CFCs

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a family of chemical compounds developed back in the 1930's as safe, non to!ic, non flammable alternative to dan"erous substances like ammonia for purposes of refri"eration and spray can propellants# $heir usa"e "re% enormously over the years# &ne of the elements that make up CFCs is chlorine# 'ery little chlorine e!ists naturally in the atmosphere# (ut it turns out that CFCs are an e!cellent %ay of introducin" chlorine into the o)one layer# $he ultraviolet radiation at this altitude breaks do%n CFCs, freein" the chlorine# *nder the proper conditions, this chlorine has the potential to destroy lar"e amounts of o)one# $his has indeed been observed, especially over +ntarctica# +s a conse,uence, levels of "enetically harmful ultraviolet radiation have increased#

*# -# Food and .ru" +dministration /raphic

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are hi"hly stable compounds that are used as propellents in spray cans and in refri"eration units# $hey are several or"anic compounds composed of carbon, fluorine, chlorine, and hydro"en# CFCs are manufactured under the trade name Freon (,#v#)#

.eveloped durin" the 1930s, CFCs found %ide application after 0orld 0ar 11# $hese halo"enated hydrocarbons, notably trichlorofluoromethane (CFC 11, or F 11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC 12, or F 12), have been used e!tensively as aerosol spray propellants, refri"erants, solvents, and foam blo%in" a"ents# $hey are %ell suited for these and other applications because they are nonto!ic and nonflammable and can be readily converted from a li,uid to a "as and vice versa# Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs (also kno%n as Freon) are non to!ic, non flammable and non carcino"enic# $hey contain fluorine atoms, carbon atoms and chlorine atoms# $he 3 main CFCs include CFC 11 (trichlorofluoromethane CFCl3), CFC 12 (dichloro difluoromethane CF2Cl2), CFC 113 (trichloro trifluoroethane C2F3Cl3), CFC 114 (dichloro tetrfluoroethane C2F4Cl2), and CFC 113 (chloropentafluoroethane C2F3Cl)# CFCs have been found to pose a serious environmental threat# -tudies undertaken by various scientists durin" the 1950s revealed that CFCs released into the atmosphere accumulate in the stratosphere, %here they had a deleterious effect on the o)one layer# -tratospheric o)one shields livin" or"anisms on 6arth from the harmful effects of the -un's ultraviolet radiation7 even a relatively small decrease in the stratospheric o)one concentration can result in an increased incidence of skin cancer in humans and in "enetic dama"e in many or"anisms# 1n the stratosphere the CFC molecules break do%n by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation and release their constituent chlorine atoms# $hese then react %ith the o)one molecules, resultin" in their removal# CFCs have a lifetime in the atmosphere of about 20 to 100 years, and conse,uently one free chlorine atom from a CFC molecule can do a lot of dama"e, destroyin" o)one molecules for a lon" time# +lthou"h emissions of CFCs around the developed %orld have lar"ely ceased due to international control a"reements, the dama"e to the stratospheric o)one layer %ill continue %ell into the 21st century#

0orld 8roduction of CFCs

$housands &f $ons

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1174 1250 1260 1120 822 719 634 532 346 258 156 163 150 148 133 101 94 83 70

Ozone hole discoverer issues another global warning

T 3 !ew "ealand#$anuar% 27 2008#9onathan -hanklin %as one of a "roup of scientists %ho helped brin" about the :ontreal 8rotocol ; the international a"reement on o)one control# <o%ever, he says the %orld is still not movin" fast enou"h# &n the +ntarctic coastline %here the o)one hole is open, he dre% a dia"ram in the sno%, illustratin" ho% the %orld used to be %ith its protective layer7 ho% it appeared 23 years a"o %hen he first discovered the hole in the o)one layer and ho% that hole appears today# =1t>s probably doubled in si)e since the first discovery,? :r -hanklin said# =+nd it %as a %akeup call to the planet on ho% easily it is to chan"e the atmosphere#? <is discovery led to a %orld %ide ban on o)one destroyin" chemicals in hairsprays and frid"es, slo%in" the "ro%th of the o)one hole# 1n decades to come, the hole is e!pected to close a"ain# :r -hanklin has a %arnin" about the climate chan"es to come# =1t %on>t @ust be the +ntarctic ice sheets breakin" up,? he %arned# =1t %ill be "laciers flo%in" faster into the sea, the sea level risin" and %e %ill see the effects of that back in 6n"land#? <e says climate conferences %here "overnments discuss the problem are not "ood enou"h# =0e need action and %e need action no%,? :r -hanklin said# =$his is a bit like puttin" the breaks on a lorry# Aou don>t stop immediately, but you perhaps %ill slo% do%n enou"h so that you>re in control %hen you "et to the future# +t the moment, %e>re not in control#?

