Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014

MUTUAL EFFECT BETWEEN LFC AND AVR LOOPS IN POWER PLANT

Siraparapu.Satyanarayana1, Prof. R. K. Sharma2, Mukta3
1, 2, 3

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India.

ABSTRACT
This paper is proposed to show the mutual interaction between of both LFC and the AVR loops. The coupling effects of these two AVR and LFC loops are studied by extending the linear zed AGC system and it include the excitation system also. For a complete system model we have to study the oscillation of LFC and AVR loops with PID CONTROLLERS. This combined model of LFC and AVR loops is tested on single-area power system. These results are shown in simulation; and will be reachable in dynamic and steady state responses [1][2].

KEYWORDS
Load frequency control, Automatic voltage regulation, Automatic Generation Control, PID controllers, Excitation system

1. INTRODUCTION
In a large scale inter connected power system , one of the most significant problem is both active and reactive power demands are never be steady and they will be continually changes with rising and falling trend. The active and reactive power can be maintain constant by adjusting the speed governor parameters in LFC loop and exciter in AVR loop respectively. However manual regulation is not feasible in interconnected Power System and therefore frequency regulation and voltage regulation equipment is installed at the generator. The coupling of both Load frequency control (LFC) and Automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is generally known as an Automatic Generation Control (AGC). It deals with frequency through the LFC loop and with voltage through the AVR loop.

Figure 1. Automatic Generation Control with LFC and AVR loops.

The main purposes of these two controlled loops are to maintain a frequency and voltage at a acceptable values in a power system. The steam input to the turbine must be continuously regulated in LFC loop because in order to match the active power demand otherwise the
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014

machine speed will be vary consequent for changes in frequency. Where as in the AVR loop, the excitation for the generators must be regulated in order to match the reactive power demand otherwise the voltages at various system may goes to beyond the prescribed limit. The maximum permissible of change in frequency is about 5% Hz and voltage is about is 5% if not there will be a highly undesirable conditions in the power system like frequency and voltage fluctuations. So it is necessary to keep the frequency and voltage at constant level.

2. NECESSARY TO MAINTAINING FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE CONSTANT

2.1. REASONS TO KEEP THE FREQUENCY AT CONSTANT LEVEL
1) Most of the AC motors requires constant frequency supply in order to maintain constant speed. 2) In industry, it affects the continuous operation of the process. 3) To maintain a synchronous operation of various units in the Power System, it is necessary to maintain constant frequency 4) Frequency may also responsible and affects the amount of power transmitted through interconnected lines. 5) Electrical clocks may lose or gain time when they are driven by synchronous motors.

2.2. REASONS TO KEEP THE VOLTAGE AT CONSTANT LEVEL

1) For lighting load like fluorescent and incandescent lamp are acutely sensitive to the changes in the voltage. 2) For the induction motor loads, variations in the voltage will affect and change the torque. Generally in motors torque is directly proportional to the square of the terminal voltage. For example, if the supply voltage is low then the starting torque of the motor will be too low. 3) If the voltage variation is very large than a prescribed value then the performance of the equipments will gets affected and the life span of the equipment may reduces. 4) The picture of the television set will starts rolling due to the voltage are below a specified level because of the fluorescent tube will not glow at low voltages.

3. LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC)

LFC is for regulation of system frequency. It is also called a power factor control loop and influence the active power balances in the power system network. The main principle for the mechanism of the speed-governor is to adjust itself as per the load variations and the speed of the rotor also varies of the synchronous machine and hence the system frequency is also changes. This change in frequency is sensed by the frequency sensor and compared with a reference frequency value and produces a feedback signal. [5][6] We know N = 120 f / P Therefore N f Where, N = Speed in rpm. f = Frequency in Hz. P = Number of poles. This feedback signal can makes the variation of generated power by adjusting the opening of the steam inlet valve to steam turbine. Hence the real power balance between at the generation
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014

station and at the load demand is achieved. In the schematic diagram of LFC loop is consist of two loops. They are Primary control loop and secondary control loop. Primary control loop is also called as a speed governor control loop. It consists of generator, speed governor and turbine. Secondary control loop is consists of primary loop as well as with combination of PID controllers as shown in Figure.2

Figure2. Load Frequency Loop

4. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REULATOR

AVR is for regulation of system voltage magnitude by automatically. It is also called a Reactive power control loop and influence the reactive power balances in the power system network. The AVR is achieved by the excitation mechanism. The excitation system can control the field current of the synchronous machine. Hence the field current is controlled so as to regulating the terminal voltage of a generator. [5][6]

Figure3. Schematic diagram of AVR (or) Exciter

The voltage of the generator is proportional to the speed and excitation of the generator. If we maintain a speed at constant level, then the excitation system can control the terminal voltage of the generator. The voltage control is also called as an excitation control system. For the generator, the excitation is provided by the exciter. Depending upon the methods in which DC
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014

supply is given to the field winding of the generator, the exciter is classified as a DC exciter, AC exciter and Static exciter. The stabilizer is used to improve the dynamic response of the high gain exciter system. [7] The generator terminal voltage Vt, is compared with a reference voltage Vref to obtain a error signal as This signal is applied to the exciter as a voltage function as KA / (1+STA). The regulator output is feed to the exciter as shown in FIG.5 with transfer function of Ke/(1+STe ). The exciter output Efd is feed to the field windings of the generator which can capable to adjust the terminal voltage of the generator. The generator field can represented by a transfer function KF/(1+STF). Hence the voltage is regulated by the exciter. The total transfer given as

