IJST, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 37, No.

M2, pp 91-105
Printed in The Islamic Republic of Iran, 2013
Shiraz University




VIBRATIONAL ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES
BASED ON THE NONLOCAL DONNELL SHELL THEORY
VIA A NEW NUMERICAL APPROACH
*



R. ANSARI
1
, H. ROUHI
2**
AND B. ARASH
3

1, 2
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 3756, Rasht, I. R. of Iran
Email: rouhi.hessam@gmail.com
3
Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 5V6

Abstract This article describes an investigation into the free vibration of double-walled carbon
nanotubes (DWCNTs) using a nonlocal elastic shell model. Eringens nonlocal elasticity is
implemented to incorporate the scale effect into the Donnell shell model. Also, the van der Waals
interaction between the inner and outer nanotubes is taken into account. A new numerical solution
method from incorporating the radial point interpolation approximation within the framework of
the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method is developed to solve the problem.
DWCNTs with arbitrary layerwise boundary conditions are considered in this paper. It is shown
that applying the local Donnell shell model leads to overestimated results and one must recourse to
the nonlocal version to reduce the relative error. Also, this work reveals that in contrast to the
beam model, the present nonlocal elastic shell model is capable of predicting some new non-
coaxial inter-tube resonances in studying the vibrational response of DWCNTs.

Keywords Double-walled carbon nanotube, radial point interpolation method, differential quadrature method, layerwise
boundary conditions

1. INTRODUCTION

Ever since carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were discovered by Iijima at the NEC laboratory in Tsukuba, Japan
[1], extensive theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted on these novel materials [2].
DWCNTs as the special cases of multi-walled CNTs can be made in quantitative amounts from the chains
of fullerenes generated inside single-walled CNTs [3]. In recent years, DWCNTs have drawn a great deal
of attention from the scientific community due to their amazing mechanical, optical and chemical
properties.
It is generally accepted that atomistic modeling of nanostructures is very time consuming.
Accordingly, it is advantageous to develop continuum models for the analysis of nanostructures due to
their computational efficiency. Since the conventional continuum mechanics is scale free, great attempts
have recently been devoted to the enhancement of classical continuum models in order to better
accommodate the results from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In the most commonly used size-
dependant continuum theory, nonlocal continuum theory, developed by Eringen [4, 5], the scale effect is
simply introduced into the constitutive equations as a material parameter.
Recently, the vibration analysis of CNTs has been the subject of numerous studies based on both
local and nonlocal models using beam and shell theories [6-17]. For example, Ansari et al. [9] studied the
free vibration of DWCNTs based on the nonlocal Donnell shell model using an analytical solution
method. They also employed the MD simulations in order to calibrate the nonlocal parameter used in their
nonlocal model.

Received by the editors July 29, 2012; Accepted December 2, 2012.

Corresponding author


H. Rouhi et al.

IJST, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering, Volume 37, Number M2 October 2013
92
For a DWCNT, different combinations of layerwise boundary conditions can be considered. In this
respect, Xu et al. [7] stated that: The relevance of the existing model in which both tubes have the same
boundary conditions for the vibration of double-walled CNTs is questionable. Therefore, developing
powerful numerical solution methods capable of treating layerwise boundary conditions in a DWCNT can
play an important role in the advancement of computational nanomechanics. Hence, the main aim of the
current work is to extend the study reported in [9] on DWCNTs with the same boundary conditions for the
inner and outer tubes to DWCNTs with layerwise boundary conditions. To this end, a novel numerical
method termed as RPIDQ is developed within the framework of hybrid radial point interpolation [18] and
differential quadrature method [19]. The effectiveness of the present model is assessed by MD simulation
as a benchmark of good accuracy. In addition, this study provides a comparison between the beam and
shell models in predicting the frequencies of DWCNTs. To accomplish this goal, an explicit formula is
also derived for the nonlocal frequencies of DWCNTs based on the beam model. Some new inter-tube
resonant frequencies and the related non-coaxial vibrational modes are identified in this work as a result of
incorporating circumferential modes into the shell model.

2. MODELING

In the theory of nonlocal elasticity, unlike the conventional continuum mechanics, the stress at a point is
considered to be a functional of the strain field at all points in the body. To bring the nonlocality into
formulation, the Eringen nonlocal constitutive equation is employed as [5]

(1 -(c
0
o)
2
7
2
)o = t (1)
here c
0
o stands for the nonlocal parameter which leads to consideration of the scale effect and 7
2
is the
Laplacian operator; t is the macroscopic stress tensor at a point. The stress tensor is related to strain by
generalized Hookes law as
t = S: e (2)
where S is the fourth order elasticity tensor and : denotes the double dot product. Hookes law for the
stress and strain relation is given by

`
1
1
1
1
1
1
o
xx
o
00
o
x0
o
0z
o
xz
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-(c
0
o)
2
7
2
`
1
1
1
1
1
1
o
xx
o
00
o
x0
o
0z
o
xz
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
L
1-v
2
vL
1-v
2
u u u
vL
1-v
2
L
1-v
2
u u u
u u 0 u u
u u u 0 u
u u u u 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
`
1
1
1
1
1
1
e
xx
e
00
y
x0
y
0z
y
xz
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