&eto'#( satellite )easures ozone hole

October 5, 2007 $he =o)one hole? is not shrinkin", scientists at the .eutsche Bentrum fCr Duft und Eaumfahrt (.DE), the /erman +erospace Center, have found after analysin" data from the /lobal &)one :onitorin" 6!periment 2 (/&:6 2) instrument on board 6*:6$-+$>s :etop + polar operatin" satellite, 6urope>s ne% meteorolo"ical satellite# $he atmospheric data from /&:6 2 measurements %ere derived by the .DE>s Eemote -ensin" $echnolo"y 1nstitute in &berpfaffenhofen at the re,uest of 6*:6$-+$# 1nitial validation of /&:6 2 o)one data by "round measurements confirmed the hi"h ,uality of the satellite data#

$he .DE>s /erman Eemote -ensin" .ata Center (.F.) processes /&:6 2 o)one data by combinin" it %ith models %hich describe meteorolo"y, physics and atmospheric chemistry, allo%in" the mappin" of the o)one layer and the prediction of o)one distribution# $hese models can provide additional information, such as the determination of chemical depletion of o)one7 up to date o)one data and o)one depletion rates are available daily in near real time on the 1nternet at the 0orld .ata Centre for Eemote -ensin" of the +tmosphere, %hich is run by the .F. on behalf of the 1nternational Council of -cientific *nions# $he 6*:6$-+$ :etop + satellite %ill collect data for monitorin" the o)one in the ne!t 13 years# $he main cause of the depletion of the atmosphere>s protective o)one layer is the release of chlorinated fluorocarbons# $his depletion, %hich is most noticeable over the +rctic and +ntarctic re"ions, is of particular environmental concern as the resultin" increased levels of ultraviolet radiation can cause serious dama"e to human health, a"riculture, forests and %ater ecosystems# *urrent ozone hole over the (ntarctic $he .DE noted a stron" reversal in the spreadin" of the o)one hole in mid -eptember because of an unusual meteorolo"ical constellation in the south polar stratosphere# +n unusually hi"h intensity of planetary %aves ; %hich cause air circulation around the %orld ; resulted in the thinnin" of the o)one layer, especially over the south +tlantic and -outh +merica# +t the same time, the o)one level rose over +ustralia and the o)one hole %as at its minimum si)e on 20 -eptember# (ut this year>s o)one hole over the +ntarctic %as at its ma!imum si)e, t%ice as bi" as 6urope, at the end of -eptember# $he o)one layer had thinned do%n to 220 .obson units, a measure of atmospheric o)one, specifically o)one in the stratospheric o)one layer# $he "lobal avera"e of the o)one layer is 300 .obson units# (bout +,&+T-(T $he 6uropean &r"anisation for the 6!ploitation of :eteorolo"ical -atellites is an inter"overnmental or"anisation based in .armstadt, /ermany, currently %ith 20 6uropean :ember -tates (+ustria, (el"ium, Croatia, .enmark, Finland, France, /ermany, /reece, 1reland, 1taly, Du!embour", the Fetherlands, For%ay, 8ortu"al, -lovakia, -pain, -%eden, -%it)erland, $urkey and the *nited Gin"dom) and 10 Cooperatin" -tates ((ul"aria, 6stonia, <un"ary, 1celand, Datvia, Dithuania, 8oland, Eomania, -lovenia and the C)ech Eepublic)# 6*:6$-+$ is operatin" the "eostationary satellites :eteosat H and 9 over 6urope and +frica, and :eteosat I and 5 over the 1ndian &cean#

