VII.

Derivation of the Navier-Stokes Equations and Solutions

In this chapter, we will derive the equations governing 2-D, unsteady, compressible
viscous flows. These equations (and their -D form! are called the "avier-#to$es equations. They
were developed by "avier in %&%, and more rigorously be #to$es in %&'(. "ow, over %() years
later, these equations still stand with no modifications, and form the basis of all simpler forms of
equations such as the potential flow equations that were derived in *hapter I.
In two dimensions, we have five flow properties that are un$nowns+ the two velocity
components u,v, density , temperature T and pressure p. Therefore, we need ( equations lin$ing
them. -ne of these ( equations is the equation of state, given by
p p(, T)
.t moderate temperatures that arise in subsonic and supersonic flows without chemical
reactions, this equation of state may be simplified to the following form+
p RT
/ere 0 is a gas constant, given by R/M, where R is the universal gas constant, and M is
the molecular weight of the gas (or the gas mi1ture!. 2or air, the gas constant is given by 03 2&%4
5oules6$g67 8.
The other four equations are+
a! *onservation of mass, $nown as continuity,
b! *onservation of u- momentum
c! *onservation of v- momentum, and
d! *onservation of energy.
*onservation of 9ass
:e consider a small control volume (*;! of height y, width 1, and of depth unity
perpendicular to the plane of the paper.
1
y <oundary =%
<oundary =
<oundary =2
<oundary ='

The principle of conservation of mass states that
>The rate at which mass increases within the control volume 3 The rate at which mass enters the
control volume through its four boundaries>
?et be the average density of the fluid within the control volume. Then,
Mass within the Control Volume = x y ( )
Time Rate of change of mass within CV =
x y ( )
t
x y ( )

t
"e1t, consider the rate at which mass enters through the four boundaries, one by one.
*onsider the boundary =%, first.
Area of Boundary #1 = y 1 = y
Rate at which mass enters through #1 = u y
:e can assume that the above flu1 is computed at the center of face =%.
:e can consider the other three boundaries in a similar manner. The rate at which mass
enters through faces 2, and ' are, respectively (-uy!
2
, (@(v1!

and (-v1!
'
. /ere the
subscripts refer to the face.
#umming up the contributions from the four faces, and equating the result to the time rate
of change of mass within the *;, we get
xy

t
uy ( )
1
uy ( )
2
[ ]
+ vx ( )
3
vx ( )
4
[ ]
Or,

u ( )
1
u ( )
2
[ ]
x
+
v ( )
3
v ( )
4
[ ]
y
"ow, consider the limits of the above equation as 1 and y goes to Aero. 2rom calculus,
for any arbitrary function f(1,y!,
f
x
Limit
x0
f x + x, y ( ) f x, y ( )
x
f
y
Limit
y0
f x, y + y ( ) f x, y ( )
y
.pplying the above limits, and bringing all the terms to the left hand side, we get

t
+
u ( )
x
+
v ( )
y
0
The above equation, in vector form is given by+

t
+ V
( )
0
where,
' Del' Operator

x
i +

y
j
and,
V ui + vj
The vector form is more useful than it would first appear. If we want to derive the
continuity equation in another coordinate system such as the polar, cylindrical or spherical
coordinate system, all we need to $now is (a! loo$ up the BDelB operator in that system, (b! loo$ up
the rules for the dot product of BDelB operator and a vector in that system, (c! perform the dot
product.
*onservation of u- 9omentum Cquation
<efore we can proceed any further, we need to get a firm understanding of terms such as
viscosity, viscous stresses, conductivity, etc.
*onsider the left face of the control volume considered earlier. The air molecules to the
left of this *; can interact with our *; in one of three ways+
(i! organiAed motion from left to right. :hile the molecules are constantly moving about bac$
and forth, over a small period of time, the maDority of these molecules either enter the control
volume (u E)! or leave the control volume. This >average> over a period of time is called the flow
velocity component u, and is measured by probes such as ?D;s and hot wires.
(ii! C1change of u- momentum between the molecules on the left and those on the right by
collisions. In this case, there no net gain in mass, but there is a gain (or loss! in momentum.
These collision effects may be averaged over a sufficiently small period of time, and may be
viewed as a pressure force e1erted by the fluid on the left on our *;. .gain, only this average
effect is felt or measured by pressure probes, and barometers. The individual collisions occur far
too rapidly and far too frequently to be sensed by probes or measuring devices.
(iii! FC1change of u- and v- momentum by random linear motion of molecules Dumping in and
out of our control volume, across the face %. In this case, all the molecules that Dumped in also
Dump out over a sufficiently small time period. Thus, this random motion does not add mass to our
control volume (and was not considered in our >continuity> equation!. They however bring u- and
v-momentum in or out (associated with their random motion!. The time averages of these rates at
which u- and v- momentum is brought into the *; across a face are called viscous forces. The
forces per unit area are called viscous stresses. The viscous stresses that bring in6out u-
momentum are called normal viscous stresses, while those that bring in v- momentum (by
entering the face at an angle! are called tangential viscous stresses.
<y convention, pressure forces are considered positive, if they act towards the fluid
element, or control volume. The normal viscous stresses (following solid mechanics conventions!
are considered positive if they act away from the control volume, producing a tension.
2ace %
-rderly motion
from left to right
>*onvection>