(3)

where E, 0 and v are Youngs modulus, shear modulus and Poissons ratio of the material, respectively.
Consider an elastic cylindrical shell with radius R, length I and thickness b for each tube of a DWCNT
(see Fig. 1). There are different theories for cylindrical shells such as Flugges theory [20, 21] or
Donnells theory [22]. In Donnells shell theory, the shear and rotary inertia effects are taken into account.
Thus, it seems to be suitable for the vibration analysis of cylindrical shells. Also, it is frequently used for
the analysis of CNTs due to the relatively accurate results in spite of its theoretical simplicity. Based on
the Donnell shell theory, the three-dimensional displacement components u
x
, u

and u
z
in the x, 0 and z
directions respectively, as shown in Fig. 1, are assumed to be
u
x
(x, 0, z, t) = u(x, 0, t) +z
x
(x, 0, t) (4a)
u

(x, 0, z, t) = :(x, 0, t) +z
0
(x, 0, t) (4b)
Vibrational analysis of double-walled carbon nanotubes

October2013 IJST, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering, Volume 37, Number M2
93
u
z
(x, 0, z, t) = w(x, 0, z, t) (4c)
where u, :, w are mid-surface displacements and
x
,
0
are mid-surface rotations. The mid-surface strains
and curvature changes are given by
e
0x
=
u
x
, e
00
=
1
R

0
+
w
R
, y
0x0
=

x
+
1
R
u
0
k
x
=

x
x
, k
0
=
1
R

0
0
,

k
x0
=
o
0
ox
+
1
R
o
x
o0
, y
0xz
=
ow
ox
+
x
, y
00z
=
1
R
ow
o0
-
:
R
+
0

(5)
The strains at any point in the shell thickness can then be written in terms of mid-surface strains and
curvature changes as
e
x
= e
0x
+zk
x
(6a)
e
0
= e
00
+zk
0
(6b)
y
x0
= y
0x0
+zk
x0
(6c)
y
xz
= y
0xz
(6d)
y
0z
= y
00z
+z(
0
R ) (6e)
Using Eqs. (3) to (6) the stress and moment resultants can be given as follows
N
xx
= _ o
xx
Jz
h2
-h2
i. c. N
xx
-(c
0
o)
2
7
2
N
xx
=
Eb
1 -v
2
ou
ox
+
vEb
1 -v
2
_
1
R
o:
o0
+
w
R
]
(7a)
N
00
= _ o
00
Jz
h2
-h2
i. c. N
00
-(c
0
o)
2
7
2
N
00
=
vEb
1 -v
2
ou
ox
+
Eb
1 -v
2
_
1
R
o:
o0
+
w
R
]
(7b)
N
x0
= _ o
x0
Jz
h2
-h2
i. c. N
x0
-(c
0
o)
2
7
2
N
x0
= 0b _
o:
ox
+
1
R
ou
o0
]
(7c)
H
xx
= _ zo
xx
Jz
h2
-h2
i. c. H
xx
-(c
0
o)
2
7
2
H
xx
= _
o
x
ox
+
v
R
o
0
o0
]
(7d)
H
00
= _ zo
00
Jz
h2
-h2
i. c. H
00
-(c
0
o)
2
7
2
H
00
= _
1
R
o
0
o0
+v
o
x
ox
]
(7e)
H
x0
= _ zo
x0
Jz
h2
-h2
i. c. H
x0
-(c
0
o)
2
7
2
H
x0
=
1
2
(1 -v) _
o
0
ox
+
1
R
o
x
o0
]
(7f)

xx
= _ o
xz
Jz
h2
-h2
i. c.
xx
-(c
0
o)
2
7
2

xx
= 0b _
ow
ox
+
x
]
(7g)

00
= _ o
0z
Jz
h2
-h2
i. c.
00
-(c
0
o)
2
7
2

00
= 0b _
1
R
ow
o0
-
:
R
+
0
]
(7h)
where is the bending rigidity. The governing equations are

N
xx
x
+
1
R
N
x0
0
= I
1
u +I
2

x

(8a)
IJST, Transac
94
in which |I
1
tube throug
of the result
Eqs. (8) can

l
11
()
u
l
21
()
u
l
31
()
u
()
+l
3
(
l
41
()
u
l
51
()
u
where the d
ctions of Mech



1
, I
2
, I
3
] = ]
h
2
-
h
2
gh the vdW i
ting equation
n be stated in
u
()
+l
12
()
:
()
+
u
()
+l
22
()
:
()
+
32
)
:
()
+l
33
()
w
= I
1
w
(
-(c
0
o
u
()
+l
42
()
:
()
+
u
()
+l
52
()
:
()
+
differential op
anical Enginee




p|1, z, z
2
]Jz
h
2
nteraction fo
ns is given b
n terms of the
+l
13
()
w
)
+l
1
(
= I
1
u
()
+I
2
+l
23
()
w
()
+l
2
= I
1
:
()
+I
2
()
+l
34
()

x
()
+
()
+ w
()

N
]=1
]=
o)
2
_I
1
_w
xx
()
+
+l
43
()
w
()
+l
4
= I
2
u
()
+I
3
+l
53
()
w
()
+l
5
= I
2
:
()
+I
3
perators are g
Fig. 1. S
H
ering, Volume 3

N
x0
x
+
1
R
N

xx
x
+
1
R

oH
xx
ox
+
1
R
oH
o0

M
x0
x
+
1
R
M

z are the iner

orces [9]. Eq
by Eqs. (7). T
e five field v
4
)

x
()
+l
15
()

x
()
-(c
0
o)
2
24
()

x
()
+l
25
()

0
()
-(c
0
o)
2
+l
35
()

0
()
c
]
- c
]

N
]=1
]=
+
1
R

2
w
00
()
_ +
44
()

x
()
+l
45
()

x
()
-(c
0
o)
2
54
()

x
()
+l
55
()

0
()
-(c
0
o)
2
given in App
Schematic of
H. Rouhi et al.