:etop +, the first 6uropean polar orbitin" satellite, %as launched in &ctober 200I and has been deliverin" operational data since 13 :ay 2005# $he data, products and services from 6*:6$-+$>s satellites make a si"nificant contribution to %eather forecastin" and to the monitorin" of the "lobal climate# .DE .DE is /ermany's national research centre for aeronautics and space# 1ts e!tensive research and development %ork is inte"rated into national and international cooperative ventures# +s /ermany's -pace +"ency, the /erman federal "overnment has "iven .DE responsibility for the for%ard plannin" and implementation of the /erman space pro"ramme as %ell as international representation of /ermany's interests#

2005 o)one hole Jsmaller than usual>

3 October 2007 +uro'ean -'ace (genc% $he o)one hole over +ntarctica has shrunk 30 percent as compared to last year's record si)e# +ccordin" to measurements made by 6-+>s 6nvisat satellite, this year>s o)one loss peaked at 25#5 million tonnes, compared to the 200I record o)one loss of 40 million tonnes# &)one loss is derived by measurin" the area and the depth of the o)one hole# $he area of this year>s o)one hole ; %here the o)one measures less than 220 .obson *nits ; is 24#5 million s, km, rou"hly the

si)e of Forth +merica, and the minimum value of the o)one layer is around 120 .obson *nits# + .obson *nit is a unit of measurement that describes the thickness of the o)one layer in a column directly above the location bein" measured# For instance, if an o)one column of 300 .obson *nits is compressed to 0K C and 1 atmosphere (the pressure at the 6arth>s surface) and spread out evenly over the area, it %ould form a slab of o)one appro!imately 3mm thick#

$ime series of the avera"e o)one loss in the period 21 30 -eptember 2005# CreditsL GF:1 6-+

-cientists say this year>s smaller hole ; a thinnin" in the o)one layer over the -outh 8ole ; is due to natural variations in temperature and atmospheric dynamics and is not indicative of a lon" term trend# M+lthou"h the hole is some%hat smaller than usual, %e cannot conclude from this that the o)one layer is recoverin" already,? Eonald van der +, a senior pro@ect scientist at Eoyal .utch :eteorolo"ical 1nstitute (GF:1), said#

M$his year's o)one hole %as less centred on the -outh 8ole as in other years, %hich allo%ed it to mi! %ith %armer air, reducin" the "ro%th of the hole because o)one is depleted at temperatures less than 5H de"rees Celsius#M .urin" the southern hemisphere %inter, the atmospheric mass above the +ntarctic continent is kept cut off from e!chan"es %ith mid latitude air by prevailin" %inds kno%n as the polar vorte!# $his leads to very lo% temperatures, and in the cold and continuous darkness of this season, polar stratospheric clouds are formed that contain chlorine#

&)one hole monitorin" in terms of o)one loss over the last 10 years# CreditsL GF:1 6-+

+s the polar sprin" arrives, the combination of returnin" sunli"ht and the presence of polar stratospheric clouds leads to splittin" of chlorine compounds into hi"hly o)one reactive radicals that break o)one do%n into individual o!y"en molecules# + sin"le molecule of chlorine has the potential to break do%n thousands of molecules of o)one# $he o)one hole, first reco"nised in 19H3, typically persists until Fovember or .ecember, %hen the %inds surroundin" the -outh 8ole (polar vorte!) %eaken, and o)one poor air inside the vorte! is mi!ed %ith o)one rich air outside it#

