International RILEM Conference on Material Science MATSCI, Aachen 2010 Vol.

II, HetMat 145

NUMERICAL MODELLING OF COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR OF
BRICK MASONRY REINFORCED BY THE BED JOINTS
REINFORCEMENT TECHNIQUE
E. Garbin, G. Guidi, M.R. Valluzzi, C. Modena, Department of Structural and Transportation
Engineering, University of Padova, Italy
ABSTRACT: Massive masonry structures can be subjected to critical compressive conditions
due to high dead loads. Under those loads, a typical damaging phenomenon, characterized by
diffused thin vertical cracks, develops. The evolution of this phenomenon can be suitably
counteracted by the application of the bed joints reinforcement technique, which consists in
embedding reinforcing bars within the mortar bed joints of brick masonry. The technique
aims at the reduction and stabilization of the horizontal deformation. The University of
Padova, in collaboration with the Politecnico of Milano, performed several experimental
campaigns aimed at the characterization of the technique and at the validation of its
applicability on historical masonry buildings. Although applications in case studies have been
performed with steel reinforcements, the use of CFRP thin strips seams to be very promising;
nevertheless experimental validations to calibrate modelling are still in need. In the paper, the
main experimental results of brick masonry panels symmetrically strengthened with thin
CFRP strips are given. Furthermore, the relevant numerical results of detailed finite element
models, resorting on a micro modelling strategy and resembling different reinforcement
patterns and comparing three bars, are presented.
1 INTRODUCTION
Existing masonry structures constitute a very significant amount of the architectural cultural
heritage assets all over the world and are important historical documents to be preserved and
exploited. Studies carried out by the Polytechnic of Milano since the nineties [Anz93,Anz99]
showed that massive structures as towers, curtain walls, pillars, can be in critical conditions
under constant heavy dead loads even for stress values lower than the strength of the masonry.
This conditions, which is related with the long term behaviour of masonry, can entail a
sudden collapse in a relatively long time such that of the Civic Tower of Pavia [Bin92]. The
long term behaviour can start at 45-50% of the compressive nominal strength value [Anz00].
The experimental data showed an increase of lateral deformations in time caused by the
development of typical thin vertical cracks, crossing mortar bed joints and bricks, due to
compressive stresses. These results suggested that the evolution of the typical crack pattern,
which can appear on the external walls of masonry buildings, should be carefully analysed
[Sai05].
In this context, the bed joints reinforcement technique has demonstrated his effectiveness in
the control of lateral deformations due to the cracking phenomena [Val05a]. This goal is
achieved by the insertion of reinforcing bars into mortar bed joints in order to bear the tensile
stresses otherwise directed to the bricks and, consequently, to reduce the lateral deformations
of the wall. The main operative phases for a proper execution of the technique are widely
reported in [Val05a, Val05b, Mod02]. At first, stainless steel rebars were considered and
embedded into horizontal mortar joints with suitable repointing mortars at every three brick
courses [Val05a, Bin01]. Laboratory experimental tests simulating both monotonic and creep
loads, carried out on strengthened and plain masonry panels, showed a significant reduction
146 GARBIN, GUIDI, VALLUZZI, MODENA: Numerical Modelling of Compressive Behaviour of Brick Masonry
of the lateral deformations of about 37-39%. Moreover, a reduction of the crack pattern was
also detected [Val05a, Bin01]. A further development of the technique involved the use of
CFRP rebars, in place of steel rebars, and both lime-based and epoxy mortars. CFRP rebars
were used in order to evaluate their effectiveness with compatible or high specific
performance embedding products [Val03]. The results pointed out that the best performances
were obtained with symmetric applications and that the use of high strength epoxy resins can
be inappropriate, as embedding material, due to the more brittle behaviour both at local and
global level [Val03]. Current research at the University of Padova are focused on the use of
CFRP thin strips, with a rectangular section of 51.5 mm (Fig. 1.1 a), because of their better
mechanical performances and the possibility of more superficial applications (Fig. 1.1 b, c).
This last reinforcement type is contextually used with hydraulic lime-based mortars. This
allows FRP-based structural repointing to comply also material compatibility requirements
while the application reaches an optimal trade off between mechanical, aesthetic and
durability performances [Gar08].
a) b) c)
Fig. 1.1. Bed joints reinforcement technique: a) CFRP thin strip, b) reinforcement positioning
configuration, c) insertion of a CFRP thin strip in a masonry panel.
2 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
An overview of the experimental campaign carried out at the University of Padova to simulate
the application of the bed joints reinforcement technique is presented. The effectiveness of
CFRP thin strips in strengthening masonry damaged by long term actions was studied.
Preventive selection and characterization of the basic materials were done in order to optimize
the CFRP insertion configuration and a series of monotonic compression tests were carried
out [Tin03, Val05b, Gar08]. The following materials were used: a CFRP thin strips with a
nominal rectangular cross section of 1.55.0 mm
2
and a sand coated surface, to enhance bond
behaviour, having an ultimate tensile strength of 1445 N/mm
2
, at a corresponding strain of
1.74%, and a modulus of elasticity of 80000 N/mm
2
; solid clay bricks 25011255 mm
3