measured by Grobes
such as ?D;,
/ot wire
C1change of u- momentum
by random collisions
over a small period of time
>*alled Gressure>
9easured by pressure
probes
0andom, bac$ and forth
linar motion of molecules
that bring in both the
u- and v- momentum
into the *;
p
3
"ormal
#hear
3
These stresses (normal, and tangential or shear! are given the symbol . They are
identified by two subscripts.
(i! The first subscript indicates the plane on which they act. 2or e1ample, if a plane is normal to
the 1- a1is, the first subscript will be 1.
(ii! The second subscript identifies the direction of the force associated with the force. 2or
e1ample, if a shear force is pointing in the y- direction, the second subscript will be y.
Thus, viscous stress is a tensor quantity, and requires three pieces of information (its
magnitude, its direction and the plane on which it acts! to completely specify it. This separates a
tensor from a vector (magnitude and direction!, and a scalar (magnitude only!.
1
y
"ewtonian 2luids
<ecause our primary un$nowns are the flow properties (u,v,p,,T! there is a need to lin$
the stresses with these physical variables. In solid mechanics (/oo$eBs law! stress is set
proportional to strain. This wor$s for solids because a solid undergoes only a finite amount of
deformation when a force or stress is applied to it. In fluid mechanics, this approach does not
wor$ because fluid continuously deforms when a shear stress is applied. It is this characteristic
that distinguishes a fluid from a solid.
;
h
"ewton came up with the idea of requiring the stress to be linearly proportional to the
time rate at which strain occurs. #pecifically he studied the following problem. There are two flat
plates separated by a distance BhB. The top plate is moved at a velocity ;, while the bottom plate is
held fi1ed. "ewton postulated (since then e1perimentally verified! that the shear force or shear
stress needed to deform the fluid was linearly proportional to the velocity gradient+

V
h
The proportionality factor turned out to be a constant at moderate temperatures, and was
called the coefficient of viscosity, . 2urthermore, for this particular case, the velocity profile is
linear, giving ;6h 3 Hu6Hy. Therefore, "ewton postulated+

u
y
2luids that have a linear relationship between stress and strain rate are called Newtonian
fluids. This is a property of the fluid, not the flow. :ater and air are e1amples of "ewtonian fluids,
while blood is a non-"ewtonian fluid.
#to$es /ypothesis+
#to$es e1tended "ewtonBs idea from simple %-D flows (where only one component of
velocity is present! to multidimensional flows. here, the fluid element may e1perience a strain rate
both due to gradients such as Hu6Hy as well as Hv6H1. /e developed the following relations,
collectively $nown as Stokes relations.

xx
2
u
x
+
u
x
+
v
y
+
w
z



_
,

yy
2
v
y
+
u
x
+
v
y
+
w
z



_
,

zz
2
w
z
+
u
x
+
v
y
+
w
z



_
,

xy

yx

u
y
+
v
x



_
,

xz

zx

u
z
+
w
x


_
,

zy

yz

w
y
+
v
z



_
,
These e1pressions hold for -D flows. 2or 2-D flows, somewhat simpler e1pressions are
obtained if we set w, the A- component of velocity, to Aero, and if we set all derivatives with
respect to A to be Aero.
The quantity is called the molecular viscosity, and is a wea$ function of temperature.
2or air viscosity increases with temperature, because viscous effects are associated with random
molecular motion. The coefficient was chosen by #to$es so that the sum of the normal stresses