37, Number M
N
00
0
+

00
R
= I

00
0
-
N
00
R
+p
H
x0
0
-
xx
= I
2
M
00
0
-
00
= I
rtia terms. A
qs. (8) are mu
Thus, for the
ariables (u
()
0
()
2
_I
1
_u
xx
()
+
R

0
()
2
_I
1
_:
xx
()
+
R
w
(])
_w
xx
()
+
1
R

2
w

0
()
2
_I
2
_u
xx
()
+
R

0
()
2
_I
2
_:
xx
()
+
R
pendix A.
a CNT treated

M2
I
1
: +I
2

0

= I
1
w
2
u + I
S

x

I
2
: +I
3

0

Also, p denot
ultiplied by
ith tube of a
)
, :
()
, w
()
,
1
R

2
u
00
()
_ +I
2
1
R

2
:
00
()
_ +I
2
w
00
()
_c
]
N
]=2
-
1
R

2
u
00
()
_ +I
3
1
R

2
:
00
()
_ +I
3
d as an elastic

tes the pressu
(1 -(c
0
o)
2
v
a DWCNT, b

x
()
,
0
()
, (i =
_

x
xx
()
+
1
R

0
xx
()
+
1
R

c
]
_w
xx
(])
N
]=2
_

x
xx
()
+
1
R

0
xx
()
+
1
R

shell
Oc
ure exerted
v
2
). The left
by the use of
= 1,2)) as

x
00
()
__

0
00
()
__
x
)
+
1
R

2
w
00
(])
__

x
00
()
__

0
00
()
__
ctober 2013
(8b)
(8c)
(8d)
(8e)
on the ith
hand side
f Eqs. (7),
(9a)
(9b)
_
(9c)
(9d)
(9e)
Vibrational analysis of double-walled carbon nanotubes

October2013 IJST, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering, Volume 37, Number M2
95
For any tube of a DWCNT, different boundary conditions may be considered by the combination of
simply-supported (S), clamped (C) and free (F) edges. For example:
Simply-supported-Simply-supported (SS)

: = w =
0
= H
x
= N
x
= u, ot cJgcs x = u , x = I (10)
Clamped-Clamped (CC)
u = : = w =
x
=
0
= u, ot cJgcs x = u , x = I (11)
Clamped-Free (CF)
u = : = w =
x
=
0
= u, ot cJgc x = u
N
x
= N
x0
= H
x
= H
x0
=
x
= u, ot cJgc x = I (12)

3. SOLUTION
a) Radial point interpolation method

In the radial point interpolation method (RPIM), the trial function is given by [18]
u
h
(x, x

) = R
s
(x)
n
s=1
o
s
(x

)
(13a)
o
s
1
(x

) = |o
1
, o
2
, , o
n
] (13b)
R
s
1
(x) = |R
1
(x), R
2
(x), , R
n
(x)] (13c)
where n is the number of nodes in the neighborhood of a given point x

, R
s
(x) are radial basis functions in
the space coordinates x
1
and o
s
(x

) is the coefficient corresponding to the given point x

. The vector of
coefficients o can be determined by enforcing Eq. (13) to pass through all the n nodes within the support
domain of point x

u
s
= R
s
1
(x)o (s = 1,2, , n) (14)
or in matrix form
u
s
= R
s
o (15)
in which u
s
1
= |u
1
, u
2
, , u
n
] and R
s
is called the moment matrix given by
R
s
= _
R
1
(x
1
) R
2
(x
1
) R
n
(x
1
)
R
1
(x
2
) R
2
(x
2
) R
n
(x
2
)

R
1
(x
n
) R
2
(x
n
) R
n
(x
n
)
_

(16)
From Eq. (15), one can have
o = R
s
-1
u
s
(17)
Substituting Eq. (17) into Eq. (13) gives
H. Rouhi et al.

