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SHORT COMMUNICATION
Effect of Intra-row Spacings, Fertilizer Levels and Planting Materials on Yield and Economics of Pre-seasonal Sugarcane under Drip Irrigation
B.S. R a s k a r 1 . a n d P . G . B h o i 2
1Water Management Project, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri - 413 722, Maharashtra, India 2Sugarcane Research Station, Padegaon, Dist-Satara, Maharashtra, India *Present address : Sorghum Improvement Project, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri - 413 722, India
A field experiment was carried out at, Rahuri during the seasons 1999-2000 (plant cane) and 20002001(ratoon cane). The study reveled that the yield of cane with 90 cm intra-row spacing was significantly superior over 30 and 60 cm intra-row spacing The application of 125 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) recorded significantly higher cane yield than 75 and 100 per cent RDF. The low operational cost and high yield resulted into increased gross and net returns of sugarcane at 90 cm intra-row spacing and proportionately the B: C ratio over 30 and 60 cm spacings. The increase in gross returns by application of 125 % RDF to sugarcane over 75 and 100 % RDF were 23.21 and 8.79 per cent higher and the net returns were 48 and 16.25 % higher when data were pooled over the seasons, respectively. The application of 125 % RDF recorded maximum B:C ratio of 2.50 on pooled basis. The over all operational cost of sugarcane planted by tissue cultured plantlets was 214 per cent higher than the polybag settling in first planting season, but in ratoon, no marked difference observed in operational cost. The gross monetary returns realized by plantation of polybag settlings were higher to the tune of 21.87, 14.40 and 18.18 per cent and the net monetary returns were 370.39, 20.43 and 195.41 over plantation of tissue cultured plantlets in plant and ratoon seasons and on pooled data basis, respectively. The plantation of polybag settling recorded maximum value of B: C ratio as compared to tissue cultured plantlet cane. KEYWORDS : Sugarcane, planting materials, spacings, fertilizers, irrigation, economics
Sugarcane is an i m p o r t a n t c a s h c r o p o f M a h a r a s h t r a a n d as s u c h m o s t of the s u g a r c a n e g r o w e r s d e p e n d u p o n it for their cash r e q u i r e m e n t s . I n t r o d u c t i o n of tissue c u l t u r e p l a n t l e t s and p o l y b a g s e t t l i n g is an i m p o r t a n t step towards a u g m e n t a t i o n of sugar yield. Though these modern planting m a t e r i a l e n h a n c e s the p r o d u c t i v i t y , their e c o n o m i c f e a s i b i l i t y for c o m m e r c i a l p l a n t i n g n e e d s to be assessed critically. I m p r o v e d crop geometry and n u t r i e n t m a n a g e m e n t are crucial not o n l y for u p g r a d i n g the p r o d u c t i v i t y b u t also for l o w e r i n g the cost o f p r o d u c t i o n . S i n c e each tissue c u l t u r e p l a n t l e t is p r o d u c e d c o n s i d e r a b l y at high cost, the s u c c e s s for c o m m e r c i a l p l a n t i n g d e p e n d s on the n u m b e r of p l a n t l e t s used per hectare a n d relative yield a d v a n t a g e by p l a n t i n g g e o m e t r y . T h e r e f o r e , t h r o u g h this study, the m a j o r t h r u s t will be f o c u s e d on p r o f i t a b i l i t y of p l a n t i n g m a t e r i a l and p l a n t i n g t e c h n i q u e s . No a d e q u a t e i n f o r m a t i o n is so far a v a i l a b l e on these
the
present
investigation
was
A f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t w a s c o n d u c t e d at W a t e r M a n a g e m e n t Project, Rahuri d u r i n g the s e a s o n s 19992000 ( p l a n t c a n e ) and 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 1 ( r a t o o n c a n e ) . The soil of the e x p e r i m e n t a l field was fine clay in texture, m e d i u m in a v a i l a b l e "nitrogen (380 kg ha-t), m o d e r a t e l y high in p h o s p h o r u s (28.4 kg ha "t ) and high in p o t a s s i u m (572 kg ha -1) a n d a l k a l i n e in r e a c t i o n (pH 8.4). T h e e x p e r i m e n t was laid out in s p l i t - p l o t d e s i g n with three r e p l i c a t i o n s . T h e total 18 t r e a t m e n t c o m b i n a t i o n s c o m p r i s i n g of three intrarow s p a c i n g s viz., 30, 60 a n d 90 c m a n d three levels o f f e r t i l i z e r s v i z . , 75, 100 a n d 125 p e r c e n t o f r e c o m m e n d e d dose of f e r t i l i z e r were a l l o t t e d to the m a i n plots and two t r e a t m e n t s o f s o u r c e o f p l a n t i n g m a t e r i a l viz., t i s s u e c u l t u r e p l a n t l e t s a n d p o l y bag s e t t l i n g s w e r e a s s i g n e d to the s u b - p l o t . T h e e x p e r i m e n t was c o n d u c t e d u n d e r drip i r r i g a t i o n with f o u r r o w p l a n t i n g t e c h n i q u e ( 9 0 - 1 8 0 c m ) . Two a d d i t i o n a l c o n t r o l t r e a t m e n t s of p l a n t i n g m a t e r i a l