11
,
yy
and
AA
are Aero. Then

2
3

The above equation, and the requirement that the three normal stresses add up to Aero
are called #to$es hypothesis.
0eturning <ac$ to u- 9omentum Cquation....
:e now return to the derivation of the u- momentum equation. This equation is a
generaliAation of "ewtonBs second law of motion, and may be verbally stated as+
>The rate of change of u- momentum within a control volume is equal to the net rate at which u-
momentum enters the control volume @ 2orces (pressure, viscous and body! acting on the control
volume in the 1- direction>
.s before we consider the control volume of height y and width 1. :e neglect body
forces such as gravity, electrical and electromagnetic effects.
p
p
"ormal stress
#hear #tress
Rate of Change of u - Momentum within CV = xy
u ( )
t
Rate at which u - Moemntum enters through
Face 1: + u
2
y
Face 2: - u
2
y
Face 3: +uvx
Face 4: - uvx
Pressure force acting on Face 1: + p y
Pressure Force Acting on Face 2: - py
Normal Viscous Force on face 1: -
xx
y
Normal Viscous Force on face 2: +
xx
y
Tangential Viscous Force on face 3: -
yx
x
Normal Viscous Force on face 1: +
yx
x
#umming up these contributions, dividing through 1y and ta$ing the limits as 1 and y
go to Aero, we get+
u ( )
t
+
u
2
+ p
( )
x
+
uv ( )
y

xx
x
+

xy
y
Derivation of v- 9omentum Cquation+
The v- momentum equation may be derived using a logic identical to that used above,
and is left as an e1ercise to the student. The final form is+
v ( )
t
+
uv ( )
x
+
v
2
+ p
( )
y

xy
x
+

yy
y
Derivation of the Cnergy Cquation+
The energy equation is a generaliAed form of the first law of Thermodynamics (that you
studied in 9C22 and .C ))'!. The only difference here is that we are studying an open
system (i.e. control volume! that can gain and lose mass. The classical form studied in courses
on thermodynamics is applicable only for closed systems - i.e. fi1ed collection of particles.
The first law of Thermodynamics states that
>(.! The rate at which the total (i.e. internal @ $inetic! energy increases within a
control volume is equal to
(<! the rate at which total energy enters the control volume @
(*! the rate at which wor$ is done on the control volume boundary by surface forces
@
(D! the rate at which wor$ is done on the *; by body forces @
(C! the rate at which heat is added to the control volume at the surfaces by heat
conduction @
(2! the rate at which heat is released is added within the *; due to chemical
reactions.>
In our derivation, we will neglect the term (D! which corresponds to the wor$ done by the
body forces (such as gravity, electrical and electromagnetic forces! and (2! which corresponds to
chemical reactions. In some applications, e.g. modeling of weather, term D is important, while in
others (e.g. modeling combustors! term 2 is important.
:e define the specific total energy (i.e. total energy per unit mass! C as
E e +
u
2
+ v
2
2
C
v
T +
u
2
+ v
2
2
In the above equation BeB is specific internal energy. The word BspecificB means Bper unit
massB.
Term .+
Then, term . may be e1pressed as follows+
Rate at which total energy increases within the CV =
E ( )
t
xy
Term <+
Term < involves mass entering and leaving the four boundaries of the *;, carrying with it,
the total energy C. This term may be e1pressed as+
uEy
1
uEy
2
+ vEx
3
vEx
4
xy
uE
1
uE
2
x



