Proceedings of MUCET2008 Malaysian Universities Conferences on Engineering and Technology March 8-10, 2008, Putra Brasmana, Perlis, Malaysia

MUCET2008

The Potential Of Recycled Ceramic Waste As Coarse Aggregates For Concrete

A. Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, M.N. Norazian, H. Kamarudin, & G. Che Mohd Ruzaidi

AbstractThe potential of recycled ceramic waste as a substitute for coarse aggregates in concrete has been investigated. Three types of ceramic waste, namely tiles, clay brick and flowerpot were used. Concrete mixes with a 28 days characteristic strength of 20 MPa were prepared using water / cement ratio of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.7. The strength development of the concrete mixes containing recycled ceramic waste aggregates was compared to that of conventional concrete. The result show that the concrete mixes containing recycled ceramic waste aggregates achieve strength levels between 80 to 95 % compared to the conventional concrete. This indicates that the recycled ceramic waste has a potentially to be used as coarse aggregates for concrete
Keywords: Recycled ceramic waste; Coarse aggregate, Compressive strength; Water-Cement ratio

Inclusion of recycled tire rubber fibres in concrete was found to avoid the opening of cracks and increase energy absorption [2]. Structural light weight concrete has been produced using oil palm shells [3] and demolished masonry waste [4] as aggregates in concrete. An improvement in the modulus of elasticity of concrete was observed with partial replacement of crushed stone coarse aggregate by crushed vitri-fied soil aggregate [5-6]. The principal target of the experimental of program is to determine the contribution of the waste aggregate type to the improvement of the strength behavior of the confined concrete. The experimental program comprises the study of the behaviors of fresh and hardened concrete with ceramic waste coarse aggregate and compares the respective properties with conventional concrete. Experiments will carry out to determine the developments strength of concrete with ceramic waste as coarse aggregate and compare them with the conventional concrete properties. The development of concrete properties will be observed by substitution of crushed stone as coarse aggregate with crushed wastes ceramic. Compressive strength was unchanged when ceramic wastes are used partially to replace conventional concrete. The ceramic waste as coarse aggregate had several enhancing effect compared to conventional concrete including improving its compressive strength.

I. INTRODUCTION

research will focused on ceramic wastes obtained from the industry in Malaysia. Presently in ceramic industry the production goes as waste, which is not under going the recycle process yet. It has been estimated that about 30% of the daily production in the ceramic industry goes as waste. In this study an attempt has been made to find the suitability of the industrial ceramic wastes as a possible substitution for conventional crushed stone coarse aggregate [1].
HIS

II. MATERIALS

Ceramic waste as coarse aggregate The ceramic wastes such as flowerpot, tiles and brick ware were broken into small pieces about 5 40 mm sizes by a hammer. These small pieces are then fed into vibrator sieved to get the required 14 20 mm size. Figure 1 show the sample of ceramic waste coarse aggregate.

A review on earlier research shows that industrial wastes as well as other wastes were used in concrete- making to improve the properties of concrete and to reduce cost.
A. Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri is with the Materials Engineering Department, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (email:mustafa_albakri@unimap.edu.my ) M.N Norazian is with the.Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (email: norazian@unimap.edy.my ) G. Che Mohd Ruzaidi is a dean of Material Engineering Department, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (email: ruzaidi@unimap.edy.my ) H. Kamarudin is with the Materials Engineering Department, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (email: kamarudin@unimap.edu.my )

Figure 1: Ceramic waste coarse aggregate.

Other concrete mix components In conventional concrete crushed, stone was used as coarse aggregate and river sand as fine aggregate. Coarse aggregate is usually gravel or crushed stone. The size range from the inch to the maximum size permitted for the job. River sand as fine aggregate consist of particles inch or less in size. Crushed stone and river sand are commonly use as aggregate in concrete to provide higher volume at lower cost. Ordinary Portland cement, locally available river sand and natural stone aggregate of maximum size 20 mm were used in the conventional concrete. Mix proportions

The raw material i.e. water; Portland cement and aggregate were mixed. After the mixing process, the entire models were measured using the slump test. Then the concrete mixtures were sampled in the cube mold with the size of150 x 150 x 150 mm and 100 x 100 x 100 (for cross section). For every mix proportions, six samples were made. After a day, the sample was opened from the mold and then was cured in the water. All the desirables properties of concrete are improved by proper curing process. The concrete which is moist was cured for 7 days .After 7 days the cube test was carried out using the universal testing Machine (UTM) to measure the strength for each cube [1-2].