305
were also taken under surface irrigation with r e c o m m e n d e d f e r t i l i z e r s and c o n v e n t i o n a l p l a n t i n g o f 100 x 30 c m f o r c o m p a r i s o n w i t h o t h e r 18 t r e a t m e n t s . To w o r k o u t the e c o n o m i c s first the total variable cost (TVC) of standard cultivation practices was e s t i m a t e d b a s e d on the m a r k e t p r i c e s o f the input u s e d a n d l a b o u r e m p l o y e d . T h e c o s t o f d r i p unit was workout considering the purchasing cost with d e p r e c i a t i o n as p e r t h e life o f each i t e m a n d it f i n a l l y a d d e d in t o t a l v a r i a b l e cost. T h e p u r c h a s i n g c o s t o f tissue c u l t u r e p l a n t l e t s and p o l y b a g s e t t l i n g w e r e Rs. 4 / p l a n t and Rs. 1/plant respectively. The following economics indices viz g r o s s m o n e t a r y r e t u r n s ( G M R ) , net m o n e t a r y r e t u r n s (NMR) and benefit : cost ratio were calculated ( S u n d a r a , 1995). i. ii. G r o s s m o n e t a r y r e t u r n s (Rs/ha) = C a n e Yield (t/ha)" x P r i c e o f c a n e (Rs/t) Net monetary returns (Rs/ha) = Gross monetary returns - (cost of cultivation + cost of drip unit for individual years)
both the seasons. On the c o n t r a r y , t h o u g h the m i l l a b l e c a n e s / h a was less in 90 c m i n t r a - r o w s p a c i n g this treatment produced significantly higher cane girth, c a n e w e i g h t a n d d r y m a t t e r p e r p l a n t ( T a b l e 1). T h e r e f o r e , even t h o u g h the 90 c m s p a c i n g r e c o r d e d less m i l l a b l e cane, was a b l e to g i v e h i g h e r cane y i e l d . The y i e l d o f c a n e with 90 c m i n t r a - r o w s p a c i n g was s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r i o r o v e r 30 a n d 60 c m i n t r a - r o w s p a c i n g r e s p e c t i v e l y in b o t h the s e a s o n s ( T a b l e 2). This m i g h t be due to b e t t e r l i g h t i n t e r c e p t i o n in w i d e r i n t r a - r o w s p a c i n g o f 90 c m . T h e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t i m p r o v e m e n t in girth o f c a n e , h e i g h t o f cane, m i l l a b l e c a n e s / h a , n u m b e r o f i n t e r n o d e s / c a n e , w e i g h t / c a n e and d r y m a t t e r / p l a n t d u e to a p p l i c a t i o n o f h i g h e r l e v e l o f f e r t i l i z e r i.e.125 p e r c e n t R D F than l o w e r f e r t i l i z e r l e v e l o f 75 p e r c e n t R D F in s u c c e s s i v e s e a s o n . T h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f 125 p e r c e n t r e c o m m e n d e d d o s e o f fertilizer (RDF) recorded significantly higher cane y i e l d t h a n 75 and 100 p e r c e n t R D F in p l a n t and r a t o o n c a n e r e s p e c t i v e l y . S i n g h et al. ( 2 0 0 0 ) a n d K o l a g e e t al. ( 2 0 0 1 ) a l s o o b s e r v e d i n c r e a s e in y i e l d o f s u g a r c a n e with 125 p e r c e n t RDF. T h e p l a n t i n g o f polybag settling recorded significantly higher girth of cane, height of cane, number of internodes/cane, w e i g h t / c a n e and d r y m a t t e r / p l a n t than t i s s u e - c u l t u r e d p l a n t c a n e and r a t o o n b u t r e v e r s e t r e n d o b s e r v e d in n u m b e r of. m i l l a b l e c a n e s . P l a n t i n g o f p o l y b a g settlings recorded significantly higher cane yield and y i e l d a t t r i b u t e s w h e n c o m p a r e d with t i s s u e c u l t u r e d p l a n t l e t s . A n o n y m o u s ( 2 0 0 1 ) r e p o r t e d that, p l a n t i n g o f setts a n d s e t t l i n g s g a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r y i e l d
Table 1. Yield attributing parameters of sugarcane as influenced by different treatments Treatments Girth of cane (cm) I A. lntra- row spacings II Cane height (cm) I II Millable canes/ ha/cane I II No. of internodcs (g) I II Weight/ cane (g) I II Dry matter/plal
II
30 cm 60 cm 90 cm CD 0.05
7.94 8.08
C. Planting materials
Table - 2. C a n e y i e l d (t/ha) of s u g a r c a n e a n d total v a r i a b l e cost ( R s / h a ) o f s u g a r c a n e as i n f l u e n c e d by d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s Treatments Plant cane C a n e yield (t/ha) Ratoon Pooled mean Total v a r i a b l e cost ( R s / h a ) Plant cane Ratoon Pooled mean
A.