IJST, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering, Volume 37, Number M2 October 2013
96
u
h
(x) =
s
(x)
n
s=1
u
s
(18)
in which

s
(x) = R
s
1
(x)R
s
-1
(19)
The lth derivative of the RPIM shape functions is readily obtained by

s
(I)
(x) = jR
s
1
(I)
(x)[
1
R
s
-1

(20)
b) RPIDQ analog of field equations
The modal displacement functions for the ith tube are taken as
u
()
(x, 0) = u
()
(x) cos(m0) c
]ot
(21a)
:
()
(x, 0) = I
()
(x) sin(m0) c
]ot
(21b)
w
()
(x, 0) = w
()
(x) cos(m0) c
]ot
(21c)

x
()
(x, 0) = V
x
()
(x) cos(m0) c
]ot

(21d)

0
()
(x, 0) = V
0
()
(x) sin(m0) c
]ot

(21e)
Substituting these modal functions into the field equations of the DWCNT and discretizing them at
the rth given point using the RPIDQ approximation give

[I
11
()
u
s
()
+I
12
()
I
s
()
+I
13
()
w
s
()
+I
14
()
V
x
s
()
+I
15
()
V
0
s
()

n
s=1
= -
2
(1 -(c
0
o)
2
v
2
) _I
1

s
u
s
()
n
s=1
+I
2

s
V
x
s
()
n
s=1
_
(22a)
[I
21
()
u
s
()
+I
22
()
I
s
()
+I
23
()
w
s
()
+I
24
()
V
x
s
()
+I
25
()
V
0
s
()

n
s=1
= -
2
(1 -(c
0
o)
2
v
2
) _I
1

s
I
s
()
n
s=1
+I
2

s
V
0
s
()
n
s=1
_
(22b)
_I
31
()
u
s
()
+I
32
()
I
s
()
+I
33
()
w
s
()
+I
34
()
V
x
s
()
+I
35
()
V
0
s
()
+(1
n
s=1
-(c
0
o)
2
v
2
) _c

N
=2
w
s
()

s
- c

w
s
()
N
=2

s
__
= -
2
(1 -(c
0
o)
2
v
2
) _I
1

s
w
s
()
n
s=1
_
(22c)
[I
41
()
u
s
()
+I
42
()
I
s
()
+I
43
()
w
s
()
+I
44
()
V
x
s
()
+I
45
()
V
0
s
()

n
s=1
= -
2
(1 -(c
0
o)
2
v
2
) _I
2

s
u
s
()
n
s=1
+I
3

s
V
x
s
()
n
s=1
_
(22d)
Vibrational analysis of double-walled carbon nanotubes

October2013 IJST, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering, Volume 37, Number M2
97
[I
51
()
u
s
()
+I
52
()
I
s
()
+I
53
()
w
s
()
+I
54
()
V
x
s
()
+I
55
()
V
0
s
()

n
s=1
= -
2
(1 -(c
0
o)
2
v
2
) _I
1

s
I
s
()
n
s=1
+I
2

s
V
0
s
()
n
s=1
_
(22e)
where the algebraic operators are given in Appendix A.
c) RPIDQ analog of boundary conditions
By the RPIDQ approximation, the discrete counterparts of the equations governed by the boundary
conditions become
Simply-supported-simply-supported (SS)

s
v
s
n
s=1
=
s
W
q
n
s=1
=
s

0
s
n
s=1
= u ;
s
(x)
u
s
n
s=1
+
s
v _
m
R

I
s
+
1
R

w
s
] =
n
s=1
u ;
s
(x)
V
x
s
n
s=1
+
s
v
m
R

V
0
s
n
s=1
= u ot cJgcs x = u, I

(23)
Clamped-Clamped (CC)

s
u
s
n
s=1
=
s
I
s
n
s=1
=
s
w
s
n
s=1
=
s
V
x
s
n
s=1
=
s
V
0
s
n
s=1
= u ot cJgcs x = u, I

(24)
Clamped-Free (CF)

s
u
s
n
s=1
=
s
I
s
n
s=1
=
s
w
s
n
s=1
=
s
V
x
s
n
s=1
=
s
V
0
s
n
s=1
= u ot cJgcs x = u, I

s
(x)
u
s
n
s=1
+
s
v _
m
R

I
s
+
1
R

w
s
]
n
s=1
= u ;
m
R

s
u
s
n
s=1
+
s
(x)
I
s
n
s=1
= u ;
s
(x)
V
x
s
n
s=1
+v
m
R

s
V
0
s
n
s=1
= u ; -
m
R

s
V
x
s
n
s=1
+
s
(x)
V
0
s
n
s=1
= u ;
s
(x)
w
s
n
s=1
+
s
V
x
s
n
s=1
= u ot cJgc x = u
(r = 1, n) (25)
d) Derivation of eigenvalue problem
Rearranging the quadrature analogs of field equations and the boundary conditions within the
framework of a generalized eigenvalue problem leads to
_
K
dd
K
db
K
bd
K
bb
_
(25n)(25n)
_
o
d
o
b
_
(25n)
= _

2
Kgo
d
u
_
(25n)

(26)
where the subscripts b and J refer to the boundary and domain grid points, respectively. The displacement
vectors {o
d
] and {o
b
] are defined by
o
d
= |X
d
(1)
X
d
(2)
]
1
X
d
()
= |u
d
()
I
d
()
w
d
()

xd
()

0d
()
]
1
, (i = 1,2)
(27)
and
H. Rouhi et al.