Figure 4. Block diagram of AVR with transfer functions

5. PID CONTROLLERS
PID controllers are the combination of Proportional action, Integral action and Derivative action. These are feedback loop mechanism and widely used in industrial control system. In LFC loop these are used to stabilization of the frequency and where as in AVR loop stabilization of the voltages. [3][4]

Figure5. PID controllers 64

Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014

The transfer function of output of the PID controller is as follows: G(s) = Kp +( Ki /S) + Kd S Kp = Proportional gain. It determines the value of the reaction to the present errors. Ki = Integral time constant. It determines the value of the reaction based on the sum of the recent errors. Kd = Derivative time constant. It is used to determine the rate at which the error has been changes. The weighted sum of these three actions is used to adjust the process through the control elements. These controllers are used to correct the error between the measured variables and the desired set value or the reference value. And hence it keeps the error minimum.

6. AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL

It is the coupling of both LFC and AVR loops and having PID controllers. The real power and frequency is regulated by LFC loop, where as the reactive power and voltage is regulated by AVR loop [6]. Therefore, the active power, reactive power, frequency and voltage can be regulated in AGC method [7]. The block diagram of AGC with LFC and AVR loops as shown in Figure.7

Figure6. Automatic Generation Control with LFC and AVR with their transfer functions.

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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014

7. SIMULATION RESULTS

Figure7.Simulation block diagram for Automatic Generation Control with LFC and AVR loops.

KI 1

R 1.7

TG 0.06

TT 0.32

KP 102

TP 20

Table 1. . LFC parameters in per unit value.

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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014

Figure8. Only LFC loop response with a simulation time constant T= 20.0.

Table 2. AVR parameters in per unit value

Figure9. Only AVR loop response with a simulation time constant T= 20.0.

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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014

Figure10 Combined LFC and AVR loop (AGC) response with simulation time constant T=20.

8. CONCLUSION
The quality of power supply is determined by constant of frequency and voltage. The reliable power supply has the characteristics of minimum frequency deviation and good terminal voltage response. The terminal voltage and frequency responses of AVR and LFC loops are inter act with different proportional gains were analyzed. The LFC is used to maintain a zero steady state error, while the AVR loop is to maintain the machine output voltage with- in a specified time. It can be concluding that PID controllers are used to minimize the frequency over shoot and transient oscillations with in a zero steady state error were obtained.

REFERENCES
[1] [2] V. Shanmuga Sundaram: A Fuzzy Approach of Autonomous Power Generating Systems, Proceeding of 38th SciVerse Science Direct volume 38, 2012, pp. 753-762. Elyas Rakhshani: A New Combined Model for Simulation of Mutual Effects between LFC and AVR Loops, Proceeding on Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, 2009 (APPEEC 2009), Wuhan, China. Dr.B.U.Musa: Modeling and Simulation of LFC and AVR with PID Controller, Proceeding on International Journal of Engineering Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 6726, Volume 2, Issue 7, July. 2013, PP.54-57. M. Deysi: A New Method to Damping of Low Frequency Oscillations, Proceeding on Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, pp. 1231-1238, 2011,ISSN 1991-8178. T R Shyama: Design of FGSPI Controller Based Combined LFC and AVR of Two Area Interconnected Power Generating System, Proceeding on International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 8958, Volume-1, Issue-4, April 2012. A.Soundarrajan, Member: Particle Swarm Optimization Based LFC and AVR of Autonomous Power Generating System, Proceeding on IAENG International Journal of Computer Science, 37:1, IJCS-37-1-10. J. Raja, Improved Power System Dynamic Performance Using SMES For Frequency Excursion, Proceeding on Journal Electrical Systems 7-2 (2011): 193-205.

[3]

[4] [5]

[6]

[7]

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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014

Authors information
Siraparapu. Satyanarayana was born at, Andhra Pradesh, in India on 1990.He received his B.Tech in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, India in 2012.He is currently pursuing the M.Tech degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India. His specialisation includes in Power System. Prof.R.K.Sharma who was the Head of the Department of Electrical and Electronics and Engineering since from 2002 to till date in Lovely Professional University (LPU), Punjab, India. His specialisation includes Power System and Power Electronics Mukta, Assistant Professor in Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Jalandhar from July 2013 in Electrical Engineering. She has done Masters of Engineering (M.E.) in Power Systems from PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh formerly Punjab Engineering College in 2011-2013.She has done B.E. in electrical engineering, from CRSCE, Murthal (Haryana) in 2010. She has published 5 papers in total in various international journals and conferences(2 in International conferences conducted by IRD, 2 in online International journals-IJSCE,IJEAT, 1 in national conference conducted by GGGOI, Shahabad). She has got best paper award for one of her research paper in an International Conference by IRD on 25th Nov, 2012.

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