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FREE WILL the po er of actin! ithout the constraint of necessity or fate" the a#ility to act at one$s o n discretion. DETERMINISM the doctrine that all events% includin! hu&an action% are ulti&ately deter&ined #y causes external to the ill. So&e philosophers have ta'en deter&inis& to i&ply that individual hu&an #ein!s have no free ill and cannot #e held &orally responsi#le for their actions. N(T)RE !enetic or hor&one*#ased #ehaviors N)RT)RE environ&ent and experience +LINI+(L ,S-+./L/0IST hi!hly speciali1ed trainin! in the dia!nosis and psycholo!ical treat&ent of &ental illness ,S-+.I(TRIST a &edical practitioner speciali1in! in the dia!nosis and treat&ent of &ental illness. W)NDT Wundt i&a!ined psycholo!y as a science 2li'e che&istry or physics3 in hich consciousness is a collection of individual identifia#le parts. 4E.(5I/RISTS a school of psycholo!y that confines itself to the study of o#serva#le and 6uantifia#le aspects of #ehavior and excludes su#7ective pheno&ena% such as e&otions or &otives. STR)+T)R(LISM a ðod of interpretation and analysis of aspects of hu&an co!nition% #ehavior% culture% and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast #et een ele&ents in a conceptual syste& that reflect patterns underlyin! a superficial diversity. (+T)(L INTENSIT- /F LI0.T 5S ,ER+EI5ED INTENSIT- ,erceived #ri!htness is not e6ual to the actual physical intensity of the sti&ulus. Rather% perceived #ri!htness depends on the surface reflectance% independent of the illu&ination conditions. .IST/R- /F ,S-+./L/0- The history of psycholo!y as a scholarly study of the &ind and #ehavior dates #ac' to the (ncient 0ree's 4E.(5I/RISM the theory that hu&an and ani&al #ehavior can #e explained in ter&s of conditionin!% ithout appeal to thou!hts or feelin!s% and that psycholo!ical disorders are #est treated #y alterin! #ehavior patterns. SI0M)ND FRE)D (ustrian neurolo!ist ho ori!inated psychoanalysis +.(,TER 8 F(LSIFI(4LE confir&a#le9 capa#le of #ein! tested ,(RSIM/NI/)S !reatest nu&#er of o#servations is favored and lo!ical to the &ore co&plex explanations that &ay #e present ,L(+E4/ a har&less pill% &edicine% or procedure prescri#ed &ore for the psycholo!ical #enefit to the patient than for any physiolo!ical effect. S)R5E- data collection tool used to !ather infor&ation a#out individuals INDE,ENDENT 5(RI(4LE varia#le you have control over DE,ENDENT 5(RI(4LE hat you &easure in the experi&ent and hat is affected durin! the experi&ent S+IENTIFI+ MET./D a ðod of procedure that has characteri1ed natural science since the :;th century% consistin! in syste&atic o#servation% &easure&ent% and experi&ent% and the for&ulation% testin!% and &odification of hypotheses. DEM(ND +.(R(+TERISTI+S experi&ental artifact here participants for& an interpretation of the experi&ent$s purpose and unconsciously chan!e their #ehavior to fit that interpretation. INSTIT)TI/N(L RE5IEW 4/(RD co&&ittee that has #een for&ally desi!nated to approve% &onitor% and revie #io&edical and #ehavioral research ST(ND(RD DE5I(TI/N a 6uantity calculated to indicate the extent of deviation for a !roup as a hole +.(,TER < RE+ESSI5E !ene that produces its characteristic phenotype only hen its allele is identical D/MIN(NT 0ENES !ene that produces the sa&e phenotype in the or!anis& hether or not its allele identical S/+I/4I/L/0I+(L E=,L(N(TI/N #ehavior in ani&als ith e&phasis on the role of#ehavior in survival and reproduction% en!a!in! #ranches of ethol o!y%population !enetics% and ecolo!y.