having a cubic compressive and flexural strengths of 43.0 and 6.40 N/mm
2
, respectively, and
a modulus of elasticity of 16800 N/mm
2
; an ordinary hydraulic lime mortar (AA) used for bed
and head joints with a cubic compressive and flexural strength after 28 days of curing of 10.1
and 2.6 N/mm
2
, respectively, and a modulus of elasticity of 6400 N/mm
2
; a high strength
hydraulic lime mortar (AS) for the bed joint repointing having a cubic compressive and
flexural strengths after 28 days of curing of 15.4 and 3.3 N/mm
2
, respectively, and a modulus
of elasticity of 9060 N/mm
2
.
Monotonic compression tests were carried out on plain and strengthened brick masonry
panels. Two leaf masonry panels 5225110 cm3 with a Flemish bond arrangement of bricks
were used (Fig. 2.1 a). CFRP thin strips were inserted into repointed mortar joints of sides A
and C (Fig. 1.1 b, c) according to four different reinforcement configurations (Fig. 2.1 a, b;
Table 2.1). To study the compressive behaviour, mainly of sides A and D, CFRP strips were
inserted in each bed joint of sides B and D to moderate the effects of cracking in the
International RILEM Conference on Material Science MATSCI, Aachen 2010 Vol. II, HetMat 147
thickness. Monotonic compression tests carried out on these masonry panels highlighted a
premature failure, usually concentrated at the top corners of the panels, due to the lack of
reinforcement overlapping at that point [Tin03]. Due to the very innovative product, any
corner overlapping device was available at that stage. Therefore, to prevent such a premature
failure, high strength CFRP sheets were applied around the corners and lateral sides of
specimen 2S.A.2 (Fig. 2.1 b) to achieve the maximum compressive strength [Tin03, Sai04,
Val05b].
Measurement equipment consisted in several displacement transducers vertically and
horizontally placed on the four sides of the panels and in a data acquisition system. In some
cases measurement instrumentation was removed shortly after cracking, to avoid damages.
This prevented a full comparison of the behaviour of the specimen up to failure [Sai04,
Val05b].
a) b) c)
Fig. 2.1. a) Masonry panels dimensions and reinforcement configurations; b) application of CFRP
sheets around corners, (c) specimen 1S.A.1 after compression test.
Table 2.1. Matrix of tests and main compressive mechanical parameters.
Reinforcement
u
E
30-60 %