30 cm 60 cm 90 cm CD 0.05
B. Levels (~f fertilizer
118174 55187
30538 30538
74356 42862
T h e total v a r i a b l e c o s t at 30 cm i n t r a row s p a c i n g was h i g h e r by 54.77 and 87.68 p e r c e n t in p l a n t c a n e and 39.43 and 6 0 . 0 0 p e r c e n t h i g h e r on p o o l e d m e a n b a s i s o v e r 60 a n d 90 cm s p a c i n g , r e s p e c t i v e l y d u e to h i g h c o s t o f p l a n t i n g m a t e r i a l but the d i f f e r e n c e s in c o s t o f r a t o o n c a n e w e r e m a r g i n a l (Table 2). T h e total v a r i a b l e c o s t i n c r e a s e d with i n c r e a s e in f e r t i l i z e r l e v e l s f r o m 75 to 125 % RDF. T h e o v e r all t o t a l v a r i a b l e c o s t o f s u g a r c a n e p l a n t e d by t i s s u e c u l t u r e d p l a n t l e t s was 214 p e r c e n t h i g h e r than the p o l y b a g s e t t l i n g in first p l a n t i n g s e a s o n , but in r a t o o n , no m a r k e d d i f f e r e n c e o b s e r v e d in o p e r a t i o n a l cost. T h e p o o l e d m e a n c o s t o f s u g a r c a n e p l a n t e d by t i s s u e c u l t u r e d p l a n t l e t s was 7 3 . 4 7 p e r c e n t h i g h e r t h a n p o l y b a g s e t t l i n g . T h e c h a n g e d g e o m e t r y r e s u l t e d in higher cost of TCP under surface irrigation. The higher operational cost of mericlone derived tissue c u l t u r e c a n e was a l s o ' r e p o r t e d by S u n d a r a ( 1 9 9 5 ) and S r e e n i v a s a n ( 1 9 9 5 ) . Gross returns The gross monetary return was significantly
h i g h e r at 90 c m i n t r a - r o w s p a c i n g o v e r 30 c m in b o t h the s e a s o n s , 60 c m in p l a n t c a n e and on p o o l e d m e a n b a s i s but in r a t o o n it was on p a r w i t h 60 cm s p a c i n g ( T a b l e 3). T h e 125 % R D F r e g i s t e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r g r o s s m o n e t a r y r e t u r n s than that r e c o r d e d in o t h e r f e r t i l i z e r l e v e l s d u r i n g b o t h the s e a s o n s a n d on p o o l e d m e a n b a s i s . T h e p o l y b a g settling planted treatment registered significantly higher gross returns than those recorded from p l a n t a t i o n o f T C P in p l a n t c a n e , r a t o o n c a n e and on pooled mean basis, respectively. The gross monetary returns estimated by plantation of cane under surface i r r i g a t i o n w e r e m i n i m u m as c o m p a r e d d r i p i r r i g a t i o n .
Net returns
M a x i m u m net r e t u r n s w e r e r e a l i z e d b y a d o p t i n g 90 cm i n t r a - r o w s p a c i n g and were s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r as c o m p a r e d to 30 a n d 60 c m i n t r a - r o w s p a c i n g during both the seasons and averaged over two s e a s o n s ( T a b l e 3). G a f f a r e t al. ( 2 0 0 0 ) r e p o r t e d that p l a n t i n g in 90 cm s p a c e d (90 x 90 c m p i t s ) g a v e the h i g h e s t net i n c o m e . T h e net r e t u r n s o b t a i n e d at 125 % R D F w e r e maximum and significantly higher than the a p p l i c a t i o n o f 75 % R D F a n d 100 % in p l a n t c a n e , ratoon cane and pooled mean basis, respectively. 307
cost a n d g r o s s m o n e t a r y r e t u r n s Net monetary returns Plant cane Ratoon Pooled mean Plant cane Benefit : Cost ratio Ratoon Pooled mean
A.
B.
Levels o f fertilizers
75% R D F 100% RDF 125% R D F CD 0.05 98284 112733 124474 4777 95613 106864 114433 5460 96948 109798 119453 3626 13584 25548 36316 4560 66408 76327 82119 5365 39996 50937 59217 3519 1.16 1.29 1.41 3.27 3.49 3.59 2.21 2.39 2.50
C.