1
]
1
+ xy
vE
3
vE
4
y



1
]
1
.s in the continuity equation, as 1 and y go to Aero, the terms within the square
brac$ets will go to -H(uC!6H1 and -H(vC!6Hy, respectively.
Term *+
.t the surfaces of the control volume, there are pressure and viscous forces that do wor$
on the fluid, as the fluid particles cross the boundary. 2or e1amples, on face =%, the pressure
forces and viscous forces may be e1pressed as
pi
xx
i
xy
j ( )y
. The fluid velocity at this
boundary is
ui + vj
. The rate at which wor$ is done by the surface forces acting on face =% is,
then,
(up u
xx
v
xy
)x
2ace %
p
#umming up contributions from all the four faces, we get ,
pu
xx
u
xy
v
( )
y
1
pu
xx
u
xy
v
( )
y
2
+ pv
yx
u
yy
v
( )
x
3
pv
yx
u
yy
v
( )
y
4
xy
pu
xx
u
xy
v
( )
1
pu
xx
u
xy
v
( )
2
x



1
]
1 + xy
pv
yx
u
yy
v
( )
3
pv
yx
u
yy
v
( )
1
y



1
]
1
xy

x
pu
xx
u
xy
v
( )
xy

y
pv
yx
u
yy
v
( )
Term D+
The wor$ done by body forces is neglected here.
Term C+
The heat conduction effects are associated with the random motion of gas molecules
across the control volume. .s they move in and out, they bring energy into and out of the control
volume. :hen integrated over a small but finite period of time, a net e1change of heat energy
occurs at the boundary, without any e1change in mass. #ince this process is a random, chaotic
process, it must somehow be empirically modeled. :e adapt 2ourierBs law used to model
conduction of heat through solids, which states
>The rate at which heat flows across a surface of unit area is proportional to the negative of the
temperature gradient normal to this surface>.
The constant of proportionality is called conductivity , a property of the solid (or fluid, in
the present conte1t!. "ote that the heat flu1 is proportional to the negative of the gradient,
because heat flows from hot to cold.
:e can sum up the heat conduction effects at all the four boundaries. The result is,

T
x
y
1
+
T
x
y
2

T
y
x
3
+
T
y
x
4
xy

T
x
2

T
x
1
x





1
]
1
1
1
+ xy

T
y
4

T
y
3
y





1
]
1
1
1
xy

T
x


_
,
x
+ xy

T
y



_
,
y
#umming up all the terms . through C, and dropping the common factor 1y that
appears everywhere, we get the energy equation.
E
( )
t
+
uE
( )
x
+
vE
( )
y
+
up
( )
x
+
vp
( )
y

u
xx
+ v
xy
( )
x
+
u
yx
+ v
yy
( )
y
+
T / x ( )
x
+
T / y ( )
y
Grandtl "umber+ The coefficient of conductivity $ is a property of the fluid, li$e the molecular
viscosity. It is also a wea$ function of temperature and so is the molecular viscosity. <oth these
empirical coefficients are associated with transport of energy and momentum by random
molecular motion. It follows that these two terms should be, somehow, related. Indeed, the
following simple relationship e1ists.
Pr
C
p

/ere, *p is the specific heat at constant pressure. The quantity Gr is called the Grandtl
number, and is a property of the fluid. 2or air Gr is around ).42 (close to unity!. It is a measure of
the ratio between the viscous effects and conduction effects. In some highly conductive, but only
slightly viscous fluids such as mercury, Gr is very small. In other fluids such as honey which is
highly viscous, but only slightly conductive, Gr is very high.
#utherlandBs ?aw+
2or air, the variation of viscosity (and hence conductivity! with temperature may be
empirically described y the #utherlandBs ?aw which states+

T
T
o



_
,

3
2
T
o
+ S
1
T +S
1
where
)
denotes the viscosity at the reference temperature T
)
, and #
%
is a constant. 2or air, #
%
assumes the value %%) degrees $elvin.
Summary
The 2-D unsteady "avier-#to$es equations may be written in a number of forms. -ne
common form of these equations is as follows+
*ontinuity+

t
+
u ( )
x
+
v ( )
y
0
u- 9omentum+
u ( )
t
+
u
2
+ p
( )
x
+
uv ( )
y

xx
x
+

xy
y
v-9omentum+
v
( )
t
+
uv
( )
x
+
v
2
+ p
( )
y

xy
x
+

yy
y
Cnergy Cquation+
e +
u
2
+ v
2
2



_
,
t
+
uh
0
( )
x
+
vh
0
( )
y

k
T
x


_
,
x
+
k
T
y



_
,
y
+
u
xx
+ v
xy
( )
x
+
u
xy
+ v
yy ( )
y
/ere.
3 density, u,v 3 *artesian *omponents of velocity along 1,y a1es,
p 3 Gressure , T 3 Temperature.
.lso,
e 3 #pecific Internal Cnergy 3 Internal energy per unit mass of the fluid 3 *
v
T , where *
v
is the
specific heat at constant volume.
h
)
3 #pecific Total Cnthalpy 3 Total enthalpy per unit mass of the fluid 3 *
p
T@(u
2
@v
2
!62 , where
*p is the specific heat at constant pressure.
2inally, the viscous stresses are related to the velocity field by #to$es relations