Specimen Intervention
Reinforcement
of sides A & C
ratio () (N/mm
2
) (N/mm
2
)
UR.1 --- --- 0.00 10.79 10375
UR.2 --- --- 0.00 11.97 9737
1S.AS.1 Strengthening
Only side A,
each joint
0.41
12.40
(+9.0%)
7722
(-23.2%)
1S.A.1 Strengthening
Only side A,
each joint
0.41
12.23
(+7.5%)
7001
(-30.3%)
2S.B.1 Strengthening
Sides A & C,
every two joints
0.44
13.04
(+14.6%)
7829
(-22.2%)
2S.A.1 Strengthening
Sides A & C,
each joints
0.82
10.51
(-7.7%)
5459
(-45.7%)
2S.A.2 Strengthening
Sides A & C, each
joints + CFRP sheets
0.82
14.50
(+27.4%)
5379
(-46.5%)
3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In Table 3.1 the main experimental results, in term of compressive stress and lateral
deformations for strengthened masonry panels, are reported. Average values of the
unreinforced specimens were used as reference for the reinforced panels. The outcomes in
Table 2.1 and Table 3.1 confirm that this technique, due to its low ratio of reinforcement (less
than 1), does not influence significantly the ultimate load, the first cracking load and the
148 GARBIN, GUIDI, VALLUZZI, MODENA: Numerical Modelling of Compressive Behaviour of Brick Masonry
modulus of elasticity, as their increments remain within the experimental scattering of results.
Consequently, the effectiveness of the bed joint reinforcement with FRP thin strips can be
evaluated referring to the reduction of the post cracking lateral dilation. In fact, the results of
Table 3.1 showed a considerable limitation of lateral dilatation for both the each joint and the
every two joints strengthening configurations. The horizontal deformations reduced in a range
of 4080% after the attainment of a compressive stress higher than that of first cracking of the
unreinforced masonry panels. In particular, at a stress level of 11.5 N/mm
2
the lateral dilation
reduction in 1S.A.2 is of 29%, while 2S.A.2 and 2S.B.1 reached a reduction of 70% and 84%,
respectively. The symmetric alternate joints configuration, CFRP strips every two bed joints,
of the specimen 2S.B.1, resulted particularly effective if compared with the each joint one of
the others masonry panels. Furthermore, the symmetric reinforcing configuration is more
efficient than the asymmetric one in counteracting the lateral dilatation.
In Fig. 3.1 crack patterns due to the different reinforcement configurations are reported. It is
possible to observe that the reinforcement has forced a modification of crack patterns,
broadening it on the sides where CFRP strips are present. This is due to a stress redistribution
that provides a better exploitation of the structural member. It must be noted that Side C
(unreinforced) of 1S.A.1 sample presents a pattern very similar to UR.2 and wide cracks. This
is the relevant effect of asymmetrical placing of the reinforcement. In panel 2S.A.1 except for
the corners, no cracks are present; this was due to the fact that premature failure occurred at
the corners before the inner part was involved by cracks.
Table 3.1. Test results of strengthened panels: deformation and damage parameters; the variation
with reference to UR specimen is reported between parentheses.
Lateral dilatation (mm/m) 1
st
cracking
Specimen
2.5
N/mm
2

6.0
N/mm
2

9.0
N/mm
2

10.5
N/mm
2

11.5
N/mm
2

13.0
N/mm
2

cr
(N/mm
2
)

hor
(mm/m)
UR.1 0.024 0.182 --- --- --- --- 6.68 0.370
UR.2 0.024 0.083 0.218 2.468 3.646 --- 9.58 0.394
1S.AS.1
0.046
(+91.7%)
0.149
(+12.5%)
0.634
(+191%)
--- --- ---
10.36
(+27.4%)
1.120
(+193%)
1S.A.1
0.023
(-4.2%)
0.086
(-35.1%)
0.436
(100.0%)
--- --- ---
7.47
(-8.1%)
0.174
(-54.5%)
2S.B.1
0.026
(+8.3%)
0.111
(-16.2%)
0.258
(+18.3%)
0.405
(-83.6%)
0.567
(-84.4%)
1.785
11.56
(+42.2%)
0.567
(+48.4%)
2S.A.1
0.016
(-33.3%)
0.132
(-0.4%)
0.45
(106.4%)
1.195
(-51.6%)
--- ---
3.85
(-52.6%)
0.042
(-89.0%)
2S.A.2
0.044
(+83.3%)
0.190
(+43.4%)
0.433
(+98.6%)
0.754
(-69.4%)
1.077
(-70.5%)
1.815
9.85
(+21.2)
0.576
(+50.8)
1S.A.1 Side C 2S.A.2
Crack
pattern
before
test
Side A
Crack
pattern
after test
Spalling
after test
2S.B.1 Side A UR.2 Side A 1S.AS.1 Side A 2S.A.1 Side A
CFRP
sheet