GF:1 uses data from 6nvisat's -cannin" 1ma"in" +bsorption -pectrometer for +tmospheric Charto"raphy (-C1+:+C<A) instrument to "enerate daily "lobal o)one analyses and nine day o)one forecasts# &)one is a protective layer found about 23 km above us mostly in the stratospheric stratum of the atmosphere that acts as a sunli"ht filter shieldin" life on 6arth from harmful ultraviolet rays# &ver the last decade the o)one layer has thinned by about 0#3N per year on a "lobal scale, increasin" the risk of skin cancer, cataracts and harm to marine life# $he thinnin" of the o)one is caused by the presence of o)one destructin" "ases in the atmosphere such as chlorine and bromine, ori"inatin" from man made products like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), %hich have still not vanished from the air but are on the decline as they are banned under the :ontreal 8rotocol, %hich %as si"ned on 1I -eptember 19H5# 6nvisat can localise o)one depletion and track its chan"es, enablin" the rapid estimation of *' radiation as %ell as providin" forecastin"# $he three atmospheric instruments aboard 6nvisat are -C1+:+C<A, the "lobal o)one monitorin" by occultation of stars (/&:&-) sensor and the :ichelson interferometer for passive atmospheric soundin" (:18+-)# 6-+ data form the basis of an operational near real time o)one monitorin" and forecastin" service formin" part of the 8E&:&$6 (8E&tocol :&ni$orin" for the /:6- (/lobal :onitorin" for 6nvironment and -ecurity) -ervice 6lement) consortium, made up of more than 30 partners from 11 countries, includin" GF:1# +s part of the 8E&:&$6 and $6:1- service, the satellite results are combined %ith meteorolo"ical data and %ind field models so that robust o)one and *' inde! forecasts can be made# /:6- responds to 6urope>s needs for "eo spatial information services by brin"in" to"ether the capacity of 6urope to collect and mana"e data and information on the environment and civil security, for the benefit of 6uropean citi)ens# $he /:6- -ervice 6lement (/-6) has been preparin" user or"anisations in 6urope and %orld%ide for /:6- by enablin" them to receive and evaluate information services derived from e!istin" 6arth &bservation satellites since 2002#

,ncertaint% in 'olar ozone de'letion.

2H -eptember 2005 Eeal Climate httpLOO%%%#realclimate#or" /uest commentary by .re% -hindell F+-+

$he uni,ue chemistry that causes dramatic o)one depletion in the polar sprin"time lo%er stratosphere has been studied intensely for the past 2 3 decades and much that %as speculated about 30 years a"o %hen the problem first emer"ed has been verified and made more coherent# <o%ever, a ne% report concernin" laboratory measurements of a key molecule involved in this chemistry have raised ,uestions about current understandin"# $he results (8ope et al#, 9# 8hys# Chem#, 2005) su""est a reduced ability for sunli"ht to break apart the chlorine mono!ide dimer (Cl2&2) and have already led to a "reat deal of debate about their implications# 1'll try here to help assess %hat these ne% measurements really mean# $he past decades of study have developed a comprehensive understandin" of ho% polar o)one depletion (=&)one <oles?) takes place# 1n brief, human produced halocarbons (chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and a fe% other molecules like methyl bromide) are broken do%n by sunli"ht in the stratosphere, releasin" chlorine and bromine# $hese hi"hly reactive atoms mostly "o into fairly lon" lived molecules that are not very reactive and therefore act as Jreservoirs># $here are t%o situations in %hich a substantial amount of chlorine, the more important of the t%o, can come out of the reservoirs in lar"e enou"h amounts to destroy a substantial amount of o)one# &ne is in the upper stratosphere around 40 30 km altitude, %here stron" sunli"ht forms reactive molecules that frees the chlorine# $he other is the polar sprin"time lo%er stratosphere, %here e!tremely cold temperatures lead to uni,ue chemistry on the surface of ice particles that a"ain transforms chlorine from its reservoirs into more reactive forms# +tmospheric observations sho% that in both these situations, there is indeed enhanced reactive chlorine and simultaneous depletion of o)one# :easurements from satellites, aircraft, and "round based instruments all "ive independent, consistent information verifyin" the links bet%een cold temperatures in the polar sprin"time lo%er stratosphere and chlorine, and bet%een chlorine and o)one# 1t's important to note that none of the laboratory data on the direct chemical reactions that destroy o)one have been ,uestioned# 0hat has no% been ,uestioned is not the link bet%een the chlorine released from CFCs and o)one loss, but rather the rate at %hich the chlorine atoms can destroy o)one via a particular cycle involvin" the Cl2&2 molecule# :easurements of this molecule are e!ceedin"ly difficult to make in the laboratory as it is hi"hly unstable# -everal earlier measurements of the relevant rate have sho%n variations of a factor of 3 or so, so that the uncertainty in the rate is not ne%# <o%ever, %e have substantial au!iliary evidence for %hat the rates must be i#e# observations of chlorine in the atmosphere provide independent constraints on Cl2&2# Dimited direct observations of Cl2&2, as %ell as many measurements of total chlorine and of chlorine mono!ide (Cl&), constrain the amount of Cl2&2 (%hich can>t be "reater than the total minus the amount in the Cl& molecule)# $hese observations are inconsistent %ith both the ne% measurements and earlier reports of a reduced ability of sunli"ht to break up Cl2&2 (-hindell and de Bafra,

