Comparative of Hydrodynamic Effect between Double Bodies to Single Body in Tank

C.L.Siow, Jaswar, Efi Afrizal, Hassan Abyn, Adi Maimun, Mohamad Pauzi
Department of Aeronautic, Automotive and Ocean Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Skudai, 81300 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA Phone/Fax.: +60-7- 5534644 E-mail: jaswar@fkm.utm.my or jaswar.koto@gmail.com

Abstract
Hydrodynamic interaction between floating offshore structures are affecting structures motion. Large motions between floating bodies would cause the damage on moorings, offloading system and may colloid to each other. The experiment tests were carried out with and without the influence of TLP in regular waves in the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Towing Tank using semi-submersible GVA 4000 type. In this paper, experimental results of the hydrodynamic interaction effect of surge, sway, heave, roll, pitch and yaw motion for Semi-Submersible (Tender Assisted Drilling (TAD)) were presented. As primarily study, the experiments were conducted without TLP in the system and then with the exist of TLP. The wave height in full-scale ranges from 5.8 m 11 m and separation distance of the models is 21.7 m (actual length). The results show that the influence motions response amplitude is located at a frequency around 0.514 Hz where close to the frequency of the sending wave. (10 TNR)

Keywords: Tension Leg Platform, Tender Assisted Drilling, Floating Semi Submersible, Hydrodynamic Interaction

1. Introduction
Multiples floating structures currently are used in offshore industries and coastal application. Offshore oil and gas industry, floating structures such as a spar, semi-submersible, tensional leg platform (TLP) and ship shape floating production storages and off-loading structure (FPSO) is a popular type of structure uses in deep water oil and gas exploration. In coastal application, the floating structures applied currently such as floating terminal, floating airport and floating storages are developed by many countries in the world. Either in oil and gas industry or coastal application, the floating bodies are often placed near to each other to complete as a system. To ensure the floating bodies is arranging safely in open water, hydrodynamic interaction between floating bodies is one of the important criteria must be evaluated to ensure it is safe before start operate. Hydrodynamic force and moment due

to wave can cause accidents on floating bodies such as crashing between each other or causing damage of riser system. One of the noticeable features of deep water moored structures is a need of multi body operation which should be paid attention, because it requires more accurate analysis of hydrodynamic interactions between closely moored vessels [6]. This research is aimed to study the hydrodynamic interaction between TLP and semisubmersible and characteristic of the multi floating bodies when placed near to each other in regular waves. At this situation, the hydrodynamic force created from wave will affect the motion of the floating bodies by scattering wave causes by the bodies itself. The wave height in full scale ranges from 5.8 m 11 m and separation distance of the models is 21.7 m. The analysis of the floating bodies motion was focus of this paper.

2. Literature Review
The vertical plane motions induced by heaving, rolling and pitching should be kept adequately low to guarantee the safety of the floating structure, risers and umbilical pipes and other important facilities use in oil production [11]. The operability and safety of floating bodies operation are greatly influenced by the relative motions between them. So, the accurate motion prediction of two bodies including all hydrodynamic interactions is important [8]. Normally motions of floating structures are analyzed by using strip theory and potential theory. A number of notable studies were carried out to solve the problem of hydrodynamic interactions between multi bodies by Ohkusu (1974) [12]; Kodan (1984) [7]; and Fang and Kim (1986) [4]. They used strip theory to analysis of hydrodynamic interaction problem between two structures positioned side by side. Hess and Smith (1964) [5], Van Oortmerssen (1979) [14] and Loken (1981) [9] studied on non-lifting potential flow calculation about arbitrary 3D objects. They utilized a source density distribution on the surface of the structure and solved for distribution necessary to lake the normal component of the fluid velocity zero on the boundary. Plane quadrilateral source elements were used to approximate the structure surface and the integral equation for the source density is replaced by a set of linear algebraic equations for the values of the source density on the quadrilateral elements. By solving this set of equations, the flow velocity both on and off the surface was calculated. Wu et al. (1997) [15] studied on the motion of a moored semisubmersible in regular waves and wave induced internal forces numerically and experimentally. In their mathematical formulation, the moored semi-submersible was modeled as an externally constrained floating body in waves, and derived the linearized equation of motion. Yilmaz and Incecik (1996) [16] analyzed the excessive motion of moored semisubmersible. They developed and employed two different time domain techniques due to mooring stiffness, viscous drag forces and damping; there are strong nonlinearities in the system. In the first technique, first-order wave forces acting on a structure which considered as a solitary excitation force and evaluated by using Morison equation. In the second technique, mean drift forces are used to calculate slowly varying wave forces and simulation of slow varying and steady