IJST, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering, Volume 37, Number M2 October 2013
98
o
b
= |X
b
(1)
X
b
(2)
]
1
X
b
()
= |u
b
()
I
b
()
w
b
()

xb
()

0b
()
]
1
, (i = 1,2)
(28)
Using the condensation technique [23], Eq. (26) can be transformed into the standard form of
Kg
-1
(K
dd
-K
db
K
bb
-1
K
bd
)o
d
-
2
o
d
= u (29)
from which the eigenvalues () can be extracted. The smallest value of is the fundamental frequency.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The constant values needed for numerical evaluations are E = 1 TPa, b = u.S4 nm , p = 2.Sg cm
3
and
v = u.S. The configuration of layerwise boundary conditions, for example, will be indicated by (SS/CC),
where the pair of SS corresponds to the inner tube and the pair of CC corresponds to the outer tube. Also,
for a given inter-tube mode number p, for convenience, the frequency associated with the nth axial and
mth circumferential modes will be denoted by
n
p
(m). For all the calculations performed in this work, the
following radial basis function which is one of the commonest forms with adjustable parameters is
employed [18]

R

(x) = exp_-o
c
[
x-x
i
d
c

2
_ , o
c
= cJ
c

(30)
To define the support domain at a given point, the dimension of the support domain J
s
can be
determined by J
s
= o
s
J
c
, where o
s
is the dimensionless size of the support domain and J
c
is a
characteristic length that relates to the nodal spacing near the point at x

. For uniformly distributed nodes,

J
c
is the distance between two neighboring nodes. For non-uniformly distributed nodes, alternatively, J
c

can be characterized as an average nodal spacing in the support domain of x

. The physical meaning of

the dimensionless size of the support domain
s
is the factor of the average nodal spacing. In one-
dimensional cases, an average value of J
c
can be computed by J
c
=
s
(n

s
-1 ), in which
s
is an
estimated support domain, J
s
, at the point x

. It is worth mentioning that

s
should be a reasonably good
estimate of J
s
and n

s
is the number of nodes that are covered by a known domain with the dimension of

s
. The first three resonant frequencies of a SS/SS DWCNT for up to n = 19 regular and irregular grid
sampling points are listed in Table 1. This table indicates quite obviously the converging trend of the
present numerical solution with increasing number of sampling points for both given radii of support
domain.

Table 1. Convergence of resonant frequencies (THz) of a SS/SS DWCNT
(R
1
= 8.S nm, I R
1
= S, p = 1.S4g cm
3
, c
0
o = u)

Number of
nodes
m
1
1
(4) m
2
1
(5) m
3
1
()
Regular Irregular Regular Irregular Regular Irregular
u
x
= 3
9 0.1335 0.1338 0.2644 0.2665 0.4096 0.4462
11 0.1333 0.1334 0.2640 0.2642 0.4017 0.3962
13 0.1330 0.1331 0.2637 0.2646 0.4002 0.4011
15 0.1328 0.1330 0.2635 0.2639 0.3998 0.4005
17 0.1328 0.1328 0.2634 0.2635 0.3997 0.3999
19 0.1328 0.1328 0.2634 0.2634 0.3997 0.3997
u
x
= 4
9 0.1334 0.1335 0.2641 0.2652 0.4050 0.4420
11 0.1332 0.1333 0.2639 0.2640 0.4012 0.4026
13 0.1329 0.1330 0.2636 0.2638 0.3999 0.4009
15 0.1328 0.1329 0.2634 0.2637 0.3997 0.4001
17 0.1328 0.1328 0.2634 0.2634 0.3997 0.3998
19 0.1328 0.1328 0.2634 0.2634 0.3997 0.3997

October2013
To val
those of MD
(10,10) DW
calibrated s
calibrated v
obtained fro
To inv
variation of
Fig. 3. This
shell model
effects in th
more prono
ratio is also
between the
parameter is
for stiffer bo


lidate the sol
D simulation
WCNT agains
such that the
value for c
0
o
om the nonlo
Fig. 2. Funda
vestigate the
f nonlocal to
s figure show
l becomes sm
he nonlocal m
ounced for lo
o studied in F
e boundary
s affected by
oundary con
Fig. 3. Va
Vibration

lution proce
n reported in
st nanotube a
e nonlocal sh
o is 1.15 nm
ocal shell mo
amental frequ
(5,5) @ (1
effects of no
local freque
ws that as the
maller than
model make
ower values
Fig. 4. As sh
conditions i
y the type of
nditions.
ariation of freq
with d
nal analysis of
IJST
dure present
n [9]. The v
aspect ratio i
hell model is
m. It is obse
odel with its a
uencies from th
0,10) DWCN
onlocal param
ncy ratio aga
e nonlocal pa
that of its lo
e DWCNT m
of aspect ra
hown in this
increases. A
boundary co
quency ratio v
different value
f double-walled

T, Transaction
ted in this w
variation of f
is shown in F
s capable of
erved that th
adjusted non
he present she
NT under SS/S
meter and asp
ainst c
0
o for
arameter incr
ocal counter
more flexible
atio. The eff
figure, as th
According to
onditions, so
versus nonloca
es of aspect ra
d carbon nanotu
ns of Mechanica
work, the res
fundamental
Fig. 2. The n
predicting th
here is a goo
nlocal parame
ell model and
S boundary co
pect ratio on
different val
reases, the fr
rpart. It phys
e. Also, it is
fect of boun
he nonlocal p
this figure,
that the non
al parameter f
tio (R
1
= 1u n
ubes
al Engineering
ults generate
frequencies
nonlocal para
he results of
od agreemen
eter and the o

