Z-Transform Example #3

http://bass.gmu.edu/~gbeale/ece_320/z_transform_03.html

Signals & Systems

Z-Transform Example #3
We have seen that the Z-Transform is defined by z = exp(sT), where s is the complex variable associated with the Laplace Transform, and T is the sampling period of the ideal impulse sampler. One important property of the Z-Transform is the Delay Theorem, which relates the Z-Transform of a signal delayed in time (shifted to the right) to the Z-Transform of the original signal and the amount of time shift. That property is:

We will see how that property is used to transform between a difference equation representation of a system and the transfer function representation. First, some abbreviated notations for representing points in discrete time. The notation nT, where n is an integer, represents the value of time t = nT seconds. The integer n is the "sample number". In some cases, the discrete-time signal may arise without being a sampled version of a continuous-time signal. An example of this is the closing Dow Jones average for the stock market. Here there is no value of T, but n still is the number of the discrete-time sample. The following ways of writing the discrete-time signal are assumed to be equivalent. Even when there is a T in the problem, often the T is not explicitly written for the signal, one of the two shorter versions is used.

Now we will look at a difference equation which represents a discrete-time system. This is analogous to the differential equation in continuous-time. The difference equation shows the relationship between the input and output signals at various points in discrete time. For this example, the value of the output y(n) is a function of the values of the output at times (n-1), (n-2), and (n-3) and of the values of the input signal at times (n-1), (n-2), and (n-3). Numerically solving for the output signal can be done right from the difference equation by recursively solving for y(n), once the initial conditions are known for the earlier values of input and output.

To find the transfer function for this system, the Delay Theorem of the Z-Transform can be applied directly to the difference equation. The shifting in time by one sample point is equivalent to multiplying the transform by z-1. Once that is done, the terms in Y(z) and in X(z) can be collected.

The discrete-time transfer function H(z) is the ratio of the transform of the output, Y(z), to the transform of the input, X(z). The transfer function can be written down directly from the Z-Transform of the difference equation. Generally, the transfer function is written in terms of positive powers of z.

To get the impulse response h(n), partial fraction expansion can be used. As mentioned in the last example, this is done on H(z)/z, not on H(z). The coefficients in the expansion can be found using any of the techniques you are familiar with. The form of the expansion for this example is

Once the coefficients are determined, the expression is multiplied by z to get back to H(z). Then each term in H(z) can be inverse Z-Transformed by using a table to get to the time domain h(n). The MATLAB function "residue" can be used to do the partial fraction expansion of the discrete-time transfer function as long as you remember to multiply the original denominator by z first.

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Z-Transform Example #3

http://bass.gmu.edu/~gbeale/ece_320/z_transform_03.html

The impulse response can be obtained directly from H(z) in MATLAB by using the "dimpulse" function or by using the results of the "residue" function. Either way gives the same answer. The advantage to doing the partial fraction expansion is that you get a "closed-form" for h(n). You can evaluate h(n) for any value of n directly from the last equation. Impulse Response The frequency response of H(z) is obtained by evaluating H(z) at points on the unit circle, with frequency going from 0 to ws/2 or equivalently with the phase angle of z going from 0 to pi radians. Frequency Response Magnitude Frequency Response Phase MATLAB Code

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