs on Silesia, in which the French were abandoned by their ally. BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Vauvenargues took part in Marshal Belle-Isles winter retreat from Prague. He suffered from frostbite, and never completely recovered. Vauvert, Michel Bossinot de 1724-1809. Uncle of Chateaubriand by marriage, he was a member of the municipality of Saint-Malo from 1790. BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 His objections to the marriage. Vauxelles, Jean Bourlet, Abb de He was a friend of Fontanes. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 He co-founded the Mmorial journal. Vegetius, Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus 4th century. A military writer, his treatise, Epitoma rei militaris (also referred to as De Re Militari), was dedicated to the reigning emperor

(possibly Theodosius the Great) and contains a series of military maxims which were the foundation of military learning, for every European commander, up to Frederick the Great. BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Velzquez, Diego Rodrguez de Silva y, 1599-1660. A Spanish painter, he was the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 He visited Rome in 1629-31 and 1649-50. Vellda A Character in Les Martyrs, ou le triomphe de la religion chrtienne (1809) by Chateaubriand: the work was written to show the triumph of Christianity over paganism. In Armorica, the Christian Eudore meets with Velleda a Druidic priestess, who ultimately kills herself. Preface:Sect2. BkIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned by Chateaubriand. BkVII:Chap8:Sec1 Brittany the setting for Les Martyrs. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 See Les Martyrs (Books IX and X). BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 The name derives from a Celtic (Batavian) prophetess, Veleda or Weleda, in Tacitus Histories (IV:61,65). BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 The quotation is from Les Martyrs, Book X. BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Les Martyrs of 1809 pre-dates Byrons Childe-Harold of 1812. Velly, Abb Paul-Francois 1709-1759. A Jesuit historian, he was the author of a Histoire de France which started to appear in 1755. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Venceslas VI, King of Bohemia, see Wenceslas Vendme, Duc de A character in Voltaires play Adlade du Guesclin (1734) which helped bring dramatisations of the Middle Ages to the French theatre. BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Vendramin, Andrea, Doge 1393-1478. He was Doge of Venice 1476-1478. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 His tomb in Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice.

Vene del Tempio, Italy The springs of Vene del Tempio, are at the source of the Clitunno River, in antiquity the Clitumnus, in Umbria. Its waters rise by the ancient Via Flaminia near the town of Campello sul Clitunno between Spoleto and Trevi: the spring was celebrated as a great beauty spot by the Romans but also by Byron; in the 19th century it was planted with willows. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand there in October 1828. Venice The city in north-east Italy, the capital of Veneto, is a seaport built on over 100 islands in the Lagoon of Venice, an inlet of the Gulf of Venice at the head of the Adriatic. Founded around the 5th century, Venice was united in 697 under the first Doge. It became an independent Republic and a great commercial and maritime power, defeating its rival Genoa in 1380. It declined in the 16th century after the discovery of the Cape route to India. With Venetia it came under Austrian control in 1797 and was incorporated in the Kingdom of Italy in 1866. BkI:Chap4:Sec4 BkIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned. BkIV:Chap8:Sec2 Its donne pericolanti, dangerous women i.e. courtesans. BkXII:Chap4:Sec1 Byrons presence there 1816-1819, Chateaubriands in 1806, 1833, and 1839. BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1806 with Madame de Chateaubriand, on his way to the Levant. BkXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Treviso is near Venice (and became a part of it in the 14th century). BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleon entered Venice on May 12th 1797. BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Ceded to Austria in 1797. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 The League of Cambrai, 150810, was an alliance formed by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, King Louis XII of France, Pope Julius II, King Ferdinand V of Aragn, and several Italian citystates against the republic of Venice to check its territorial expansion. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 The Venice Arsenal, the shipyard and naval depot, contained The Bucentaur (from Venetian bucintoro, or buzino doro, golden barge, the latinized Virgilian derivation of ox-headed from its figurehead, actually a Venetian lion, is fanciful) the state galley of the Doges of Venice, in which, every year on Ascension Day up to 1789, they put out into the Adriatic in order to perform the ceremony of wedding Venice to the sea. The

last and most magnificent of the Bucentaurs, built in 1729, was destroyed by the French in 1798 less for the sake of its golden decorations than as a political gesture. Remains of it are preserved at Venice in the Museo Civico Correr and in the Arsenal, where a fine model of it can be found. BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 I Piombi, the Leads, were the prisons of the Venetian Republic, having leaded roofs, in the Great Palace, which were entered from the Bridge of Sighs. The ruling Council of Ten of Venice met in an adjoining room, the Bussola. See Casanovas The Story of My Escape from the Prisons of the Venetian Republic (1788). BkXXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The Duchesse de Berry asks Chateaubriand the meet here there, in 1833. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 The Brenta runs from the Trento Province to the Adriatic Sea just south of the Venetian lagoon in the Veneto region. It is 108 miles long and was first channelled in the 16th century when a long canal was built from the village of Stra to the Adriatic Sea. The work was planned by Giocondo. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 The Hotel de lEurope on the Grand Canal, was created by a conversion of the 15th century Palazzo Giustiniani in 1817. (See E.V. Lucas A Wanderer in Venice: XI) Turner, Verdi and Proust were its guests at various times. The Dogana di Mare is the Customs House, the Giudecca is an island in the Lagoon, as is that next to it of San Giorgio Maggiore with its Palladian church. The great piazza is that of San Marco with its Basilica, the Procuratie Nueve is one of the two great arcades in the piazza, the Zecca nearby was the city Mint until 1870, and gave its name to the zecchino or Venetian ducat. The Clock-tower, the Torre dellOrologio is above an entrance to the square, the Campanile is the bell-tower, rebuilt after its collapse in 1902. The Lion column is that of San Marco on the Piazzetta surmounted by the Lion of St Mark in bronze (thought to be a Chinese chimera with wings added). BkXXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 The Doges Palace and the Ducal Palace are one and the same. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 The Frari is the Gothic church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari (a corruption of Frati, or brothers) on the Campo dei Frari. The Accademia di Belle Arti was founded in 1750 by the painter Piazetta but moved in 1807 by Napoleon to the Campo della Carit and enlarged by works from monasteries and churches he suppressed. BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 The Arsenale was founded in the 12th century and enlarged in the 14th and 16th to become the greatest naval shipyard in the world. The word arsenal derives from the Arabic darsinaa, house of industry. At peak efficiency it could turn out a galley a day.

BkXXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 The island of San Cristoforo della Pace was off the Fondamente Nuove, the new cemetery. The isle was used as a cemetery by Napoleons decree of December 1807. In 1836 it was merged with San Michele, whose cemetery is now full in turn. San Michele with its dark cypresses lies opposite the Fondamente, and contains Ezra Pounds grave among others. BkXXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 The Riva degli Schiavoni, or Quay of the Dalmatians (the Schiavoni), which Chateaubriand translates as the Quai des Esclavons or Quay of Slavs/Slaves, is Venices main waterfront, built on silt dredged from the bed of the Grand Canal during the 9th century. The Schiavoni were Slav merchants who delivered meat and fish to its wharves. The Riva degli Schiavoni commences at the Doges Palace, then crosses the Rio del Palazzo by means of the Ponte della Paglia (Bridge of Straw), socalled because imported straw was once unloaded there BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 The Lido is an 8 mile long sandbank which forms a natural barrier between Venice and the sea, it is now both a residential suburb and a seaside resort. The Mocenigo Palace (c1730), formed of four linked Palazzos, on the Grand Canal has a plaque to Byron who lived there in 1818. BkXXXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Florians and Quadris cafes still grace St Marks Square. San Pietro di Castello, on its island, with its free-standing tilting campanile was the cathedral of Venice until 1807 when San Marco took its place. The existing church is mid-16th century with a Palladian design. The Giudecca, the name possibly deriving from the 13th century Jews, the giudei, who lived there, is an island, was a pleasure ground of palaces and gardens in the days of the Republic. BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 The Piazetta runs from the Molo San Marco to the main Piazza, and Chateaubriand stood near the Columns of San Marco and San Teodoro looking towards the Torre dellOrologio, then turned round to look across the Grand Canal. BkXXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Pellestrina is an island forming a barrier between the southern Venetian Lagoon and the Adriatic Sea, lying south west of the Lido. The island is 11 kilometres long and has since the eighteenth century been bounded to its seaward side by large embankments. There are four main villages: San Pietro in Volta, Porto Secco, San Antonio and Pellestrina, known for their colourfully-painted houses. Malamocco in the Lido chain is a small town with a fine harbour built on sand dunes outside the lagoon, at the sea outlet of a former branch of the River Brenta, which once linked the town on the edge of the open sea to Padua and its inland areas.

Venoux, General He was Commander of the 25th Brigade at Acre in 1799. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Killed at Acre? Ventadour, Duc de, see Lvis, Duc de Venus The Roman Goddess of Love, she was the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. She was the Greek Aphrodite, born from the waves, an incarnation of Astarte, Goddess of the Phoenicians. The mother of Cupid by Mars (See Botticellis painting Venus and Mars National Gallery, London) BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 The type of beauty. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 The statue of Aphrodite of the Gardens at Athens was a work of Alcamenes (fl. 5th century BC), a pupil of Phidias. There is a Roman copy of the work in the Louvre. (See Pausanias, Description of Greece: Attica 19.2: Concerning the district called The Gardens, and the temple of Aphrodite, there is no story that is told by them, nor yet about the Aphrodite which stands near the temple. Now the shape of it is square, like that of the Hermae, and the inscription declares that the Heavenly Aphrodite is the oldest of those called Fates. But the statue of Aphrodite in the Gardens is the work of Alcamenes, and one of the most noteworthy things in Athens. BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 She was the mother of Aeneas by Anchises, and Iulus and the Julian House were descended from her according to legend. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 The Graces were her attendants. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 The planet Venus was indeed rising in Leo, and close the star Regulus, in the east north-east between 2 and 3 am, as seen from the neighbourhood of Linz, on the morning of the 25th of September 1833 (Checked with Redshift 4 star charting software) Verdun The town is in north-east France on the River Meuse, in the Meuse department. Strategically positioned on the eastern approaches to the Paris basin, it was long an important fortress. BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Surrendered to the anti-Revolutionary allies on 2nd September 1792. Chateaubriand arrived there on the 23rd September. The

forty young women had been condemned to death by the criminal tribunal of the Meuse in April 1794. BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1833. Vereia, Russia A town west of Moscow. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleon there on the 27th October 1812. The 27th Bulletin is dated from there. Veremond, Bermudo II the Gouty, of Leon and Galicia 956-999. King of Leon 982-999. BkXXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 His son Alphonso V (994-1028) was King of Leon in 1001. Vernet, Joseph 1714-1789. Seascape painter, b. Avignon, studied with his father, Antoine Vernet, a decorative painter, and in Rome, where he acquired a reputation for fine work. He was summoned to Paris in 1753 and commissioned by the king to paint the famous series of seaports of France. He finished 14 of them (Louvre). BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Vernet, mile Jean Horace 1789-1863. One of the most popular military painters of the 19th cent, he is best known for his decorations of the Constantine Room at Versailles and his Defense of the Barrier at Clichy (Louvre). He was the grandson of Joseph. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand sees him in Rome in 1828. Verneuil, Henriette dEntragues, Marquise de 1579-1633. Mistress of Henri IV after the death of Gabrielle d'Estres, she subsequently bore him two children, Henri 1601-1682 and GabrielleAngelique 1603-1627. Henriette and her family were discovered to be plotting to have Spain recognise her son Henri, as rightful heir to the throne on the death of Henri IV, though she was eventually reconciled with the King. BkIV:Chap8:Sec4 Her sister a mistress of Bassompierre. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Verona