Planting materials
Plantlets Settlings SE CD 0.05 100803 122857 1461 4340 98540 112733 2072 6152 99671 117795 1267 3764 -17374 67670 1541 4575 68002 81901 2074 6158 25315 74785 1283 3809 0.85 2.22 3.22 3.69 2.03 2.95
Table - 4 : Economic
analysis of plantation sugarcane settlings under drip irrigation aspects Plant cane Drip irrigation Ratoon Pooled mean Plant cane Surface irrigation Ratoon Pooled mean
Particular of economical
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Fixed cost o f drip s y s t e m (Rs./ha) Operational cost (Rs./ha) Seasonal cost (Rs./ha) Water applied ( c m / h a ) Yield (t/ha) Market rate (Rs./t) Gross i n c o m e (Rs. /ha) Net I n c o m e (7-3) R s / h a Benefit o f drip a. b. c. d. Water s a v i n g (%) Area i n c r e a s e d (ha.) A d d i t i o n a l g r o s s i n c o m e (Rs.) Additional cost o f i n c r e a s e d area (Rs.)
14080 28782 42862 128.19 147.75 803 117795 74933 58976 58976 196.00 137.81 750 103357 44381 18667 18667 188.00 118.41 856 101358 82691 38991 38991 192.00 128.11 803 102357 63366
32.32 0.47 57742 25937 81124 180590 91745 2.22 55433 510.13
34.18 0.51 57493 15669 46097 170226 123825 3.69 41134 661.93
33.23 0.49 57719 20984 63864 175504 111502 2.74 48136 583.39 224.70 439.84 330.03 58976 103557 44042 1.74 18667 101358 82691 5.42 38991 102357 63366 3.58
Gross operational cost Rs. (3 +9d) Total gross i n c o m e (Rs.) (7+ 9c)
Total net i n c o m e (Rs.) (11-10) Benefit : cost ratio (11/10) Net i n c o m e over s u r f a c e (Rs) Net p r o f i t / c m o f water R s . ( 8 / 4 )
308
P l a n t a t i o n of tissue c u l t u r e d plantlets resulted in significant loss in net returns (Rs. 17,374/ha) in plant cane c o m p a r e d to plantation o f p o l y b a g settling (Rs. 6 7 , 6 7 0 / h a ) . In ratoon cane, the net m o n e t a r y returns r e c e i v e d by p l a n t a t i o n o f p o l y b a g s e t t l i n g w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r over net returns obtained f r o m TCP. T h e p o o l e d mean indicated that, N M R was three times h i g h e r due to p l a n t a t i o n o f p o l y b a g settling (Rs. 74 785/ha) than plantation o f TCP. Gupta (1999), V i s w a n a t h a n and S a m i y a p p a n (1999) stated that p o l y b a g settlings were e c o n o m i c a l l y beneficial due to r e d u c t i o n in cost and increase in productivity. Similar results were obtained under surface irrigation. Benefit : Cost ratio The h i g h e r value o f B:C ratio was r e c o r d e d at 90 cm intra-row s p a c i n g and by application o f 125 % R D F in both the season and on p o o l e d mean basis. P l a n t a t i o n o f p o l y b a g settling r e c o r d e d m a x i m u m value o f B: C ratio i.e. 2 . 2 2 , 3.69 and 2.95 as c o m p a r e d to B:C ratio o b s e r v e d under tissue cultured plantlet cane i.e. 0.85, 3.22 and 2.03 in plant cane, ratoon c a n e and p o o l e d m e a n basis. Economics under drip irrigation The e c o n o m i c analysis o f p o l y b a g settling u n d e r drip irrigation indicated that 0.47, 0.51 and 0.49 ha additional area can be i n c r e a s e d due to saving o f irrigation by 32.32, 34.18 and 33.23 per cent in plant cane, r a t o o n cane and on a v e r a g e o f two seasons, respectively (Table 3). The data clearly revealed that, the s a v i n g in irrigation water g i v i n g additional gross
i n c o m e o f Rs. 55 742, Rs.57 493 and Rs. 57 7 1 9 / h a in plant cane, r a t o o n cane and on a v e r a g e basis over surface irrigation. The m a x i m u m net profit per cm o f water used was Rs. 5 1 0 . 1 3 , Rs. 661.93 and Rs. 583.29 was o b t a i n e d in drip irrigation as a g a i n s t Rs. 224.70, Rs. 4 3 9 . 8 4 and 3 3 0 . 0 3 in s u r f a c e irrigation in plant cane, r a t o o n cane and p o o l e d m e a n basis. N o n e o f the interaction effects w e r e f o u n d to be significant during both the seasons.
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