MM302E FLUID

MECHANICS II
2012-2013 SPRING
1
FLUID MECHANICS II

INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID MOTION

In the Fluid Mechanics I course, we developed the basic equations in
integral form for a control volume. The integral equations are
particularly useful when we are interested in the gross behavior of a
flow and its effect on various devices. However, the integral approach
does not enable to us to obtain detailed point by point knowledge of the
flow field.

To obtain this detailed knowledge, we must apply the equations of fluid
motion in differential form.

CONSERVATION OF MASS (CONTINUITY EQUATION)

The application of the principle of conservation of mass to fluid flow
yields an equation which is referred as the continuity equation. We shall
derive the differential equation for conservation of mass in rectangular
and in cylindrical coordinates.




2
Rectangular Coordinate System

The differential form of the continuity equation may be obtained by
applying the principle of conservation of mass to an infinitesimal control
volume.

The sides of the control volume are dx, dy, and dz. The density at
center, O, of the control volume is and the velocity is .









The values of the mass fluxes at each of six faces of the control surface
may be obtained by using a Taylor series expansion of the mass fluxes
about point O. For example, at the right face,



Neglecting higher order terms, we can write


and similarly,


k w j v u V

+ + =
) +
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ =
+
2
2
2
2 2 ! 2
1
2
dx
x
dx
x
dx
x


)
2 2
dx
x
dx
x
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ =
+


)
2 2
dx
x
u
u u
dx
x
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ =
+
)
2 2 2
dx
x
u
u
dx
x
u
u u
dx
x
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ =

3
The word statement of conservation of mass is




To evaluate the first term in this equation, we must evaluate .

Table. Mass flux through the control surface of a rectangular differential control volume
0
volume control the inside
mass of change of Rate
surface control e through th
out flux mass of rate Net
=
(

+
(

}

CS
A d V

4
The net rate of mass flux out through control surface is



The rate of change of mass inside the control volume is given by



Therefore, the continuity equation in rectangular coordinate is



Since the vector operator, V, in rectangular coordinates, is given by







Two special cases, the continuity equation may be simplified.
1. For an incompressible flow, the density is constant, the
continuity equation becomes,



2. For a steady flow, the partial derivatives with respect to time are
zero, that is _________. Then,
dxdydz
z
w
y
v
x
u
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
dxdydz
t c
c
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
t z
w
y
v
x
u
0 =
c
c
+ V
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
t
V
k
z
j
y

0 = V V

5
Example: For a fluid flow in the xy plane, the velocity component in the
y direction is given by

a) Determine a possible velocity component in the x direction for
steady flow of an incompressible fluid. How many possible x
components are there?
b) Is the determined velocity component in the x direction also valid
for unsteady flow of an incompressible fluid?


y x y v 2
2 2
=
6
Cylindrical Coordinate System

In cylindrical coordinates, a suitable differential control volume is shown
in the figure. The density at center, O, is and the velocity there is











Figure. Differential control volume in cylindrical coordinates

To evaluate , we must consider the mass flux through each
of the six faces of the control surface. The properties at each of the six
faces of the control surface are obtained from Taylor series expansion
about point O.

z z r r
e v e v e v V

+ + =
u u
}

CS
A d V

7
Table. Mass flux through the control surface of a cylindrical differential control volume



























The net rate of mass flux out through the control surface is given by




The rate of change of mass inside the control volume is given by


In cylindrical coordinates the continuity equation becomes

dz drd
z
v
r
v
r
v
r v
z r
r
u

u
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
dz rdrd
t
u

c
c
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
t
r
z
v
r
v
r
v
r v
z r
r

u

u
8
Dividing by r gives


or


In cylindrical coordinates the vector operator V is given by



Then the continuity equation can be written in vector notation as



Two special cases, the continuity equation may be simplified.

1. For an incompressible flow, the density is constant, i.e.,



2. For a steady flow,

0
1
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
t z
v v
r r
v
r
v
z r r

u

u
0
) ( ) ( 1 ) ( 1
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
t z
v v
r r
v r
r
z r

u

u
z r
e
z
e
r
e
r

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
u
u
1
0 =
c
c
+ V
t
V

=
c
c
=
c
c
r
r
e
e
e
r
e

u
u
u
and : Note
9
Example: Consider one-dimensional radial flow in the ru plane,
characterized by v
r
= f(r) and v
u
= 0. Determine the conditions on f(r)
required for incompressible flow.