An ancient town, episcopal see and province in the Veneto, Northern Italy, in a loop of the Adige River near Lake Garda. The Congress of Verona, 1822, was the last European conference held under the provisions of the Quadruple Alliance of 1814. The main problem discussed was the revolution in Spain against Ferdinand VII, and the congress decided that a French army, under mandate of the Holy Alliance, should suppress the rebellion. This decision was protested by the British foreign minister, George Canning, and led to a growing rift between Great Britain and the other powers. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand was French Plenipotentiary there. Alexander I of Russia was present in person. The Countess von Lieven was able to meet her lover Metternich at the various Congresses. BkXXVII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The convening of the Congress in 1822. BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriands Le Congrs de Vrone was published on the 28th of April 1838. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833. BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand recollects his 1822 visit. Veronese, Paulo Caliari, known as 1528-1588. An Italian painter of the Venetian school, his large, richly coloured, and harmonious works include The Rape of Europa (1576). BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Napoleon shipped artworks back to France. BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 His Martyrdom of St Justina in Santa Giustina in Padua. Versailles The town in North Central France chiefly famous for its baroque palace the residence of the French kings between 1678 and 1769. It was built for Louis XIV between 1676 and 1708 on the sire of a hunting lodge, with architecture by Mansart, interior decoration by Le Brun and gardens by Le Ntre. BkII:Chap8:Sec2 The Treaty of Versailles whereby Britain recognised American Independence and the European powers agreed a peace, was signed there 3rd September 1783, but the preliminaries took several months. Motte-Picquets squadron, arriving from Cadiz reached Brest on the 1st April. That under the Marquis de Vaudreuil entered the roads on the 17th June. BkIV:Chap1:Sec3 Chateaubriand passed through in 1786 on the way to Paris.

BkIV:Chap8:Sec1 BkIV:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand went there to be presented to the King in 1787. BkIV:Chap9:Sec3 The hunt there which Chateaubriand attended after being presented. BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand passed through in June 1789 on his way to Paris. He visited again in July 1789. BkV:Chap8:Sec2 Chateaubriand points up the distance being the ruling class in Versailles and the people of Paris, such that Neckers dismissal echoed differently in the city. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 A synonym for the Court in 1789. BkV:Chap10:Sec1 The Flanders Regiment summoned there, arriving on the 29th September. BkV:Chap11:Sec1 The National Assembly transferred from Versailles to Paris in October 1789. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Versailles, Kentucky. BkIX:Chap11:Sec 1 The heart of the Court. BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Corsica was sold to France by Genoa for 2 million livres by the Treaty of Versailles of 15th May 1768. However it was not until the Battle of Ponte-Nuovo in May 1769 that the island finally fell to the new owners. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 Philip V born there. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Troops there on the 31st of July 1830. BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 The Grand and Petit Trianons, buildings used by the Kings and their intimate circles, there. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 The Parc-aux-Cerfs was the site of a second Versailles, created from Louis XIIIs Deer Park, where Louis XIVs pleasure house was located. Vesoul A French town and commune located in the Haute-Sane dpartement. The town is the prfecture of the dpartement. It is 48km from Besanon. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Vespasian, Vespasianus Augustus 9-79. Known originally as Titus Flavius Vespasianus and usually referred to as Vespasian, he was emperor of Rome from 69 to 79. He was the founder of the short-lived though influential Flavian dynasty. BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 The Roman Colosseum was commenced in his reign.

Vesuvius, Mount A volcano, 1,281 m (4,200 ft) high, in southern Italy it lies on the eastern shore of the Bay of Naples. A violent eruption in AD 79 destroyed the nearby cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Since that time it has erupted about three dozen times. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXV:Chap7:Sec3 Chateaubriand climbed it in January 1804. Viazma (Vyazma), Russia A town about halfway between Smolensk and Mozhaysk, on the Vyazma River, a tributary of the Dnieper, founded in the 9th century Vyazma became an important trade and military centre that was an object of contention between Russia, Lithuania, and Poland. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. There was a battle there on 3rd November 1812. Vibicki, see Wibicki Vibraye, Anne-Victor-Denis Hurault, Marquis de 1766-1843. A former migr, he was named as a Peer in 1815. As colonel of cavalry he was aide de camp to Monsieur, father of the Duc de Berry. He became a Marshal in 1823. BkXXV:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned, in 1820. Vic, Dominique de, Vicomte deErmenonville, known as Le Capitaine Sarrde 1551-1610. Henri IVs close friend and Councillor of State (1610), he died three months after him in August 1610. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Vicence, Duc de, see Caulaincourt Vicenza, Italy The capital of the eponymous province in the Veneto region, at the northern base of the Monti Berici, straddling the Bacchiglione, Vicenza is approximately 60 km west of Venice and 200 km east of Milan. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833. Vichy, France

The spa town in central France is in the Allier department on the River Allier. Its waters, known to the Romans, are bottled and exported worldwide. BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there in 1805. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Madame la Dauphine arrived from there in July 1830. Victoire, Madame 1733-1799 She was the youngest daughter of Louis XV. She emigrated with her sister Adlade in 1791 and after sojourns in Rome and Naples settled in Trieste. BkV:Chap9:Sec1 She remained with the King Louis XVI after the fall of the Bastille. BkV:Chap15:Sec1 She and her sister, as aunts of the King, were referred to as Mesdames. They left for Rome in February 1791. BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 They died in Trieste, see Book XXXIX:11 Victor, Claude Victor-Perrin, Duke of Belluno, Marshal of France 1764-1841. Marshal of France: for his bravery at the siege of Toulon in 1793 he was raised to the rank of general of brigade. He afterwards served for some time with the army of the Eastern Pyrenees, and in the Italian campaign of 1796-97 and in 1800 played an important role at Marengo. In 1802 he was governor of the colony of Louisiana for a short time, in 1803 he commanded the Batavian army. He distinguished himself at Saalfeld, Jena, and at Friedland Napoleon made him a Marshal. After the peace of Tilsit he became governor of Berlin, and in 1808 was created duke of Belluno. In the same year he was sent to Spain, where he took a prominent part in the Peninsular War (especially at Espinosa, Talavera, Barrosa and Cadiz), until his appointment in 1812 to a corps command in the invasion of Russia. Here his most important service was in protecting the retreating army at the crossing of the Beresina. He took an active part in the wars of 1813-14, till he had the misfortune to arrive too late at Montereau-sur-Yonne. The result was a scene of violent recrimination and his super-session by the emperor, who transferred his command to Gerard. Victor transferred his allegiance to the Bourbon dynasty, and in December 1814 received from Louis XVIII the command of the second military division. In 1815 he accompanied the king to Ghent, and on the second restoration he was made a peer of France. He was also president of a commission which inquired into the conduct of the officers during the Hundred Days, and dismissed Napoleons sympathizers. In 1821 he was appointed war minister and held this office for two years. In

1830 he was major-general of the royal guard, and after the revolution of that year retired into private life. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 In action at Marengo on the 14th June 1800. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 At the Berezina. BkXXII:Chap 22:Sec1 At the Restoration. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Present at Ghent during the Hundred Days. Victoria, Alexandrina Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1819-1901. Victorias father, the Duke of Kent and Strathearn, was the fourth son of King George III and Queen Charlotte. Her mother was Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She was only 18 when she became queen on the death of her uncle, William IV. In 1840 she married her first cousin Albert, the German son of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Vidal, Pierre (Peire) fl 1183-1204. A significant Provenal troubadour from Toulouse, he wrote a famous love poem to Loba (the She-Wolf) of Carcasonne. See Ezra Pounds Pier Vidal Old from Personae (1910) BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Vidocq, Eugne Franois 1775-1857. A self-confessed French criminal who later became the foudner and first director of the Sret Nationale (the plainclothes division). He was forced to resign in 1832 and subsequently founded the first modern private investigation bureau. The information about him mostly comes from his ghost-written autobiography. Vidocq is credited with having introduced record-keeping, criminology and ballistics to criminal investigation. He made the first plaster casts of shoe impressions. He also created indelible ink and unalterable bond paper with his printing company. BkXXXV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Vidoni, Pietro, Cardinal 1759-1830. Cardinal from 1816, he was an administrator in the Curia. BkXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Vieillard, Narcisse

1791-1857. A former artillery officer in the Grand Army, and fervent Bonapartist, he was tutor to Queen Hortenses children. He was Deputy for La Manche, 1842-1846, and 1848-1851. He became a Senator. BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 A guest at Arenenberg on the 29th of August 1832. Vienna, Austria The capital of Austria on the Danube, it was the seat of the Habsburgs (1278-1918) and the residence of the Holy Roman Emperor (1558-1806). It became an important political and cultural centre, associated with many great composers. BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXX:Chap8:Sec1 Napoleon occupied Vienna in May 1809. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap5:Sec2 BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 The Schonbrnn Palace site dates back to medieval times. The Ottomans attacked Vienna in 1683 and destroyed the elegant complex. Three years later Emperor Leopold I decided to build an opulent palace on the estate, and architect Johann von Erlach developed the design for the structure. Construction activities commenced in 1696, and the palace was completed in 1700. Under the rule of Empress Maria Theresa, it became the hub of royal life. BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec3 The Ottoman Siege of 1529, represented the farthest westward advance into central Europe of the Ottoman Empire. The Battle of 1683, following a siege, confirmed the limit to Ottoman ambition in the West. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 The reference is to Kaunitz (1711-1794), Chancellor of Austria at the time of Maria-Theresa. Vienna, Congress of 1814-15. The Congress of European powers met following the fall of Napoleon. The chief countries represented were Austria (by Metternich), Britain (Castelreagh and Wellington), France (Talleyrand), Russia, Prussia, and the Papacy. Its Final Act created a Kingdom of the Netherlands, a German Confederation of 39 states, Lombardy-Venetia subject to Austria, and the Kingdom of Poland. Legitimate monarchs were restored in Spain, Naples, Piedmont, Tuscany and Modena, and Louis XVIII was confirmed as King of France. BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 Talleyrand leaves Paris to attend the Congress. BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 The decision regarding Naples. BkXXVII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 In the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 most of the territorial gains of Bavaria, Wrttemberg, Baden, HesseDarmstadt, and Nassau under the agreements of 1801-1806 were recognized. Bavaria also gained control of the Rhineland Palatinate and parts of the Napoleonic Duchy of Wrzburg and Grand Duchy of Frankfurt. Viennet, Guillaume 1777-1868. A former soldier turned Liberal Deputy, and a versifier hostile to Romanticism, he was an Academician, and later a Peer of France, in 1839. BkXXXII:Chap15:Sec1 At the Htel de Ville on the 31st of July 1830. Viganoni, Giuseppe Italian singer at the Opera-Buffa, Paris. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Vigaroux, Doctor A provincial doctor. BkXIII:Chap6:Sec2 Quoted. Vignali, Abb Ange Paul 1784-1836. Born at Bisinchi in Morasaglia canton, Corsica, he was Napoleons junior chaplain at St Helena (from September 1819), and was the priest who gave Napoleon extreme unction and conducted his funeral ceremony. BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da 1507-1573. An Italian 16th century Mannerist architect, his two great masterpieces are the Villa Farnese at Caprarola and the Jesuits Chiesa del Ges in Rome. The three writers who spread the Italian Renaissance style throughout Western Europe are Vignola, Serlio and Palladio. He designed Villa Giulia for Pope Julius III, in Rome (1550-1553). Here Vignola was working with Ammanati, who designed the nymphaeum and other garden features under the general direction of Vasari, with guidance from the knowledgable Pope and Michelangelo. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Villach The second largest city in Carinthia it is in the south of Austria, on the river Drava (Drau).

BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833. Paternion is about 18 kilometres north-west of Villach. Villars, Claude Louis Hector de, Prince de Martigues, Marquis and Duc de Villars and Vicomte de Melun 1653-1734. The last of Louis XIVs great generals, he was one of only six Marshals promoted to Marshal General of France. BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. Villedeneu or Vildneux or Ville-De-Neuf, Demoiselles Loaisel de BkI:Chap4:Sec1 Three sisters, neighbours of Madame de Bede. BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Recalled. Villehardouin, Geoffroi de c.1160c.1212, French historian and Crusader. As marshal of Champagne, he was a leader of the Fourth Crusade which resulted in the conquest (1204) of Constantinople and the creation of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. Villehardouin, in his De la conqute de Constantinople (1585) described the Crusade and the subsequent struggles of the Latin nobles against their Greek and Bulgarian neighbours, from 1198 to 1207, with vivid detail and disarming frankness. Reliable as a historical source, Villehardouins account stands as an early masterpiece of French prose. Preface:Sect4 An example of a writer who was also involved with warfare. BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 See his Conquest of Constantinople 38. Villejuif, France A town now part of the southern suburbs of Paris. BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Napoleon there in 1814. Henri IV had learned there of the death of his mistress Gabrielle dEstres in 1599. Villle, Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph Marie Anne Sraphin, Comte de 1773-1854. French statesman and premier (182228), he was elected (1815) a deputy after the Bourbon restoration, he became leader of the extreme royalists in the chamber of deputies. He entered the ministry of the Duc de Richelieu in 1820, and in 1822 King Louis XVIII named him President of the Council, or Premier. He stabilized Frances finances to such a degree that they remained sound until the 20th cent. His reactionary government suppressed press freedom, intervened (1823) in Spain against Spanish revolutionaries, prolonged (1824) the term of the chamber of deputies from

four to seven years, gave the Roman Catholic Church increasing control of education, and indemnified (1825) the migrs for lands confiscated during the French Revolution. Assailed in 1827 by both the liberals and the extreme ultra-royalists, who found his methods too slow, he dissolved the chamber. He was defeated in the new elections and resigned. BkIV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkIV:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 His resignation on the 27th of July 1821 over a mater of the censure. Chateaubriand resigned his embassy out of loyalty. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 He had joined the Bayonnaise at Brest in July 1788 and served in the West and East Indies. Arrested in the Isle of Bourbon under the Terror, he was set free by the revolution of Thermidor (July 1794). He acquired some property in the island, and married, in 1799, Mlanie, the daughter of M. Henri Desbassyns de Richemont whose estates he had managed. BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand acquainted with him in 1816. A reference to his naval service in his youth. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 Involved with the Conservateur. BkXXV:Chap13:Sec1 His appointment to office in 1820. He had been Mayor of Toulouse in 1814-5. BkXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Finance Minister from 14th December 1821 to 4th January 1828. BkXXVII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand applies to him for support over the Spanish situation. BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 His letter to Chateaubriand confirming the latters attendance at the Congress of Verona. BkXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 He dismisses and replaces Chateaubriand in a note on the 6th of June 1824. Chateaubriand had been made Foreign Minister on the 28th of December 1822, after the Congress of Verona, where he had supported French intervention in Spain to restore the monarchy there. Chateaubriands dismissal by the King was brought about by his treason in refusing to defend, though voting for, a finance bill to reduce the interest paid on Government bonds proposed by Villle, on the 3rd of June 1824. Villle considered Chateaubriand responsible for the bills defeat in the Chamber of Peers, but it was probably Louis decision. The Chamber of Deputies had been dissolved on the 24th of December 1823, the February/March 1824 elections had brought in Louis Unparalleled Chamber which now hastened to vote for a seven-year rather than five-year term for renewal. Chateaubriand supported this but judged it inadequate. BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 His settlement letter.

BkXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 At the ceremony for the Knights of the Orders on the 30th of May 1825. BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 He arranges a pension for Chateaubriand. BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriand complains of his behaviour towards him. BkXXVIII:Chap15:Sec1 Provoked by the Opposition in 1827. BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 The events surrounding the fall of his Ministry in 1827. BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 An examination of Chateaubriands differences with him. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 His opposition to Polignac becoming Ambassador to London. BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 A potential Minister still in 1830. BkXXXV:Chap24:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 The Dauphins correspondence with him during the Spanish War. BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand recommends him to the Dauphine, who criticises him (May 1833). BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned as a possible member of Charles Xs Chateaubriand-led government in 1833! Villemain, Abel Franois 1790-1870. A French scholar and critic, he was a professor at the Sorbonne from 1816, held several government posts after 1830, and was permanent secretary of the French Academy from 1832. His reputation as a literary critic was established by his Cours de littrature franaise (1830), several times re-edited and enlarged, which included his notable Tableau de la littrature au moyen ge and Tableau de la littrature franaise au XVIIIe sicle. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 His article on Byron, of 1835, for the Biographie Michaud. BkXXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Professor of the Sorbonne, academician since 1821, he had been sanctioned for protesting against Peyronnets law on the Press. Martignac allowed him to resume his course. BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand in Rome in March 1829. BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 He visits Chateaubriand under house arrest in 1832. Villemoisson-sur-Orge, France A town in the Essonne, it is in the le-de-France region.

BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Cardinal de Bausset lodged there for twenty years with the Bassompierre family, his cousins, who owned the chteau. Villeneuve, La She was nurse to Chateaubriand when he was a small child. BkI:Chap3:Sec2 BkI:Chap4:Sec6 BkI:Chap4:Sec8 BkI:Chap5:Sec2 BkVI:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned. BkIII:Chap14:Sec1 Her unconfirmed death in 1786. Villeneuve, Lontine de, Comtesse de Castelbajac 1803-1897. A platonic admirer of Chateaubriand, she exchanged a number of letters with him. She married the Count of Castelbajac, a magistrate of Toulouse, on the 23rd of November 1829. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 She met Chateaubriand in Cauterets in August 1829, when she was twenty-six, not sixteen. She met him again in Toulouse in 1838. While she was a fanatical admirer the relationship appears to have been purely platonic, and the incident seems to have undergone some literary reconstruction! Villeneuve, Pierre He was supercargo on board the Saint-Pierre Chateaubriands ship to America. BkVI:Chap2:Sec2 Described. Villeneuve-Bargemont, Alban de 1789-1850. A former Prefect under the Restoration. BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, France The beautiful and historic walled town is in Burgundy, near Joigny and Sens. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 The Chteau de Passy nearby lived in by Joubert. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Chateaubriand visited Joubert there. BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Arrangements to meet there in 1805. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The Chateaubriands were there in September 1828. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand recalls the poplars of Villeneuve on his journey through Bavaria in June 1833. Villeneuvois

The term here describes the inhabitants of Villeneuve-sur-Lot in Lot-etGaronne, or more properly now the region around it. BkXXXV:Chap27:Sec1 They send Chateaubriand a goblet in 1833. Villeroi, Francois de Neufville, Duc de 1644-1730. Marshal of France and favourite of Louis XIV, in the War of the Grand Alliance, he succeeded (1695) Marshal Luxembourg as commander in Flanders, where he was unsuccessful against William III of England. In the War of the Spanish Succession, he replaced Nicolas Catinat in Italy, was defeated by the Austrian commander Prince Eugene of Savoy at Chiari (1701), and was taken prisoner at Cremona (1702). In 1706 he was defeated by the Duke of Marlborough at Ramillies. Villeroi held several high posts between 1717 and 1722, when he fell into disgrace for intriguing against the Regent. He died, in virtual exile, as governor of Lyons BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Louis XIVs magnanimous comment to him after Ramillies. BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Villeroy, Nicholas IV de Neufville, Seigneur de 1543-1610. Secretary of State and Minister to Charles IX, Henri III and Henri IV. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Villette, Charles-Michel, Marquis de 1734-1793. Writer, and husband of Reine. Wealthy nobleman born in Paris he earned a law degree, and served in the Army during the Seven Years War (1756-1763). He was pupil, godson and favourite of Voltaire who was a friend of his mother. As a deputy for lOise, he voted against the Kings death. He was savagely libelled in satirical pamphlets as a rich wastrel, coward and sodomite. He died of natural causes. BkV:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. Villette, Charlotte de 1786-1802. Daughter of the Marquis. BkV:Chap15:Sec1 Parny wrote an elegy on her at her death. Villette, Reine-Philiberte Rouph de Varicourt, Marquise de 1757-1822. Voltaires niece, his Belle et Bonne. A girl of noble family, she was rescued by him from a convent, and he adopted her in 1776. He married her to Charles.

BkV:Chap12:Sec2 Chateaubriand met Mirabeau at her house in the Rue de Beaune, on the 30th July 1789. BkV:Chap15:Sec1 Her daughter died in March 1802. BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 Le Petit Villette consisted of the old Htel dElbeuf on the Rue de Vaugirard, where the Marquise retired after the death of her husband in 1793, and the Petit Htel dElbeuf in the cul-de-sac Frou, on the west side of the Rue Ferou, next to the Saint-Sulpice Seminary. Villo, Gonzalo (Gonalo Velho Cabral de Mello) 1390-1460. Portuguese navigator. Discoverer of the Azores in 1432. Maternal grandfather of Camons according to Chateaubriand. BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned. Vilna (Vilnus), Lithuania The Capital of Lithuana was initially a Baltic settlement, it was also inhabitated by Slavs and, from at least the 11th century, by Jews. Between 1503 and 1522 the city was surrounded by walls with nine city gates and three towers. Vilnius reached the peak of its development under the reign of Sigismund August who moved his court there in 1544. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleon entered Vilna on June 28th 1812. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 The retreating French reached Vilna on the 8th of December 1812, Napoleon having already left for France. Typhus and dysentery were rife. Vincennes The Chteau de Vincennes is a 14th and 17th century French royal castle in the town of Vincennes, to the east of Paris, now a suburb of the metropolis. Like other more famous chteaux it had its origins in a hunting lodge, set up for Louis VII about 1150 in the forest of Vincennes. Abandoned in the 18th century, the chateau still served, first as the site of the Vincennes porcelain manufactory, the precursor to Svres, then as a state prison, which housed the marquis de Sade, Diderot and Mirabeau, and then in 1796 an arms manufactory, suiting it to its current occupants, the historical sections of the French Armed Services. BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Delisle de Sales imprisoned there according to Chateaubriand. Actually he was imprisoned in the Chatelet. BkX:Chap8:Sec2 Diderot imprisoned there in 1749. BkXVI:Chap2:Sec2 BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 The Duc dEnghien held there. He arrived from Strasbourg at four the evening on the 20th of March 1804.

BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleon imprisoned several Cardinals there in 1810. BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned as a Parisian landmark. BkXXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 The Ministers held there after the July revolution, Polignac, Peyronnet, Chantelauze and Guernon-Ranville, were charged with high treason, and the trial took place between 15th and 21st December 1830, leading ton various disturbances. Vincent, Nicolas-Charles, Baron de (=Karl Freiherr, Baron von) 1757-1834. A Belgian (born in Florence) in Austrian service at the time of Waterloo, where he was one of the four Allied Commissioners observing and was wounded, he had a prominent early military career, and was Governor General of Belgium from May to August 1814 on behalf of the Allied Powers. Aide-de-camp to Francis II, he had previously helped negotiate the Peace of Campo-Formio in 1797. He was Austrian Ambassador to Paris (1806 and 1814-1826). He had also been with the Tsar at Erfurt (1808-1809) and in Sweden (1813). He held the Barony of Bioncourt in Lorraine where he died. BkXXIII:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 Wounded at Waterloo. Vincent de Paul, Saint 1581-1660. Ordained in 1600, he devoted his life to the poor. Captured by Turkish pirates in 1605 he was released in 1607 after converting his owner. He established a foundling home in Paris, and founded the Congregation of the Daughters of Charity and the Congregation of the Priests of the Mission (Lazarists) BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 The foundling home mentioned. Vinkovo Allowed to slip into a false sense of security by the Russians, Marshal Murat was caught completely by surprise, on the 18th of October 1812, when attacked by an army of 36,000 men under Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov. With his 18,000 men assailed from three sides, Murat fought a dogged action. The French eventually broke out of the trap and escaped. They left behind 3500 dead, injured and captured, the Russians lost some 1500. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec4 Mentioned. Vintimille, Anglique de La Live de Jully, Madame de

1763-1831. She married the Vicomte Hubert de Vintimille (1740-1817), a naval officer. The niece of Madame de La Briche and Madame dHoudetot, and the sister of Madame de Fezensac. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 A friend of Pauline de Beaumont. BkXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Celebrated by Laharpe. Described. BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Visiting her aunt Madame de La Briche in 1802. BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Her cousins Alexandre de Laborde (1773-1842) and Natalie de Noailles (1774-1835), separated from her husband and later Duchesse de Mouchy, did the honours at Mrville (between tampes and Pithiviers) on the banks of the Juine, built for their father the banker John Joseph de Laborde, and with a famous eighteenth century garden. Chateaubriand visited in 1805 and Natalie was enamoured of him. BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Introduced Chateaubriand to the Abb Morellet in 1811. Violante She was a 15th century Jewish woman in Venice, whose grave Chateaubriand visits. BkXXXIX:Chap20:Sec1 Mentioned. Violet He was a French scullion to General Rochambeau, and later dancing-master. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 He played for the Iroquois. Madelon Friquet is an old fairground contredanse. BkX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Vire, France The town is in lower Normandy. BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 Chnedoll living there in the summer of 1802. Virgil 71-19BC. The Roman Augustan poet was author of the Eclogues, Georgics, and Aeneid, the epic of Aeneas of Troy and the founding of Rome. BkI:Chap1:Sec10 Chateaubriand quotes Aeneid I.630 Non ignara mali miseris succurrere disco words spoken by Dido of Carthage to the shipwrecked Aeneas, i.e. Not being unknown to evil, Ive learned to aid the unhappy. BkI:Chap4:Sec3 Chateaubriand quotes Aeneid II.21. est in conspectus Tenedos: Tenedos is in sight, i.e. the island of Tenedos was visible from Troy.

BkII:Chap3:Sec4 Chateaubriand refers to Book IV of the Aeneid, which describes the love of Dido for Aeneas. BkII:Chap4:Sec2 BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand perhaps misquotes or mingles two quotations. Macte nova virtute puer, sic itur ad astra: Blessings on your fresh courage boy, such is the path to the stars is from Aeneid IX 640-641. Macte animo, iuvenis! appears in Statius, Silvae V. BkIII:Chap7:Sec2 A love poet in depicting Dido. BkIII:Chap14:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes Aeneid III:10-11. Litora cum patriae lacrimans portusque relinquo, et campos ubi Troia fuit: I left my native shore with tears, the harbour and the fields where Troy once stood. BkV:Chap14:Sec1 For the souls on the banks of Lethe see Aeneid VI 713715. BkVI:Chap3:Sec1 For the correct quote aequora tuta silent see Aeneid I. 164. BkVI:Chap5:Sec2 For flentes, see Aeneid V:615 Pontum aspectebant flentes: they gazed at the sea, in tears. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes from Aeneid III:302-303 where Andromache makes offering to Hectors Ashes by a false, second river Simois (a river of Troy), in Epirus. BkIX:Chap8:Sec3 Chateaubriand quotes from Aeneid VI:269. BkX:Chap3:Sec3 Chateaubriand quotes Aeneid IX: 212 BkX:Chap9:Sec2 Virgil is portrayed as Dantes Guide through the Inferno and Purgatorio in the Divine Comedy. BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from Aeneid I:353-354. The image of Didos murdered husband, Sycheus, appears to her in a dream. BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 The Georgics translated by the Abb Delille (1770). BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 Chateaubriand quotes from Aeneid III:395. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to the famous passages from Aeneid Book VI where Aeneas has to pluck a golden bough in order to enter the underworld. (The Golden Bough is the title of the monumental work on mythology written by James Frazer.) BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand refers to Aeneid I:450-493 where Aeneas is amazed by frescoes of his own history in the Temple of Juno. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec3 Possibly a reference to Aeneid V:320, proximus huic, longo sed proximus intervallo. A quotation follows from Aeneid III:4 BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 A festival celebrating him mentioned. BkXX:Chap4:Sec1 The quotation is from lines 144-145 of Maffeo Vegios (1407-1458) attempt to continue Virgils Aeneid, in 1428. (The first attempt

was made by Pier Candido Decembrio, in 1419, but Decembrio abandoned the effort after only 89 lines.) Sometimes called the thirteenth book of the Aeneid, Vegios Supplementum regularly appeared in fifteenth and sixteenth-century editions of Virgils works, and elicited commentaries, first from Jodocus Badius Ascensius (1501) and later from Nicolaus Erythraeus (1538-39). A Scots translation, by Bishop Gavin Douglas (1513) was published in 1553, and an English translation in 1584, by the physician Thomas Twyne. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 Lake Garda is exposed to sudden and violent winds, which Virgil alludes to in Georgics ii:160: fluctihus et fremitu assurgens, Benace, marine. BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Adapted from the words spoken to Hercules in Aeneid VIII:296, indicating Cerberus the watchdog of the Underworld. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Aeneid X:174. Island generous in those inexhaustible metals the Chalybes forge. BkXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 See Aeneid XI:547-563, where Metabus hurls his daughter Camilla across the river Ausenus tied to his spear shaft. BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 The quotation is from Aeneid VI:256-257, where Aeneas prepares to descend into the Underworld. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The quotation is from Aeneid IV:23, Dido speaks. BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 The reference is to Georgics II:146-7. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 The greatness of his writing. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 See Eclogue VI. BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 See Aeneid VII:27. BkXXXI:Chap2:Sec1 See Aeneid II:428. BkXXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 See Georgics III:474-566. BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 See Georgics IV:514. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 See Aeneid VI:893-896 for the ivory gate that allows illusory dreams to escape to the world above, as opposed to the gate of horn whose dreams prove true. See also Homer Odyssey XIX: 562-567.) BkXXXIX:Chap21:Sec1 Virgil died of fever after returning from a voyage to Greece. BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born near Mantua. BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 The Aeneid is incomplete, and Virgil was so dissatisfied that he requested the remaining manuscript be destroyed. BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 See Georgics IV:86 Virginie She was the muse of Bernardin.

Virginia d 449BC. A Roman virgin, she was killed by her father, Virginius, to save her from Appius Claudius, one of the Roman Decemvirs. BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Virginia, USA A mid-Atlantic coastal state, it was one of the 23 original colonies, named after Elizabeth I of England, the Virgin Queen. It was the site of the first permanent English settlement in the New World by the Virginia Company in 1607. It provided many leaders for the American Revolution becoming a state in 1788. Four of the first five Presidents were Virginians. BkVI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriands ship becalmed off the coast. Virginie Maid-servant to Lucile. BkXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Visconti, Pietro Ercole 1803-1880. He was Commissioner of Antiquities in Rome in 1829. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 He directed Chateaubriands excavations at Torre Vergata. Vishnu The most popularly worshipped form of God in Hinduism. Within the Vaishnava tradition he is viewed as the Ultimate Reality or Supreme God (similarly to Shiva within Shaivism). BkXXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 With Vishnu representing Cosmic Time, Yama as an incarnation or son of Vishnu represents Mortal Time and Death. In this sense Yama (the First Ancestor) is Vishnus eldest son, and time and death carried off Bonaparte as they did the plague victims. Yama is elsewhere regarded as the first man and the first to die, and as the son of Surya, the sun, in turn an incarnation of Vishnu, so again Yama is an eldest son of Vishnu. Vistula The Vistula (Polish: Wisa) is the longest river in Poland at 678 miles and drains an area of 75,000 sq. miles. Its source is in the south of the country, at Barania Gra (1220 m high) in the Beskidy Mountains. It flows over the Polish plains, passing several cities along its way, including Krakw,

Warsaw and Gdazsk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon and Gdazsk Bay of the Baltic Sea. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Napoleons troops were at the river in December 1806. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec2 The Russian presence there in 1828. Vitebsk, Belarus Vitebsk is situated in north-East of the Belarus in the land of glacier lakes on the picturesque banks of the three rivers: the Zakhodnyaya Dzvina river, the Vitba and the Luchesa river. It became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1320 and its citizens obtained merchant privileges and self-government. In 1597 Vitebsk was granted the Magdeburg Code of Law. It became part of the Russian Empire in 1772. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleon was there from 29th July-12th August 1812, during the invasion of Russia. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 The battle of 28th July 1812 when Napoleons troops defeated Barclay de Tolly. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Vitellius, Aulus, Roman Emperor 15-69AD. Roman emperor (AD 69), he was made commander of the legions on the lower Rhine by Galba in AD 68. On Galbas death he was proclaimed emperor at Colonia Agrippina (now Cologne). The generals who favoured him defeated his rival, Otho, in Italy, and Vitellius was briefly the emperor. He distinguished himself by extravagance, debauchery, and general incompetence. When his rival in the East, Vespasian, moved into Italy, Vitellius quickly lost his supporters. His troops were defeated at Cremona, and Vitellius fought with Vespasians brother, Flavius Sabinus, in Rome. When Vespasians troops entered Rome, Vitellius was captured while in hiding and murdered. BkV:Chap8:Sec2 BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Viterbo, Italy An ancient city and comune in the Lazio region of central Italy, the capital of the province of Viterbo. It is approximately 60 miles north of Rome on the Via Cassia, and it is surrounded by the Monti Cimini and Monti Volsini. When the Popes had difficulty asserting their authority over Rome, Viterbo became their favourite residence, beginning with Pope Eugene III (11451146) BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Clement IV buried there.

