Title Objective Tube

: Flow along the venture tube. : To observe pressure profile of water flowing through the Venture with that predicted by the Bernoullis Theorem.

Background Though

: The energy in general may be defined as the capacity to do work.

the energy exists in many forms, yet the following are important from the subject point or view ;

1) Potential Energy 2) Kinetic Energy 3) Pressure Energy

The total energy of are liquid, in motion is the sum of its potential energy, kinetic energy and pressure energy. Total energy = = Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy + Pressure Energy = Constants E=Z+ + (Meter) of Liquid = cons tan ts

For this apparatus Z1 = Z2 and P=Pgh Hence if Bernoullis Theorem is obeyed: H= + h and is con tan ts at all sections along the duct

APPARATUS :

(Hydraulics Bench)

(Stopwatch)

PROCEDURES : 1. Drain valve is checked if opened and kept wide opened. Outlet pipe is checked whether it goes to the drain. Flow is initiated through the venture test section by the opened inlet valve (s). 2. All manometer tubing is checked so it properly connected to the corresponding pressure taps and to ensure it is free of air bubbles. 3. Both the inlet and outlet valves are adjusted in order for the level in manometer stabilize. 4. When a state of equilibrium is reached, the water outlet hose is redirected into a container and time is recorded for the water to fill up to 3 liters. The inlet valve is opened to allow for a particular water velocity through the venture tube. 5. Measurement are continued to be taken for a few times, based on the different opening inlet valves opening of a particular velocity.

RESULT : Table 1

Time : (24 second)

Diameter Of No. CrossSection (mm)

Section Diameter D (m)

Area, A (m )

Manometer Flow rate, Leveling h Q (m) (m/s)

Velocity, v (m/s)

Kinetic Energy, v /2g (m)

Total Head, H=h+ v /2g (m)

28.4

0.028

6.16x

0.135

0.203

2.15x

0.137

22.5

0.023

4.15x

0.130

0.301

4.75x

0.135

14

0.014

1.54x

0.075

1.25x

0.812

3.36x

0.109

17.2

0.017

3.86x

0.100

0,324

5.48

0.105

24.2

0.024

4.52x

0.120

0.277

4.00x

0.24

28.4

0.028

6.16x

0.120

0.203

2.15x

0.122

RESULT : Table 2

Time: (16.44 second)

Diameter Of No. CrossSection (mm)

Section Diameter D (m)

Area, A (m )

Manometer Flow rate, Leveling h Q (m) (m/s)

Velocity, v (m/s)

Kinetic Energy, v /2g (m)

Total Head, H=h+ v /2g (m)

28.4

0.028

6.16x

0.135

0.300

4.70x

0.140

22.5

0.023

4.15x

0.125

0.440

1.01x

0.135

14

0.014

1.54x

0.035

1.82x

1.182

7.29x

0.108

17.2

0.017

3.86x

0.085

0.472

1.16x

0.097

24.2

0.024

4.52x

0.110

0.402

8.47x

0.118

28.4

0.028

6.16x

0.110

0.300

4.70x

0.115

RESULT : Table 3

Time: (13.46 second)

Diameter Of No. CrossSection (mm)

Section Diameter D (m)

Area, A (m )

Manometer Flow rate, Leveling h Q (m) (m/s)

Velocity, v (m/s)

Kinetic Energy, v /2g (m)

Total Head, H=h+ v /2g (m)

28.4

0.028

6.16x

0.150

0.362

6.84x

0.157

22.5

0.023

4.15x

0.140

0.537

1.51x

0.155

14

0.014

1.54x

0.020

2.23x

0.448

1.09x

0.129

17.2

0.017

3.86x

0.085

0.578

1.74x

0.102

24.2

0.024

4.52x

0.115

0.493

1.27x

0.128

28.4

0.028

6.16x

0.120

0.362

6.84x

0.127

CALCULATIONS :

Each valve opening: 1. Water Volume,V1 Time, T1 Flow Rate, Q1 = 0.003m = 24 second = 1.25 X m/s

2. Water Volume,V2 Time, T2 Flow Rate, Q2

= 0.003m = 16.44 second = 1.82 X m/s

3. Water Volume,V3 Time, T3 Flow Rate, Q3

= 0.003m = 13.46 second = 2.23 X m/s

CONCLUSION:

- From this experiment, it can be said that the flow rate of water remains the same in each section because it obeys the continuity equation principle. Also, the moment of pressure and kinetic energy is influenced on how much is the valve opened. - On this experiment I can learn how to do it about flow along the venture tube and my all group member can try to do it.