motions. Sylemez (1995) [13] developed a technique to predict damaged semi-submersible motion under wind, current and wave. Newtons second law of approaching equations of motion was used in the research to develop numerical techniques of nonlinear equations for intact and damaged condition in time domain. Choi and Hong (2002) [2] applied HOBEM to analysis hydrodynamic interactions of multibody system. Clauss et al. (2002) [3] analyzed the sea-keeping behavior of a semi-submersible in rough waves in the North Sea by numerical and experimental method. They used panel method TiMIT (Time-domain investigations, developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) for wave/structure interactions in time domain. The theory behind TiMIT is strictly linear and thus applicable to moderate sea condition only. An important requirement in determining drilling capabilities of the structure is the low level of motions in the vertical plane (motions induced by heave, roll and pitch). Matos et al. (2011) [11] numerically and experimentally investigated second-order resonant of a deepdraft semi-submersible heave, roll and pitch motions. One of the manners to improve the hydrodynamic behavior of a semi-submersible is to increase the draft. The low frequency forces computation has been performed in the frequency domain by WAMIT a commercial Boundary Element Method (BEM) code. The code can generate a different number of meshes on the structure and calculated pitch forces. Since demand for oil and gas is growing up, the water depth is becoming deeper and deeper, and chance of multi body operation increasing, so investigating reliability of numerical analysis method for hydrodynamic interaction is worthwhile (Hong et al. 2005) [6]. Zahra Tajali et. Al. (2011) [18] studied hydrodynamic characteristic of multi-body floating pier under the wave action by numerical method. In the research, pontoon of the floating piers is connected to each other by hinge. The research found that when the number of pontoons increases, peak frequency and peak amplitude for all motion increase. R.C. Zhu et.al (2006) [17] applies numerical methods to study the effect of gap in the multiple structural system. In that study, wave potential for incident wave and scattering wave were ignored. The motion of the structures is assumed only affected by radiated wave. The simulation showed that hydrodynamic interaction between floating structures can cause

surge, sway and heave motion; however, the only sway motion shows strong interaction effect in certain resonance wave number. Besides, that study also obtained that the increase of gap width caused the resonance amplitude for added mass and damping coefficients decrease significantly. Masashi Kashiwagi (2010) [20] was carried out a numerical investigation to compare Wave interaction Theory with the Higher Order Boundary Element Methods, HOBEM. In comparison, the wave interaction theory is able to compute integrated force and pressure distribution if the condition satisfied the Bessel Function and mathematic limitation of the theory. In addition, the research also found that reductions of distance between floating bodies will cause deviation of pressure distribution increase. Zhu et.al. (2008) [21] was carried out a research on hydrodynamic resonance phenomena of three dimensional multiple floating structures by using time domain method. The linear potential theory in time domain was used to describe fluid motion. The research found that peak force response on floating bodies at resonance frequency is same between frequency domain technique and time domain technique. This finding proved that the linear potential theory in the time domain can be an alternative to solve a problem related to hydrodynamic interaction between floating bodies in small gap. According to Lin Lu et.al (2011) [19], potential theory and viscous fluid theory are able to predict fluid characteristic in the narrow gaps between floating bodies. The objective can be achieved by analyzing the effect of wave force act two floating bodies. Results from their numerical method were showed that increases of the gap between floating bodies lead to reduces of wave force. Second, increase of body draught will cause the increase of wave force on the body. Third, larger breadth of the body will lead to higher wave force especially vertical wave force on the body. Forth, if three floating bodies in the system, then two peak wave force will occur in two different frequencies compare to one peak wave force in two body system. Y.W. Sun (2012) [22] was studied the method to simulate wave and flow based on the Navier-Stokes equation and Computational Lagrangian-Eulerian Advection Remap-Volume of Fluid (CLEAR-VOF). The Navier-Stokes equation is discretized by using three-step finite element method. The study is proposed to establish the wave and fluid for two dimensional

numerical methods. The regular waves simulation result has compared to theoretical wave in the study. From the simulation, temporal curve of the simulated wave becomes stable after three to four waves generated.

