PETE 411

Well Drilling
Lesson 9 Drilling Hydraulics - Hydrostatics
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Drilling Hydraulics - Hydrostatics

Hydrostatic Pressure in Liquid Columns Hydrostatic Pressure in Gas Columns Hydrostatic Pressure in Complex Columns Forces on Submerged Body Effective (buoyed) Weight of Submerged Body Axial Tension in Drill String

A = FA/A
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Read:
Applied Drilling Engineering, Ch.4 (Drilling Hydraulics) to p. 125

HW #4
ADE #1.18, 1.19, 1.24 Due Monday, Sept 23, 2002
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WHY?

Drilling Hydraulics Applications

Calculation of subsurface hydrostatic pressures that may tend to burst or collapse well tubulars or fracture exposed formations Several aspects of blowout prevention Displacement of cement slurries and resulting stresses in the drillstring
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Drilling Hydraulics Applications contd

Bit nozzle size selection for optimum hydraulics Surge or swab pressures due to vertical pipe movement Carrying capacity of drilling fluids
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Well Control

ppore < pmud < pfrac

Fig. 4-2. The Well Fluid System

Forces Acting on a Fluid Element

F1 =
FWV = specific wt. of the fluid

pA

dp D)A F2 = (p + dD
F3 = Fw v A D
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Pressures in a fluid column

At equilibrium, F=0

0 = F1 + F2 + F3
dp F = 0 = pA (p + dD D)A + Fw vAD

dp = Fwv dD
(p = gh)
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Incompressible Fluids

dp = Fw v dD
Integrating,

p = Fw v D + p 0
[ p = p 0 when D = 0 ]
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Incompressible Fluids
62 . 4 = * 144 8 . 33
= 0.433 * 8.33
Fw v = 0.052
1 x 1 x 1 cube
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In field units, F w v

Incompressible fluids

p0

If p0 = 0

p = 0.052 D + p 0

D
p

(usually the case except during well control or cementing procedures)

p = 0.052 D
then,

{psig, lbm/gal, ft}

p = 0 . 052 D

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p = pressure of gas, psia V = gas volume, gal Z = gas deviation factor n = moles of gas R = universal gas constant = 80.3

Compressible Fluids

T = temperature, R = density, lbm/gal M = gas molecular wt. m = mass of gas

dp = Fw v dD

(1) (2) (3) (4)

dp = 0.052 dD

m pV = Z n R T = Z RT But, M m pM pM = = = V ZRT 80 . 3 Z T
from (3)

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Compressible Fluids
p = pressure of gas, psia T = temperature, R V = gas volume, gal Z = gas deviation factor n = moles of gas R = universal gas constant, = 80.3
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= density, lbm/gal
M = gas molecular wt. m = mass of gas, lbm

Compressible Fluids
From Eqs. (2) and (4): 0 . 052 p M dp = dD 80.3 Z T

p p
0

dp p

M 1544
p p0

Z T

D D
0

dD

Integrating,

[ln p ]

M [D] = 1544 Z T

D D

Assumptions?

p = p0

M (D D 0 ) exp [ ] 1544 Z T

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Example

p = p0

M (D D 0 ) exp [ ] 1544 Z T

Column of Methane (M = 16) Pressure at surface = 1,000 psia

Z=1, T=140 F

(i) What is pressure at 10,000 ft? (ii) What is density at surface? (iii) What is density at 10,000 ft? (iv) What is psurf if p10,000 = 8,000 psia?
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Example (i)

p = p0

M (D D 0 ) exp [ ] 1544 Z T

(i) What is pressure at 10,000 ft?

M(D - D 0 ) = p 0 exp [ ] 1544 Z T
16(10,000 - 0) = 1000 exp [ ] = 1188 psia 1544 (1)( 460 + 140 )

p 10 , 000

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Example contd
(ii) What is density at surface?

pM 1000 * 16 lbm 0 = = = 0 .331 80 .3 Z T 80 .3 * 1 * 600 gal

(iii) What is density at 10,000 ft?

10 , 000

pM 1188 * 16 lbm = = = 0 .395 80 .3 Z T 80 .3 * 1 * 600 gal

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Example
(iv) What is psurf if p10,000 = 8,000 psia?

p
p = p0

surf

= ?

M (D D 0 ) exp [ ] 1544 Z T

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Fig. 4-3. A Complex Liquid Column

p = 0.052 D + p0 p = 0.052 D

p = p 0 + 0 . 052 i ( D i D i 1 )
i =1

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Pa = ?