xx
2
u
x

2
3

u
x
+
v
y



_
,

yy
2
v
y

2
3

u
x
+
v
y



_
,

xy

yx

u
y
+
v
x



_
,
The molecular viscosity and conductivity $ are properties of the fluid and are functions
of temperature. These two quantities are related by the Grandtl number
Pr
C
p
k
2or air, the Grandtl number is around ).42 at room temperatures.
#implified 2orm for #teady, 2-D Incompressible 2lows+
In steady, incompressible flows, we can drop the time derivatives because the flow is
steady. The density may be also assumed constant. Then, the first three equations in the full
"avier-#to$es equations set become+
u
x
+
v
y
0
u
u
x
+ v
u
y
+
1

p
x

2
u
x
2
+

2
u
y
2



_
,
u
v
x
+ v
v
y
+
1

p
y

2
v
x
2
+

2
v
y
2



_
,
where is called the $inematic viscosity3/
Nondimensionalization of the Viscous Flow Equations
*onsider the 2-D viscous flow past an airfoil shown below+
.t first glance it appears that such a flow will depend on a large number of parameters
such as (a! airfoil shape, including its chord c ,(b! its angle of attac$, (c! the freestream
temperature T
I
(d! the freestream density
I
, (e! the freestream velocity ;
I
, (f! the freestream
viscosity
I
, (g! the freestream conductivity $
I
, and so on.
:e wish to $now if these large number of physical and geometric parameters can be
grouped into a handful of parameters that can be systematically varied to study their effect on the
flow. There are two common ways of identifying these parameters+
(i! Dimensional analysis+ /ere we attempt to combine the parameters listed about to
arrive at a nondimensional form. 2or e1ample, after some trial and error, we can show that the
quantity
I
;c6
I is a nondimensional quantity. Intuition and e1perience are needed to realiAe
that this nondimensional parameter, called 0eynolds number, is also a useful physical parameter.
Dimensional analysis will also produce combinations such as
p

c /

. This parameter,
while nondimensional, is not a significant parameter in incompressible flows, as e1perience
shows.
(ii! "ondimensionaliAation of Joverning Cquations+ This approach provides a formal
manner by which nondimensional parameters of physical significance may be uncovered. This
approach is usually used in combination with the dimensional analysis shown above. To illustrate
how this approach wor$s, let us consider the 2- flow over an airfoil shown above.
?et us introduce nondimensional quantities identified with a prime (B! as follows+

; x
x
c
;y'
y
c
; t'
tV

c
;p'
p

2
;'

:hen these nondimensional quantities are used to replace the corresponding physical
quantities in the continuity equation the following form results+
'
t'
+
' u' ( )
x'
+
' v' ( )
y'
0
This form loo$s identical to the dimensional form given in /andout =%, and no new
nondimensional parameter emerges.
If we repeat this process with the u- momentum equation, and replace terms such as
1y

and p with terms such as

xy
u
y
+ v
x ( )

c


_
,
'
u'
y'
+
v'
x'



1
]
1
p

2
p'
we get, after some minor algebra+
' u' ( )
t'
+
' u'
2
+p'
( )
x'
+
' u' v' ( )
y'

1
Re

xx
'
x'
+

xy
'
y'



1
]
1
where,
Re Reynolds Number

If we repeat this process with the v- momentum equation, again the 0eynolds number
emerges as the nondimensional parameter.
*onsider two different flows over the same airfoil, but of different chord. The present
normaliAation shows that these two flows are governed by the same nondimensional form of the
governing equations, and will result in the same nondimensional flow quantities such as uB, vB etc.
if the flows are geometrically similar (same airfoil shape, same !, and dynamically similar (same
0eynolds number!.
The parameter 0eynolds number may also be interpreted in another way. *onsider a
typical inviscid term such as p appearing on the left side of the u- momentum equation. This
>inertial> force term is roughly of order