3. Concept of interaction floating bodies

The regular wave acting on floating bodies can bedescribedg by velocity potential. The velocity potential normally written in respective to the flow direction and time as below: ( , , ) = ( , , ) (1) { ( , , ) + ( , , )} ( , , )=
Potential for diffraction wave

Potential for Radiation wave

( , , )

(2)

Where, g : gravity acceleration : incident wave amplitude : motions amplitude : incident wave potential : scattering wave potential : radiation wave potential due to motions : direction of motion From the above equation, it is shown that total wave potential in the system is contributed by potential of the incident wave, scattering wave and radiation wave. In addition, the phase and amplitude for both the incident wave and scattering wave is assumed to be the same. However, radiation wave potentials are affected by each type of motion of each single floating body inside system, where the total potential for radiation wave for the single body is the summation of the radiation wave generates by each type of body motion such as roll, pitch, yaw, surge, sway and heave. Also, the diffraction wave potential ( ) must be satisfied with boundary conditions as below: ( ) = 0 0 (3) ( ) + ( ) =0 ( = ) (4) ( ) ~ (
)

=0

(5)

The velocity potential for the incident wave as follows = cosh[ ( + )] cosh
( )

(7)

4. Fourier Transform For Time Domain To Frequency Domain Transformation

According to sampling theorem, discretely frequency (Fs) for signal data must be at least twice to the highest continuous signal frequency (F). The continuous signal frequency should discrete by the rate follow the sampling frequency, 1/Fs. Let the discrete sample of the continuous signal have the magnitude of x(k), k=1,2,3,,n and period between the sample is 1/Fs than a function of a continuous signal, f(t) can be reconstructed back from the discrete sample by the equation below: ( )= ( ) ( ) (13) (14)

Also, the scattering wave potential due to the continuous surface of fluid can be explained by the equation below: ( , , ) = ( , , ; , , ) is Where the part representing Greens function and the part of ( , , ) Is the source strength function which can calculate by the following equation ( , , ) 2 ( , , ) = 4 (10) The field coordinates label as (x, y, z); the coordinate for source point in the structures label as (a, b. c) For radiated wave, the wave potential is related to the bodys motion; the velocity potential for the radiated wave is given as follows: 2
( )

(8)

1 4

( , , ) ( , , ; , , )

(9)

Where, ( )=

sin(

( , , )

( , , ; , , )

To convert the data in time domain to the frequency domain, Fast Fourier Transform method can be applied. The relationship between function in the time domain, f (t) and frequency domain F (f) can be related by the equation below: ( )= ( )
( )

( )

+ =

( , , )
( ) ( )

( , , ) ( , , , , , ) ( , , , , , )

(11)

Also, for the variable j, it represents the square root of (-1) for the natural exponential function. = cos( ) + sin( ) (16) Therefore, the discrete data can be written in complex number form as follows: = () + () (17) and, () = ( ) cos 2 (18)

(15)

( , , )

( , , )

The boundary conditions for the radiated wave potential same as the boundary conditions for incident wave.The radiated wave potential due to each floating body can be developed from equation (12). Where the part ( , , ; , , ) is represented the Greens function (x, y, z) is the coordinate for field point and (a, b, c) is the coordinate for source point which located on the body. SB in the equation above is the wet body surface of the floating structure.

(12)

And, i = 2b is the number of data require by Fast Fourier Transform method where b can be any integer number larger than or equal to 1. Finally, the magnitude, phase and frequency of the signal can be calculated by following equations:

()

( ) sin

(19)

() () ()

() =

= ( )

+ ()

5. Model Experimental In this paper, model experiment was carried out to study the hydrodynamics interaction effect for the floating structures arranged in small gap. The experiment was carried out at UTMs towing tank. The experiments were conducted for the conditions where semi-submersible structure alone in the tank and the semi-submersible arranged behind the TLP structure. All parameters for wave and semi-submersible structures are constant for both the experiments.

() ()

(20)

(22)

(21)

swing frame test, oscillating and bifilar tests are GM value, KG value and gyration radiuses at planer (horizontal) and vertical axis. Besides, natural periods for the motions also obtained from decay test. The dimension for the models were summarized as in table 1.