/ED, 1993, 199I7 -tachnik et al#, /ED, 19997 -timpfle et al#, 9/E, 2004)# $hus althou"h the current state of kno%led"e is that the laboratory measurements on the stability of the Cl2&2 molecule vary by rou"hly a factor of 10 (includin" the ne%ly reported values), the independent measurements su""est stron"ly that the upper half of that ran"e is more likely to be correct, not the lo%er# /iven the difficulty in makin" the laboratory measurements, it is ,uite possible that these are %ron", and confirmation of the ne% results is certainly needed# -hould the results hold up, the chemistry involved in polar o)one loss may need to be re evaluated# +s there are other cycles that do not involve the Cl2&2 molecule but cause similar dramatic o)one depletion, such as cycles includin" both Cl& and (r& (its bromine containin" analo"ue), any revision to current understandin" %ould most likely simply shift the relative importance of the various o)one destroyin" cycles# <o%ever, as noted, it is not clear ho% one %ould reconcile these measurements %ith actual atmospheric observations, %hich are not consistent %ith a more stable Cl2&2 molecule# + %ealth of observational data supports the role of chlorine and bromine in polar o)one loss, and uncertainty in a sin"le step of the relevant chemistry does not undermine the :ontreal 8rotocol controllin" substances that release these atoms into the stratosphere# 1t is important, ho%ever, that the ne% results be tested so that %e can be confident %e understand the potential effects of future chan"es in temperature on polar o)one loss (as different chemical reactions have different sensitivities to temperature)# $his %ill allo% us to better understand the effects of climate chan"e on the stratospheric o)one layer, and to verify the effectiveness of the :ontreal 8rotocol, %hich has already sho%n si"ns of success in reducin" the "ro%th of atmospheric concentrations of CFCs, and seems to have lead to at least a levelin" off of o)one depletion over most of the planet# Full recovery is not e!pected for a fe% decades thou"h#

Ozone hole loo)s large/ but not as big as it was

Common%ealth of +ustralia (ureau of :eteorolo"y 2I -eptember 2005 :6.1+ E6D6+-6

$he +ntarctic o)one hole is back and althou"h it>s almost as bi" as previous years, the lon" term outlook for a return to better o)one levels remains "ood# &ver the past ten years the destruction of o)one has resulted in lar"e o)one holes appearin" over the +ntarctic each sprin" %ith almost all "ro%in" to an area of more than 23 million s,uare kilometres (about three times the si)e of +ustralia)# $his year, the (ureau of :eteorolo"y reports that the hole has already reached that si)e but has not "ro%n as lar"e as the record 2H million s,uare kilometre holes that developed durin" 2000, 2003 and 200I# &)one holes develop durin" sprin" because sunli"ht returnin" to the polar re"ions tri""er chemical reactions that have remained dormant durin" the darkness of %inter# $he si)e and depth of the hole is determined by factors includin" the concentrations of o)one depletin" chemicals such as Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), as %ell as the temperature of the lo%er stratosphere# 1t is also influenced by broad scale atmospheric circulation patterns %hich vary si"nificantly from year to year# $hou"h recent +ntarctic o)one holes have been very lar"e, measurements sho% that the concentrations of o)one depletin" substances in the lo%er atmosphere, such as CFCs, have peaked and are no% slo%ly declinin"# 1n its most recent assessment of o)one depletion, compiled last year, the 0orld :eteorolo"ical &r"ani)ation stated that o)one levels are e!pected to return to pre o)one hole conditions bet%een 20I0 and 2053#