STR)+T)RE /F NE)R/N consists of cells that transfer sti&uli to other cells. +ell 4ody * contains nucleus and or!anelles" Dendrites * receive input" (xon * conducts i&pulses a ay fro& the cell #ody" (xon hilloc' * an enlar!ed re!ion here an axon attaches to the cell #ody" Synaptic ter&inal * Neurotrans&itters are &anufactured in the cell #ody #ut released fro& synaptic ter&inals. The neurotrans&itters sti&ulate other neurons" Synapse * a synapse is the 7unction #et een the synaptic ter&inal and another cell. The other cell is called a postsynaptic cell. S-N(,TI+ 5ES+I+LES store various neurotrans&itters that are released at the synapse. NE)R/TR(N>MITTERS Endo!enous che&icals that trans&it si!nals fro& a neuron to a tar!et cell across asynapse. L/EWI ST)DIES 0er&an*#orn phar&acolo!ist hose discovery of acetylcholine helped enhance &edical therapy. NE)R/TR(NSMITTERS (ND RE+E,T/RS a &e&#rane receptor protein?:@ that is activated #y a neurotrans&itter. EFFE+TS /F D(M(0E T/ NER5/)S S-STEM Nervous syste& side effects are caused #y &any factors% includin! cancer% cancer treat&ents% other &edications% or other disorders. INS)LIN a peptide hor&one% produced #y #eta cells of the pancreas% and is central to re!ulatin! car#ohydrate and fat &eta#olis& in the #ody. It causes cells in the liver% s'eletal &uscles% and fat tissue to a#sor# !lucose fro& the #lood. STR)+T)RES (ND F)N+TI/NS /F 4R(IN &ade of three &ain parts. The fore#rain is responsi#le for receivin! and processin! sensory infor&ation% thin'in!% perceivin!% producin! and understandin! lan!ua!e. The &id#rain is involved in auditory and visual responses as ell as &otor function. The hind#rain assists in &aintainin! #alance and e6uili#riu&% &ove&ent coordination% and the conduction of sensory infor&ation. L/4E F)N+TI/NS /F T.E 4R(IN The frontal lo#e is located at the front of the #rain and is associated ith reasonin!% &otor s'ills% hi!her level co!nition% and expressive lan!ua!e. The parietal lo#e is located in the &iddle section of the #rain and is associated ith processin! tactile sensory infor&ation such as pressure% touch% and pain. The te&poral lo#e is located on the #otto& section of the #rain. This lo#e is also the location of the pri&ary auditory cortex% hich is i&portant for interpretin! sounds and the lan!ua!e e hear. The occipital lo#e is located at the #ac' portion of the #rain and is associated ith interpretin! visual sti&uli and infor&ation. +.(,TER A S.(,E /F E-E (ND 5ISI/N If a person has a lon!er eye#all than avera!e% they are usually near*si!hted or &yopic. If a person has a short eye#all% then they are usually far*si!hted or hyperopic. D(RB (D(,T(TI/N The physical and che&ical ad7ust&ents of the eye% includin! dilation of the pupil and increased activity of rods in the retina% that &a'e vision possi#le in relative dar'ness. 4LIND S,/T also called scoto&a% is an o#scuration of the visual field. T.E 5IS)(L +/RTE= of the #rain is the part of the cortex responsi#le for processin! visual infor&ation. It is located in the occipital lo#e% in the #ac' of the #rain. /,,/NENT ,R/+ESS T.E/R- a psycholo!ical and neurolo!ical &odel that accounts for a ide ran!e of #ehaviors% includin! color vision. +/L/R 4LINDNESS the ina#ility or decreased a#ility to see color% or perceive color differences% under nor&al li!htin! conditions. .E(RIN0 ,IT+.ES (ND (0IN0 With a!in! co&es difficulty understandin! people ith hi!her*pitched voices .E(RIN0 L/SS occurs hen the tiny hair cells are da&a!ed or die. The hair cells do not re*!ro % so &ost hearin! loss caused #y hair cell da&a!e is per&anent. 5ESTI4)L(R SENSE a sensory syste& located in structures of the inner ear that re!isters the orientation of the head +)T(NE/)S SENSE the faculty #y hich external o#7ects or forces are perceived throu!h contact ith the #ody 2especially the hands3" Conly si!ht and touch ena#le us to locate o#7ects in the space around usC T(STES is one of the five traditional senses. Taste is the sensation produced hen a su#stance in the &outh reacts che&ically ith receptors of taste #uds. /LF(+T/R- RE+E,T/RS expressed in the cell &e&#ranes of olfactory receptor neurons are responsi#le for the detection of odor &olecules.