5.2 Motion Tests 5.2.1 Instrumentation for motion test

The floating bodies were assumed to experience six degrees of freedom during the experiment. The six DOF motions of the models when moored on springs are measured by optical tracking system (Qualisys Camera) that uses a set of infrared cameras attached to the carriage to capture the positions of the reflective optical tracking markers placed on the model. Water-proof load cells are attached to the springs at the model fairlead locations to measure applied tension force on the model from the mooring springs directly. The purpose of this setup is to avoid any losses in force. Lightweight ring gauge load cells used here are sufficiently sensitive to provide a good signal for small mooring line tensions. The measured mooring line tensions are recorded by Dewetron Data Acquisition System (DAQ). Data recorded from different data systems were synchronized to obtain phase information. For this purpose, the optical tracking system was used as the master. The external sync pulse is recorded on the DAQ thus enabling synchronized simultaneous data recording on both systems.

5.1 Models Particulars

In this experiment, semi-submersible model and tension leg platform was selected to study hydrodynamics interaction between multi floating bodies system. The semi-submersible model was constructed based on GVA 4000 type model. Both the semi-submersible and TLP model were scaled down with ratio 1:70. Table 1 Principal particular of Models Character TLP Semi Length 57.75 66.78 Width 57.75 58.45 Draft 21 16.73 Displacement 23941 14921 Water Plan Area 715 529.6 Number of Columns 4 4 Pontoon length 31 66.78 Pontoon depth 7.28 6.3 Pontoon width 9.73 13.3 Pontoons centerline 45.15 separation Columns longitudinal 45.58 spacing (centre) Column diameter 10.59

unit m m m m3 m2 m m m m m m

5.2.2 Springs and connectors for mooring system simulation

Soft lateral springs are attached to the TLP and Semi-submersible to give horizontal restoring force to prototype TLP tendons and Semisubmersible moorings. One Side of the soft lateral spring was clamped to the mooring posts attached to the carriage and other side of the ends was connected to load cells at model side to measure the spring tension forces at the model. Anchor locations for the springs were proper selected to ensure mooring lines of the model make 45 degree angle with respect to the fairlead attachment points on the model. The spring pretension and spring stiffness applied in the test was same as horizontal stiffness required for the system to match the natural periods of the horizontal motion (surge, sway) for the TLP and Semi-submersible. The TLP and Semisubmersible are connected between each other by

Upon the model complete constructed, few tests were carried out to obtain the model particulars. Firstly, inclining test, swing frame test, oscillating test, decay test and bifilar test were carried out to identify the hydrostatic particular for both the semi-submersible and TLP. The results obtained from inclining test,

two connectors to control the gap between the floating bodies. Due to the limitation of this tank, the tendons, risers and moorings are not actually presented in the model tests. Therefore, this model setup was expected had less damping compared to the prototype and caused larger motion amplitude at model scale compared to the prototype. However, it is common practice to neglect damping from mooring, tendons and risers in floating structure tests in order to obtain conservative response estimates at the design stage. A similar philosophy is followed here as well.

start and end of these tests, the model was carefully held to prevent large offsets due to sudden wave exciting forces which could damage the mooring springs. Measurement data commenced when the model had settled at a constant incident wave was coming. The tank length was sufficient to assure enough oscillations were recorded for each tested before reflection occur.

5.2.3 Experiment setup

As mentioned, the water depth is less than required depth to include full length of the tendons and mooring for the experiment. Hence, almost horizontal springs set considered for compensation of horizontal forces (Figure 1). If truncated tendons were used by following the model scale, 1:70th, the set-down would be greatly exaggerated. An alternative option would be used a very small 1-200th scale model without truncation, but this would impose significant scale effects because when Reynolds number, Re less than 10,000, the vortex shedding pattern around the body may be changed and unduly affected the results. For bluff bodies, if Re bigger than 10,000, the vortex shedding is mostly independent of Reynolds number since the flow separates close to the column corners at both model scale and full scale (Magee et al. 2011). Hydrodynamic interaction between floating structures model test between TLP and Semisubmersible was set up as shown in Figure 2. In the arrangement, progressive wave firstly attached TLP model before semi-submersible.
TLP

Semi submersible

Figure 2 Layout TLP and semi-submersible model experimental set up (Dimension is in model scale).