2
. *onsider a viscous stress term such as
1y
. This
term is of order

c
. Then, 0eynolds number is a measure of the ratio between the inertial
forces and viscous forces acting on a fluid element. If this number is large, then inertial forces
dominate over viscous forces and vice versa.
In practical aeronautical applications, the 0eynolds number is invariably large. 2or
e1ample, the airfoil over a helicopter rotor blade operates at a 0eynolds number of to ( 9illion,
while the airfoil in the 0oot section of a modern transport aircraft operates at a 0eynolds number
of ) to () 9illion. In such flows, viscous forces are small and may be neglected over most of the
flow, e1cept in very small regions called boundary layers over the airfoil.
"ondimensionaliAation of the Cnergy Cquation+ If we nondimensionaliAe the energy equation by
the same principles, we get, in addition to the 0eynolds number, the parameter

C
p
/ k

. This
parameter occurs due to the presence of the heat conduction terms and viscous stress wor$
terms in the energy equation. This parameter is called the Grandtl number, and is a property of
the fluid. 2or air, Grandtl number is around ).42.
In compressible flows, the quantity
p

2
is a nontrivial quanity and must be
prescribed. Ksing equation of state, the definition of the speed of sound and the definition of
9ach number, we can relate this quantity to the 9ach number and the ratio of specific heats, .
p

RT

RT

/ a

1
M

2
Thus, in compressible flows, two flows are identical if they are geometrically similar and if
0eynolds number, 9ach number, Grandtl number and ratio of specific heats all match.
In incompressible flows, this quantity
p

2
is not a significant parameter. .s
hydraulics engineers will attest, raising the static pressure at some point in the flow simply raises
the pressure level everywhere by the same constant level, and does not alter the flow behavior.
Some Eact Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equations
:e ne1t turn our attention to the e1act solutions of incompressible "avier-#to$es
equations. Cven though these equations were derived over a century ago, only a handful of e1act
solutions e1ist for some highly simplified situations. This is because of the nonlinear nature of
these equations.
The governing equations are+
u
x
+
v
y
0

Du
Dt
+
p
x

2
u

Dv
Dt
+
p
y

2
v

DE
Dt
+
(up)
x
+
vp ( )
y

u
xx
+ v
xy
( )
x
+
u
xy
+ v
yy
( )
y
+ k
2
T
where,
D
Dt

t
+ u

x
+ v

y
E C
v
T +
u
2
+ v
2
2
In the above equations, we have assumed the conductivity $ and viscosity to be constant. :e
will further restrict ourselves to steady flows (H6Ht 3 )! , and incompressible flows ( 3 constant!.
The above form of equations apply only to 2-D planar flows. #imilar forms of "avier-
#to$es equations e1ist in other coordinate systems such as the cylindrical, polar and spherical
coordinate systems.
Garallel 2lows
The first class of flows to be considered is the flow between (or within! infinitely long
parallel plates, and infinitely long tubes.
1
y
1
r
In such flows, it is reasonable to assume that the flow behavior will be independent of the
1- location. That is, 1-derivatives of all flow properties such as Hu6H1, Hv6H1, HT6H1 etc. vanish. The
pressure derivative Hp6H1 is assumed to be a constant, required to drive the flow.
In such as situation, continuity equation becomes
Cartesian Form:
u
x
+
v
y
0
Cylindrical Coordinates :
u
x
+
1
r
rv
( )
r
0
#etting Hu6H13) yields Hv6Hy 3 ) or H(rv!6Hr3). The assumption Hv6H13) implies that the
velocity component v is not a function of 1.
Thus, continuity yields v 3 constant, for our flows. #ince the boundary condition requires
v to be Aero at the walls of our parallel plates, and at the walls of the tube, continuity @ boundary
conditions together yield
v 0
In other words, the flow only has a u- component and is parallel to the 1- a1is. 2or this
reason, the first class of flows we study are called parallel flows.
C1act #olution = %+ Glanar *ouette 2low+
In %&L) *ouette performed e1perimental studies of flow between two concentric
cylinders, where one of the cylinder is fi1ed, the other is spinning. This situation is similar to what
happens in a ball bearing. here we study the 2-D analog of flow between two parallel plates. -ne
of the plate is held fi1ed, while the other one is moving at a velocity ;. The plates are separated
by a distance h. . constant pressure gradient dp6d1 is applied to this flow.
h
u3) at y3)
u3; at y3 h
dp6d13*onstant
v3 ) everywhere
1
y
2or this case, the u- momentum equation yields
u
u
x
+ v
u
y
+
1