Fig. 3.1. Crack patterns of some strengthened masonry panels after monotonic compression test.
International RILEM Conference on Material Science MATSCI, Aachen 2010 Vol. II, HetMat 149
This effect was confirmed by panel 2S.A.2, where the additional CFRP sheets postponed the
corner failure mechanism and the CFRP strips could bridge the vertical cracks on sides A and
C. This latter result can suggest that L-shaped strips for corner overlapping might be useful
[Val05b, Gar08].
4 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Numerical models were implemented to investigate the compressive behaviour of
symmetrically strengthened masonry panels with different strengthening configurations for
the bed joints reinforcement technique and different materials as reinforcements. Three-
dimensional numerical models depicting only one eighths of the whole panels, thanks to the
exploitation of the symmetry, were implemented using a micro modelling approach [Gar08]
(Fig. 4.1). Fig. 1.1 & Fig. 2.1 show the geometric dimensions of the panels and the
reinforcement configurations. Six basic models with different reinforcement patterns and one
unreinforced, reproducing some of the actual reinforcement patters (Table 2.1) of the masonry
panels were implemented (Table 4.1). In particular, the model 2S.A_LS1_SS1 corresponds to
masonry panels 2S.A.1 and 2S.A.2, while the model 2S.B_LS2_SS1 corresponds to the
specimen 2S.B.1. On the basis of the previous experimental campaigns [Gar08], only the
insertion of CFRP strips each 1, 2 or 3 bed joints was considered for the construction of the
numerical models. Furthermore, two typologies of reinforcing bars have been modelled: a
high modulus CFRP and a steel strip. The same geometrical dimensions and surface typology
were used for all the three reinforcing bars.
a) b) c)
Fig. 4.1. Implemented 3D numerical model of symmetrically strengthened masonry panels: (a)
modelled portion of the masonry panel, (b) outside view and (c) inside view of the
one eighth portion.
Table 4.1. Matrix of basic numerical models reinforced with CFRP strips.
Model Reinforcement in long sides A&C Reinforcement in short sides B&D
UR_FEM --- ---
2S.A_LS1_SS0 1 CFRP strip each bed joint ---
2S.A_LS1_SS1 1 CFRP strip each bed joint 1 CFRP strip each bed joint
2S.B_LS2_SS0 1 CFRP strip every 2 bed joint ---
2S.B_LS2_SS1 1 CFRP strip every 2 bed joint 1 CFRP strip each bed joint
2S.C_LS3_SS0 1 CFRP strip every 3 bed joint ---
2S.C_LS3_SS1 1 CFRP strip every 3 bed joint 1 CFRP strip each bed joint
150 GARBIN, GUIDI, VALLUZZI, MODENA: Numerical Modelling of Compressive Behaviour of Brick Masonry
In total, nineteen numerical models have been solved; one for the unreinforced masonry panel
and eighteen for the different strengthening configurations (6 with CFRP strips, 6 with CFRP
high modulus carbon strips and 6 with steel strips).
The numerical models were implemented in the finite elements code DIANA 9.2. All the
numerical models were built using 20 nodes isoparametric finite elements. Contact surfaces
between reinforcements and repointing mortar were modelled with 8 nodes 3D interface
elements. To simplify the model, interface elements were not considered between bricks and
all types of mortar joints. Bricks and mortars were considered as isotropic materials, whereas
CFRP strips were modelled as orthotropic material. An isotropic total strain rotating crack,
with a linear softening in tension and a multilinear stress strain diagram in compression,
failure criteria were used for bricks and mortars (Fig. 4.2). The reinforcement was considered
linear elastic. Interface elements were provided with the bond stress slip law experimentally
identified in [Gar08] for all the types of bars. The mechanical parameters of bricks, mortars,
CFRP thin strip and bond behaviour were defined according to experimental results, and
properly adapted when needed, to take into account three dimensional stress states. The
missing orthotropic mechanical parameters used in modelling the CFRP strip have been
defined according to the available values in literature [Gar08]. The values of fracture energy
in compression and in traction of bricks and mortars were defined by means of extensive
literature research for quasibrittle materials, such as concrete and masonry [Gar08]. The
relevant values are summarized into Table 4.2, where E is the modulus of elasticity, the
Poissons coefficient, f
t
is the tensile strength, G
ft
is the tensile fracture energy, f
c
is the
compressive strength, G
fc
is the compressive fracture energy and h is the crack bandwidth. For
the high modulus CFRP and a steel strip a modulus of elasticity of 200 and 210 GPa was
used, respectively.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09 0,10
(-)
(N/mm
2
)
Brick sM
Mortar AS
Mortar AA