Vitr A town in Brittany, one of the best preserved medieval towns in France, on the left bank of the Vilaine, twenty-four miles east of Rennes. BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 Mentioned. Madame de Sevigns chteau of Rochers was nearby. Vitr, Baron de BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Mentioned. Vitrolles, Eugne-Franois-Auguste Arnaud, Baron de 1774-1854. Made a Baron by Napoleon in 1812, he played a key role in the Bourbon return, acting as a go-between with Talleyrand from April 1814. BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 Involved with the Conservateur. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 At Saint-Cloud on the 29th of July 1830. BkXXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Rebuffed in Paris on the 29th. Vitrolles, Thrsia de Follevie, Baronne de She was the adopted daughter of the Duchesse de Bouillon. She was arrested for conspiracy on the 4th of April 1815, and transferred to Vincennes, where Napoleon was tempted to have her shot. But Fouch playing his double game protected her, and sent her to Ghent on a mission. BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 In Ghent at the start of May 1815. Vitry-le-Franois, France The town is on the River Marne north-east of Troyes. BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Napoleon fighting there in 1814. Vitry, Philippe de d. 1745. A French officer killed at Fontenoy. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. Vittoria (Vitoria), Spain Vitoria-Gasteiz, the capital city of the province of lava and of the Basque Country was founded in 1181 by the King of Navarre, Sancho VI the Wise as Nueva Victoria on the hill where the old settlement of Gasteiz was located. In 1200, Vitoria passed to the Kingdom of Castile, taken by the troops of Alfonso VIII. The city was progressively enlarged and in 1431 was granted the title of City by King Juan II of Castile. The Battle of Vitoria was fought on June 21, 1813 during the Peninsular War, between 78,000

British, Portuguese and Spanish troops, with 96 guns, under the Marquis of Wellington, and 58,000 French with 153 guns under King Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jourdan. BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Joseph defeated there. Vitzingerode for Wintzingerode, Ferdinand Ferdinandovich, Baron 1770-1818. A soldier and diplomat, he initially fought the French as an officer for Austria before joining Tsar Alexanders staff. With his knowledge of the Austrian army he proved invaluable in his new position and, as the Tsar planned war with France, was sent back to Vienna to coordinate preparations. He fought at Austerlitz, but was captured by the French, and when released earned the Tsars displeasure by loudly opposing the Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia. Recalled to face the French invasion in 1812, Wintzingerode was again captured but was rescued while on his way to Paris. In 1813, he led a Russian corps with the Swedish army and fought at Leipzig. Advancing into France he was beaten by Napoleon, the French emperors second-last victory, at St Dizier. BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Brought before Napoleon at Borowsk. Viviers, Monsieur de An attach charged with carrying Chateaubriands despatch of the 12th of January 1829 to Paris. BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned. Vizier, Grand Laz Ahmet Pasha, Grand Vizier 1811-1812, led the Ottoman armies during the 1811 campaign on the Danube. Inexperienced but energetic, he forced Kutuzov back across the big river and re-captured Silistria and Nikopol. He defeated Kutuzov again at Rustchuk, but allowed his army to become trapped on the north bank. Ahmed managed to extract an armistice from the Russians, however, and rescued his army from disaster. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec3 The Turkish Grand Vizier from October 26th 1828 to January 1829 was Darendeli Topal zzet Mehmed Pasha (1st time), he was followed by Reid Mehmed Pasha until February 17th 1833. Vcklabruck, Upper Austria Vcklabrucks name derives from the River Vckla which runs through the town lying between Salzburg and Linz. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1833.

Volga, River The Volga River, the largest river system of Europe rises northwest of Moscow in the Valday Hills and flows 2,300 miles southeast before emptying into the Caspian Sea near the city of Astrakhan. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Volney, Constantin-Franois de Chasseboeuf 1757-1820. A French scholar, he travelled in Egypt and Syria in the 1780s and wrote an account of his journey, Voyage en Syrie et en gypte (1787); notable for its exact descriptions, which was useful to Napoleon during his Egyptian campaign. Volney served as deputy (1789) to the States-General, as Secretary (1790) of the National Assembly, and later, after spending some time in the United States, as senator under Napoleon, who made him a count in 1808; he was also a member of the chamber of peers under Louis XVIII. His principal work, Les Ruines; ou, Mditation sur les rvolutions des empires (1791), which popularized religious scepticism, was influential not only in France but also in England and the United States; it went through many translations and editions and stimulated much controversy. His writings also include works on the United States, on ancient history, and on Arabic. BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 Dissuaded Napoleon from emigrating in 1795. Voltaire, Franois-Marie Arouet 1694-1778. Poet, dramatist, philosopher, his work encapsulated the Age of Enlightenment. He fought against injustice and intolerance in a series of sparkling works. Briefly imprisoned in the Bastille (1717) he went into exile in England (1726-1729). After the publication of his Lettres philosophiques (1734) which preached toleration he fled to Cirey in Champagne, where he lived with his mistress, Madame de Chtelet. He subsequently lived in Germany (1750-1753) after being earlier befriended by Frederick the Great, and in Switzerland (from 1754) chiefly at Ferney near Geneva. His writings covering history, science, philosophy and verse drama, include the satirical fable Candide (1759), Trait de la tolrance (1763), and the Dictionnaire philosophique (1764). BkI:Chap1:Sec1 The legend of Voltaires birth at Chtenay is here repeated by Chateaubriand. It was affirmed by Condorcet in 1789, and repeated by Michaud in 1827. Since then doubt has been cast on the information, and Paris is suggested as the correct birthplace. BkI:Chap4:Sec5 He attacked and mocked the Abb Trublet.

BkIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand viewed his room in Potsdam, in 1821. BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 His age, the age of Voltaire. BkV:Chap12:Sec2 His niece the Marquise de Villette. BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand adapts lines from Voltaires ptre a Philis: Ah! Madame, que votre vie. BkX:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes from the Henriade, Canto I: 240241, where the hermit of Jersey prophesies the future kingship of Henri IV. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 A reference to his tale Lhomme aux quarante cus of 1768. BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 Fontanes was in Paris by 1778 when Voltaire died. BkXII:Chap4:Sec3 Chateaubriand suggests that Byron was strongly influenced by him. BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap11:Sec1 Voltaires followers, seen as opposed to established religion. BkXIV:Chap4:Sec1 A reference to Voltaires epithet for superstition, in which he classed traditional and organised religion, of linfme, the infamyas in his frequently used motto: Ecrasez linfme! BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 He gave his name to a literary age. BkXIX:Chap2:Sec1 The quotation is from Mrope (I:3) BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Voltaire mocked Baron Neuhof in Chapter 26 of Candide. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 His impiety as perceived by Chateaubriand. BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 A reference to the opening of the Henriade: I sing of the heroes who ruled French earth, both by right of conquest and right of birth. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 His association with Frederick the Great. BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 The reference is to his letter from Berlin to Madame Denis, of 26th December 1750. BkXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 As a model of 18th century style. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 His dispute in 1759 with De Brosses. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 His clarity of style. BkXXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 His followers. BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Voltaires life at Ferney. BkXXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 The quotation is from a brief treatise of 1749 on French poetry. BkXXXV:Chap16:Sec1 See Mahomet ActI:Scene2, line 110. BkXXXV:Chap21:Sec1 His disinterest in Nature.

BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 His Funeral oration for the officers dead in the War of 1741 published in 1749. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 See the last lines of Voltaires Lines to Madame du Chtelet, which is a lament for lost youth. BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 See Candide XXV of which what follows is an amusing summary. BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 Author of the Henriade. A reference to his atheism. BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 See Candide: XXVI BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand uses Welches, Voltaires mocking term for his barbarous compatriots. The word Welsh in English derives from the Old English word meaning foreigners or Celts. BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 The intellectual leader of his age. Voralberg, Austria The province of extreme Western Austria, borders on Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and Germany. BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned. Voss, Mademoiselle Mistress of Frederick-William II. BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned in Mirabeaus Secret History. Wace c1100-c1175. An Anglo-Norman poet, he was made a canon of Bayeux by Henry II of England. His major works are the Roman de Rou (1160-1174) concerning the history of Normandy and the Roman de Brut (1155) dedicated to Eleanor of Aquitaine and containing material from the Arthurian myth cycle. BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned. BkX:Chap3:Sec2 The Roman du Rou mentioned. Wachau A village south of Leipzig, where there was fighting there during the Battle of Leipzig (Battle of the Nations 16th-19th October 1813) on the 16th of October 1813. Latour-Maubourg lost a leg there. BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Wagram, Battle of July 5-6th 1809. The victory for Napoleon forced Austria to sign an armistice and led eventually to the Treaty of Schnbrunn in October, ending

Austrias 1809 war against French control of Germany. The battle was fought on the Marchfeld (a plain northeast of Vienna) between 154,000 French and other troops under Napoleon and 158,000 Austrians under Archduke Charles. BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Described. Waldburg (Waldbourg-Truchsess), Friedrich Ludwig, Graf Truchsess von 1776-1844. Prussian Commissioner for Elba in 1814 (3 May 1814 - 26 Feb 1815, not resident). His account of Napoleons journey to Elba (1815), distressed Napoleon. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 Commissioner for Elba. Waldeck, Christian-Auguste, Prince of 1744-1799. He was Commander of the Austrian Corps in the Army of the Princes. BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkIX:Chap15:Sec1 At Thionville in September 1792. His attack described, 4th September. Waldmnchen A town in the district of Cham, in Bavaria, Germany, it is situated near the border with the Czech Republic, 18 km north of Cham, and 18 km southwest of Domalice. BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in May 1833. BkXXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 He arrived there on Tuesday the 21st of May 1833. BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 He was obliged to halt there in order to obtain a visa for entry into Bohemia. The dying man was probably Sebastian Kaiser a hatter who died at midnight on the 21st May 1833. He was interred on the 23rd the day of Chateaubriands departure. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 A description of the village. The extant chapel is that of the Mount of Olives. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec2 Textile production there in 1833. BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec3 BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 A synonym for the remotest corner of the world. BkXLI:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand passes nearby in September 1833. Waldor, Mlanie 1796-1871. A French poetess, she was the wife of an officer, daughter of the journalist de Villenave, and friend of Alexander Dumas.

BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Wales, Prince of, see George IV Wales, Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbttel, Princess of 1768-1821. Married the future George IV in 1795, but separated from her husband a year later. BkXII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Walewska, Countess Marie 1789-1817. The wife of Count Athenasius Walewski, mistress of Napoleon and mother of Alexandre Joseph Colonna, Count Walewski. Her parents were Count Mathieu Laczynski and Eva Zaborowska. She met Napoleon in 1807 and had an affair with him lasting until 1810. Her first husband died, and in September of 1816 she married a first cousin of Napoleon, Count Philippe Antoine dOrnano. She died in labour, in 1817. Her heart was placed in the crypt of the d'Ornano family in Pre Lachaise in Paris and her body returned to Poland. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 She visited Elba (1-3 September 1815) with her son to see Napoleon. Walewski, Alexandre Joseph Colonna, Count 1810-1868. He was the illegitimate son of Marie and Napoleon I, and Foreign Minister under Napoleon III. BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 He visited Elba (1-3 September 1815) with his mother to meet his father Napoleon. Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von 1583-1634. A Bohemian soldier and politician who during the Thirty Years War served the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, Archduke of Styria, King of Hungary and Bohemia. Schiller wrote a celebrated trilogy about his life (1798). BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 In December 1633 he retired with his army to Bohemia, around Pilsen. A patent charging Wallenstein with high treason was signed on February 18, and published in Prague. Losing the support of his army Wallenstein realized the extent of his danger, and on February 23 with a company of some hundreds of men, he went from Pilsen to Cheb, hoping to meet the Swedes under Duke Bernhard. After the arrival of the party at Cheb, certain senior Scottish and Irish officers in his force, loyal to

the emperor, killed him when the party entered Eger, on the night of February 25. Wallenstein was buried at Jicin. BkXXXVII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. The date was 1604. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 See Schillers play The Death of Wallenstein, Act IV. Walsh, Vicomte douard Director of the Ultra-Royalist La Mode from 1835, he met Chateaubriand in Prague and continued to serve the Duchess de Berrys interests. BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 The letter to Chateaubriand suggested the writing of a new pamphlet in support of Henri V, which Chateaubriand rejected. Walter, William Joseph 1789-1846 The English translator of Chateaubriands Les Martyrs was born in England, and died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a professor at St. Edmunds college, Ware, England until 1839 when he emigrated to America and settled in Philadelphia, where at the time of his death he acted as secretary to the British Consul. BkXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 His preface to his translation (The Two Martyrs: 1812, and119) made references to the allusions to Napoleons court in Les Martyrs. Walthuren, Bavaria Presumably Waldthurn, Bavaria is intended. The Fahrenberg hill in Waldthurn in eastern Bavaria has a baroque chapel. It was a place of Pilgrimage from1204, miracles being claimed for its statue of Mary. BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Pilgrims returning from there. Wandering Jew In literary and popular legend, a Jew who mocked or mistreated Jesus while he was on his way to the cross and who was condemned therefore to a life of wandering on earth until Judgment Day. The story of the wanderer was first recorded in the chronicles of Roger of Wendover and Matthew of Paris (13th cent.), but not until the early 17th cent. was he identified as a Jew. The story is common in Western Europe, but it presents marked national variations. Among the innumerable treatments of the subject is Shelleys Queen Mab. BkX:Chap2:Sec1 In Brussels. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 Mentioned. Warden (Ward), Doctor William

1777-1849. Navy surgeon on the Northumberland, the ship that conveyed Napoleon to St Helena, he was a graduate of St Andrews. BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Published his Letters on his return to England in 1816. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 Mentioned. Warens, Franoise-Louise, Madame de 1699-1768. Benefactor and mistress of Jean-Jacques Rousseau who met her on Palm Sunday 1728, she gave Rousseau the education he lacked and fulfilled his need for love. She left M. de Warens in 1726. Rousseau never forgot her. When he returned from England in 1767 and was wandering through France and Switzerland, he found out in August of 1768 that his maman, as he called her, had died in poverty in March of that year. BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Rousseau stayed at her country home, Les Charmettes, near Chambry in Savoy, where he began his first serious reading and study. BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Her apocryphal Memoirs (1785) were written by General Doppet, then a doctor. Warsaw The capital of Poland and its largest city is located on the Vistula river roughly 370 km from both the Baltic Sea coast and the Carpathian Mountains. It was annexed in 1795 by the Kingdom of Prussia to become the capital of the province of New East Prussia. Liberated by Napoleons army in 1806-7, it was made the capital of the newly created Duchy of Warsaw. Following the decisions of the Congress of Vienna of 1815, it became the center of the Polish Kingdom, a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with Imperial Russia. Following the repeated violations of the Polish constitution by the Russians, the 1830 November Uprising broke out. However, the Polish-Russian war of 1831 ended in the uprisings defeat and in the curtailment of the Kingdoms autonomy. BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Murat entered Warsaw on November 28th 1806. BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 The Russians took Warsaw on 8th February 1813. Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of 1428-1471. He was known as the Kingmaker, in England, during the Wars of the Roses. BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 mentioned. Washington, DC The capital of the USA, in the east, on the Potomac River, is co-extensive with the District of Columbia. It is the centre of government chosen by

George Washington and approved by Congress in 1790. Planned by the French engineer, Pierre LEnfant (1754-1825) its first construction dated from 1793. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Its radiating road system. BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Washington, George, President of the American Republic 1732-1799. U.S. Statesman and general, first President 1789-1797, he came from a wealthy Virginian family and was a surveyor before gaining his reputation in the French and Indian Wars. From 1759-1774 he was a member of Virginias House of Burgesses and an opponent of British rule. On the outbreak of the American Revolution (1775-1783) he was appointed Commander-in-Chief. Following the final victory at Yorktown in 1781 he presided over the Constitutional Convention and was elected President of the new Republic. Preface:Sect1 BkXLII:Chap17:Sec1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him. BkV:Chap15:Sec3 Chateaubriand asked La Rourie for a letter of introduction to him. BkVI:Chap6:Sec2 BkXXIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Washington was living in Philadelphia in 1791. He set out on his tour of the southern states (Virginia, Georgia and the South Carolinas) on the 21st March and returned to Philadelphia on the 6th July, the earliest Chateaubriand could have met him. In fact Washington refused audiences for a fortnight. His house was at 190 High Street. BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand compares Bonaparte and Washington. Napoleon had died at St Helena on the 5th May 1821, Washington in 1799. BkVII:Chap2:Sec1 He was involved in the reprieve of Charles Asgill. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 Chateaubriand quotes reasonably accurately from Washingtons speech on quitting the Presidency in 1797 (Washingtons original text is used in this translation). He chose not to run for the office in the forthcoming election. BkXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand again juxtaposes Washington and Napoleon. BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 His retirement from public life. BkXXIV:Chap1:Sec1 A suggestion Napoleon might have retired there in 1815. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 French support for the American Revolution. BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

Waterloo The Battle of 18th June 1815. Napoleon was defeated by British, Dutch, Belgian and German forces commanded by Wellington and the Prussians under Von Blcher. Napoleon caught Wellington three miles south of Waterloo in Belgium and attempted a direct offensive. The British lines held until the Prussians arrived, and a concerted charge brought victory and four days later Napoleons second and final abdication. BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec3 BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 BkXXIV:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXIII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap13:Sec1 Chateaubriand heard the sounds of the distant battle. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 The battles of the preceding days celebrated in Paris. Weimar, Germany A city in central Germany, on the River Ilm near Erfurt, it was the cultural centre of Germany in the late 18th and early 19th centuries given its associations with Goethe, Schiller and Liszt. It was the capital of the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach from 1815. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1821. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 Goethes residence in later life. Weisse, Christian Felix 1726-1804. He was a German poet and scholar born in Leipzig. BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His name in the visitors book at Carlsbad. Weissenstadt, Bavaria A town in the district of Wunsiedel, in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany, it is situated in the Fichtelgebirge, on the river Eger, 11 km northwest of Wunsiedel. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand there 2nd June 1833. Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of 1769-1852. His parents purchased a commission for him in the British army in 1787. He served in Europe and in 1797 his regiment was sent to India where his brother became Governor General later that year. In India, Wellington saw active service until he returned home in 1805. He sat as an MP for Rye between 1806 and 1809, becoming Irish Secretary in 1807. In 1809 he was sent to assume command in Portugal. Wellington gained

military distinction in the Peninsular Campaigns during the French Wars, culminating in the victory at Waterloo. He was raised to the peerage as the Duke of Wellington in recognition of his achievements and he sat in the House of Lords for the rest of his life. In 1818 Wellington joined the administration of Lord Liverpool as Master-General of the Ordnance; in 1827 he became Commander-in-Chief of the British Army, an office in which he was confirmed for life in 1842. Wellington led the Tories in the Lords and threw his weight behind most of the administrations between 1818 and his death in 1852. BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Present at Chateaubriands reception in 1822. BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 Relatively unknown in 1801. BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 Wellingtons army landed in Portugal on the 1st of August 1808. BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Wellingtons army finally drove Soult back over the Pyrenees (July 25th 1813) at Roncesvalles during the Peninsular War. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap15:Sec1 In Ghent at various times during the Hundred Days. BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec3 Ordered not to commence hostilities first against Napoleon. BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 At Waterloo. BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 His comment on Napoleons second abdication. BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Urges Fouchs appointment at the second Restoration. BkXXIV:Chap3:Sec1 Ensconced in the Louvre after the Hundred Days. BkXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 A portrait of him and related items at Plantation House, St Helena. Note that Wellington by chance stayed at The Briars there. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 He frequented Almacks in 1822. BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Apsley House (now 149 Piccadilly) on the south-east corner of Hyde Park was Wellingtons London residence from 1817-1852. BkXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 He and Lord Clanwilliam took Castlereaghs place at the Congress of Verona, after the latters suicide. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Wellingtons Tory government lasted from 1828 to 1830. Wels, Austria The old town of Wels lies on the left bank of the Traun in the Alpine foreland region southwest of Linz. BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833.