SENS/R- T.RES./LD a theoretical concept used in psychophysics. ( sti&ulus that is less intense than the sensory threshold ill not elicit any sensation. Methods have #een developed to &easure thresholds in any of the senses. +.(,TER D RE,(IR (ND REST/RE T.E/R- /F SLEE, /s ald 2:EFF3 su!!ested that sleep restores depleted resources of ener!y% re&oves aste fro& &uscles and repairs cells. DRE(MIN0 the experience of envisioned i&a!es% sounds% or other sensations durin! sleep EE0S the recordin! of electrical activity alon! the scalp. EE0 &easures volta!e fluctuations resultin! fro& ionic current flo s ithin the neurons of the #rain. RE+(LLIN0 DRE(MS extre&ely unrelia#le% thou!h it is a s'ill that can #e trained. Drea&s can usually #e recalled if a person is a a'ened hile drea&in!. +(TS (ND REM SLEE, +ats have drea&in! periods usually a#out :D &inutes into their sleep. Si&ple indicators are &ove&ents under the eyelids% chan!es in #reathin! patterns% t itchin! of the ears or his'ers% or occasional spas&s or 7er's of the face. FRE)D (ND DRE(MS Freud &aintained the notion that the drea& funda&entally acts as the !uardian of sleep. When e !o to #ed% the curtains are dra n% the li!hts are turned off and in effect e are atte&ptin! to disconnect fro& our reality #y extin!uishin! all external sti&uli. M(NIFEST DRE(MS (ccordin! to psychoanalyst Si!&und Freud% the &anifest content of a drea& includes the actual i&a!es% thou!hts and content contained ithin the drea&. The &anifest content is the ele&ents of the drea& that e re&e&#er upon a a'enin!. DRE(MIN0 (ND IN(4ILIT- T/ M/5E Sleep paralysis is a pheno&enon in hich people% either hen fallin! asleep or a'enin!% te&porarily experience an ina#ility to &ove. More for&ally% it is a transition state #et een a'efulness and rest characteri1ed #y co&plete &uscle ea'ness. SLEE, T(LBIN0 So&nilo6uy or sleep*tal'in! is a paraso&nia that refers to tal'in! aloud hile asleep. SLEE,W(LBIN0 also 'no n as so&na&#ulis& or nocta&#ulis&% is a sleep disorder #elon!in! to the paraso&nia fa&ily.?8@ Sleep al'ers arise fro& the slo ave sleep sta!e in a state of lo consciousness and perfor& activities that are usually perfor&ed durin! a state of full consciousness. .-,ERS/MNI( a lar!e !roup of disorders characteri1ed #y excessive 2EDS3. DR)0 (4)SE (ddiction is a co&plex disorder characteri1ed #y co&pulsive dru! use. While each dru! produces different physical effects% all a#used su#stances share one thin! in co&&on9 repeated use can alter the ay the #rain loo's and functions. +.(,TER F INTER5ENIN0 5(RI(4LES a hypothetical internal state that is used to explain relationships #et een o#served varia#les% such as independent and dependent varia#les% in e&pirical research. 4E.(5I/RIST (SS)M,TI/NS the pri&ary paradi!& in psycholo!y #et een :E8Gs to :EDG and is #ased on a nu&#er of underlyin! assu&ptions re!ardin! ðodolo!y and #ehavioral analysis. M/DERN 4E.(5I/RISTS 0enerations of psycholo!ists% reared in a post*Watsonian discipline that defined itself as the Cscience of #ehavior%C ere tau!ht that Watson as the father of #ehavioris& and that Fe#ruary 8A% :E:< as the day on hich &odern #ehavioris& as #orn. ,(5L/5 a Russian physiolo!ist 'no n pri&arily for his or' in classical conditionin!. (fanasyev% his first learned treatise% a or' on the physiolo!y of the pancreatic nerves. +L(SSI+(L +/NDITI/NIN0 a &ode of learnin! that occurs hen a conditioned sti&ulus 2+S3 is paired ith an unconditioned sti&ulus 2)S3 that causes an or!anis& to exhi#it an auto&atic unconditioned response 2)R3 to the )S. S.(,IN0 a conditionin! paradi!& used pri&arily in the experi&ental analysis of #ehavior. The ðod used is differential reinforce&ent of successive approxi&ations. +.(ININ0 an instructional procedure used in #ehavioral psycholo!y% experi&ental analysis of #ehavior and applied #ehavior analysis. It involves reinforcin! individual responses occurrin! in a se6uence to for& a co&plex #ehavior.