0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
0,0000 0,0002 0,0004 0,0006 0,0008 0,0010 0,0012 0,0014 0,0016
(-)
(N/mm
2
)
Brick sM
Mortar AS
Mortar AA - bed joint
Mortar AA - head joint

Fig. 4.2. Constitutive material laws in compression (left) and tension (right).
Table 4.2. Main material properties used in FEM models.
Mechanical
property
Brick Mortar AS
Mortar AA
bed joints
Mortar AA
head joints
CFRP Strip
(longt. dir.)
E (N/mm
2
) 16800 9000 6400 6400 80000
0.25 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.10
f
t
(N/mm
2
) 2.68 1.76 1.54 1.34 ---
G
ft
(N/mm) 0.045 0.025 0.020 0.015 ---
f
c
(N/mm
2
) 35.70 18.24 11.88 11.88 ---
G
fc
(N/mm) 36.00 17.00 11.00 11.00 ---
h (mm) 41.30 18.40 28.70 27.00 ---
International RILEM Conference on Material Science MATSCI, Aachen 2010 Vol. II, HetMat 151
The finite element models were able to reasonably capture the experimental compressive
behaviours (Fig. 4.3). However, the numerical models, constructed with 3D solid elements
bonded in a continuum, were not able to follow the behaviour of the masonry panels under
highly damaged stages. Nevertheless, the models were able to confirm the effectiveness of the
intervention, by showing and quantifying the reduction of the tensile stresses in the bricks due
to the presence of CFRP strips. Furthermore, in Fig. 4.3, it can be noticed as the numerical
curve of the model 2S.C_LS3_SS1 basically reached the same ultimate vertical and horizontal
deformations of the unstrengthened model UR_FEM, but with a slight increment of the
ultimate compressive stress (+9%). The other numerical models reached the same increment
for the ultimate stress, but through a more brittle compressive behaviour that is testify by
minor vertical and horizontal deformations. Moreover, the numerical results showed that the
higher the reinforcement ratio the lower the tensile stress and damage level. In particular, the
numerical results pointed out that a reduction of the tensile stress on the long sides up to 47%
can be achieved with the insertion of CFRP strips each bed joint, whereas the others two
strengthening configuration with CFRP strips each 2 or 3 joints are basically equivalent with a
minimum reduction of 1820% and 1617%, respectively (Table 4.3).
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
(mm/m)
(N/mm
2
)
UR.1
UR.2
2S.B.1
2S.A.1
2S.A.2
UR Average
UR_FEM
2S.C_Ls3_SS0
2S.C_LS3_SS1
2S.B_LS2_SS0
2S.B_LS2_SS1
2S.A_LS1_SS0
2S.A_LS1_SS1

Fig. 4.3. Experimental and numerical average compressive stress versus vertical and horizontal
deformations, of masonry panel reinforced with CFRP strips having E=80000 N/mm
2
.

Table 4.3. Value of the average maximum principal stress (
1
) recorded inside bricks of the
numerical models at the peak compressive load and comparison between the
unstrengthened and strengthened models.
Average
1
on short sides Average
1
on long sides Numerical models
with CFRP strip,
E=80000 N/mm
2

Value (N/mm
2
) Variation (%) Value (N/mm
2
) Variation (%)
UR_FEM 2,40 - 1,78 -
2S.A_LS1_SS0 2,40 0,0 0,98 -44,9
2S.A_LS1_SS1 1,68 -30,0 0,93 -47,8
2S.B_LS2_SS0 2,40 0,0 1,41 -20,8
2S.B_LS2_SS1 1,18 -50,8 1,45 -18,5
2S.C_LS3_SS0 2,40 0,0 1,49 -16,3
2S.C_LS3_SS1 1,21 -49,6 1,48 -16,9
152 GARBIN, GUIDI, VALLUZZI, MODENA: Numerical Modelling of Compressive Behaviour of Brick Masonry
The results regarding the reduction of the tensile stress along the short sides are also reported
in Table 4.3. They indicate that the insertion of reinforcement also through the thickness of
masonry walls can produce beneficial effects. This transversal reinforcement should be
overlapped with that on the long sides to avoid stress and strain concentrations at the corners
of the masonry walls as mentioned in sections 2 and 3. The relevant principal deformations
and stress reported in Fig. 4.4 show the effects on tensile stress and crack strain due to
different reinforcement patterns on the long sides of the panels.
Numerical model
Principal strain
1
(mm/m)
Normal crack strain
k
(mm/m)
Principal stress
1