Wenceslas IV, The Drunkard 1361-1419. King of Bohemia from 1378, King of the Romans from 1400, a supporter of Jan Huss, notorious for his cruelty. BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Wendel, Clara Accused of complicity in a political murder of an anti-clerical Councillor of Lucerne, Xavier Keller, in 1816, she confessed and was condemned to life imprisonment, ending her life in a Lucerne psychiatric clinic, that of St Urban. BkXXXV:Chap16:Sec1 Chateaubriand sees her in Lucerne in 1832. Werfen A town about 50 kilometres south of Salzburg in Austria BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833. Werther, Heinrich Wilhelm, Baron 1772-1859. Prussian Foreign Minister 1837-1841. BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. Werther The title of Goethes influential Romantic novel is The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774), and Werther is the name of its protagonist. BkXII:Chap4:Sec2 It influenced Chateaubriand. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 In Napoleons library. BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 Mentioned. Wertingen, Bavaria There was a minor battle here on the 8th October 1805 when Lannes and Murat attacked the Austrian troops. BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Westminster, London An area of London, it lies at the heart of Londons West End. It includes Buckingham Palace, and Westminster Abbey, begun 1245 in the French style by Henry III replacing Edward the Confessors building dedicated 1065. Since William I most English monarchs have been crowned there and some are buried there. It contains Poets Corner where Chaucer, Spenser and

others are commemorated. The western towers of the Abbey (1745) were designed by Wren and modified by Hawksmoor. BkX:Chap5:Sec2 BkX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriands visits there in 1793, and again later in 1822. BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 An example of French influence. BkXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 Castlereaghs funeral on 20 August 1822 was greeted with jeering and insults along the processional route, although not to the level of unanimity projected in the radical press. A final cheer was raised as the coffin entered into Westminster Abbey, departing from the public eye for the last time. Lord Londonderry was buried in the Abbey in the shadow of his mentor, William Pitt the Younger; a funeral monument was not erected until 1850 by his half-brother and successor, Charles Vane. Westmoreland, John Fane, 10th Earl of 1759-1841. Lord Privy Seal 1798-1806 and 1807-1827. BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned in 1822. Westphalia, Treaty of The Peace agreement of 1648 was a general settlement ending the Thirty Years War. It marked the end of the Holy Roman Empire as an effective institution and inaugurated the modern European state system. The chief participants were the allies Sweden and France; their opponents, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire; and the various parts of the empire together with the newly independent Netherlands. The outcome of the religious deliberations was significant. Territorial rulers continued to determine the religion of their subjects, but it was stipulated that subjects could worship as they had in 1624. Terms of forced emigration were eased; Calvinism was recognized; and rulers could allow full toleration, at their discretion. Finally, religious questions could no longer be decided by a majority of the imperial estates. Future disputes were to be resolved by compromise. BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. Wheler, Sir George 1650-1723. Born in Holland, during the exile of his parents for their loyalty to Charles II, he travelled in Italy and France 1672-75, and in Greece and the Levant 1675-76 with Spon, collecting plants, coins, classical manuscripts and antique marbles. He published Journey into Greece in 1682, the year in which he was knighted. In 1684, he became a Canon at Durham, and was rector of Houghton-le-Spring from 1709 until his death.

BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Whitbread, Samuel 1758-1815. English politician: came of a Bedfordshire Nonconformist brewing family. He began by entering the brewing business; but after his marriage with the daughter of the 1st Earl Grey in 1789 took to politics, attaching himself to Fox. He became known as a social and financial reformer, and the principal representative of Liberal criticism in the House. He opposed the Regency, championed the Princess of Wales, and led the peace party. In 1809 he became chairman of the committee for rebuilding Drury Lane theatre, and immersion in the controversies connected with it seems to have unstrung his mind, leading him to commit suicide in1815. BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 Chateaubriand heard him speak. Whitelocke, Sir Bulstrode 1605-1675. English lawyer and parliamentarian. Commissioner of the Great Seal during the Commonwealth. Wrote his Annals (still in manuscript), and Memorials of English Affairs from the supposed expedition of Brace to this Island to the end of the Reign of James I, published in 1709. BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand probably refers to the Memorials. Wibicki, Jzef 1747-1822. A Polish general, poet and political figure, in 1797, he wrote Dbrowskis Mazurka which was adopted as the Polish national anthem in 1927. He was Napoleons plenipotentiary in the Polish lands occupied by the French during the campaigns of 1806 and 1809, and after 1815 a highranking official in the Poland Congress Kingdom. BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 He met Napoleon in Vilna in June 1812. Wieland Wieland is the hero of Charles Brockden Browns novel of the same name. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 Chateaubriand quotes fairly accurately from the novel. (Browns original text is used in this translation.) Wiesenbach (Rhein-Neckar) The town is in the north-west of Baden-Wrttemberg Germany. BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1833. Wignacourt, Antoine-Louis, Marquis de

1753-1833. He was a military man. BkII:Chap3:Sec1 Lieutenant-Colonel of the Conti Regiment in 1778. Wilberforce, William 1759-1833. A British politician and humanitarian, he was elected to Parliament in 1780 and during the campaign formed a lifelong friendship with William Pitt, whose measures he generally supported in the House of Commons. He pressed unsuccessfully for more humane criminal laws and, joined with Thomas Clarkson and others in the long campaign for the abolition of the slave trade (achieved 1807). He also organized (1802) the Society for the Suppression of Vice and took part in other evangelical activities for social improvement. He wrote A Practical View of the Prevailing Religious System of Professed Christians (1797), a work that enjoyed wide popularity both in Britain and on the Continent. BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 Chateaubriand heard him speak. Wilhemine, Friederike Sophie Wilhemine, Margravine of Bayreuth 1709-1758. A daughter of Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia and his Queen consort Sophia Dorothea of Hanover. In 1735 she married Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. The baroque buildings and parks built during her reign constitute much of the present appearance of the town of Bayreuth. BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Voltaires Ode on her death (1759). Wilkowiski A town in Lithuania, it was formerly in Prussia. BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleon headquartered there on 21st-22nd June 1812. William I, the Conqueror, King of England c1027-1087. King 1066-1087. Known alternatively as William of Normandy, William the Conqueror and William the Bastard, he was the illegitimate and only son of Robert the Magnificent, Duke of Normandy, and Herleva, the daughter of a tanner. Born in Falaise, Normandy, now in France, William succeeded to the throne of England by right of conquest by winning the Battle of Hastings in 1066 in what has become known as the Norman Conquest. As king he adopted a feudal constitution BkVIII:Chap6:Sec1 BkX:Chap3:Sec2 BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 He supposedly stumbled on landing in England but quickly grasped the shingle and said : See how I have already taken England. BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Charles X held the title Duke of Normandy from 1785 to 1789. William I of Wrttemberg 1781-1864. He ruled from 1816 to 1864, and married his first wife, Katerina the daughter of Paul I of Russia in 1816. BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 King in 1833. William I of the Netherlands, William Frederik of Orange-Nassau 1772-1843. Named Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands in 1813, he proclaimed himself King in 1815, abdicating in 1840. William I was also the grand duke of Luxembourg. BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Hostilities between Belgium and Holland were suspended on the 21st May 1833, but William I did not recognise the separation of Belgium and Holland until 1838. William II of the Netherlands, William Frederik George Lodewijk 1792-1849. He ruled from 1840 till his death. BkXXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Prince of Orange in 1833. William III, King of England 1650-1702. King of England 1689-1702. Stadholder of the United Provinces 1672-1702. Known as William of Orange, he was the grandson of Charles I and son of William II. He married James IIs daughter Mary. In 1688 he was invited to invade England by the opposition and was proclaimed king in 1689 (The Glorious Revolution). He defeated the former King at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland in 1690. He was successful in the War of the Grand Alliance (1689-1697) against Louis XIV leaving a strong army that, under the Duke of Marlborough, inflicted defeat on the French after his death. BkI:Chap4:Sec4 The English attacked Saint-Malo in 1693 in order to destroy corsair ships which were threatening English trade. On the night of the 29th November they launched a massive fire-ship which reached the city wall and caused significant damage. BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 As a notable King of England. William IV, King of England

1765-1837. He was the third son of King George III and younger brother and successor of King George IV. BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 He was 69 before he ascended the throne and by then had a weak chest. Wilson, Alexander 1766-1813. Naturalist William Bartram, Alexander Wilsons neighbour on the Schuylkill River just below Philadelphia, encouraged Wilson to collect specimens of birds and learn to draw and paint them. Wilson, an ornithologist, produced his comprehensive work, American Ornithology; or, the Natural History of the Birds of the United States (1808-1814. 9 volumes) covering the eastern United States north of Florida, based almost entirely on his own observations. The plates were produced by engravings from his drawings; he coloured a sample proof for use as a model by hand-colourists. American Ornithology is a landmark in American natural history. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 His Ornithology. Wilson, General Sir Robert Thomas 1777-1849. A British general and politician he served in Egypt, Prussia, and was seconded to the Imperial Russian Army in 1812. He sat as the Liberal MP for Southwark from 1818 to 1831. He served as the Lieutenant Governor of Ceylon and later as the Governor of Gibraltar from 1842 until his death. In 1802 he published an account of the expedition to Egypt, which was shortly afterwards translated into French, and created a considerable impression by its strictures upon French officers barbarity. Wilson shortly afterwards produced a translation of General Regniers work on the same campaign, with comments. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 His account of the English expedition to Egypt. In the early part of the Peninsular War, he raised and commanded the Lusitanian Legion, an irregular Portuguese corps, which did good service in 1808 and 1809 and formed the starting-point of the new Portuguese army organized by Beresford in 1810. BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap6:Sec1 In Russia in 1812. BkXXIV:Chap3:Sec1 He urged Kutusov to finish off the French army. Wimpfen, Georges Flix, Baron de 1741-1814. He was deputy for Caen to the States-General, future Lieutenant-General in the Imperial army.

BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 At Thionville in 1792 in the Army of the Princes. Windsor The town in south-central England is on the Thames River southwest of London. Windsor Castle has been a royal residence since the time of William the Conqueror. BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Royal Lodge is a house in Windsor Great Park, located 3 miles south of Windsor Castle. It was developed as a Royal residence by George IV in the contemporary style of the cottage orn, with thatched roofs, verandas, and a conservatory. It became known as the Prince Regents Cottage after the prince moved into it in 1815. The house (then known as the Kings Cottage) became known as the Royal Lodge in the late 1820s. Winterthur, Switzerland In the Canton of Zurich, the city is located in a basin south and east of the River Tss. The Eulach also flows through the city. Zurich lies to the southwest. BkXXXV:Chap18:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in late August 1832. Witt, Johan de 1625-1672. A Dutch politician, Grand Pensionary of Holland (1653-1672), he and his brother Cornelius (16231672) were murdered by a mob because of their opposition to William of Orange. BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 The fourth volume of de Witts Letters and Negotiations concludes with the correspondence of Pieter Grotius with the Grand Pensionary during Pieters embassy at Stockholm. Wittenberg, Germany A town in East Germany, it is on the River Elbe. The Reformation began here on 31st October 1517 when Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses to the door of All Saints Church. BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1821. Wladimir (Vladimir) I of Kiev, Saint, Prince of Russia 956-1015. Grandson of Saint Olga. Son of the pagan Norman-Rus prince Svyatoslav of Kiev and his consort Malushka. Grand prince of Kiev. Prince of Novgorod in 970. On the death of his father in 972, he fled to

Scandinavia, enlisted help from an uncle, and overcame Yaropolk, another son of Svyatoslav, who had attempted to seize Novgorod and Kiev. By 980 Vladimir had consolidated the Kievan realm from Ukraine to the Baltic Sea, and had solidified the frontiers against Bulgarian, Baltic, and Eastern nomads. BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 Around 987, he was baptized, took the patronal name Basil, then ordered the Christian conversion of Kiev and Novgorod. Idols were thrown into the Dnieper River, and the new Rus Christians adopted the Byzantine rite in the Old Church Slavonic language. Wolfe, James 1727-1759. British general who captured Louisbourg and Quebec in the French and Indian War. He was born in Westerham England, and joined the army at the age of 14. In 1757 William Pitt appointed Wolfe second in command to General Jeffrey Amherst, the British commander in North America. Wolfe's capture of Louisbourg, N.S. in 1758 made him a MajorGeneral in charge of the Military and Naval Forces in Quebec. In June 1759, he sailed up the Saint Lawrence River with about 9000 troops and attacked them on July 31. The attack failed and on the night of September 12, Wolfe moved 5000 of his men downstream about 1.9 km Southwest of Quebec. They climbed a cliff to the Plains of Abraham above Quebec, on September 13, and forced a confrontation which resulted in a British victory. Wolfe was shot in the wrist and died a few days later of infection. The French commander, Marquis Louis Joseph de Montcalm de Saint-Vran, died the next day. BkVII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 His death. BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 A popular engraving of his death. Wooletts engraving of Benjamin Wests painting (1771). Wordsworth, William 1770-1850. British poet, whose most important collection, Lyrical Ballads (1798), published jointly with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped establish romanticism in England. The Prelude, his long autobiographical poem, was completed in 1805, though it was not published until after his death. His next collection, Poems in Two Volumes (1807), included the well-known Ode to Duty, the Ode: Intimations of Immortality, and a number of famous sonnets. Thereafter, Wordsworths creative powers diminished. Nonetheless, some notable poems were produced after this date, including The Excursion (1814). He was appointed poet laureate in 1843. BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as a recognised living poet in 1822.