,)NIS.MENT the authoritative i&position of soðin! undesira#le or unpleasant upon an individual or !roup% in response to #ehavior that an authority dee&s unaccepta#le or a violation of so&e nor&. ,(SSI5E (5/ID(N+E the tendency to act defensively is stron!er than the tendency to attac'. ,REM(+B ,RIN+I,LE the relativity theory of reinforce&ent% states that &ore pro#a#le #ehaviors ill reinforce less pro#a#le #ehaviors S+.ED)LES /F REINF/R+EMENT schedules of reinforce&ent are an i&portant co&ponent of the learnin! process. When and ho often e reinforce a #ehavior can have a dra&atic i&pact on the stren!th and rate of the response. T(STE (5ERSI/N a#ility to develop a taste aversion is considered an adaptive trait or survival &echanis& that trains the #ody to avoid poisonous su#stances 2e.!.% poisonous #erries3 #efore they can cause har&. +.(,TER ; ,R/(+TI5E (ND RETR/(+TI5E INTERFEREN+E ,roactive interference is hen e for!et soðin! that e recently learned #ecause a previous &e&ory is #efuddlin! our &e&ory. While retroactive interference is hen e for!et soðin! e learned in the past #ecause a &ore recent &e&ory is interferin! ith the effort. RE+(LL si&ply #rin!in! a thou!ht or idea learned previously% and thus stored in &e&ory into conscious a areness. S(5IN0S MET./D ( ðod of studyin! retention in hich the nu&#er of trials re6uired to relearn a particular #it of &aterial is su#tracted fro& the nu&#er of trials re6uired to learn the sa&e &aterial ori!inally. The difference #et een the nu&#er of trials in #oth cases is 'no n as the savin!s. INF/RM(TI/N ,R/+ESSIN0 M/DEL #ased on the idea that hu&ans process the infor&ation they receive% rather than &erely respondin! to sti&uli. This perspective e6uates the &ind to a co&puter% hich is responsi#le for analy1in! infor&ation fro& the environ&ent. S./RT*TERM MEM/R- the capacity for holdin! a s&all a&ount of infor&ation in &ind in an active% readily availa#le state for a short period of ti&e. +.)NBIN0 a pheno&enon here#y individuals !roup responses hen perfor&in! a &e&ory tas'. Tests here individuals can de&onstrate Cchun'in!C co&&only include serial and free recall tas's. S/)R+E (MNESI( the ina#ility to re&e&#er here% hen or ho previously learned infor&ation has #een ac6uired% hile retainin! the factual 'no led!e. IM,R/5IN0 MEM/R- a#ility to re&e&#er increases hen you nurture your #rain ith a !ood diet and other healthy ha#its. RE+EN+- EFFE+T a ter& coined #y .er&ann E##in!haus throu!h studies he perfor&ed on hi&self% refers to the findin! that recall accuracy varies as a function of an ite&$s position ithin a study list. MNEM/NI+ DE5I+ES any learnin! techni6ue that aids infor&ation retention. Mne&onics ai& to translate infor&ation into a for& that the hu&an #rain can retain #etter than its ori!inal for&. RETR/0R(DE a&nesia caused #y a trau&a such as concussion% in hich the &e&ory loss relates to &aterial learnt #efore the trau&a. +.(,TER H INFL)EN+E /F +/M,)TERS +o&puters are &ore and &ore universal #ecause its price is decreasin!" in addition% people canIt live ithout co&puters% and they offer a lot of attractions to people. ER0/N/MI+S (ND MILIT(RSTR//, EFFE+T a de&onstration of interference in the reaction ti&e of a tas'. +/0NITI5E M(,S a type of &ental representation hich serves an individual to ac6uire% code% store% recall% and decode infor&ation a#out the relative locations and attri#utes of pheno&ena in their everyday or &etaphorical spatial environ&ent. RESE(R+. /F E=,ERTS (L0/RIT.M a step*#y*step procedure for calculations. (l!orith&s are used for calculation% data processin!% and auto&ated reasonin!. F)N+TI/N(L FI=EDNESS a co!nitive #ias that li&its a person to usin! an o#7ect only in the ay it is traditionally used.
(5(IL(4ILIT- .E)RISTI+ a &ental shortcut that reali1es on i&&ediate exa&ples that co&e to &ind. ,RI>E SELE+TI/N +(TE0/RI>(TI/N the process in hich ideas and o#7ects are reco!ni1ed% differentiated% and understood. 4R/+(IS (RE( a re!ion in the frontal of the he&isphere of the ho&inid #rain ith functions lin'ed to speech production.