(N/mm
2
)
UR_FEM

2S.A_LS1_SS0
(CFRP strips inserted
each bed joint)

2S.B_LS2_SS0
(CFRP strips inserted
every 2 bed joint)

2S.C_LS3_SS0
(CFRP strips inserted
every 3 bed joint)

Fig. 4.4. Principal strain (
1
), normal crack strain (
k
) and principal stress (
1
in N/mm
2
) at the
maximum compressive load for numerical models strengthened only on the long sides
with CFRP strips having E=80000 N/mm
2
.
International RILEM Conference on Material Science MATSCI, Aachen 2010 Vol. II, HetMat 153
In particular, in Fig. 4.4 it can be noticed as the higher the reinforcement ratio the lower the
cracking damage. A similar trend can be observed for the principal tensile stresses inside the
bricks that is consistent with the result presented in Table 4.3.
Finally, a parametric analysis on the influence of the longitudinal elastic modulus of the
reinforcement was performed. The main results obtained from the finite element numerical
analysis showed that very little or negligible further improvements of the compressive
behaviour of the masonry panels occurred when a reinforcement bar with a higher elastic
modulus than the original one was inserted in the bed joint. Furthermore, no considerable
alteration of the overall stress and strain patterns has been noticed. They are practically as
those presented in Fig. 4.3 for the original CFRP thin strip (E=80000 N/mm
2
). In addition,
minor variations of the longitudinal tensile stresses of the different bars have been noticed,
see Fig. 4.5.
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 4.5. Numerical model 2S.C_LS3_SS0. Comparison of tensile stress (
1
in N/mm
2
) inside the
different typologies of bars at the peak compressive load: CFRP strip E=80000 N/mm
2

(a), CFRP strip E=200000 N/mm
2
(b) and Steel strip E=210000 N/mm
2
(c).
5 CONCLUSIONS
The experimental and numerical study on the compressive behaviour of masonry panels
strengthened with the bed joints reinforcement technique using CFRP thin strips embedded in
hydraulic lime-based mortar has been presented. The experimental results on monotonic
compression tests demonstrated that the insertion of small amounts of reinforcement can be
an effective technique for counteracting the masonry dilatation due to cracking. Furthermore,
this technique does not influence significantly the ultimate load and the modulus of elasticity
of the original masonry. Experimental results showed that the insertion of CFRP strips every
two bed joints, resulted particularly effective, if compared with the each joint one. This might
be related with a lower damage introduced during the application of the technique when
grooving and pointing bed joints. An interesting strength increment (+14%), together with a
remarkable reduction of the lateral dilatation up to 80%, were obtained. Numerical results
confirmed the effectiveness of the intervention, by showing and quantifying the reduction of
the tensile stresses, up to 47%, in the bricks due to the presence of CFRP strips inserted at
each bed joint, and a still good 18% for the insertion every 2 or 3 bed joints.
Therefore, the experimental and numerical data suggested that a strengthening configuration
with the insertion of 1 original CFRP thin strip every 3 mortar bed joints can be suitable for
onsite applications. In fact, it allows for a profitable reduction of the tensile stresses within
bricks and a good compressive behaviour. Moreover, it allows the minimum invasive and
more economic application configuration for the bed joints reinforcement technique,
performed with CFRP thin strips and hydraulic lime repointing mortar.
154 GARBIN, GUIDI, VALLUZZI, MODENA: Numerical Modelling of Compressive Behaviour of Brick Masonry
ACKKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors wish to acknowledge M.A.C. s.p.a. - DEGUSSA Group- of Treviso, Italy, for the
technical collaboration and the special support. Experimental tests on walls behaviour were
performed at the Laboratory of Material Testing of the Department of Structural and
Transportation Engineering of the University of Padova. Ph.D. D. Tinazzi and Eng. F.
Lucchin are acknowledged for their experimental activities regarding the CFRP bed joints
reinforcement technique.
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