Wrde, Charles-Philippe, Prince de 1769-1838. He took part in the Campaign of 1810 on the French side and was wounded at Wagram. He played an honourable role in the 1812 Russian Campaign. During the Campaign of 1813 he sided firmly against Napoleon, and having reorganized the Bavarian army concluded the Peace of Ried with the allies; leading an Austro-Bavarian corps at Hanau (30-31 October, 1813), he was defeated and received a wound to the head while leading a counter-attack. During the Campaign in France he defeated Oudinot at Bar sur Aube; which victory earned him the title of prince. He took part in the Congress of Vienna, and was named commander in chief of the Bavarian troops in 1822. BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 His defeat at Hanau. Wurmser, Dagobert Siegmund, Count von 1724-1797. An Austrian general during the French Revolutionary Wars, he took the famous Weissenburg lines in 1793, commanding Prussian and Saxon forces. He is most remembered for his unsuccessful attempt to retake Mantua from Napoleon. On July 18, 1796, von Wurmser advanced with 55000 soldiers from Trent to relieve Mantua, which was held by Napoleon with considerably less forces. Apparently due to the bad strategy of von Wurmser and good tactics by Napoleon, the Austrians were defeated. Successor to Beaulieu. BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Actions against him at San-Giorgio (a suburb of Mantua containing the ducal castle) and La Favorita (near Mantua, site of Ferdinand Gonazagas villa). Wrzburg (Wurtzburg) A city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany, it is located on the Main River, and is the capital of the Regierungsbezirk Unterfranken. The regional dialect spoken by people in Wrzburg is Franconian. Ruined in the Second World War the Baroque town has been substantially rebuilt as it was. BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand there 2nd June 1833. Wycliffe, John c1320-1384. An English theologian and early proponent of reform in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century, he made an English translation of the Bible in one complete edition. BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.

Xenephon c430-c355BC The Athenian historian was a disciple of Socrates before leaving Athens to join the Greek force (the Ten Thousand) in the service of Cyrus the Younger of Persia. They served at the disastrous battle of Cunaxa (401 BC). When Cyrus was killed, the Ten Thousand were forced to flee or surrender to the Persians. They retreated by fighting their way through an unknown and hostile land, harried by Tissaphernes. After the Greek generals had been treacherously killed by the Persians, Xenophon was chosen as one of the leaders of the heroic retreat. He tells the story in the most celebrated of his works, the Anabasis. After his return he was in the service of Sparta. He accompanied Agesilaus II on the campaign that ended (394 BC) in victory over the Athenians and Thebans at Coronea. The Athenians passed a sentence of banishment on him. Sparta gave him an estate at Scillus in the region of Elis, where he spent his time writing. BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 His Cyropedia, a biography of Cyrus the Great. Ximena Gomez The wife of the Cid, she appears in the Spanish Romanceros or epic ballads concerning El Cid. BkVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned. Ximns de Cisneros 1436-1517. Spanish priest, statesman, Regent, and Grand Inquisitor, he studied in Rome, and on his return to Spain was appointed confessor to Queen Isabella of Castile. In 1507 the pope invested him with the dignity of a cardinal, and at the same time he was appointed Grand Inquisitor, being the third to hold that office in Spain. Two years later he invaded North Africa in order to forcibly introduce Christianity. It is said that he succeeded in conquering the city of Oran by employing Jewish spies. On his return to Spain he founded the University of Alcal de Henares, with the establishment of which is connected the publication of the first polyglot Bible. He was dismissed from the government service by Charles V. in 1517. BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned. Yarmouth, Great Yarmouth, England A resort and port in Eastern England, in Norfolk, it lies at the mouth of the River Yare, and was once a major herring-fishing port.

BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. It had no newspaper as such. Edward Gillingwater, librarian at Harleston, was writing a History of Suffolk, and left material for it at his death in 1813. York, Cardinal of, see Stuart York, Frederick Augustus, Duke of 1763-1827. Commander-in-chief of the British Army (1798-1809). The second son of George III, he led two unsuccessful campaigns in the French Revolutionary Wars. He also opposed Catholic emancipation and is best known from the nursery rhyme as the grand old duke of York. BkX:Chap4:Sec1 President of the Literary Fund, founded in 1790, active from 1793. Chateaubriand attended the annual meeting on the 21st of May 1822. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1Chateaubriand gave a banquet for him, 26th May 1822. Chateaubriand had been at Covent Garden with him on 17th May. BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned. Yorck (or York), Hans David Ludwig, Graf von Wartenburg 1759-1830. A Prussian army officer, he commanded the Prussian auxiliary corps sent to aid in the campaign of the French emperor Napoleon I against Russia (1812). When he realized that the expedition was doomed to failure he withdrew on his own responsibility from the fighting and concluded the Convention of Tauroggen with the Russians. His action was lauded by nationalistic Prussians. King Frederick William III of Prussia subsequently approved his act, and Prussia entered the coalition against Napoleon. Yorck defeated (1813) a French force at Wartenburg in Saxony, thus earning his title. BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 His departure from the French ranks. Young, Arthur 1741-1820. An English agriculturist, his writings hastened the progress of scientific farming. He travelled widely, always observing techniques of farming. In 1784, Young founded the periodical Annals of Agriculture and edited it through 1808. Among his other works are three accounts of tours in England (176871) and Travels during the Years 1787, 1788, 1789, and 1790 (179294).

BkXII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from Youngs Travels for 1st September 1788 when he visited Combourg which was then owned by Chateaubriands brother and unoccupied. Zama Scipio defeated Hannibal at Zama (south-west of Carthage) in 202BC. BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned. Zagarola, Madame She was a member of the Roman nobility in 1828. BkXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned. Zanze She was the daughter of Silvio Pellicos gaoler, Brollo. BkXXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand locates her in Venice in September 1833. BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 BkXL:Chap6:Sec1 Her reaction to Pellicos account of his imprisonment. Zaragoza (Saragossa), Spain In northeast Spain on the Ebro River northeast of Madrid, it is the leading city of Aragon. An important site under Roman rule, it was held by the Moors from 713 until 1118. It resisted heroically, under the leadership of Palafox, against the French siege in the Peninsular War. The city endured the first siege (1808), surrendering only after some 50,000 defenders had died in the second siege (18089). BkXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 The fall of the town 21st February 1809. BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 Prisoners from there held at Grenoble in 1809. Zditz (Zdice) A town in the Czech Republic near Prague. BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in May 1833. Zea, Greece The island of Ceos (then Zea, now Kea), is the most north-westerly of the larger Cyclades, south-east of Cape Sounion. Its ancient capital was Ioulis, where Simonides was born. (Also the name of one of the two ancient

harbours of Piraeus, now called Pasalimani. It contained the Athenian arsenal and the ship-sheds.) BkXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand touched at the island in 1806. BkXVIII:Chap3Sec2 BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 A letter dated from there. Zeno, Reniero, Doge d. 1268. Doge of Venice 1252-1268. BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned. Zenobia 3rd century. The widow of Septimius Odenathus, she reigned as Queen of Palmyra from 267 to 272 as regent for her infant son Vaballathus. She embarked on a campaign of conquests that eventually saw her as the ruler of much of Syria and Asia Minor. The Roman emperor Aurelian led a military campaign that resulted in the conquest of her kingdom in 272. Zenobia was captured and paraded wearing gold chains in Aurelians Triumph (274). She was granted a villa in Tibur (now Tivoli, Italy), where she spent the rest of her life as a philosopher and socialite. BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 Mentioned. Zenon, Zeno of Citium c 335-262BC (not to be confused with Zeno of Elias) was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, which (along with its rival, Epicureanism) came to dominate the thinking of the Hellenistic world, and later, the Roman Empire, with elements of Stoic thought influencing early Christianity. He was born in Cyprus of Phoenician stock and moved to Athens in 313BC. He attended Platos Academy. None of his works have survived; all we know of him is contained in a few quotations and anecdotes in the works of his followers and critics. Most of these are collected in Book VII of Diogenes Laertius Lives of Eminent Philosophers. BkXII:Chap4:Sec3 The maxim is attributed to him by Diogenes Laertius and is quoted by Montaigne, Essais II:12 Zephyr, Brig French brig of war. BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Encountered by Napoleon after leaving Elba. Zeuxis

Late 5th century BC. A Greek painter born at Heracleia, he developed the art by use of perspective, shading and mixed colours. He specialized in mythology and noted trompe loeil effects. BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Zimmer, Colonel A colleague of Dubourg. BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 At the Htel de Ville on the 29th July 1830. Znam (Znojmo) A city in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic, near the border with Lower Austria. BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 An armistice was concluded here in 1809 after the Battle of Wagram between Napoleon and the archduke Charles. Zuccari (or Zuccaro), Taddeo 1529-1566. An Italian painter, he was one of the most popular members of the Roman Mannerist School. He is documented to have worked alongside Prospero Fontana in decorating the Villa Giulia, and also worked on the Villa Farnese at Caprarola. BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned. Zulietta A girl of light virtue mentioned in Rousseaus Confessions. BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned. Zrich A city of northeast Switzerland at the northern tip of the Lake of Zurich, founded before Roman times, Zurich became a free imperial city after 1218 and joined the Swiss Confederation in 1351. In the 16th century it was a centre of the Swiss Reformation under the leadership of Ulrich Zwingli. The Second Battle of Zrich took place on 25-26 September 1799, breaking the stalemate that had resulted from First Battle of Zrich three months earlier to the advantage of the French. After he had been forced out of the city in June, Massna had fortified his position. Korsakhovs Russians took control of the city. Suvorov was also supposed to join forces, marching across the Gotthard pass, but did not reach Zrich in time, and the Russians and the Austrians were beaten back. The French victory led to the withdrawal of Russia from the Second Coalition. BkXXII:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Massnas victory there. BkXXXV:Chap18:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in late August 1832. The River Limath flows through the city. Zurla, Giacinto, Cardinal 1769-1834. A Historian and theologian he entered the Curia in 1821. A Cardinal from 1823, he supported Della Genga in that years Conclave. From 1824 he was Cardinal-Vicar of Rome. BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 An anti-Jesuit voter. BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 Supported as a Papal candidate by France. BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned in 1833. Zwodau (Svatava) The village is on the Zwodau tributary of the Eger, about ten miles from Carlsbad. BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in May 1833.