MD simulatio
onditions
n the frequen
lues of aspec
equency obt
sically mean
observed th
dary conditi
parameter inc
the signific
nlocal influen

for a SS/CC D
nm)
g, Volume 37, N
ed are comp
s for a SS/SS
ameter c
0
o ne
f MD simula
nt between t
ones reporte
on [9] for a
ncies of DWC
ct ratio is illu
tained for the
ns that the sm
hat the effect
ions on the
creases, the d
cance of the
nce is more p
DWCNT
Number M2
99
pared with
S (5,5) @
eeds to be
ation. The
he results
d in [9].
CNTs, the
ustrated in
e nonlocal
mall scale
t of c
0
o is
frequency
difference
e nonlocal
prominent
IJST, Transac
100
Now, a
obtained us
of local bea
Appendix B
layerwise en
in Figs. 5a
against the
used in the
Furthermore
discrepancy
values. Also
beam mode
boundary c
present loca
beam and s
Figs. 5a and
inaccurate r
circumferen
frequency c
sufficiently
Figure
basis of bea
via the bea
model in pr
mode shape
coaxial vibr
predictable.
modes, the
the associat
ones related
ctions of Mech
Fig. 4.
w
a comparison
ing beam mo
am model re
B for SS/SS
nd condition
and b are th
length of na
se figures. I
e, it is found
y between th
o, it is obser
el. Figs. 5c a
onditions, n
al Donnell s
shell models
d b. Thus, on
results for vi
ntial mode i
curves corre
long DWCN
6 depicts th
am model de
m model co
redicting new
es predicted b
rational mod
. Hence, unli
application o
ted non-coax
d to higher ci
anical Enginee
Variation of
with different
n is made b
odel. To this
eported in [7
S DWCNTs
ns such as FF
e local and n
anotube, resp
It can be see
d that the bea
he beam and
rved that the
and d show th
amely FF/CC
shell model
for shorter
ne may concl
ibrations of D
into account
sponding to
NTs behave l
he vibrational
eveloped in A
orresponding
w inter-tube
by the shell m
des such as
ike the beam
of the presen
xial vibration
ircumferentia
H
ering, Volume 3
frequency rati
types of layer
etween the r
aim, the res
7] and also th
s are presen
F/CC and SS
nonlocal (c
0
o
pectively. Fo
en that the f
am model ten
shell model
nonlocal ef
he fundamen
C and SS/C
and the loca
DWCNTs c
lude that dep
DWCNTs. T
t. It should
the beam a
like a beam.
l mode shape
Appendix B.
to coaxial a
resonant fre
model are al

1
2
and
1
9
for
m model whic
nt shell mode
nal modes. Fu
al mode num
H. Rouhi et al.

37, Number M
io versus nonl
rwise boundar

results gener
sults of the p
he ones obta
nted in Fig.
S/CC are con
o = u.S nm)
or the beam m
fundamental
nds to overes
ls becomes m
ffect is more
ntal frequenc
C. These fig
al beam mod
can also be s
pending on th
The reason h
be noted th
and shell mo

es of a SS/S
This figure
and non-coa
equencies an
lso shown in
r radius R
1
=
ch is capable
el leads to pr
urthermore, n
mbers as the i
M2
local paramet
ry conditions (
rated by the
resent nonlo
ained from th
5. Differen
nsidered in th
fundamental
model, the fr
frequency d
stimate the fr
more pronou
prominent i
cies of DWC
gures also pr
del develope
seen in these
he length of n
here is that, t
hat as the le
odels tend to
S DWCNT f
shows two v
axial modes.
nd the relate
Fig. 7. As re
= 1 nm and
e of predicti
redict further
non-coaxial
inner radius o


er for a DWC
(IR
1
= 1u)
present shel
cal Donnell
he nonlocal
nt boundary
hese figures.
l frequencies
frequencies g
decreases as
frequencies o
unced for DW
in the shell m
CNTs with tw
rovide a com
ed in [7]. Th
e figures sim
nanotube, the
the beam mo
ength of nan
o converge.
for two diffe
vibrational m
To show th
ed non-coaxi
evealed in th

1
4
and
1
9
for
ng only two
r inter-tube v
vibrational m
of DWCNT
Oc
CNTs
ll model and
shell model
beam mode
conditions
Presented gr
s of a SS/SS
given by Eq.
the length
of DWCNT s
WCNTs of lo
model than t
wo different
mparison bet
he difference
milar to that
e beam mode
odel does no
anotube incre
This reveal
erent inner ra
mode shapes
he ability of
ial vibration
his figure, fu
r radius R
1
=
o inter-tube v
vibrational m
modes may s
is increased.
ctober 2013
d the ones
and those
l given in
including
raphically
DWCNT
(B.8) are
increases.
so that the
ow length
that in the
layerwise
tween the
e between
shown in
el leads to
ot take the
eases, the
s that the
adii on the
predicted
f the shell
al modes,
rther non-
= 2 nm are
vibrational
modes and
shift to the
.