Fig. 4-4. Viewing the Well as a Manometer

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Figure 4.4
pa = p0 + 0.052 { 10.5(7,000) + 8.5(300) +12.7(1,700) +16.7(1,000) 9.0(10,000) }

p0 = 0 psig p a = 1, 266 psig

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Buoyancy Force = weight of fluid displaced (Archimedes, 250 BC)

Figure 4-9. Hydraulic forces acting on a foreign body

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Effective (buoyed) Weight

W e = W Fb = W - f V W = W - f s

We

= W 1

f s

Buoyancy Factor Valid for a solid body or an open-ended pipe!

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Example
For steel,

s = 65.5 lbm / gal

( f = 15.0 lbm / gal )

immersed in mud,

the buoyancy factor is:

15 . 0 f 1 1 . = 0 771 = 65 . 5 s
A drillstring weighs 100,000 lbs in air. Buoyed weight = 100,000 * 0.771 = 77,100 lbs
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Axial Forces in Drillstring

Fb = bit weight

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Simple Example - Empty Wellbore

Drillpipe weight = 19.5 lbf/ft
0 lbf

10,000 ft
195,000 lbf

A=

OD 2 ID2 4

A = 5.265 in2
AXIAL TENSION, lbf

W = 19.5 lbf/ft * 10,000 ft = 195,000 lbf

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DEPTH, ft

OD = 5.000 in ID = 4.276 in

Example - 15 lb/gal Mud in Wellbore

Drillpipe weight = 19.5 lbf/ft
- 41,100 0

10,000 ft
153,900 195,000 lbf

A = OD 2 ID2 4

A = 5.265 in2
AXIAL TENSION, lbf

F=P*A = 7,800 * 5.265 = 41,100 lbf

Pressure at bottom = 0.052 * 15 * 10,000 = 7,800 psi W = 195,000 - 41,100 = 153,900 lbf
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DEPTH, ft

OD = 5.000 in ID = 4.276 in

Anywhere in the Drill Collars:

Axial Tension = Wt. - Pressure Force - Bit Wt.

FT = W2 F2 Fb = w dc x dc p 2 A 2 - Fb
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Anywhere in the Drill Pipe:

Axial Tension = Wts. - Pressure Forces - Bit Wt.

At Drill Pipe : { (c) above } FT = W1 + W 2 + F1 F2 Fb

FT = w dp x dp + W 2 + p 1 ( A 2 A 1 ) p 2 A 2 Fb

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Axial Tension in Drill String Example

A drill string consists of 10,000 ft of 19.5 #/ft drillpipe and 600 ft of 147 #/ft drill collars suspended off bottom in 15#/gal mud (Fb = bit weight = 0). What is the axial tension in the drillstring as a function of depth?
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Example
Pressure at top of collars = 0.052 (15) 10,000 = 7,800 psi Pressure at bottom of collars = 0.052 (15) 10,600 = 8,268 psi Cross-sectional area of pipe,

A1

10,000

19 . 5 lb / ft 144 in 2 2 * 5 . 73 in A1 = = 490 lb / ft 3 ft 2
10,600
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Example
Cross-sectional area of collars,

A1

147 2 A2 = * 144 = 43 . 2 in 490

A2

Differential area = A 2 A1 = 43.2 5.73 = 37.5in

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Example
1. At 10,600 ft. (bottom of drill collars) Compressive force = pA
lbf 2 = 8 , 268 * 43 . 2 in in 2

3 2 1

= 357,200 lbf [ axial tension = - 357,200 lbf ]

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Example
2. At 10,000 ft+ (top of collars) FT = W2 - F2 - Fb
Fb = FBIT = 0

3 2 1

= 147 lbm/ft * 600 ft - 357,200 = 88,200 - 357,200 = -269,000 lbf

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Example
3. At 10,000 ft - (bottom of drillpipe) FT = W1+W2+F1-F2-Fb = 88,200 + 7800 lbf/in2 * 37.5in2 - 357,200 = 88,200 + 292,500 - 357,200 = + 23,500 lbf

3 2 1

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Example
4. At Surface FT = W1 + W2 + F1 - F2 - Fb = 19.5 * 10,000 + 23,500 = 218,500 lbf

3 2 1

Also: FT = WAIR * BF = 283,200 * 0.7710 = 218,345 lbf

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Fig. 4-11. Axial tensions as a function of depth for Example 4.9

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Example - Summary
1. At 10,600 ft 2. At 10,000 + ft 3. At 10,000 - ft 4. At Surface
FT = -357,200 lbf [compression] FT = -269,000 lbf [compression] FT = +23,500 lbf [tension] FT = +218,500 lbf [tension]
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