:ore information is available from the 0orld :eteorolo"ical &r"ani)ationL httpLOO%%%#%mo#chOpa"esOpro"OarepOdocumentsOant bulletin 2 2005#pdf httpLOO%%%#%mo#intOpa"esOpro"OarepO"a%Oo)oneP200IOo)onePasstPreport#html 0urther in1or)ation2 .r :att $ully, Deader &)one -cience $eam, (ureau of :eteorolo"y (03) 9II9 4139, mobL 0431 I3H 0I0 &edia assistance2 .avid /rant, :edia Eelations +dviser, (ureau of :eteorolo"y, mobL 0439 432 424 Technolog% Trans1er 1or the Ozone 3a%er Lessons for Climate Change

$echnolo"y transfer;the development of practical applications and commerciali)ation of research;for positive environmental outcomes is the cru! of many of the 230 international environmental treaties, and is %idely vie%ed as essential to the Gyoto 8rotocol and success in the "lobal fi"ht a"ainst climate chan"e# 1nternationally there is considerable debate on the obstacles to transfer of, and chan"e to, environmentally sound technolo"ies particularly for the developin" countries yet no comprehensive assessment of %hat %orks#

6!ecutive -ecretary :arco /on)ale), -tephen +nderson, *- 68+, G# :adhava -arma, former &)one 6!ecutive -ecretary, and Gristin $addonio, *- 68+, durin" the book launch for M$echonolo"y $ransfer for the &)one DayerL Dessons for Climate Chan"e#M CreditL 6arth Fe"otiations (ulletin

$o date, one of the most successful environmental treatiesQand the source of the "reatest achievement in technolo"y transfer for international environmental protectionQis the 'ienna Convention on the 8rotection of the &)one Dayer (19H3) and its :ontreal 8rotocol on -ubstances that .eplete the &)one Dayer (19H5), brokered by the *nited Fations 6nvironment 8ro"ramme# $he e!perience re"ardin" the o)one friendly technolo"ies under the :ontreal 8rotocol is no% 13 years old and this landmark book provides a comprehensive analysis of the vast e!perience of technolo"y transfer of the :ontreal 8rotocol and dra% out key lessons for the climate chan"e and other "lobal environmental challen"es# 1n the case of the :ontreal 8rotocol, the industries that used o)one depletin" substances %ere very diverse and from many sectors includin" air conditionin", refri"eration, fire fi"htin", solvents, a"riculture, aerosols and foams as %ell as thousands of other small applications# $here %ere many lar"e enterprises that had the resources to innovate ne% o)one friendly technolo"ies and many small enterprises that needed to be educated on such technolo"ies and ho% to access them# $he authors e!amine ho% "overnments of industriali)ed countries innovated and implemented many policies, re"ulations, a%areness and education campai"ns and financial incentives and disincentives to achieve success# $hey also look at the results of 1000 technolo"y transfer investment pro@ects funded under the :ontreal 8rotocol's :ulti lateral Fund and present the lessons, includin" insider accounts from a variety of sectors, to demonstrate ho% and under %hat circumstances technolo"y transfer %orks for successful environmental outcomes# 1n addition to coverin" all aspects of technolo"y transfer, the authors identify "eneric principles and lessons be identified and applied to the Gyoto 8rotocol and its post 2012 successor and numerous other critical environmental conte!ts includin" marine and air pollution, ha)ardous %aste, biodiversity and desertification amon" others# $his book provides the only thorou"h assessment of successful technolo"y transfer of the nature and scale re,uired for combatin" climate chan"e and other "lobal environmental challen"es and is essential readin" for all professionals and researchers in "overnment, business, F/&s and academia %orkin" on any aspect of technolo"y transfer, o)one layer protection, climate chan"e and environmental protection %orld %ide# -te'hen O4 (ndersen is a .irector of -trate"ic 8ro@ects in the *6nvironmental 8rotection +"ency (68+) Climate 8rotection 8artnerships .ivision and a Co Chair of the :ontreal 8rotocol $echnolo"y and 6conomic +ssessment 8anel# <e %as formerly .eputy .irector of the 68+ -tratospheric 8rotection .ivision %here he speciali)ed in industry partnerships, international cooperation and market incentives#