October2013



Fig. 6. Mo



Fig. 5
ode shapes of
Vibration

(a)
(c)
5. Comparison
mod
f a SS/SS DW
1 nm
nal analysis of
IJST
n between the
dels for a SS/S
CNT predicte
m and I R
1
=
f double-walled

T, Transaction


fundamental
SS DWCNT (R
ed by the beam
= 1u b) with R

d carbon nanotu
ns of Mechanica


frequencies o
R
1
= u.SS nm
m model devel
R
1
= 2 nm and
ubes
al Engineering
(b)
(d)
of shell and be
m)
loped in Appe
d I R
1
= 1u
g, Volume 37, N
eam
endix B: a) wi
Number M2
101


th R
1
=
IJST, Transac
102



The free vi
work. To th
set of gover
combined w
the nonloca
leads to ove
Through co
beam mode
DWCNTs a
model. By t
predicted. A
observed to


1. Iijima, S
2. Elishako
Wiley, L
3. Bandow
Wall Ca
Lett., Vo
4. Eringen,
surface w
5. Eringen,
6. Li, R. &
elastic m
7. Xu, K. Y
boundary
ctions of Mech

Fig. 7. Mode
ibration of D
his end, a non
rning equatio
with the GD
al shell mode
erestimated r
omparison be
el, it was co
as compared
the present D
Additionally
likely happe
S. (1991). Heli
off, I. et al. (2
London.
w, S., Takizaw
arbon Nanotub
ol. 337, pp. 48
, A. C. (1983
waves. J. App
, A. C. (2002)
& Kardomatea
media by a non
Y., Aifantis, E
ry conditions b
anical Enginee
(a)
e shapes of a S
and I
DWCNTs w
nlocal Donne
ons were the
Q method. G
el and MD si
results and o
etween the r
oncluded tha
to the shell
Donnell shell
, a shift in
en when the
ical microtube
012). Carbon
a, M., Hirahar
bes Derived fr
8-54.
3). On differen
pl. Phys., Vol.
). Nonlocal co
as, G. A. (200
nlocal elastic s
E. C., and Yan
between inner
H
ering, Volume 3

SS/SS DWCN
I R
1
= 1u b)
5. CONCL
with different
ell shell mod
en numerical
Good agreem
imulation. It
one must rec
results gener
at the beam
model, due t
model some
non-coaxial
radius of DW
RE
es of graphitic
nanotubes an
ra, K., Yudasa
rom the Chain
ntial equation
54, pp. 4703-
ntinuum field
07). Vibration
shell model. A
n, Y. H., 2008
r and outer tub
H. Rouhi et al.

37, Number M

NT predicted b
) with R
1
= 2
LUDING RE
t layerwise b
del was deve
lly solved vi
ment was ob
was indicate
course to the
rated by the
model tends
to not incorp
e new non-co
l modes, wh
WCNTs is va
EFERENCE
c carbon. Natu
nd nanosenso
aka, M. & Iiji
ns of Fulleren
ns of nonlocal
-4710.
d theories. New
n characteristi
ASME J. Appl.
8, Vibrations
bes. ASME J. A
M2

by the shell mo
2 nm I R
1
=
EMARKS
boundary co
eloped which
ia the radial
served betw
ed that apply
e nonlocal ve
shell mode
s to overesti
porating circu
oaxial inter-t
hich is unpr
aried.
S
ure, Vol. 8, pp
rs: Vibration,
ima, S. (2001)
nes in Single-W
l elasticity an
w York, Sprin
ics of multiw
. Mech., Vol.
s of double-w
Appl. Mech., V

(b)
odel: a) with R
1u
onditions wa
h accounts fo
point interpo
een the calc
ying the loca
ersion to red
l and the on
imate the res
umferential m
tube resonanc
edictable by
p. 354-356.
buckling and
). Raman Scat
Wall Carbon N
nd solutions o
nger-Verlag.
alled carbon
74, pp. 1087-
alled carbon n
Vol. 75, p. 02
Oc
R
1
= 1 nm
as investigate
or the scale e
olation appro
culated frequ
al Donnell sh
duce the relat
nes obtained
sonant frequ
mode numbe
ces of DWC
y the beam
d ballistic imp
ttering Study
Nanotubes. C
of screw dislo
nanotubes em
1094.
nanotubes wit
21013.
ctober 2013
ed in this
effect. The
oximation
uencies by
hell model
tive error.
d from the
uencies of
er into the
CNTs were
model, is
pact. ISTE-
of Double-
Chem. Phys.
ocation and
mbedded in
th different
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10. Ansari, R. & Rouhi, H. (2012). Analytical treatment of the free vibration of single-walled carbon nanotubes
based on the nonlocal flugge shell theory. ASME J. Eng. Mater. Technol., Vol. 134, p. 011008.
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an anisotropic elastic shell model including chirality effect. Appl. Math. Model, Vol. 36, pp. 4988-5000.
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APPENDIX A
Differential operators:

l
11
()
=
Eb
1 -v
2
o
2
ox
2
+
1
2
Eb
2(1 +v)
_
1
R

]
2
o
2
o0
2
l
12
()
= _
vEb
1 -v
2
+
1
2
Eb
2(1 +v)
] _
1
R

]
o
2
oxo0

l
13
()
=
1
R

vEb
1 -v
2
o
ox

l
14
()
= l
15
()
= u
l
21
()
= l
12
()

l
22
()
=
1
2
Eb
2(1 +v)
o
2
ox
2
-
Eb
1 -v
2
_
1
R

]
2
o
2
o0
2
-
0b
R

2

l
23
()
= -_
Eb
1 -v
2
+0b] _
1
R

]
2
o
o0

l
24
()
= u
l
25
()
=
0b
R

l
31
()
= -l
13
()

l
32
()
= -l
23
()


l
33
()
= 0b
o
2
ox
2
-0b _
1
R

]
2
o
2
o0
2
-_
1
R

]
2
Eb
1 -v
2

l
34
()
= 0b
o
ox

l
35
()
=
1
R

0b
o
o0

l
41
()
= l
42
()
= u
l
43
()
= -l
34
()