Figure 3 TLP and Semi-Submersible set up into towing tank. Due to limitation in generating wave height and period by wave making system, some periods were chosen to cover natural period of models and also wave slope are considered 1/20, 1/40 and 1/60 to get an acceptable motion to record [1]. The setup is generally unique to a particular type of floating system and may not be appropriate for others. For this paper, the discussion will only focus on the wave slop 1/40 and the separation distance of the models is 21.7 m in full-scale or 300mm in model scale. Wave particulars for the experiment were shown in Table 2.

Figure 1 Model test set-up in available water depth The models were attached to tow carriage on springs and regular waves generated by wavemaker at the end of towing tank (Figure 3). At the

Table 2 Incident wave particulars Wave Particular Wave Period (s) Wave Length (cm) Wave Slope Wave height (cm) Wave Direction Semisubmersible 1.85 534 1/40 13.4 1800 Semi-sub. With TLP

6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Figure 4 EreTransUTM Software interface Data are collected from the experiment by using an optical tracking system (Qualisys Camera) with sampling frequency 120frame/s. The data were recorded in time domain by the measurement device before it converted to frequency domain for further analysis. Same result can be obtained from the frequency domain analysis and time domain analysis according to Zhu et.al. [21]. However, in this research, the frequency domain analysis is preferred because this method is easier to compare the different between the motion of semi-submersible when alone in the system and interact with other body. By using the equation from 13 to 22, a set of Discrete Fourier Transforms programming code name as ExReTransUTM (Experiment Result Domain Transformation UTM, 2012) was developed to convert the data to frequency domain. The software will able to read discrete data in time domain and return in frequency domain with a simple click on execution bottom. The interface of this software was shown in figure (4)

Figure 5 to figure 10 shows a comparison between the motions of semi-submersible when it is alone in the tank without interaction between other floating body and effect of existing of TLP in the tank. The motions detected by the motion captive camera are surge, sway, heave, roll, pitch and yaw. The figure 5 and 6 were shown the comparison of the surge and heave motion for the semi-submersible when it alone in the tank and existed of TLP. The effect of hydrodynamics interaction between the floating structures caused both the heave and surge motion for semisubmersible increased. This is because the wave force contributes to the surge and heave motion is influenced by the TLP and then increase the force magnitude. From the potential equation (2), it is explained that the extra wave force acting to the semi-submersible can be generated by radiation wave from the TLP. For the single body system, the motion of the structure will only contribute by the force of incident wave. The radiated wave generated by the structures itself only separate out from the system and no influence to the body motion in single body system. In addition, the gap between the structures setup for this experiment is around 30cm where the ratio of gap to length of TLP and semisubmersible are 0.037 and 0.032. In this situation, it was predicted that the hydrodynamic interaction between the structures is large. From the experiment, the surge and heave motion are shown to increase significantly. For the surge motion, the magnitude of the motion is increased from 55.3mm to 77.0mm where the magnitude of the motion increased around 39% compared to the single body system. Besides, the magnitude of heave motion also increases around 80% from 30.7mm for single body system to 55.2mm for multiple body system. The experiment result also agrees with the numerical result which studied by R.C. Zhu [17]. The same result shown that the radiation wave force in small gap can cause significant effects for the motion. Figure 7 shows the comparison of pitch motion for semi-submersible when interact with TLP and when semi-submersible alone in the system. The amplitude for pitch motion also increase in interaction situation where the pitch motion at single body system measured is 0.71 rad/s and increase 22% to 0.86 rad/s when interact with TLP. However, the effect of the

hydrodynamic interaction for pitch is lower compare to surge and heave motion. In this case, the reason for lower effect for pitch motion may be caused by the arrangement of semisubmersible behind TLP in the experiment. The scattering wave which can contribute to the motion may not have enough distance separate after passing through the TLP in two body system. Besides, the design of semi-submersible which has small water plane area at column may reduce the wave load for pitch motion.
Interaction 80 Single Body

experiment is the wave resonance is occurring at the incident wave frequency and this causes the maximum motion magnitude occur at the same frequency. At single body system, motion for roll, sway and yaw is relatively small and can be ignored compared to interaction condition. As shown in figure 8 (roll motion), figure 9 (sway motion) and figure 10 (yaw motion), the motions which no exist on single body systems had increased and existed in interaction condition. These were proved that the hydrodynamic interaction occurs when the structures placed close to each other as study by other researchers by using numerical methods.
1 Interaction Single Body