10
STREAM FUNCTION FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE
FLOW

For a two-dimensional flow in the xy plane of the cartesian coordinate
systems, the continuity equation for an incompressible fluid reduces to


If a continuous function , called stream function, is defined such
that

then continuity equation is satisfied exactly, since


Since streamlines are tangent to the direction of flow at every point in
the flow field. Thus, if is an element of length along a streamline, the
equation of streamline is given by


then
Substituting for the velocity components of u and v, in terms of the
stream function

(A)

At a certain instant of time, t
0
, the stream function may be expressed as
. At this instant, the streamfunction

(B)

Comparing equations (A) and (B), we see that along instantaneous
streamline and = constant along a streamline.
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
y
v
x
u
) , , ( t y x
x
v
y
u
c
c

c
c

and
0
2 2
=
c c
c

c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
x y y x y
v
x
u
k vdx udy j dy dx j v u r d V

) ( ) ( ) ( 0 = + + = =
0 = vdx udy
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
dy
y
dx
x

) , , (
0
t y x =
dy
y
dx
x
d
c
c
+
c
c
=

0 = d
11
Figure. Differential control volume in cylindrical
coordinates
In the flow field,
2
-
1
, depends only on the end points of integration,
since the differential equation of is exact.












For a unit depth, the flow rate across AB is


Along AB, x = constant and . Therefore,



For a unit depth, the flow rate across BC is


Along BC, y = constant and . Therefore,



Thus, the volumetric flow rate per unit depth between any two
streamlines, can be expressed as the constant values of defining the
two streamlines.

Now, consider the two dimensional
flow of an incompressible fluid
between two instantaneous
streamlines, as shown in the Figure.
The volumetric flow rate across
areas AB, BC, DE, and DF must be
equal, since there can be no flow
across a streamline.
} }
c
c
= =
2
1
2
1
y
y
y
y
dy
y
udy Q

dy
y
d
c
c
=

1 2
2
1
2
1

= =
c
c
=
} }
d dy
y
Q
y
y
} }
c
c
= =
2
1
2
1
x
x
x
x
dx
x
vdx Q

dx
x
d
c
c
=

} }
= =
c
c
=
2
1
1
2
1 2
x
x
d dx
x
Q

12
In ru plane of the cylindrical coordinate system, the incompressible
continuity equation reduces to


The streamfunction (r, u,t) then is defined such that
and

Example: Consider the stream function given by = xy. Find the
corresponding velocity components and show that they satisfy the
differential continuity equation. Then sketch a few streamlines and
suggest any practical applications of the resulting flow field.

0 =
c
c
+
c
c
u
u
v
r
rv
r
u

c
c

r
v
r
1
r
v
c
c


u
13
MOTION OF FLUID ELEMENT (KINEMATICS)

Before formulating the effects of forces on fluid motion (dynamics), let
us consider first the motion (kinematics) of a fluid in a flow field. When a
fluid element moves in a flow field, it may go under translation, linear
deformation, rotation, and angular deformation as a consequence of
spatial variations in the velocity.














Figure. Pictorial representation of the components of fluid motion.

14
Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field









Figure. Motion of a particle in a flow field.

Consider a particle moving in a velocity field. At time t, the particle is at
a position x, y, z and has a velocity .

At time t+dt, the particle has moved to a new position, with coordinates
x+dx, y+dy, z+dz, and has a velocity given by



The change in the velocity of the particle in moving from location to
, is given by



The total acceleration of the particle is given by



Since

then

| ) , , , ( t z y x V V
t
p

=
| ) , , , ( dt t dz z dy y dx x V V
dt t
p
+ + + + =
+

r d r

+
dt
t
V
dz
z
V
dy
y
V
dx
x
V
V d
p p p p
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

t
V
dt
dz
z
V
dt
dy
y
V
dt
dx
x
V
dt
V d
a
p p p p
p
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =

w
dt
dz
and v
dt
dy
u
dt
dx
p p p
= = = ,
t
V
z
V
w
y
V
v
x
V
u
dt
V d
a
p
p
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =

15
Acceleration of a fluid particle in a velocity field requires a special
derivative, it is given the symbol .

Thus,

It is called the substantial, the material or particle derivative.

The significance of the terms,




The convective acceleration may be written as a single vector expression
using the vector gradient operator, V.



Thus,

It is possible to express above equation in terms of three scalar
equations as





The components of acceleration in cylindrical coordinates may be
obtained by utilizing the appropriate expression for the vector operator
V. Thus
Dt
V D

t
V
z
V
w
y
V
v
x
V
u a
Dt
V D
p
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =

on accelerati
local
on accelerati
convective
particle a of
on accelarati
total
t
V
z
V
w
y
V
v
x
V
u
Dt
V D
a
p
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =

V V
z
V
w
y
V
v
x
V
u


) ( V =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
t
V
V V a
Dt
V D
p
c
c
+ V =

) (
t
w
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
Dt
Dw
a
t
v
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
Dt
Dv
a
t
u
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
Dt
Du
a
p
p
p
zx
y
x
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =

t
V
z
V
V
V
r
V
r
V
V a
t
V
z
V
V
r
V V V
r
V
r
V
V a
t
V
z
V
V
r
V V
r
V
r
V
V a
z z
z
z z
r z
z
r
r
r r
z
r r
r r
p
p
p
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+ +
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
u
u
u
u
u u u u u u
u
u u

2
16
Example: The velocity field for a fluid flow is given by


Determine
a) the acceleration vector
b) the acceleration of the fluid particle at point P(1,2,3) and at time,
t = 1 sec.

k zt j xy x t z y x V

3 2 ) , , , (
2
+ =
17