Calculation of Foundation Settlement and Coefficient of Soil Subgrade Reaction

Engineering, Consulting, Contracting Company
1

www.structoris.co.uk info@structoris.co.uk

CALCULATION of FOUNDATION SETTLEMENT
and COEFFICIENT of SOIL SUBGRADE REACTION
M. Zafer GEM
1
and Hamet Z. SIDDIK
2

May 2009

ABSTRACT
In early design stages, design teams have to select the most economical and
safe foundation type. The foundation should also not undergo settlements
exceeding allowable limits. The factors affecting the foundation types are
the building loads carried to the foundation and the soil structure. The
current study was prepared to calculate the settlements according to
Russian codes and make the decision whether to use piles with raft
foundation or without in piles for a building in the Russian Federation.

1. Description of the Building
The building complex being designed by Structoris is located in the Russian
Federation. The building is a monolithic reinforced concrete framework structure and
has parts with different elevations separated by structural joints. Each joint separates
parts with different live loads and dead loads. The high rise part of the complex has 17
floors and has a footprint area of approx. 4500 m and total area of 72000 m. It consists
of office floors, shopping centers, conference rooms, warehouses sections (with 3500
kgf/m design live loads), garages and technical areas. The low rise part is a 4 storey
structure with approximately 20000 m total area and consists of shops, storages, dining
halls, garages, warehouses, meeting halls and service areas.

2. Purpose of the Study
As a project development mentality, Structoris provides its Clients with data and
calculations to prove and ensure that the most economical, safe and practical solutions
are developed. Accordingly, during the selection of the foundation system of the high

1
Civil Engineer, M.Sc., Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, Structoris Eng. Cons. Co.
2 Civil Engineer, B.Sc., Gazi Univertsity, Ankara, Turkey, Structoris Eng. Cons. Co.


2


rise part, the question to design a raft foundation either with or without piles
underneath had been risen. The current study was prepared by Structoris in order to
answer this question and was based on the soil survey data and 3D structural modeling
of the structure. Although the bearing capacity of the soil allowed using a raft
foundation without piles, the excessive absolute and differential settlements of the
foundation forced the raft with piles solution. All the calculations are based on the
codes and standards of the Russian Federation.
The interaction of the neighboring foundations of the high rise and low rise parts,
have been examined in a different study by Structoris and is out of the scope of this
report. The necessary calculations for detailing the pile foundation and determination of
the type of the piles were also the subjects of separate studies prepared by Structoris.

Figure 1: View of the 3D structural model


3


3. Method of Approach and Results
A preliminary structural study of the building is performed to determine the soil
settlements beneath the 17 storey structure with one basement. Loading was taken as
given in the Conceptual Structural Design Report for dead loads and live loads, respectively.
A 3-D computer model is created for the whole structure as given in Figure 1 and 2.

Figure 2: View of the 3D structural model

The Structural model includes slabs as shell elements including column drop panels.
Columns and beams (where exist) are modeled as frame elements. Shear walls are also
modeled as shell elements located in the vertical direction. 90 cm thick raft foundation
under the building is also modeled by Structoris as shell elements. Soil spring coefficients to
be applied under the foundation are calculated for 6 bore logs as given in soil investigation


4


report. Calculated Ks values for 6 boring locations are given in Table 1 below. These
coefficients are then applied to appropriate locations.

Table 1: Calculated module of sub-grade reactions at each bore hole
Bore Location
Ks
kN/m3
No.1 2970
No.2 2270
No.6 3010
No.7 1285
No.11 1960
No.12 2450

Location of these bore logs are shown in Figure 3 below.

Figure 3: Locations of bore holes under the high rise part

With these Ks values and given structure and loading settlements under the foundation is
calculated.


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Table 2: Calculated settlement values at each bore hole

Bore Location
Settlement
(cm)
No.1 10.0
No.2 8.6
No.6 15.7
No.7 16.7
No.11 13.3
No.12 10.5

Distribution of the settlements under the foundation as a graphical output is also
given in Figure 4. As seen the maximum settlement beneath the foundation is very close to
No.7 point and its value is 16.7 cm.

Figure 4: Distribution of settlements


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As seen from the graph above settlement values go up to 16-17 cm in the middle
under the shear walls of the center elevators of the structure. Whereas under the low rise
part of the structure (right side of the figure) settlements are in the level of 5-6 cm and go
up to 10 cm at the right bottom corner. To visualize this variation a section taken from the
location of maximum settlement is provided in Figure 5.

Figure 4: Section of the model showing settlements

The soil data used in the calculations were provided by soil survey report. A sample of
the soil structure used in the calculations is given below in Table 3.


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Table 3: Sample data on soil structure and properties determined by soil survey
Bore hole No 2:
No. of
layer
Soil type of
layer
Thickness
(m)
C
(kPa)
f
(deg.)
E
(kPa)
g
( kN/m)
1 3 0,48 19 14 16000 19,72
2 3K 1,4 0 40 15000 19,42
3 2 1,4 30 15 13000 20,01
4 7 1,3 39 15 22000 20,99
5 7 6,4 47 18 27000 21,19
6 8 8,4 3 40 47000 20,40
7 9 2,2 3 34 32000 20,80

4. Calculations
The calculation of settlement and coefficient of subgrade reaction has been done for
all boring points, however as a sample, only the calculation for boring hole No. 2 is
given below:

Number of soil layers: 7

Thickness of each layer (m)

h
0.48 m
1.4 m
1.4 m
1.3 m
6.4 m
8.4 m
2.2 m
0
0
0
|
\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:=


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Modulus of deformation of each layer (kPa):

E
16000kPa
15000kPa
13000kPa
22000kPa
27000kPa
47000kPa
32000kPa
0
0
0
|
\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:=

Foundation depth: 4.57 m

Foundation size: 47.7 m x 92.6 m

Total building load at foundation level = 1.100.000 kN

FOundation pressure = 249 kPa

Unit weight of excavated soil:

18.75
kN
m
3
:=

Total weight of excavated soil: 64.125 kPa

Determination of factor for each z depth

z
0
h
0
2
:=

z
0
0.24m =

i 1 n 1 .. :=

z
i
0
i 1
t
h
t
=
h
i
2
+ :=


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Central depth of each soil layer:

z
0.24
1.18
2.58
3.93
7.78
15.18
20.48
|
\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
m =

factors

0.999
0.997
0.993
0.989
0.979
0.912
0.849
0
0
|
\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:=

i 0 n 1 .. :=

zp
i

i
p
2
:=

z
i

i
zg0
2
:=

s
0
n 1
i
zp
i
z
i
( )
h
i
E
i
(
(
(
=
:=

s 5.49 cm =

Modulus of subgrade reaction:
ks
p
s
:=

ks = 2269 kN/m


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5. Conclusion
In order to assess the results of the structural modeling, the settlement
values are compared with the limits given in the norms. According to the table given
in SNiP, the maximum allowable settlement for reinforced concrete structures is 8
cm and the maximum allowable slope value is 0,002. However, the results of the
structural modeling gave settlement values as high as 16-17 cm and slopes reaching
up to 0,004.
It is seen that if the foundation of the high rise part is designed as only raft
foundation, the settlement and slope values exceed SNiP allowable limits and as a
result the combination of raft foundation with piles is necessary.

Calculation of Foundation Settlement and Coefficient of Soil Subgrade Reaction

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