Reviewer for Science The Earth and the Volcanoes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Latitudes The north and south location of any place on Earth is called. (parallels of a latitude) Longitudes The west and east location of any place on Earth is called. (meridians of longitudes) Degree Unit used in measuring the Distances on Earth. Minute Degree divided into equal parts. Seconds A minute divided into equal parts. The Philippines is a tropical country located in the northern hemisphere specifically at 13o 00 00 north; 122o 00 00 East on the southern coast of the continent in Asia. Lithosphere various types of Landforms composes this. Crust is the thinnest and the outermost layer of the Earths interior. It is divided into 2 parts. a) Continental crust is 30 to 50 km thick. It is chiefly composed of : Rocks rich with silicon aluminum (SIAL) Granite b) Oceanic crust is comparatively thinner, being about 7.5 km thick. It is chiefly composed of: Rocks rich with silicon, iron, and magnesium (SIMA) Basalt rocks Mohorovicic discontinuity a zone that separates the crust and mantle. Is discovered by a Croatian seismologist in 1909, Andrija Mohorovicic. Mantle is the next layer beneath the crust and under the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Is composed of: Silicates of metallic compounds (Upper) Iron and Magnesium (Lower) Gutenberg discontinuity a zone that separates the mantle and the outer core. Is discovered by an American-German seismologist, Beno Gutenberg. The Core is the innermost and the central region of the Earths interior. a) Outer core extends from 2,880 km to 5,036 km from the mantle. This layer is composed of: Iron-rich metal alloy and is inferred to be in liquid form. b) Inner core comprises the entire center of the earths interior. This layer is inferred to be composed of: Heavy Iron Nickel which are in solid form Petrology is the science study of formation of rocks. Rocks are hard and solid. These maintain the proper shape of our planet Earth. a) Igneous form from molten materials called magma that crystallize for a long period of time (millions of years) b) Sedimentary are formed from small particles of rocks that have benn lithified (compacted and cemented0 together.

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c) Metamorphic are rocks that chemically change in form, structure, and composition under great heat and pressure and other agents of metamorphism. Rock cycle is the process in which rocks come in many many forms including the 3 basic rock types. Minerals are naturally formed elements and inorganic compounds whose atoms and molecules are bound together in a definite orderly arrangement to form crystals. Luster is the property of the mineral to reflect. Crystal form provides a cue to the internal atomic structure of the mineral. Streak is the color of the fine powder of a mineral made against a streak plate. Cleavage is the natural tendency of minerals to break along definite seams of weak bonding. Fracture pertains to uneven, non planar and irregular breaking of minerals. Hardness is the resistance of a mineral from being scratched.

The Earths Hydrosphere 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Ocean covers about 71% of the earths surface. Salinity is the measurement of the amount of salt dissolved in the water. Water currents The motions of the waters. Planktons are microscopic organisms that float on the surface of the water. Stream is a body of water flowing through a permanent channel that begins in an elevated area and usually ends in a sea or a lake. Rapid a stream on a steep slope where water is fast flowing. Lakes are large bodies of water, standing, held in deep areas called basins. Rivers are long unstable water flowing to the oceans or seas. Usually ends in an ocean or another river. Waterfalls are bodies of water that falls from the mountain by the river ending up in a falling direction. Swamps They are usually found near bodies of water like lakes and rivers. Runoff is water that continues to flow and does not soak to the ground. Ground water What The water that is stored and that saturates the area is called. Water Pollution pertains to any physical, chemical, and biological change in water quality that adversely affects living organisms. Watershed is a land area where all waters coming from various sources (lakes or rivers and its tributaries) drain off. Eutrophication is defined as the over fertilization of water with nutrients that results in oxygen depletion. Greenhouse effect is the natural warming of the Earth attributable to the presence of atmospheric gases. CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon or Chlorine Fluorine Carbon) is a synthetic chemical substance that contains chlorine and bromine.

Weather and Climate , Winds, Clouds, Precipitation.

1. Doldrums is a belt of low pressure found at the equator. (ITCZ or Intertropical Convergence Zone) 2. Tropical easterlies pertain to warm air from the equator that raises, cools, and flows back towards the equator. 3. Horse latitudes are located at about 35o north and south latitudes 4. Tropical Westerly are winds that blow toward the equator from then high-pressure regions of the horse latitudes. 5. Prev. Westerly are winds that are coming from 30o to 350 north and south latitudes moving toward the poles. 6. Polar easterlies are winds that come from the poles cool and sink back down, and eventually return to the equator. 7. Tropical easterlies are winds that blow toward the equator from the high pressure regions of the horse latitudes. 8. Clouds indicates the changes are taking place in the upper atmosphere. 9.