dp
dx

2
u
x
2
+

2
u
y
2



_
,
where,

Kinematic Viscosity
#etting the 1- derivatives to Aero, and requiring v to ve Aero, the above equation may be
simplified to yield
1

dp
dx

d
2
u
dy
2
"otice that we have begun to replace partial derivatives with respect to y with ordinary
derivatives, because flow properties are only functions of y.
Integrating the above equation twice, we get+
u(y)
1

dp
dx
y
2
2
+ Ay + B
where . and < are constants of integration. These may be evaluated by requiring u3) at y3) and
u3 ; at y3h.
u(y) V
y
h
+
1

dp
dx
y
2
y h ( )
u(y)
Two special situations are of interest. In the first case, the pressure gradient dp6d13) is
Aero, and the flow motion is brought about by the motion of the top plate at the constant velocity
;. In that case, the velocity profile is linear, giving
u(y! 3 ; y6h
In the second situation, both the plates are at rest and ;3). the fluid is motion is caused
by the application of pressure gradient dp6d1. In this case, the velocity profile is a parabola, given
by
u(y)
1
2
dp
dx
y y h ( )
The shear stress
1y
(i.e. the force per unit area e1erted by the fluid on the flat plates, and
vice versa! may be computed from #to$esB relations. 2or e1ample, for the case where dp6d13),
we get

xy

u
y
+
v
x



_
,

V
h
The non-dimensional >s$in friction> coefficient *
f
is then computed as
C
f

xy
1
2
V
2

2
hV

2
Re
where,
Re Reynolds number based on V and h =
Vh

Temperature Distribution for Glanar *ouette 2low+

The energy equation, which is part of the "avier-#to$es equations is usually not solved in
incompressible flow applications, unless we are interested in a heat transfer application. ?et us
consider the situation where dp6d13), the top plate is moving at the velocity ;, and the pressure
gradient dp6d13). ?et the bottom and top plates be at two different temperatures T
%
and T
2
respectively. In this case, we can easily solve for the temperature distribution in the fluid between
the plates, and compute the rate at which heat is transferred from the hot plate to the cold plate,
as follows.
u3 ; y6h
u3; , T3 T2
u3), T 3 T%
dp6d13) h
The energy equation for this case is (;erify for yourself, starting with the form given in
/andout =%!+
uh
0
( )
x
+
vh
0
( )
y

u
xx
+ v
xy
( )
x
+
u
xy
+ v
yy
( )
y
+ k
2
T
where,
h
0
Stagnation enthalpy = C
v
T +
p

+
u
2
+ v
2
2
2or our parallel flow, we can set H6H1 3) and v 3 ). 2or the case where dp6d13), the
velocity profile is linear, as derived earlier. Then,

xx
2
u
x
+
u
x
+
v
y



_
,
0

yy
2
v
y
+
u
x
+
v
y



_
,
0

xy

u
y
+
v
x



_
,

V
h
:hen these e1pressions are substituted into the energy equation, and when all 1-
derivatives are set to Aero, and when v is set to Aero, the following form results.
k

2
T
y
2

V
2
h
2
Integrating the above equation twice, we get
T(y)

2k
V
2
h
2
y
2
+ Cy + D
where * and D are constants of integration. These constants may be found by applying the
boundary condition T3 T
%
at y3), and T 3 T
2
at y3 h. The final form is
T(y) T
1
+
T
2
T
1
h
y +

2k
V
2
y
h

y
2
h
2



1
]
1
The first two terms in the above e1pression are linear in y, and model the effect of
conduction on the temperature distribution. The third term models the effect of heat geeration due
to viscous wor$. #ince is small, this term is li$ely to be of significance only in high speed flows.