H. Rouhi et al.

IJST, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering, Volume 37, Number M2 October 2013
104
l
44
()
=
o
2
ox
2
+
1
2
(1 -v)
2
_
1
R

]
2
o
2
o0
2
-0b
l
45
()
= _v +
1
2
(1 -v)
2
__
1
R

]
o
2
oxo0

l
51
()
= u l
52
()
= l
25
()

l
53
()
= l
35
()
l
54
()
= l
45
()

l
55
()
=
1
2
(1 -v)
2
o
2
ox
2
+_
1
R

]
2
o
2
o0
2
-0b
Algebraic operators:

I
11
()
=
Eb
1 -v
2

s
(2)
+
1
2
Eb
2(1 +v)
_
m
R

]
2
I
12
()
= _
vEb
1 -v
2
+
1
2
Eb
2(1 +v)
]
s
(1)
_
m
R

]
I
13
()
=
1
R

vEb
1 -v
2

s
(1)

I
14
()
= I
15
()
= u I
21
()
= I
12
()


I
22
()
=
1
2
Eb
2(1 +v)

s
(2)
-
Eb
1 -v
2
_
m
R

]
2
-
0b
R

2
I
23
()
= -_
Eb
1 -v
2
+0b]
m
R

2

I
24
()
= u
I
25
()
=
0b
R

I
31
()
= I
13
()
I
32
()
= I
23
()

I
33
()
= 0b
s
(2)
-0b _
m
R

]
2
-
1
R
2
Eb
1 -v
2

I
34
()
= 0b
s
(1)

I
35
()
= 0b _
m
R

]
I
41
()
= I
42
()
= u I
43
()
= I
34
()


I
44
()
=
s
(2)
-
1
2
(1 -v)
2
_
m
R

]
2
-0b I
45
()
= _v +
1
2
(1 -v)
2
__
m
R

]
s
(1)

I
51
()
= u
I
52
()
= I
25
()
I
53
()
= I
35
()
I
54
()
= I
45
()

I
55
()
=
1
2
(1 -v)
2

s
(2)
+_
m
R

]
2
-0b


APPENDIX B: EXACT SOLUTION FOR THE NONLOCAL BEAM MODEL
w

= V

sin[
nnx
L
c
]ot
, (i = 1,2)
(B.1)
EI
1
o
4
w
1
ox
4
+pA
1
|1 -(c
0
o)
2
v
2
]
o
2
w
1
ot
2
-c
12
|1 -(c
0
o)
2
v
2
](w
1
-w
2
) = u

EI
2

4
w
2
x
4
+pA
2
|1 -(c
0
o)
2
v
2
]

2
w
2
t
2
-c
21
|1 -(c
0
o)
2
v
2
](w
2
-w
1
) = u
(B.2)
Substituting Eq. (B.1) into Eq. (B.2) gives the following algebraic equations
_EI
1
[
nn
I

4
-pA
1

2
_1 -(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_ -c
12
_1 +(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_] V
1
+c
12
_1 +(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_ V
2
= u
_EI
2
[
nn
I

4
-pA
2

2
_1 -(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_ -c
21
_1 +(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_] V
2
+c
21
_1 +(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_ V
1
= u
(B.3)
(K -
2
H){V] = {u] (B.4)
where
K = _
EI
1
[
nn
I

4
-c
12
_1 +(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_ c
12
_1 +(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_
c
21
_1 +(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_ EI
2
[
nn
I

4
-c
21
_1 +(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_
_

(B.5)

H = _
pA
1
_1 -(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
L

2
_ u
u pA
2
_1 -(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
L

2
_
_

(B.6)

Vibrational analysis of double-walled carbon nanotubes

October2013 IJST, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering, Volume 37, Number M2
105
V = _
V
1
V
2
_
(B.7)
The nontrivial solution of (B.4) gives Jct(K -
2
H) = u. The following explicit formula for the resonant
frequencies of the DWCNT can be obtained as
=
2
2
_
K
11
H
22
+H
11
K
22
(K
22
H
11
-K
11
H
22
)
2
+4H
11
H
22
K
12
K
21
H
11
H
22

(B.8)

where
K
11
= EI
1
[
nn
I

4
-c
12
_1
+(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_
K
22
= EI
2
[
nn
I

4
-c
21
_1
+(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_
K
12
= c
12
_1 +(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_
K
21
= c
21
_1 +(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_ H
11
= pA
1
_1 -(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_
H
22
= pA
2
_1 -(c
0
o)
2
[
nn
I

2
_