54 &adhava -ar)a is a consultant on o)one issues and %as formerly 6!ecutive -ecretary, -ecretariat for the 'ienna Convention and the :ontreal 8rotocol, *nited Fations 6nvironment 8ro"ramme# 5risten Taddonio $addonio is :ana"er of -trate"ic Climate 8ro@ects at the *6nvironmental 8rotection +"ency# *ontents Dist of Fi"ures, $ables and (o!es7 +bout the +uthors7 Fore%ordQ:oni,ue (arbut7 8refaceQ+chim -teiner7 +ckno%led"ements7 1ntroductionQ:arco /on)ales7 1) 8rolo"ue7 2) Contours of $echnolo"y $ransfer7 3) (ack"round of the &)one and Climate +"reements7 4) $echnolo"y Chan"e in .eveloped Countries7 3) :ilitary and -pace +"ency Deadership to 8rotect the &)one Dayer7 I) $echnolo"y $ransfer to 8hase &ut &.-s in Foams7 5) $echnolo"y $ransfer $o 8hase &ut &.-s in Eefrei"eration and +ir Conditionin"7 H) $echnolo"y $ransfer to 8hase &ut &.-s in +erosol 8roducts7 9) $echnolo"y $ransfer to 8hase &ut &.-s on Fire 8rotection7 10) $echnolo"y $ransfer to 8hase &ut &.-s on -olvents7 11) $echnolo"y $ransfer to 8hase &ut &.-s in 8est Control7 12) (arriers to $echnolo"y $ransfer Faced by C61$s and .evelopin" Countries7 13) +%areness and Capacity (uildin"7 14) Dessons7 +ppendi! 1L Control :easure of the :ontreal 8rotocol7 +ppendi! 2L 1ndicative Dist of Cate"ories of 1ncremental Costs7 +ppendi! 3L Dist of 8ro@ect Completion Eeports -tudies7 +ppendi! 4L + $echnolo"y $ransfer +"reement7 +ppendi! 3L Dist of :ilitary &.:ana"ement and 8haseout 1nitiatives in the *-7 +ppendi! IL *seful 0ebsites for 1nformation on :ilitary 8haseout7 +ppendi! 5) &)one and Climate 8rotection +%ards 0on by :ilitary &r"ani)ations7 Fotes7 Dist of +cronyms and +bbreviations7 /lossary7 +bout the Contributors7 1nde!# =$his authoritative and meticulously researched treatise cuts to the heart of the problemL the crucial issues of technolo"y, research, development and diffusion that have been lar"ely lost in the hot air of climate rhetoric#? -- Ambassador Richard Benedick, US Chief Negotiator of the ontrea! "rotoco! =$he book is e!tremely valuable readin" for policy makers and scholars alike, particularly in the conte!t of the challen"e of climate chan"e bein" faced "lobally#? -- R# $# "acha%ri, Chairman, &ntergo'ernmenta! "ane! on C!imate Change =$his book "ives an authoritative account of ho% impossible challen"es to transfer of o)one friendly technolo"ies %ere overcome for the "ood of human society#? -- ostafa $# (o!ba, Under-Secretar) *enera!, United Nations, and +,ec%ti'e -irector, United Nations +n'ironment "rogram, ./70-.//2

=1ma"ine %hat %e can accomplish as %e continue to transfer technolo"y to protect the climate#? -- $ath!een 1ogan, -irector, +"A C!imate "rotection "artnershi2s -i'ision M1ma"ine the pride of earnin" the Fobel 8ri)e for %arnin" that CFCs %ere destroyin" the o)one layer# $hen ima"ine that citi)ens, policymakers, and business e!ecutives heeded the %arnin" and transformed markets to protect the earth# $his book is the story of %hy %e can all be optimistic about the future if %e are %illin" to be brave and dedicated %orld citi)ens#M -- ario o!ina, Nobe! 3a%reate in Chemistr) and "rofessor, Uni'ersit) of Ca!ifornia