Magnitude, mm

60 40 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 0

0 -20 0 0.5 1 1.5

Frequency, Hz

Figure 5: The magnitude of surge motion for semi-submersible with and without influence of TLP.
Interaction 60 50 40 Single Body

Magnitude, rad

20

0.5 1 Frequency, Hz

1.5

Figure 7: Magnitude of pitch motion for semisubmersible with and without influence of TLP. In general, the change of motions amplitude and the behavior of semi-submersibles motions can be caused by the scattering wave and radiation wave generated from TLP which placed near to the semi-submersible. In addition, the equation (10) and equation (12) also explained that both the scattering wave and radiation wave generated are affected by the hull form design. For the scattering wave, the direction of this wave travel after it passes through the structures will effect by the shape of hull according to equation (10). Different travelling direction of the scattering wave causes the semi-submersible to roll, sway and yaw although the structure is heading the incident wave. Besides, the radiated wave causes by the structures motion can also contribute to roll, sway and yaw. The radiation wave generated will travel in the direction normal to the structures surface and it magnitude is in the function of structures motion. The combination of the scattering wave and radiation wave generated by TLP become the disturbance to the three motions in interaction condition.

Magnitude, mm

30 20 10 0 0.5 1 1.5

-10 0

Frequency, Hz

Figure 6: Magnitude of heave motion for semisubmersible with and without influence of TLP. Besides, frequency of peak magnitude for these three motions is same either the semisubmersible alone in the tank or existed of TLP and semi-submersible in the tank. For the heave, pitch and surge motion, the peak magnitude occurs at frequency 0.541 Hz or period 1.85sec. The period for peak motion magnitude is same to the wave period. This is shown that the motion of the semi-submersible is following the incident wave frequency. Another finding from the

Frequency, Hz Figure 8: The magnitude of roll motion for semisubmersible with and without influence of TLP.
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 0 Interaction Single Body

0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 -0.05 0

Interaction

Single Body

0.5

1.5

accepted because the scattering wave generated when the incident wave pass through the TLP and the speed of travel is constant before and after scattered. Second, the radiation wave is assumed generated by the motion of neighbor floating body and take the frequency of the motion. In this experiment, the TLP places in front of the semi-submersible should vibrate with the same frequency as the incident wave frequency. As the result, the radiation wave generated from TLP and progress to semi-submersible was expected have the same frequency as the incident wave.

Magnitude, rad

Conclusions
This paper was presented the comparison study for semi-submersible motion in single body system and interaction condition by using experimental methods. From the comparison, exist of second body in the system will causes the hydrodynamic interaction to happen in the system. This phenomenon will cause amplitude of all six types of structures motion increase. In addition, the hydrodynamic interaction between the structures can cause safety problems to the system because amplitude for each type of motion was increased significantly if the structures are placed close to each other as the arrangement in this experiment. Large increase of surge motion and exist of sway and yaw motion in the interaction condition will increase the possibility of the floating body to crash with the nearest floating body. However, the large increase of pitch, heave and roll motion will give the significant problem to riser system and increase the possibility of system damage or leakage.

Magnitude, mm

Frequency, Hz Figure 9: Magnitude of sway motion for semisubmersible with and without influence of TLP.
0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 -0.05 0 Interaction Single Body

0.5

1.5

Magnitude, rad

Frequency, Hz Figure 10: Magnitude of yaw motion for semisubmersible with and without influence of TLP. Another observation obtained from the experiment result is all peak motion for roll, sway and yaw are occurring at 0.541 Hz where the motions periods are same as the incident wave frequency. These three motions are mostly influenced by scattering wave and radiation wave compared to incident wave and this phenomenal show that that the scattering wave and radiation wave frequency were same as the frequency for incident wave. This assumption can be logically

0.5

1.5

ACKNOWLEGMENT
The authors are very grateful for guidance of Dr. Allan Magee from Technip during the test and also would like to gratefully acknowledge their gratitude to the Marine Technology Center staff for their assistance in conducting the experiment.

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