Raw material

The constituent used were divided into different fractions to determine the mix proportions that would yield the targeted compressive strength at a test age of 7 days. The optimum mix proportions included the optimum ratio of the coarse aggregate, sand, cement and water to given the best properties. Three types of ceramics waste as coarse aggregate mixes were designed by the volumetric method with different water-cement ratio (0.4, 0.5 and 0.7). The conventional concretes mixes were designed with crushed stone coarse aggregate. The volume of individual ingredients was the same for both the ceramic waste coarse aggregate concrete and conventional concrete mixes. In a concrete mixing, the water, cement and sand ( as fine aggregate ) content used is equal to the conventional concrete mix but it differ according to its aggregate roughness. The mix proportional of the sample is presented in Table 1. Table 1: Mix proportion of sample
w/c Ratio Cement Content (kg/m3) 495 Water (kg/m3 ) Fine Aggregate (kg/m3) 595 Coarse Aggregate (kg/m3) 1100

Cement

Aggregate

Water

Water cement ratio 0.4 Coarse Fine 0.5 Ceramic waste Sand

0.7

Crushed

Sieved

0.4

200

Figure 2 (a): Flow chart of the raw material process

0.5

395

200

665

1130 Raw material

0.7

280

200

800

1105 Mixing

III. PROCEDURES

Slump test

Figure 2 (a) and 2 (b) indicate the flow chart of the whole process of raw concrete ingredients consist of raw material that are aggregate, Portland cement and water. The aggregate are divided into two types that are coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The coarse aggregate consist of ceramic waste and crushed stone where as fine aggregate consist of the sand. The ratio for each model was based on volumetric method. The measurement used in this research is kilogram/meter cube (kg/m3). The coarse aggregate for ceramic waste such as flowerpot, tiles and clay brick are crushed to small pieces by a hammer. These small pieces are then fed into the vibrator sieved t get the required 14-20 mm size [1-2].

Sampling

Curing

Cube test

7 days

Figure 2 (b): Flow chart of the concrete mixing process

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

w/c Ratio

Type of Ceramic Waste Aggregate Flower pot

Properties of ceramic waste coarse aggregate From observation, it was obvious that the particle shape analysis of ceramic waste coarse aggregate has different particles shape with the crushed stone normal concrete. The important parameters of coarse aggregate are its shape, texture and the maximum size. Since the aggregate is generally stronger than the paste, its strength is not a major factor for normal strength concrete. However, the aggregate strength becomes important in the case of higher-strength concrete. Surface texture and mineralogy affect the bond between the aggregates and the paste as well as the stress level at which micro cracking begins. The size for coarse aggregate ceramic waste is 14-20 mm. The ceramic waste coarse aggregate satisfied the aggregate requirement used for concrete. The surface texture of the ceramic waste aggregate was found to be smoother than that of crushed stone aggregate. In general, ceramic waste aggregate showed properties close to those of natural crushed stone aggregate. Properties of ceramic waste coarse aggregate concrete The properties of the ceramic waste coarse aggregate concrete are presented in Table 2. The results presented in the table are the average of thirty six tests. Fresh ceramic waste coarse aggregate concrete was more cohesive and workable than conventional concrete. This is due to the lower water absorption and smooth surface texture of the ceramic waste coarse aggregate. The compressive strength varied from 4 to 21 MPa. As far as strengths are concerned, the basic trend in the behavior of ceramic waste coarse aggregate concrete is not significantly different from that of the conventional crushed stone aggregate concrete. However, the slump test result is still in designed range that is between 30 60 mm. Table2: Result compression test for 7 days with different water cement ratio. Slump Compressive w/c Type of Ceramic Test Strength Ratio Waste Aggregate (mm) (MPa) Flower pot 45 17.46 Tiles 0.4 Clay Brick Conventional Concrete Type of Ceramic Waste Aggregate Flower pot Tiles 0.5 Clay Brick Conventional Concrete 30 45 85 Slump Test (mm) 45 30 40 45 13.81 4.63 21.53 Compressive Strength (MPa) 18.78 12.44 5.24 19.26 Tiles 0.7 Clay Brick Conventional Concrete

Slump Test (mm) 45 35 35 45

Compressive Strength (MPa) 10.36 10.12 4.31 15.00

V. CONCLUSION

The following conclusions are drawn from the study on ceramic waste coarse aggregate concrete and they are applicable for the range of parameters and materials used in this study. Ceramic waste can be formed into useful coarse aggregate. The properties of ceramic waste coarse aggregate are within the range of the values of concrete making aggregates. The properties of ceramic waste coarse aggregate concrete are not significantly different from those of conventional concrete. This research work is the basis for further experiments on the potential of recycled ceramic waste as coarse aggregates for concrete.

REFERENCES
[1] Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, H. Kamarudin, Che Mohd Ruzaidi, Shamsul Baharin, R. Rozaimah, Nur Khairiatun Nisa. Concrete With Ceramic Waste and Quarry Dust Aggregates. 5th Annual Conference Management in Construction Researchers Association, 2006: 383388 Nehdi Monce, Khan Ashfaq. Cementitious Composites Containing Recycled Tire Rubber: An Overview of Engineering Properties and Potential Applications. Cem Concr Aggregates 2001; 23(1): 310. Basri HB, Mannan MA, Zain MFM. Concrete Using Waste Oil Palm Shells As Aggregate. Cem Concr Res 1999(29): 619 22. Padmini AK, Ramamurthy K, Mathews MS., Behaviour of Concrete With Low-Strength Bricks As Lightweight Coarse Aggregate . Mag Concr Res 2001; 53(6):367 75. Palmquist Shane M, Jansen Daniel C, Swan Christopher W., Compressive Behavior of Concrete With Vitrified Soil Aggregate . ASCE J Mater Civil Eng 2001; 13(5):389 94. Devadas Manoharan P, Senthamarai RM. Concrete Using Ceramic Insulator Scrapes Aggregate [CERACRETE]., Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Concrete Technology for developing countries, Amman, Jordan, 2002.

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w/c Ratio