METABOLISM – required energy / giving energy
processes
CHANGE IN FREE ENERGY – measure of
energetic feasibility of reaction whether a
reaction will acquire energy or not
FACTORS DETERMINING CHANGE IN FREE
ENREGY:
• CHANGE IN ENTHALPY – measure of the
heat changes in reactant or product
• CHANGE IN ENTROPY – change in
randomness or disorder
SIGNIFICANCE OF CHANGE OF FREE ENERGY:
• To be able to know whether the reaction
will acquire energy or not
• To be able to know the direction of the
reaction
DIRECTION OF REACTION:
• NEGATIVE / EXERGONIC
o From reactant to product
o Net loss of energy
o Energy proceeds spontaneously
• POSITIVE / ENDERGONIC
o From product to reactant
o Net gain of energy
o Energy requiring reaction : does
not proceed spontaneously
• 0
o Steady state
o Equilibrium
CHANGE IN FREE ENERGY OF FORWARD AND
BACK REACTIONS – equal in magnitude,
opposite in sign
GLYCOLYSIS – metabolism of glucose
COUPLING – pairing of favorable and
unfavorable processes
• EXERGONIC (-) – FAVORABLE
• ENDERGONIC (+) – UNFAVORABLE
• Coupling the endergonic reaction with
another reaction that has a large negative
change in free energy
• Highly endergonic reactions are made
possible by coupling
• Can be done using common intermediates
COMMON INTERMEDIATE – molecules that can
help transfer energy, be acceptor or donator of
energy
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
• Each bond contains 7300 cal/mol of
change in free energy
• High energy phosphate
compound
• Acceptor-donor
• Interchangeable: AMP, ADP, ATP
• Very important in metabolism
• Major energy currency of the cell
produced in the mitochondria
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)
• End products of metabolism: CO2 & H2O
• In this process, some of the energy
(electron & proton *H+*) released by the
intermediates and pathway are donated to
coenzymes (NAD/ Nicotine
Adenonucleotide & FAD/ Flavin
Adenonucleotide)
 • Reduced form of Coenzyme: *gained  Convert NADH to NAD due
electron* donators to the process of oxidation
*H+ is released*
o NADH – very potent electron donor
 Has coenzymes FMN
o FADH
• Attaches to NADH
• Oxygen – very potent electron acceptors dehydrogenase

• OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION – • Capable of being

adding phosphate to the gradients of ATP reduced to FMNH
(significant in production of ATP)
• Acceptor of H+

o COMPLEX 2
MITOCHONDRIA
 Contains enzyme
• Where ATP is produced Succinate
dehydrogenase
• Has 2 membranes/ BILAYER:

o Outer membrane – has pores  Source of FADH 2

which can easily be penetrated
 Another type of donator that
o Inner membrane – impermeable; liberates FADH 2 electron
require special carriers where ETC from NADH
is found
 Has coenzyme
• CRISRAE – inner fold that increases UBIQUINONE
surface area
• Mobile carriers that
connects to complex
• MATRIX – inner gel like substance filled
3
with many enzymes for oxidation of AA, FA
and metabolism of sugars
• Aka coenzyme Q

• Can only carry

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN electron and not the
ORGANIZATION entire FMNH
molecule
• RESPIRATORY CHAIN
• Can carry electrons
• Release of O2 to produce ATP from FADH & FMNH

• Found in the inner membrane of the o COMPLEX 3

mitochondria
 Connects to ubiquinone
• Composed of 5 complexes made up of
protein *except COMPLEX 3*:  Non-protein structure

o COMPLEX 1  Cytochrome C

 Contains enzyme NADH • Coenzyme found

dehydrogenase between complex 3
and complex 4
 • Acts as a mobile ATP PRODUCED:
carrier
• 1 FADH = 2 ATP
o COMPLEX 4
• 1 NADH = 3 ATP
 made up of complex
cytochrome (enzyme)

 oxidative phosphorylation INHIBITORS OF ETC:

 Cytochrome • OLIGOMYCIN

o Inhibits COMPLEX 5 by inhibiting

• Heme containing
the production of ATP
molecule
• 2,3 – DNP (DINITROPHENOL)
o Iron
o UNCOUPLER of reaction
o protoporphy
rin o Reduces the gradient (H+ ion) to
inhibit the production of ATP
o copper
requiring
complex
CONCEPTS OF METABOLISM:
o COMPLEX 5
• CATABOLISM – break down or degrade
 Site of ATP Synthetase
o Hydrolysis of complex molecules to
 Intermembranous space their building blocks
– H+ ion in space between
the outer and inner o Conversion of building blocks to
membrane Acetyl CoA

 H+ ions – its movement o Oxidation of Acetyl CoA by

acts as the source of energy oxidative phosphorylation
or fuel to activate complex
5 • ANABOLISM – construct or synthesize

 Product: 3 ADP (present in

matrix) + 3 P (inorganic ACETYL CoA
phosphate) = 3 ATP
• Common terminal factor entering Kreb’s
• Ingredients for ATP Citric Acid Cycle
production are all
present in matrix • Very important substance

 ATP Synthetase –
enzymes needed for
process of phosphorylation
to form ATP

 Oxidation must come

first before
phosphorylation
-Rosette Go 091808 